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Yang W, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Li W, Wang T. Screening Strategies for High-Yield Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Clones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:858478. [PMID: 35782513 PMCID: PMC9247297 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.858478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are by far the most commonly used mammalian expression system for recombinant expression of therapeutic proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. The development of high-yield stable cell lines requires processes of transfection, selection, screening and adaptation, among which the screening process requires tremendous time and determines the level of forming highly productive monoclonal cell lines. Therefore, how to achieve productive cell lines is a major question prior to industrial manufacturing. Cell line development (CLD) is one of the most critical steps in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Generation of high-yield cell clones is mainly based on the time-consuming, laborious process of selection and screening. With the increase in recombinant therapeutic proteins expressed by CHO cells, CLD has become a major bottleneck in obtaining cell lines for manufacturing. The basic principles for CLD include preliminary screening for high-yield cell pool, single-cell isolation and improvement of productivity, clonality and stability. With the development of modern analysis and testing technologies, various screening methods have been used for CLD to enhance the selection efficiency of high-yield clonal cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview on preliminary screening methods for high-yield cell pool based on drug selective pressure. Moreover, we focus on high throughput methods for isolating high-yield cell clones and increasing the productivity and stability, as well as new screening strategies used for the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyun Wang, ; Junhe Zhang,
| | - Yunxi Xiao
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyun Wang, ; Junhe Zhang,
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2
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Raigani M, Barkhordari F, Moazzami R, Davami F, Mahboudi F. Optimization of expression yield in a stable cell line expressing a novel mutated chimeric tissue plasminogen activator (mt-PA). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Zou Z, Spencer M, Sun PD. Developing a secretory AcGFP1-based IRES expression system for efficient production of mammalian recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 192:106029. [PMID: 34920134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To generate stable cell lines that express high levels of recombinant genes often requires screening of a large number of transfected cells using ELISA. The most widely used alternative to ELISA screening is to use an intracellularly expressed GFP reporter construct which allows sorting of recombinant gene expression cells based on GFP fluorescence intensity. The disadvantage of cell sorting, however, is that the resulting population will be polyclonal with the danger of instability and overgrowth of low producers. In addition, GFP or its variants can be toxic to host cells at high concentrations, and thus may reduce growth and robustness of high producer cells or even cause them to become apoptotic. We have developed a new mammalian expression system in which a recombinant protein and a fluorescence protein, AcGFP1, are expressed on the same plasmid separated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). A signal peptide was incorporated upstream of AcGFP1 so that the fluorescent protein is secreted from cells, preventing cellular toxicity from intracellular accumulation and enabling convenient and accurate measurement of the protein. Expression tests of Ebola viral envelope GP1 and HIV gp120 proteins using this expression system in 293-H cells showed recombinant protein expression levels were closely correlated with AcGFP1 yield. Therefore, AcGFP1 can serve as an accurate reporter for recombinant protein expression and measuring AcGFP1 concentration provides a convenient, product independent and universal way for efficient clone screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Zou
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Matthew Spencer
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Peter D Sun
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Aebischer-Gumy C, Moretti P, Ollier R, Ries Fecourt C, Rousseau F, Bertschinger M. SPLICELECT™: an adaptable cell surface display technology based on alternative splicing allowing the qualitative and quantitative prediction of secreted product at a single-cell level. MAbs 2021; 12:1709333. [PMID: 31955651 PMCID: PMC6973322 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1709333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a mammalian expression construct (SPLICELECT™) that allows the redirection of a proportion of a secreted protein onto the cell surface using alternative splicing: whereas the majority of the RNA is spliced into a transcript encoding a secreted protein, a weak splice donor site yields a secondary transcript encoding, in addition, a C-terminal transmembrane domain. The different sequence elements can be modified in order to modulate the level of cell surface display and of secretion in an independent manner. In this work, we demonstrated that the cell surface display of stable cell lines is correlated with the level of the secreted protein of interest, but also with the level of heterodimerization in the case of a bispecific antibody. It was also shown that this construct may be useful for rapid screening of multiple antibody candidates in binding assays following transient transfection. Thus, the correlation of product quantity and quality of the secreted and of membrane-displayed product in combination with the flexibility of the construct with regards to cell surface display/secretion levels make SPLICELECT™ a valuable tool with many potential applications, not limited to industrial cell line development or antibody engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Aebischer-Gumy
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moretti
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Romain Ollier
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Ries Fecourt
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - François Rousseau
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bertschinger
