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Abouzayed A, Kanellopoulos P, Gorislav A, Tolmachev V, Maina T, Nock BA, Orlova A. Preclinical Characterization of a Stabilized Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist for Targeted Cancer Theranostics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1134. [PMID: 37509170 PMCID: PMC10377574 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have shown great promise for the theranostics of prostate cancer; however, their suboptimal metabolic stability leaves room for improvements. It was recently shown that the replacement of Gly11 with Sar11 in the peptidic [D-Phe6,Leu13-NHEt,des-Met14]BBN(6-14) chain stabilized the [99mTc]Tc-DB15 radiotracer against neprilysin (NEP). We herein present DOTAGA-PEG2-(Sar11)RM26 (AU-RM26-M1), after Gly11 to Sar11-replacement. The impact of this replacement on the metabolic stability and overall biological performance of [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 was studied using a head-to-head comparison with the unmodified reference [111In]In-DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26. In vitro, the cell uptake of [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 could be significantly reduced in the presence of a high-excess GRPR-blocker that demonstrated its specificity. The cell uptake of both radiolabeled GRPR antagonists increased with time and was superior for [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1. The dissociation constant reflected strong affinities for GRPR (500 pM for [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1). [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 showed significantly higher stability in peripheral mice blood at 5 min pi (88 ± 8% intact) than unmodified [111In]In-DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26 (69 ± 2% intact; p < 0.0001). The administration of a NEP inhibitor had no significant impact on the Sar11-compound (91 ± 2% intact; p > 0.05). In vivo, [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 showed high and GRPR-mediated uptake in the PC-3 tumors (7.0 ± 0.7%IA/g vs. 0.9 ± 0.6%IA/g in blocked mice) and pancreas (2.2 ± 0.6%IA/g vs. 0.3 ± 0.2%IA/g in blocked mice) at 1 h pi, with rapid clearance from healthy tissues. The tumor uptake of [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 was higher than for [111In]In-DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26 (at 4 h pi, 5.7 ± 1.8%IA/g vs. 3 ± 1%IA/g), concordant with its higher stability. The implanted PC-3 tumors were visualized with high contrast in mice using [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1 SPECT/CT. The Gly11 to Sar11-substitution stabilized [111In]In-DOTAGA-PEG2-(Sar11)RM26 against NEP without negatively affecting other important biological features. These results support the further evaluation of AU-RM26-M1 for prostate cancer theranostics after labeling with clinically relevant radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Abouzayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (P.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (P.K.); (A.G.)
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Alisa Gorislav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (P.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (B.A.N.)
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (P.K.); (A.G.)
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sun HL, Ma QY, Bian HG, Meng XM, Jin J. Novel insight on GRP/GRPR axis in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114497. [PMID: 36933382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. GRP/GRPR signalling is involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In the immune system, the unique function of GRP/GRPR in neutrophil chemotaxis suggests that GRPR can be directly stimulated through GRP-mediated neutrophils to activate selective signalling pathways, such as PI3K, PKC, and MAPK, and participate in the occurrence and development of inflammation-related diseases. In the cardiovascular system, GRP increases intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). GRP activates ERK1/2, MAPK, and AKT, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Central nervous system signal transduction mediated by the GRP/GRPR axis plays a vital role in emotional responses, social interaction, and memory. The GRP/GRPR axis is elevated in various cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, renal cell, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. GRP is a mitogen in a variety of tumour cell lines. Its precursor, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), may play an important role as an emerging tumour marker in early tumour diagnosis. GPCRs serve as therapeutic targets for drug development, but their function in each disease remains unclear, and their involvement in disease progression has not been well explored or summarised. This review lays out the above mentioned pathophysiological processes based on previous research conclusions. The GRP/GRPR axis may be a potential target for treating multiple diseases, and the study of this signalling axis is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Ma
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, No. 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
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Günther T, Konrad M, Stopper L, Kunert JP, Fischer S, Beck R, Casini A, Wester HJ. Optimization of the Pharmacokinetic Profile of [ 99mTc]Tc-N 4-Bombesin Derivatives by Modification of the Pharmacophoric Gln-Trp Sequence. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091133. [PMID: 36145354 PMCID: PMC9500665 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) ligands usually suffer from high accumulation in GRPR-positive organs (pancreas, stomach), limiting tumor-to-background contrast in the abdomen. In novel N4-bombesin derivatives this was addressed by substitutions at the Gln7-Trp8 site within the MJ9 peptide (H-Pip5-phe6-Gln7-Trp8-Ala9-Val10-Gly11-His12-Sta13-Leu14-NH2) either by homoserine (Hse7), β-(3-benzothienyl) alanine (Bta8) or α-methyl tryptophan (α-Me-Trp8), with the aim of optimizing pharmacokinetics. We prepared and characterized the peptide conjugates 6-carboxy-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane (N4)-asp-MJ9, N4-asp-[Bta8]MJ9, N4-[Hse7]MJ9 and N4-[α-Me-Trp8]MJ9, and evaluated these compounds in vitro (GRPR affinity via IC50,inverse; internalization; lipophilicity via logD7.4) and in vivo (biodistribution and μSPECT/CT studies at 1 h post injection (p.i.) in PC-3 tumor-bearing CB17-SCID mice). 99mTc-labeling resulted in radiochemical yields (RCYs) > 95%. All 99mTc-labeled MJ9 analogues showed comparable or higher GRPR affinity than the external reference [99mTc]Tc-Demobesin 4. Receptor-bound fractions were noticeably higher than that of the reference. Despite a slightly enhanced lipophilicity, all novel MJ9 derivatives revealed improved in vivo pharmacokinetics compared to the reference. The Bta8-modified ligand revealed the most favorable tumor-to-abdomen contrast at 1 h p.i. Substitutions at the Gln7-Trp8 site within GRPR ligands hold great potential to modify pharmacokinetics for improved imaging.