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
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5
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Bakhtiari H, Palizban AA, Khanahmad H, Mofid MR. An innovative cell selection approach in developing human cells overexpressing aspartyl/asparaginyl β-hydroxylase. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:291-299. [PMID: 33088329 PMCID: PMC7540811 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.288436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Aspartyl/asparaginyl β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is abundantly expressed in malignant neoplastic cells. The establishment of a human cell line overexpressing ASPH could provide the native-like recombinant protein needed for developing theranostic probes. In the process of transfection, the obtained cells normally contain a range of cells expressing the different levels of the target of interest. In this paper, we report on our simple innovative approach in the selection of best-transfected cells with the highest expression of ASPH using subclone selection, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and gradual increment of hygromycin concentration. Experimental approach: To achieve this goal, human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells were transfected with an ASPH-bearing pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+) vector. During antibiotic selection, single accumulations of the resistant cells were separately cultured and the ASPH mRNA levels of each flask were evaluated. The best subclones were treated with a gradually increasing amount of hygromycin. The ASPH protein expression of the obtained cells was finally evaluated using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Findings / Results: The results showed that different selected subclones expressed different levels of ASPH. Furthermore, the gradual increment of hygromycin (up to 400mg/mL) improved the expression of ASPH. The best relative fold change in mRNA levels was 57.59 ± 4.11. Approximately 90.2% of HEKASPH cells overexpressed ASPH on their surface. Conclusion and implications: The experiments indicated that we have successfully constructed and evaluated a recombinant human cell line overexpressing ASPH on the surface. Moreover, our innovative selection approach provided an effective procedure for enriching highly expressing recombinant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Bakhtiari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Palizban
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mofid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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6
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Fluorescence-assisted sequential insertion of transgenes (FASIT): an approach for increasing specific productivity in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12840. [PMID: 32732973 PMCID: PMC7392891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the generation of cell lines for the production of recombinant proteins has the limitation of unstable gene expression due to the repeat-induced gene silencing or the loss of transgene copies resulting from recombination events. In this work, we developed a new strategy based on the sequential insertion of transgenes for generating stable clones producing high levels of a chimeric human follicle-stimulating hormone (hscFSH). Gene insertion was done by transducing HEK-293 cells with a lentiviral vector containing a bicistronic transcriptional unit for expressing hscFSH and GFP genes. Clone selection was performed by flow cytometry coupled to cell sorting, and the GFP gene was further removed by CRE-mediated site-specific recombination. High-producing clones of hscFSH were obtained after three rounds of lentiviral transduction. Expression levels increased in a step-wise manner from 7 to 23 pg/cell/day, with a relatively constant rate of 7 pg/cell/day in each round of transduction. The GFP gene was successfully removed from the cell genome without disturbing the hscFSH gene expression. Clones generated using this approach showed stable expression levels for more than two years. This is the first report describing the sequential insertion of transgenes as an alternative for increasing the expression levels of transformed cell lines. The methodology described here could notably impact on biotechnological industry by improving the capacity of mammalian cells to produce biopharmaceuticals.
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7
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Chakrabarti L, Zhuang L, Roy G, Bowen MA, Dall’Acqua WF, Hawley‐Nelson P, Marelli M. Amber suppression coupled with inducible surface display identifies cells with high recombinant protein productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:793-804. [PMID: 30536645 PMCID: PMC6590230 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) for biotherapeutics is a time- and resource-intensive process requiring the isolation and screening of large numbers of clones to identify high producers. Novel methods aimed at enhancing cell line screening efficiency using markers predictive of productivity early in the CLD process are needed to reliably generate high-yielding cell lines. To enable efficient and selective isolation of antibody expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we developed a strategy for the expression of antibodies containing a switchable membrane-associated domain to anchor an antibody to the membrane of the expressing cell. The switchable nature of the membrane domain is governed by the function of an orthogonal aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase/tRNApyl pair, which directs a nonnatural amino acid (nnAA) to an amber codon encoded between the antibody and the membrane anchor. The process is "switchable" in response to nnAA in the medium, enabling a rapid transition between the surface display and secretion. We demonstrate that the level of cell surface display correlates with productivity and provides a method for enriching phenotypically stable high-producer cells. The strategy provides a means for selecting high-producing cells with potential applications to multiple biotherapeutic protein formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Science, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Li Zhuang
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Gargi Roy
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Michael A. Bowen