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Kálmán-Szabó I, Szabó JP, Arató V, Dénes N, Opposits G, Jószai I, Kertész I, Képes Z, Fekete A, Szikra D, Hajdu I, Trencsényi G. PET Probes for Preclinical Imaging of GRPR-Positive Prostate Cancer: Comparative Preclinical Study of [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA and [ 44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710061. [PMID: 36077458 PMCID: PMC9456106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Since bombesin analogue aminobenzoic-acid (AMBA) binds to GRPR with high affinity, scandium-44 conjugated AMBA is a promising radiotracer in the PET diagnostics of GRPR positive tumors. Herein, the GRPR specificity of the newly synthetized [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was investigated in vitro and in vivo applying PCa PC-3 xenograft. After the in-vitro assessment of receptor binding, PC-3 tumor-bearing mice were injected with [44Sc]Sc/[68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA (in blocking studies with bombesin) and in-vivo PET examinations were performed to determine the radiotracer uptake in standardized uptake values (SUV). 44Sc/68Ga-labelled NODAGA-AMBA was produced with high molar activity (approx. 20 GBq/µmoL) and excellent radiochemical purity. The in-vitro accumulation of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA in PC-3 cells was approximately 25-fold higher than that of the control HaCaT cells. Relatively higher uptake was found in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in the same tumor with the 44Sc-labelled probe compared to [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA. The GRPR specificity of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was confirmed by significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased %ID and SUV values in PC-3 tumors after bombesin pretreatment. The outstanding binding properties of the novel [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA to GRPR outlines its potential to be a valuable radiotracer in the imaging of GRPR-positive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Kálmán-Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit P. Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Arató
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noémi Dénes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Opposits
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Jószai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kertész
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Fekete
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dezső Szikra
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Hajdu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Copper-67-Labeled Bombesin Peptide for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060728. [PMID: 35745647 PMCID: PMC9229378 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a promising molecular target for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer using bombesin peptides that bind to the receptor with high affinity. Targeted copper theranostics (TCTs) using copper radionuclides, 64Cu for imaging and 67Cu for therapy, offer significant advantages in the development of next-generation theranostics. [64Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN is in clinical development for PET imaging of GRPR-expressing cancers. This study explores the therapeutic efficacy of [67Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN in a pre-clinical mouse model. The peptide was radiolabeled with 67Cu, and specific binding of the radiolabeled peptide towards GRPR-positive PC-3 prostate cancer cells was confirmed with 52.2 ± 1.4% total bound compared to 5.8 ± 0.1% with blocking. A therapy study with [67Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN was conducted in mice bearing PC-3 tumors by injecting 24 MBq doses a total of six times. Tumor growth was inhibited by 93.3% compared to the control group on day 19, and median survival increased from 34.5 days for the control group to greater than 54 days for the treatment group. The ease and stability of the radiochemistry, favorable biodistribution, and the positive tumor inhibition demonstrate the suitability of this copper-based theranostic agent for clinical assessment in the treatment of cancers expressing GRPR.
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Kurth J, Potratz M, Heuschkel M, Krause BJ, Schwarzenböck SM. GRPr Theranostics: Current Status of Imaging and Therapy using GRPr Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals. Nuklearmedizin 2022; 61:247-261. [PMID: 35668669 DOI: 10.1055/a-1759-4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Addressing molecular targets, that are overexpressed by various tumor entities, using radiolabeled molecules for a combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) approach is of increasing interest in oncology. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr), which is part of the bombesin family, has shown to be overexpressed in a variety of tumors, therefore, serving as a promising target for those theranostic applications. A large amount of differently radiolabeled bombesin derivatives addressing the GRPr have been evaluated in the preclinical as well as clinical setting showing fast blood clearance and urinary excretion with selective GRPr-binding. Most of the available studies on GRPr-targeted imaging and therapy have evaluated the theranostic approach in prostate and breast cancer applying bombesin derivatives tagged with the predominantly used theranostic pair of 68Ga/177Lu which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Heuschkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Handula M, Verhoeven M, Chen KT, Haeck J, de Jong M, Dalm SU, Seimbille Y. Towards Complete Tumor Resection: Novel Dual-Modality Probes for Improved Image-Guided Surgery of GRPR-Expressing Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010195. [PMID: 35057090 PMCID: PMC8778164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear and optical dual-modality probes can be of great assistance in prostate cancer localization, providing the means for both preoperative nuclear imaging and intraoperative surgical guidance. We developed a series of probes based on the backbone of the established GRPR-targeting radiotracer NeoB. The inverse electron demand of the Diels–Alder reaction was used to integrate the sulfo-cyanine 5 dye. Indium-111 radiolabeling, stability studies and a competition binding assay were carried out. Pilot biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice, using the best two dual-labeled probes. The dual-modality probes were radiolabeled with a high yield (>92%), were proven to be hydrophilic and demonstrated high stability in mouse serum (>94% intact labeled ligand at 4 h). The binding affinity for the GRPR was in the nanomolar range (21.9–118.7 nM). SPECT/CT images at 2 h p.i. clearly visualized the tumor xenograft and biodistribution studies, after scanning confirmed the high tumor uptake (8.47 ± 0.46%ID/g and 6.90 ± 0.81%ID/g for probe [111In]In-12 and [111In]In-15, respectively). Receptor specificity was illustrated with blocking studies, and co-localization of the radioactive and fluorescent signal was verified by ex vivo fluorescent imaging. Although optimal tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-kidney ratios might not yet have been reached due to the prolonged blood circulation, our probes are promising candidates for the preoperative and intraoperative visualization of GRPR-positive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Marjolein Verhoeven
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan;
| | - Joost Haeck
- AMIE Core Facility, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Simone U. Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-703-8961
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Exploring the signaling space of a GPCR using bivalent ligands with a rigid oligoproline backbone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108776118. [PMID: 34810259 PMCID: PMC8640787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108776118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major players in cellular signal transmission. In this work, we have used rigid oligoproline backbones derivatized with two ligands at defined distances to induce GPCR dimer formation as a way to alter its signaling profile. We show that bivalent ligands at distances of 20 and 30 Å induce dimers of the GRPR receptor with different signaling responses. In addition, a nondimer–inducing bivalent ligand (with 10-Å distance between agonists) also induces different signaling patterns, most likely due to allosteric effects. These findings identify bivalent ligands with a stiff oligoproline backbone as tools to explore the natural signaling space of GPCRs. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important drug–target classes in pharmaceutical industry. Their diversity in signaling, which can be modulated with drugs, permits the design of more effective and better-tolerated therapeutics. In this work, we have used rigid oligoproline backbones to generate bivalent ligands for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) with a fixed distance between their recognition motifs. This allows the stabilization of GPCR dimers irrespective of their physiological occurrence and relevance, thus expanding the space for medicinal chemistry. Specifically, we observed that compounds presenting agonists or antagonists at 20- and 30-Å distance induce GRPR dimerization. Furthermore, we found that 1) compounds with two agonists at 20- and 30-Å distance that induce dimer formation show bias toward Gq efficacy, 2) dimers with 20- and 30-Å distance have different potencies toward β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2, and 3) the divalent agonistic ligand with 10-Å distance specifically reduces Gq potency without affecting β-arrestin recruitment, pointing toward an allosteric effect. In summary, we show that rigid oligoproline backbones represent a tool to develop ligands with biased GPCR signaling.
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Estrogens influence female itch sensitivity via the spinal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103536118. [PMID: 34312228 PMCID: PMC8346901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103536118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many women exhibit a dramatic increase in itch during pregnancy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the female sex steroid hormone estradiol, but not progesterone, enhances itch-related scratching behavior in female rats elicited by histamine, the prototypical itch mediator in humans. This is associated with an enhancement in histamine-evoked activity of a subset of spinal dorsal horn neurons that express a neuropeptide receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), that was previously shown to be involved in spinal cord processing of itch. These findings may account for why itch sensation varies with estrogen levels and provide a basis for treating histamine-related itch diseases in females by targeting GRPR. There are sex differences in somatosensory sensitivity. Circulating estrogens appear to have a pronociceptive effect that explains why females are reported to be more sensitive to pain than males. Although itch symptoms develop during pregnancy in many women, the underlying mechanism of female-specific pruritus is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that estradiol, but not progesterone, enhances histamine-evoked scratching behavior indicative of itch in female rats. Estradiol increased the expression of the spinal itch mediator, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and increased the histamine-evoked activity of itch-processing neurons that express the GRP receptor (GRPR) in the spinal dorsal horn. The enhancement of itch behavior by estradiol was suppressed by intrathecal administration of a GRPR blocker. In vivo electrophysiological analysis showed that estradiol increased the histamine-evoked firing frequency and prolonged the response of spinal GRP-sensitive neurons in female rats. On the other hand, estradiol did not affect the threshold of noxious thermal pain and decreased touch sensitivity, indicating that estradiol separately affects itch, pain, and touch modalities. Thus, estrogens selectively enhance histamine-evoked itch in females via the spinal GRP/GRPR system. This may explain why itch sensation varies with estrogen levels and provides a basis for treating itch in females by targeting GRPR.
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Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled GRPR Antagonists maSSS/SES-PEG 2-RM26 for Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020182. [PMID: 33573232 PMCID: PMC7912279 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an important target for imaging of prostate cancer. The wide availability of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and the generator-produced 99mTc can be utilized to facilitate the use of GRPR-targeting radiotracers for diagnostics of prostate cancers. METHODS Synthetically produced mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Ser-Ser (maSSS)-PEG2-RM26 and mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Glu-Ser (maSES)-PEG2-RM26 (RM26 = d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) were radiolabeled with 99mTc and characterized in vitro using PC-3 cells and in vivo, using NMRI or PC-3 tumor bearing mice. SPECT/CT imaging and dosimetry calculations were performed for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26. RESULTS Peptides were radiolabeled with high yields (>98%), demonstrating GRPR specific binding and slow internalization in PC-3 cells. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 outperformed [99mTc]Tc-maSES-PEG2-RM26 in terms of GRPR affinity, with a lower dissociation constant (61 pM vs 849 pM) and demonstrating higher tumor uptake. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 had tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-muscle, and tumor-to-bone ratios of 97 ± 56, 188 ± 32, and 177 ± 79, respectively. SPECT/CT images of [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 clearly visualized the GRPR-overexpressing tumors. The dosimetry estimated for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 showed the highest absorbed dose in the small intestine (1.65 × 10-3 mGy/MBq), and the effective dose is 3.49 × 10-3 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSION The GRPR antagonist maSSS-PEG2-RM26 is a promising GRPR-targeting agent that can be radiolabeled through a single-step with the generator-produced 99mTc and used for imaging of GRPR-expressing prostate cancer.
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Abouzayed A, Tano H, Nagy Á, Rinne SS, Wadeea F, Kumar S, Westerlund K, Tolmachev V, Eriksson Karlström A, Orlova A. Preclinical Evaluation of the GRPR-Targeting Antagonist RM26 Conjugated to the Albumin-Binding Domain for GRPR-Targeting Therapy of Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E977. [PMID: 33081166 PMCID: PMC7594083 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeting of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) was recently proposed for targeted therapy, e.g., radiotherapy. Multiple and frequent injections of peptide-based therapeutic agents would be required due to rapid blood clearance. By conjugation of the GRPR antagonist RM26 (D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) to an ABD (albumin-binding domain), we aimed to extend the blood circulation of peptides. The synthesized conjugate DOTA-ABD-RM26 was labelled with indium-111 and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The labelled conjugate was stable in PBS and retained specificity and its antagonistic function against GRPR. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of natIn-DOTA-ABD-RM26 in the presence of human serum albumin was 49 ± 5 nM. [111In]In-DOTA-ABD-RM26 had a significantly longer residence time in blood and in tumors (without a significant decrease of up to 144 h pi) than the parental RM26 peptide. We conclude that the ABD-RM26 conjugate can be used for GRPR-targeted therapy and delivery of cytotoxic drugs. However, the undesirable elevated activity uptake in kidneys abolishes its use for radionuclide therapy. This proof-of-principle study justified further optimization of the molecular design of the ABD-RM26 conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Abouzayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (S.S.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Hanna Tano
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.T.); (Á.N.); (S.K.); (K.W.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Ábel Nagy
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.T.); (Á.N.); (S.K.); (K.W.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Sara S. Rinne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (S.S.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Fadya Wadeea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (S.S.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Sharmishtaa Kumar
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.T.); (Á.N.); (S.K.); (K.W.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Kristina Westerlund
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.T.); (Á.N.); (S.K.); (K.W.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.T.); (Á.N.); (S.K.); (K.W.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.A.); (S.S.R.); (F.W.)
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
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Baratto L, Duan H, Mäcke H, Iagaru A. Imaging the Distribution of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptors in Cancer. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:792-798. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Guo L, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang F, Li J, Zhu J. Protective effects of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist RC-3095 in an animal model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:247-255. [PMID: 30656798 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate effects of RC-3095 on mice with hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) injury and further explore the possible underlying mechanism. METHODS Mice were subjected to partial hepatic ischemia for 60 min followed by different durations of reperfusion. Levels of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP receptor (GRPR) in the blood and liver were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or western blotting (WB) after 3, 6, 12, or 24 h of reperfusion. RC-3095 or normal saline (control) was given i.p. at the time of reperfusion. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in blood and liver samples were examined with ELISA. Neutrophil influx into the liver was assessed by flow cytometry and myeloperoxidase assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the liver and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay were used to determine hepatic injury and hepatocellular necrosis. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and p38/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) was investigated with WB. RESULTS The expression of GRP was upregulated within 3 h after reperfusion and remained elevated for up to 24 h in the liver, whereas GRPR was also upregulated after 3 or 6 h of reperfusion, but returned to baseline levels within 24 h. RC-3095 significantly reduced the inflammatory hepatic injury, liver neutrophil accumulation, and hepatocellular apoptosis, probably by inhibiting activation of NF-κB or p38/ERK MAPK. CONCLUSION These findings supported that GRP-GRPR played an important role in hepatic I/R injury, and RC-3095 ameliorated liver damage by suppressing the inflammatory response and hepatocellular necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kim MK, Park HJ, Kim Y, Bae SK, Kim HJ, Bae MK. Involvement of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in the Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123971. [PMID: 30544709 PMCID: PMC6321486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a member of bombesin-like peptides, and its receptor (GRP-R) play an important role in various physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we investigated the role of GRP-R on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of GRP-R was significantly increased during the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibition of GRP-R by the antagonist RC-3095 affected adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, which reduced lipid accumulation and regulated the expression of adipogenic genes. Moreover, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) directly bound to the GRP-R promoter upon exposure to adipogenic stimuli. The down-regulation of GRP-R by the knockdown of CREB inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Together these results suggest that the regulation of GRP-R activity or expression has an influence on adipogenesis through regulating adipogenic related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
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Abstract
There is a growing interest for the discovery of new cancer-targeted delivery systems for drug delivery and diagnosis. A synopsis of the bibliographic data will be presented on bombesin, neurotensin, octreotide, Arg-Gly-Asp, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and other peptides. Many of them have reached the clinics for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, and have been utilized as carriers of known cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, methotrexate or dyes and radioisotopes. In our article, recent advances in the development of peptides as carriers of cytotoxic drugs or radiometals will be analyzed.