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | | | - Pam Hawley‐Nelson
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Science, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
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8
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Van der Weken H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Rapid production of a chimeric antibody-antigen fusion protein based on 2A-peptide cleavage and green fluorescent protein expression in CHO cells. MAbs 2019; 11:559-568. [PMID: 30694096 PMCID: PMC6512901 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1574531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To enable large-scale antibody production, the creation of a stable, high producer cell line is essential. This process often takes longer than 6 months using standard limited dilution techniques and is very labor intensive. The use of a tri-cistronic vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and both antibody chains, separated by a GT2A peptide sequence, allows expression of all proteins under a single promotor in equimolar ratios. By combining the advantages of 2A peptide cleavage and single cell sorting, a chimeric antibody-antigen fusion protein that contained the variable domains of mouse IgG with a porcine IgA constant domain fused to the FedF antigen could be produced in CHO-K1 cells. After transfection, a strong correlation was found between antibody production and GFP expression (r = 0.69) using image analysis of formed monolayer patches. This enables the rapid selection of GFP-positive clones using automated image analysis for the selection of high producer clones. This vector design allowed the rapid selection of high producer clones within a time-frame of 4 weeks after transfection. The highest producing clone had a specific antibody productivity of 2.32 pg/cell/day. Concentrations of 34 mg/L were obtained using shake-flask batch culture. The produced recombinant antibody showed stable expression, binding and minimal degradation. In the future, this antibody will be assessed for its effectiveness as an oral vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van der Weken
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Use of a Fluorescent Analog of Glucose (2-NBDG) To Identify Uncultured Rumen Bacteria That Take Up Glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03018-18. [PMID: 30709823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03018-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few characteristics are more important to a bacterium than the substrates it consumes. It is hard to identify what substrates are consumed by bacteria in natural communities, however, because most bacteria have not been cultured. In this study, we developed a method that uses fluorescent substrate analogs, cell sorting, and DNA sequencing to identify substrates taken up by bacteria. We deployed this method using 2[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,2-diaxol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), a fluorescent glucose analog, and bacteria of the bovine rumen. This method revealed over 40 different bacteria (amplicon sequence variants [ASVs]) from the rumen that take up glucose. Nearly half of these ASVs represent previously uncultured bacteria. We attempted to grow these ASVs on agar media, and we confirmed that nearly two-thirds resisted culture. In coculture experiments, the fluorescent label of 2-NBDG was not transferred to nontarget bacteria by cross-feeding. Because it is not affected by cross-feeding, our method has an advantage over stable isotope probing. Though we focus on glucose, many substrates can be labeled with the fluorophore NBD. Our method represents a new paradigm for identifying substrates used by uncultured bacteria. It will help delineate the niche of bacteria in their environment.IMPORTANCE We introduce a method for identifying what substrates are consumed by bacteria in natural communities. Our method offers significant improvement over existing methods for studying this characteristic. Our method uses a fluorescently labeled substrate which clearly labels target bacteria (glucose consumers in our case). Previous methods use isotope-labeled substrates, which are notorious for off-target labeling (due to cross-feeding of labeled metabolites). Our method can be deployed with a variety of substrates and microbial communities. It represents a major advance in connecting bacteria to the substrates they take up.
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10
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Kaneyoshi K, Yamano-Adachi N, Koga Y, Uchiyama K, Omasa T. Analysis of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) secretion efficiency in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by using Citrine-fusion IgG. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:193-207. [PMID: 30610509 PMCID: PMC6368511 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals represented by immunoglobulin G (IgG) are produced by the cultivation of recombinant animal cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. It is thought that the intracellular secretion process of IgG is a bottleneck in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Many studies on the regulation of endogenous secretory protein expression levels have shown improved productivity. However, these strategies have not universally improved the productivity of various proteins. A more rational and efficient establishment of high producer cells is required based on an understanding of the secretory processes in IgG producing CHO cells. In this study, a CHO cell line producing humanized IgG1, which was genetically fused with fluorescent proteins, was established to directly analyze intracellular secretion. The relationship between the amount of intracellular and secreted IgG was analyzed at the single cell level by an automated single-cell analysis and isolation system equipped with dual color fluorescent filters. The amounts of intracellular and secreted IgG showed a weak positive correlation. The amount of secreted IgG analyzed by the system showed a weak negative linear correlation with the specific growth of isolated clones. An immunofluorescent microscopy study showed that the established clones could be used to analyze the intracellular secretion bottleneck. This is the first study to report the use of fluorescent protein fusion IgG as a tool to analyze the secretion of recombinant CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kaneyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan.