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Moret F, Reddi E. Strategies for optimizing the delivery to tumors of macrocyclic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summaries the principles and mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as concerns its application in the oncological field, highlighting its drawbacks and some of the strategies that have been or are being explored to overcome them. The major aim is to increase the efficiency and selectivity of the photosensitizer (PS) uptake in the cancer cells for optimizing the PDT effects on tumors while sparing normal cells. Some attempts to achieve this are based on the conjugation of the PS to biomolecules (small ligands, peptides) functioning as carriers with the ability to efficiently penetrate cells and/or specifically recognize and bind proteins/receptors overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. Alternatively, the PS can be entrapped in nanocarriers derived from various types of materials that can target the tumor by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. The use of nanocarriers is particularly attractive because it allows the simultaneous delivery of more than one drug with the possibility of combining PDT with other therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
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Mansour N, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Paquette M, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Impact of dianionic and dicationic linkers on tumor uptake and biodistribution of [64Cu]Cu/NOTA peptide-based gastrin-releasing peptide receptors antagonists. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:200-212. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nematallah Mansour
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Michel Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke and Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS); Sherbrooke Canada
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Zhang Y, Lovell JF. Recent applications of phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines for imaging and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27439671 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With high extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near infrared region, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are well-suited for optical imaging and phototherapies in biological tissues. Pcs and Ncs have been used in a range of theranostic applications. Peripheral and axial substituents can be introduced to Pcs and Ncs for chemical modification. Seamless metal chelation of Pcs or Ncs can expand their possibilities as medical therapeutic and imaging agents. Nanoparticulate approaches enable unique ways to deliver Pcs and Ncs to target tissues and improve their solubility, biocompatibility, biodistribution and stability. Herein, we highlight some recent Pc or Nc nanoscale systems for theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1420 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Zhao HQ, Yao G, Yannaing S, ThanThan S, Kuwayama H. Insulinotropic action of bombesin-like peptides mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in steers. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:58-64. [PMID: 26812312 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the receptor that mediates the insulinotropic action of bombesin-like peptides (BLP) in ruminants. Eight Holstein steers were randomly and intravenously injected with synthetic bovine gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP; 0.9 nmol/kg BW), neuromedin B (NMB; 0.9 nmol/kg BW), or neuromedin C (NMC; 0.9 nmol/kg BW), each alone or combined with the antagonist of GRP receptors N-acetyl-GRP-OCHCH (N-GRP-EE; 22.5 nmol/kg BW) or the antagonist of GH secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) [D-Lys]-GHRP-6 (21.5 nmol/kg BW). Blood samples were collected at -10, 0 (just before injection), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min relative to injection time. Levels of injected peptides, insulin, and glucose in plasma were analyzed. Results showed that the peak of insulin levels was seen at 5 min after injection of NMC or GRP. Plasma glucose was observed in 2 phases; a significant rise followed a remarkable fall after NMC or GRP administration compared with injection of the vehicle ( < 0.05). On a same molar basis, effects of GRP on insulin and glucose were more potent than those of NMC ( < 0.05). The NMC-induced changes of insulin and glucose were completely blocked by N-GRP-EE, but [D-Lys]-GHRP-6 did not block any of these changes. Administration of NMB or N-GRP-EE alone did not change the circulating levels of insulin or glucose during any of the sampling time points ( > 0.05). These results indicated that the insulinotropic action of BLP is mediated by GRP receptors but not through a ghrelin/GHS-R1a pathway and that BLP may be involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in ruminants.
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Cortese R, Almendros I, Wang Y, Gozal D. Tumor circulating DNA profiling in xenografted mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:556-69. [PMID: 25415227 PMCID: PMC4381615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) a hallmark characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is proposed as a major determinant of processes involving tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. To examine whether circulating DNA (cirDNA) in blood plasma reflects changes in tumor cells under IH conditions, we used a xenografted murine model. Mice engrafted with TC1 epithelial lung cancer cells and controls were exposed to IH or room air (RA) conditions. Plasma cirDNA amounts were significantly increased in mice exposed to IH (p<0.05). Significant associations between plasma cirDNA concentrations and tumor size, weight and invasiveness also emerged (p<0.05). Using a methylation microarray-based approach, we identified 2,094 regions showing significant differential cirDNA modifications. Systems biology analyses revealed an association with molecular pathways deregulated in cancer progression and with distal and TSS-associated transcription factor binding sites. We detected clusters of highly variable regions in chromosomes 7, 13, 14 and X, which may highlight hotspots for DNA deletions. Single locus displayed high intragroup variation, suggesting cellular heterogeneity within the tissue may be associated to cirDNA release. Thus, exposures to IH increase the shedding of cirDNA into circulation, which carries epigenetic modifications that may characterize cell populations within the tumor that preferentially release their DNA upon IH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Cortese
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Santos J, Mesquita D, Barros-Silva JD, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Morais A, Paulo P, Teixeira MR. Uncovering potential downstream targets of oncogenic GRPR overexpression in prostate carcinomas harboring ETS rearrangements. Oncoscience 2015; 2:497-507. [PMID: 26097883 PMCID: PMC4468336 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is known to be overexpressed in several human malignancies, including prostate cancer, and has been implicated in multiple important neoplastic signaling pathways. We recently have shown that GRPR is an ERG and ETV1 target gene in prostate cancer, using a genome-wide scale and exon-level expression microarray platform. Due to its cellular localization, the relevance of its function and the availability of blocking agents, GRPR seems to be a promising candidate as therapeutic target. Our present work shows that effective knockdown of GRPR in LNCaP and VCaP cells attenuates their malignant phenotype by decreasing proliferation, invasion and anchorage-independent growth, while increasing apoptosis. Using an antibody microarray we were able to validate known and identify new targets of GRPR pathway, namely AKT1, PKCε, TYK2 and MST1. Finally, we show that overexpression of these GRPR targets is restricted to prostate carcinomas harboring ERG and/or ETV1 rearrangements, establishing their potential as therapeutic targets for these particular molecular subsets of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Mesquita
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - João D Barros-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Morais
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
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Rybalov M, Ananias HJK, Hoving HD, van der Poel HG, Rosati S, de Jong IJ. PSMA, EpCAM, VEGF and GRPR as imaging targets in locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6046-61. [PMID: 24727373 PMCID: PMC4013614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective pilot study, the expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in locally recurrent prostate cancer after brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was investigated, and their adequacy for targeted imaging was analyzed. Prostate cancer specimens were collected of 17 patients who underwent salvage prostatectomy because of locally recurrent prostate cancer after brachytherapy or EBRT. Immunohistochemistry was performed. A pathologist scored the immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and stroma. Staining for PSMA was seen in 100% (17/17), EpCAM in 82.3% (14/17), VEGF in 82.3% (14/17) and GRPR in 100% (17/17) of prostate cancer specimens. Staining for PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF was seen in 0% (0/17) and for GRPR in 100% (17/17) of the specimens’ stromal compartments. In 11.8% (2/17) of cases, the GRPR staining intensity of prostate cancer was higher than stroma, while in 88.2% (15/17), the staining was equal. Based on the absence of stromal staining, PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF show high tumor distinctiveness. Therefore, PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF can be used as targets for the bioimaging of recurrent prostate cancer after EBRT to exclude metastatic disease and/or to plan local salvage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Rybalov
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands.
| | - Hildo J K Ananias
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde D Hoving
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefano Rosati
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands.
| | - Igle J de Jong
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands.
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Ranyuk E, Cauchon N, Klarskov K, Guérin B, van Lier JE. Phthalocyanine–Peptide Conjugates: Receptor-Targeting Bifunctional Agents for Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1520-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ranyuk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology and ‡Department of Pharmacology Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
Canada
| | - Nicole Cauchon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology and ‡Department of Pharmacology Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
Canada
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology and ‡Department of Pharmacology Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology and ‡Department of Pharmacology Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
Canada
| | - Johan E. van Lier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology and ‡Department of Pharmacology Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
Canada
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Sayegh AI. The Role of Bombesin and Bombesin-Related Peptides in the Short-term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:343-70. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Evaluation of a technetium-99m labeled bombesin homodimer for GRPR imaging in prostate cancer. Amino Acids 2012; 44:543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Tremblay S, Bénard F, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Novel Radiolabeled Peptides for Breast and Prostate Tumor PET Imaging: 64Cu/and 68Ga/NOTA-PEG-[d-Tyr6,βAla11,Thi13,Nle14]BBN(6–14). Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - François Bénard
- BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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Dijkgraaf I, Franssen GM, McBride WJ, D'Souza CA, Laverman P, Smith CJ, Goldenberg DM, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC. PET of tumors expressing gastrin-releasing peptide receptor with an 18F-labeled bombesin analog. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:947-52. [PMID: 22570329 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in human prostate cancer. Bombesin (BBN) is a neurotransmitter of 14 amino acids and binds with selectivity and with high affinity to GRPRs. We have synthesized a NOTA-conjugated bombesin derivative, NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2), to label this analog with (18)F using the new Al(18)F method. In this study, the GRPR-targeting potential of (18)F-labeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) was studied using (68)Ga-NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) as a reference. METHODS The NOTA-conjugated bombesin analog was synthesized and radiolabeled with (68)Ga or (18)F. For (18)F labeling, we used our new 1-pot, 1-step method. The labeled product was purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The log P values of the radiotracers were determined. The tumor-targeting characteristics of the compounds were assessed in mice with subcutaneously growing PC-3 xenografts. GRPR-binding specificity was studied by coinjection of an excess of unlabeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2). Small-animal PET/CT images were acquired. RESULTS NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) could be efficiently labeled with (18)F or with (68)Ga. NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) was labeled with (18)F in a single step, with 50%-90% yield. Radiolabeling, including purification, was performed in 45 min and resulted in a specific activity of greater than 10 GBq/μmol. The log P values of (18)F- and (68)Ga-labeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) were -1.47 ± 0.05 and -1.98 ± 0.03, respectively. In mice, both radiolabeled compounds cleared rapidly from the blood (<0.07 percentage injected dose per gram at 1 h after injection), mainly via the kidneys. At 1 h after injection, the uptake of (18)F- and (68)Ga-labeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) in the PC-3 tumors was 2.15 ± 0.55 and 1.24 ± 0.26 percentage injected dose per gram, respectively. GRPR-binding specificity was demonstrated by reduced tumor uptake of radiolabeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) after coinjection of a 100-fold excess of unlabeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) peptide. The accumulation of (18)F-NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) in the subcutaneous PC-3 tumors could be visualized via small-animal PET. CONCLUSION NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) could be labeled rapidly and efficiently with (18)F using a 1-pot, 1-step method. Radiolabeled NOTA-8-Aoc-BBN(7-14)NH(2) specifically accumulated in the GRPR-expressing PC-3 tumors and should be evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Egloff AM, Liu X, Davis ALG, Trevelline BK, Vuga M, Siegfried JM, Grandis JR. Elevated gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA expression in buccal mucosa: association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:270-9. [PMID: 22431275 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is elevated in mucosa adjacent to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) compared with mucosa from cancer-free controls, suggesting elevated GRPR expression may indicate presence of HNSCC. METHODS We measured GRPR mRNA levels in histologically normal buccal mucosa from 65 surgical patients with HNSCC and 75 cancer-free control subjects using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We tested for association between GRPR expression and HNSCC and evaluated differences in patient progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Buccal GRPR expression was higher in cases but not controls who were active smokers (p = .04). High GRPR expression was associated with HNSCC (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-10.93), even after adjustment for age, sex, tobacco use, and sample storage time. PFS did not differ between patients with HNSCC with high versus low GRPR expression (p = .22). CONCLUSION Elevated buccal GRPR expression was significantly associated with HNSCC independent of known risk factors but was not an indicator of disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Egloff
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Egloff AM, Gaither Davis A, Shuai Y, Land S, Pilewski JM, Luketich JD, Landreneau R, Miller YE, Grandis JR, Siegfried JM. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor expression in non-cancerous bronchial epithelia is associated with lung cancer: a case-control study. Respir Res 2012; 13:9. [PMID: 22296774 PMCID: PMC3305653 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Normal bronchial tissue expression of GRPR, which encodes the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, has been previously reported by us to be associated with lung cancer risk in 78 subjects, especially in females. We sought to define the contribution of GRPR expression in bronchial epithelia to lung cancer risk in a larger case-control study where adjustments could be made for tobacco exposure and sex. Methods We evaluated GRPR mRNA levels in histologically normal bronchial epithelial cells from 224 lung cancer patients and 107 surgical cancer-free controls. Associations with lung cancer were tested using logistic regression models. Results Bronchial GRPR expression was significantly associated with lung cancer (OR = 4.76; 95% CI = 2.32-9.77) in a multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status and pulmonary function. MLR analysis stratified by smoking status indicated that ORs were higher in never and former smokers (OR = 7.74; 95% CI = 2.96-20.25) compared to active smokers (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 0.46-6.33). GRPR expression did not differ by subject sex, and lung cancer risk associated with GRPR expression was not modified by sex. Conclusions GRPR expression in non-cancerous bronchial epithelium was significantly associated with the presence of lung cancer in never and former smokers. The association in never and former smokers was found in males and females. Association with lung cancer did not differ by sex in any smoking group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Egloff
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Franko-Tobin LG, Mackey LV, Huang W, Song X, Jin B, Luo J, Morris LM, Liu M, Fuselier JA, Coy DH, Wu L, Sun L. Notch1-mediated tumor suppression in cervical cancer with the involvement of SST signaling and its application in enhanced SSTR-targeted therapeutics. Oncologist 2012; 17:220-32. [PMID: 22291092 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Notch signaling in cervical cancer is seemingly controversial. To confirm the function of Notch signaling in this type of cancer, we established a stable Notch1-activated cervical cancer HeLa cell line. We found that Notch1 activation resulted in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and tumor suppression. At the molecular level, we found that a variety of genes associated with cyclic AMP, G protein-coupled receptor, and cancer signaling pathways contributed to Notch1-mediated tumor suppression. We observed that the expression of somatostatin (SST) was dramatically induced by Notch1 signaling activation, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of the cognate SST receptor subtype 1 (SSTR1) and SSTR2. Certain genes, such as tumor protein 63 (TP63, p63), were upregulated, whereas others, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Myc, Akt, and STAT3, were downregulated. Subsequently, knockdown of Notch1-induced SST reversed Notch1-induced decrease of BCL-2 and increase of p63, indicating that Notch1-induced tumor suppression may be partly through upregulating SST signaling. Our findings support a possible crosstalk between Notch signaling and SST signaling. Moreover, Notch-induced SSTR activation could enhance SSTR-targeted cancer chemotherapy. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppressed cell growth and upregulated the expression of Notch1 and SSTR2. A combination therapy with VPA and the SSTR2-targeting cytotoxic conjugate CPT-SST strongly led to greater suppression, as compared to each alone. Our findings thus provide us with a promising clinical opportunity for enhanced cancer therapy using combinations of Notch1-activating agents and SSTR2-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Franko-Tobin
- Department of Medicine, Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Sun L, Luo J, Mackey LV, Morris LM, Franko-Tobin LG, LePage KT, Coy DH. Investigation of cancer cell lines for peptide receptor-targeted drug development. J Drug Target 2012; 19:719-30. [PMID: 21830941 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.558089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many tumors highly express specific populations of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that could be utilized for receptor-targeted therapy. We confirmed significant quantities of mRNAs specific for certain somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and bombesin (BN) receptors in various commercially available tumor cell lines. Very few of the tumor cell lines examined displayed the high receptor-binding affinity despite exhibiting the expression of appropriate mRNAs and proteins of the cognate receptors. However, binding assays establish that some tumor cell lines, such as pancreatic cancer CFPAC-1, prostate cancer DU-145, and pancreatic carcinoid BON, demonstrate high BN receptor binding. BON cells also demonstrate high somatostatin receptor (SSTR) affinity binding. We also found that tumor cell lines, such as BON and host cells expressing SST receptor subtypes 1 or 2 (CHO-R1 or CHO-R2), underwent a decrease in cell surface receptor density in multiple passages. BON and CHO-R2 cells also rapidly internalize a significant proportion of cell surface ligand-receptor complexes. The tumor cells CFPAC-1, DU-145, and BON with high receptor binding could be useful for peptide drug studies. BON cells were further applied to test SST/BN analogs and cytotoxic conjugates. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor assay showed that the cytotoxic conjugate CPT-SST targeting all SSTR subtypes displayed a potent tumor-suppressive ability to BON tumors expressing multiple SSTR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA.
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Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) mediates chemotaxis in neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:547-52. [PMID: 22203955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110996109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil migration to inflamed sites is crucial for both the initiation of inflammation and resolution of infection, yet these cells are involved in perpetuation of different chronic inflammatory diseases. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that acts through G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in signal transmission in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Its receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), is expressed by various cell types, and it is overexpressed in cancer cells. RC-3095 is a selective GRPR antagonist, recently found to have antiinflammatory properties in arthritis and sepsis models. Here we demonstrate that i.p. injection of GRP attracts neutrophils in 4 h, and attraction is blocked by RC-3095. Macrophage depletion or neutralization of TNF abrogates GRP-induced neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneum. In vitro, GRP-induced neutrophil migration was dependent on PLC-β2, PI3K, ERK, p38 and independent of Gαi protein, and neutrophil migration toward synovial fluid of arthritis patients was inhibited by treatment with RC-3095. We propose that GRPR is an alternative chemotactic receptor that may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders.
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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Qin X, Qu X, Coy D, Weber HC. A Selective Human Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Peptide Agonist Mediates CREB Phosphorylation and Transactivation. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:88-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sun L, Morris LM, Luo J, Mackey LV, Leslie JS, Franko-Tobin LG, Fuselier JA, LePage KT, Coy DH. Application of human pancreatic carcinoid BON cells for receptor-targeted drug development. J Drug Target 2010; 19:666-74. [PMID: 21083509 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.531728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that several tumor cell lines displayed high receptor-specific binding affinity, one of which, the human pancreatic carcinoid BON cell line, demonstrates high affinity binding of the bombesin (BN) and somatostatin (SST) receptor-specific ligands. In the present study, BON cells, as a representative model, were further applied to evaluate various peptide analogs and cytotoxic receptor-targeted peptide conjugates. We observed quick ligand-receptor internalization in BON cells as well as high binding affinity. Furthermore, BON cells have high expression of multidrug resistance-associated genes (MDR1) and show camptothecin (CPT) resistance. Various receptor-specific cytotoxic conjugates were synthesized and evaluated in the BON cell model via in vitro and in vivo studies. We found that all the tested conjugates displayed potent antitumor ability in xenografts. Especially, the CPT conjugates, CPT-SST, and CPT-BN, are most likely to increase sensitivity to CPT-resistant BON cells. Our findings suggest that appropriately defined tumor cell lines may provide physiologically relevant cell-based evaluations of novel peptide analogs and receptor-targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA.
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Schroeder RPJ, de Visser M, van Weerden WM, de Ridder CMA, Reneman S, Melis M, Breeman WAP, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Androgen-regulated gastrin-releasing peptide receptor expression in androgen-dependent human prostate tumor xenografts. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2826-34. [PMID: 19876914 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human prostate cancer (PC) overexpresses the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). Radiolabeled GRPR-targeting analogs of bombesin (BN) have successfully been introduced as potential tracers for visualization and treatment of GRPR-overexpressing tumors. A previous study showed GRPR-mediated binding of radiolabeled BN analogs in androgen-dependent but not in androgen-independent xenografts representing the more advanced stages of PC. We have further investigated the effect of androgen modulation on GRPR-expression in three androgen-dependent human PC-bearing xenografts: PC295, PC310 and PC82 using the androgen-independent PC3-model as a reference. Effects of androgen regulation on GRPR expression were initially studied on tumors obtained from our biorepository of xenograft tissues performing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and autoradiography ((125)I-universal-BN). A prospective biodistribution study ((111)In-MP2653) and subsequent autoradiography ((125)I-GRP and (111)In-MP2248) was than performed in castrated and testosterone resupplemented tumor-bearing mice. For all androgen-dependent xenografts, tumor uptake and binding decreased drastically after 7 days of castration. Resupplementation of testosterone to castrated animals restored GRPR expression extensively. Similar findings were concluded from the initial autoradiography and RT-PCR studies. Results from RT-PCR, for which human specific primers are used, indicate that variations in GRPR expression can be ascribed to mRNA downregulation and not to castration-induced reduction in the epithelial fraction of the xenograft tumor tissue. In conclusion, expression of human GRPR in androgen-dependent PC xenografts is reduced by androgen ablation and is reversed by restoring the hormonal status of the animals. This knowledge suggests that hormonal therapy may affect GRPR expression in PC tissue making GRPR-based imaging and therapy especially suitable for non-hormonally treated PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier P J Schroeder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Li X, Lv Y, Yuan A, Li Z. Gastrin-releasing peptide links stressor to cancer progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:483-91. [PMID: 20140628 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) plays an important role in cancer growth and metastasis; however, the mechanisms of how GRP affects cancer progression are not well understood. Recent studies revealed that chronic stress is a major risk factor for cancer progression, and this effect may be mediated by GRP. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms and implications of GRP linking stressor to cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrieved the studies of the relationship between GRP, stress and cancers through PubMed using systematic methods to search, select, and evaluate the findings. RESULTS The results suggested that GRP can mediate the effects of stress on cancers at systemic, tissue and cellular levels: Stress elicits the secretion of GRP in the brain and GRP in turn activates the stress response pathways resulting in an elevation of stress hormones and GRP in the plasma and tissues. GRP in synergy with stress hormones stimulates the growth and invasion of cancer cells by suppressing the anti-tumor immune function and directly activating the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory signaling pathways in cancer cells. CONCLUSION GRP is a multi-functional peptide, which acts as a stress mediator as well as a growth factor linking stressor to cancer progression. GRP and its high-affinity receptor are useful targets for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277, West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Ananias HJK, van den Heuvel MC, Helfrich W, de Jong IJ. Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, the prostate stem cell antigen and the prostate-specific membrane antigen in lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:1101-8. [PMID: 19343734 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell membrane antigens like the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), and the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), expressed in prostate cancer, are attractive targets for new therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Therefore, we investigated in this study whether these antigens are expressed in metastasized prostate cancer. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of 15 patients with uni- or bilateral lymph node metastases of prostate cancer (totaling 21 cases) and 17 patient-cases of bone metastases were processed for immunohistochemistry with anti-GRPR, anti-PSCA, and anti-PSMA antibodies. A pathologist blinded to clinical and pathological data scored the immunoreactivity for these antibodies on a four-point scale (0 = no staining; 1+ = weak staining; 2+ = moderate staining; 3+ = strong staining) and documented the distribution pattern. RESULTS GRPR staining in lymph node metastases was seen in 85.7% of cases (18 of 21 cases), PSCA in 95.2% (20/21), and PSMA in 100% (21/21). GRPR in bone metastases was seen in 52.9% of cases (9/17), PSCA in 94.1% (16/17), and PSMA in 100% (17/17). CONCLUSION We have shown for the first time that GRPR is expressed in the vast majority of lymph node metastases and in 52.9% of bone metastases of prostate cancer. PSCA and PSMA are both highly expressed in lymph node and bone metastases. Although PSCA and PSMA are mostly expressed in prostate cancer metastases, GRPR offers an interesting alternative target as it can be targeted relatively easy with peptide-based (radio)pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildo J K Ananias
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms by which mammalian bombesin receptors are regulated and which intracellular signaling pathways have been characterized to mediate agonist-dependent receptor biological effects. RECENT FINDINGS Mammalian bombesin receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in a larger array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions than previously reported. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of animals genetically deficient of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor demonstrated roles in memory and fear behavior, lung development and injury, small intestinal cell repair, autocrine tumor growth, and mediating signals for pruritus and penile reflexes. Intracellular signaling studies predominantly of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor owing to its frequent overexpression in some human malignancies showed that PI3 kinase activation is an important mechanism of cell proliferation. Tumor cell treatment including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonists combined with inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor resulted in an additive effect on blocking cell proliferation. Novel molecular mechanisms of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype-3 and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene regulation have been elucidated. SUMMARY Inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in human malignancies represents an attractive target for pharmacological treatment. Novel functions of bombesin related peptides have been identified including processes in the central nervous system, lung and intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Chinnappan D, Qu X, Xiao D, Ratnasari A, Weber HC. Human gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene regulation requires transcription factor binding at two distinct CRE sites. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G153-G162. [PMID: 18483184 PMCID: PMC2494719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (GRP-R) occurs frequently in human malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Owing to paracrine and autocrine interaction with its specific high-affinity ligand GRP, tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion might ensue. Here we provide the first insights regarding molecular mechanisms of GRP-R regulation in gastrointestinal cancer cells. We identified by EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays two cAMP response element (CRE) binding sites that recruited transcription factor CRE binding protein (CREB) to the human GRP-R promoter. Transfection studies with a wild-type human GRP-R promoter reporter and corresponding CRE mutants showed that both CRE sites are critical for basal transcriptional activation in gastrointestinal cancer cells. Forced expression of cAMP-dependent effectors CREB and PKA resulted in robust upregulation of human GRP-R transcriptional activity, and this overexpression strictly required intact wild-type CRE sites. Direct cAMP stimulation with forskolin resulted in enhanced human GRP-R promoter activity only in HuTu-80 cells, but not in Caco-2 cells, coinciding with forskolin-induced CREB phosphorylation occurring only in HuTu-80 but not Caco-2 cells. In summary, CREB is a critical regulator of human GRP-R expression in gastrointestinal cancer and might be activated through different upstream intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmaraj Chinnappan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dongmei Xiao
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anita Ratnasari
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - H. Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dubuc C, Langlois R, Bénard F, Cauchon N, Klarskov K, Tone P, van Lier JE. Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptors of prostate cancer cells for photodynamic therapy with a phthalocyanine–bombesin conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2424-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Baldwin GS, Patel O, Shulkes A. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptors: Biological implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 143:1-14. [PMID: 17395282 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The many biological activities of the hormone gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), including stimulation of acid secretion and of tumour growth, are mediated by the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Here sequence comparisons are utilised to investigate the likely bioactive regions of the 125 amino acid GRP precursor and of GRP-R. Comparison of the sequences of the GRP precursor from 21 species revealed homology not only in the GRP region between amino acids 1 and 30, but also in C-terminal regions from amino acids 43 to 97. This observation is consistent with recent reports that peptides derived from the C-terminal region are biologically active. Comparison of the GRP-R sequence with the related receptors NMB-R and BRS-3 revealed that the family could be distinguished from other G-protein coupled receptors by the presence of the motif GVSVFTLTALS at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix 3. Comparison of the sequences of the GRP-R from 21 species revealed that the most highly conserved regions occurred in transmembrane helices 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7, and in the third intracellular loop. These results will be important in guiding future structure-function studies of the GRP precursor and of GRP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Baldwin
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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de Visser M, Bernard HF, Erion JL, Schmidt MA, Srinivasan A, Waser B, Reubi JC, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Novel 111In-labelled bombesin analogues for molecular imaging of prostate tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:1228-38. [PMID: 17287960 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been shown that some primary human tumours and their metastases, including prostate and breast tumours, overexpress gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors. Bombesin (BN) is a neuropeptide with a high affinity for these GRP receptors. We demonstrated successful scintigraphic visualisation of BN receptor-positive tumours in preclinical studies using the radiolabelled BN analogue [(111)In-DTPA-Pro(1),Tyr(4)]BN. However, the receptor affinity as well as the serum stability of this analogue leave room for improvement. Therefore new (111)In-labelled BN analogues were synthesised and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The receptor affinity of the new BN analogues was tested on human GRP receptor-expressing prostate tumour xenografts and rat colon sections. Analogues with high receptor affinity (low nM range) were selected for further evaluation. Incubation in vitro of GRP receptor-expressing rat CA20948 and human PC3 tumour cells with the (111)In-labelled analogues resulted in rapid receptor-mediated uptake and internalisation. The BN analogue with the best receptor affinity and in vitro internalisation characteristics, Cmp 3 ([(111)In-DTPA-ACMpip(5),Tha(6),betaAla(11),Tha(13),Nle(14)]BN(5-14)), was tested in vivo in biodistribution studies using rats bearing GRP receptor-expressing CA20948 tumours, and nude mice bearing human PC3 xenografts. Injection of (111)In-labelled Cmp 3 in these animals showed high, receptor-mediated uptake in receptor-positive organs and tumours which could be visualised using planar gamma camera and microSPECT/CT imaging. CONCLUSION With their enhanced receptor affinity and their rapid receptor-mediated internalisation in vitro and in vivo, the new BN analogues, and especially Cmp 3, are promising candidates for use in diagnostic molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of GRP receptor-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Visser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ma L, Yu P, Veerendra B, Rold TL, Retzloff L, Prasanphanich A, Sieckman G, Hoffman TJ, Volkert WA, Smith CJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Alexa Fluor 680-Bombesin[7–14]NH2Peptide Conjugate, a High-Affinity Fluorescent Probe with High Selectivity for the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Ping Yu
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Bhadrasetty Veerendra
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Tammy L. Rold
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Lauren Retzloff
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Adam Prasanphanich
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Gary Sieckman
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Timothy J. Hoffman
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Wynn A. Volkert
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Charles J. Smith
- From the Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine, and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute; and International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia; and Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
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Sun LC, Luo J, Mackey VL, Fuselier JA, Coy DH. Effects of camptothecin on tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis when coupled to a bombesin analog used as a targeted delivery vector. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:341-8. [PMID: 17264768 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32801261b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The camptothecin-bombesin conjugate termed DC-51-43, as a novel targeted drug delivery system, was examined in over 10 human tumor cell lines and shows a potent antiproliferative activity. This conjugate has also demonstrated its antitumor activity in our previous experiments. In our present study, we evaluate this conjugate for its antiangiogenic activity by in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. The camptothecin-bombesin conjugate and free camptothecin show potent in-vitro inhibitory activities of cell adhesion to various extracellular matrix components and integrins alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta5, not beta1/alphabeta1. This conjugate displays inhibitory activity to cell migration and invasion at concentrations of 10 micromol/l or above. This conjugate is also effective against in-vitro capillary-like tube formation of endothelial cells (at 40 micromol/l), and in-vivo angiogenesis as seen by blocking the spread of host mice endothelial cells into matrigel plugs. These experimental results support the fact that the camptothecin-bombesin conjugate has therapeutic activities against angiogenesis. By binding to bombesin receptor-expressing sites, this bombesin analog, consisting of 11 amino acids, is potentially a novel delivery vector for nonspecific cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Sun
- Peptide Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Baumann Cornelio D, Meurer L, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Expression in Cervical Cancer. Oncology 2007; 73:340-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000134478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Montet X, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Imaging pancreatic cancer with a peptide-nanoparticle conjugate targeted to normal pancreas. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:905-11. [PMID: 16848396 DOI: 10.1021/bc060035+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Designing molecules that bind to targets that become upregulated or overexpressed as normal cells become cancerous is an important strategy for both therapeutic and diagnostic drug design. We hypothesized that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) might be imaged with the inverse strategy, that is by the design of a nanoparticle-conjugate targeted to bombesin (BN) receptors present on normal acinar cells of the pancreas. Using the fluorescein hapten visualization method to assess the presence of bombesin (BN) receptors, we first demonstrated BN receptors in the normal mouse and human pancreas, but then the lack of BN binding receptors in 13 out of 13 specimens of PDAC. The BN peptide-nanoparticle conjugate, BN-CLIO(Cy5.5), was synthesized and accumulated in the mouse pancreas in receptor dependent fashion, but not in a receptor dependent fashion in other tissues, based on tissue fluorescence measurements. The BN-CLIO(Cy5.5) nanoparticle decreased the T2 of normal pancreas and enhanced the ability to visualize tumor in a model of pancreatic cancer by MRI. The use of BN-CLIO(Cy5.5) nanoparticle as a normal tissue-targeted, T2-reducing contrast agent offers a promising approach to imaging PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Montet
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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50
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Zhou J, Chen J, Zhong R, Mokotoff M, Shultz LD, Ball ED. Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptors on small cell lung cancer cells with a bispecific molecule that activates polyclonal T lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2224-31. [PMID: 16609038 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a growth factor for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). GRP belongs to the bombesin peptide family and has significant homology to bombesin. We constructed a bispecific molecule, OKT3xAntag2, by conjugating a monoclonal antibody OKT3 (anti-CD3) with a bombesin/GRP antagonist (Antag2) and evaluated cytotoxicity against SCLC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested binding of the bispecific molecule to SCLC cell lines and T cells by flow cytometry, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of SCLC cells in vitro and in a murine SCLC xenograft model. We studied SCLC apoptosis and necrosis during ADCC and the activity and cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). RESULTS The bispecific molecule functions as a cross-linker between T cells and SCLC cells, induces T cell activation, and mediates ADCC of SCLC cells; 40% to 80% growth inhibition of SCLC cells mediated by the bispecific molecule at low effector to target cell ratios was achieved. Activation of T cells by the bispecific molecule resulted in significant increases in IFNgamma production and apoptosis and necrosis of SCLC cells associated with cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. Targeted immunotherapy with the bispecific molecule-armed human T cells significantly reduced SCLC tumor burdens in a mouse model. CONCLUSION The bispecific molecule OKT3xAntag2 mediates growth inhibition and apoptosis of SCLC cells by activated T cells through activation and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials of this bispecific molecule through adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T cells in GRP receptor-positive tumors, such as SCLC, are warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Muromonab-CD3/chemistry
- Oxytocin/analogs & derivatives
- Oxytocin/chemistry
- Receptors, Bombesin/drug effects
- Receptors, Bombesin/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhou
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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