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11
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Chakrabarti L, Mathew A, Li L, Han S, Klover J, Albanetti T, Hawley-Nelson P. Mitochondrial membrane potential identifies cells with high recombinant protein productivity. J Immunol Methods 2019; 464:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Guan X, Lu B, Jin Q, Li Z, Wang L, Wang K, Lai S, Lei Z. AIE-Active Fluorescent Nonconjugated Polymer Dots for Dual-Alternating-Color Live Cell Imaging. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Baocui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Qijun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Kailong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Shoujun Lai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
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13
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Gao H, Zhao X, Chen S. AIEgen-Based Fluorescent Nanomaterials: Fabrication and Biological Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E419. [PMID: 29443927 PMCID: PMC6017469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, luminogens with the feature of aggregation-induced emission (AIEgen) have emerged as advanced luminescent materials for fluorescent nanomaterial preparation. AIEgen-based nanomaterials show enhanced fluorescence efficiency and superior photostability, which thusly offer unique advantages in biological applications. In this review, we will summarize the fabrication methods of AIEgen-based nanomaterials and their applications in in vitro/in vivo imaging, cell tracing, photodynamic therapy and drug delivery, focusing on the recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sijie Chen
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Jiang R, Huang L, Liu M, Deng F, Huang H, Tian J, Wen Y, Cao QY, Zhang X, Wei Y. Ultrafast microwave-assisted multicomponent tandem polymerization for rapid fabrication of AIE-active fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles and their potential utilization for biological imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 83:115-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Wang L, Xia Q, Hou M, Yan C, Xu Y, Qu J, Liu R. A photostable cationic fluorophore for long-term bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9183-9188. [PMID: 32264600 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02668d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of a bright and photostable cationic fluorophore for long-term bioimaging in vitro and in vivo is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Meirong Hou
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Chenggong Yan
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangzhou 510515
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16
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Priola JJ, Calzadilla N, Baumann M, Borth N, Tate CG, Betenbaugh MJ. High-throughput screening and selection of mammalian cells for enhanced protein production. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:853-65. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Priola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology; Universität für Bodenkultur; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
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Misaghi S, Shaw D, Louie S, Nava A, Simmons L, Snedecor B, Poon C, Paw JS, Gilmour-Appling L, Cupp JE. Slashing the timelines: Opting to generate high-titer clonal lines faster via viability-based single cell sorting. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Misaghi
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - David Shaw
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Salina Louie
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Adrian Nava
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Laura Simmons
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Jonathan S. Paw
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | | | - James E. Cupp
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
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18
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Xu N, Ou J, Gilani AK, Zhou L, Liu M. High-level expression of recombinant IgG1 by CHO K1 platform. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Qian J, Zhu Z, Leung CWT, Xi W, Su L, Chen G, Qin A, Tang BZ, He S. Long-term two-photon neuroimaging with a photostable AIE luminogen. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1477-86. [PMID: 25909029 PMCID: PMC4399684 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In neuroscience, fluorescence labeled two-photon microscopy is a promising tool to visualize ex vivo and in vivo tissue morphology, and track dynamic neural activities. Specific and highly photostable fluorescent probes are required in this technology. However, most fluorescent proteins and organic fluorophores suffer from photobleaching, so they are not suitable for long-term imaging and observation. To overcome this problem, we utilize tetraphenylethene-triphenylphosphonium (TPE-TPP), which possesses aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and two-photon fluorescence characteristics, for neuroimaging. The unique AIE feature of TPE-TPP makes its nanoaggregates resistant to photobleaching, which is useful to track neural cells and brain-microglia for a long period of time. Two-photon fluorescence of TPE-TPP facilitates its application in deep in vivo neuroimaging, as demonstrated in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies; JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou,
China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies; JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou,
China
| | - Chris Wai Tung Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong,
China
| | - Wang Xi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Anjun Qin
- SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, Guangdong Innovative Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640,
China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong,
China
- SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, Guangdong Innovative Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640,
China
- ,
| | - Sailing He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies; JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou,
China
- ,
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20
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Okumura T, Masuda K, Watanabe K, Miyadai K, Nonaka K, Yabuta M, Omasa T. Efficient enrichment of high-producing recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells for monoclonal antibody by flow cytometry. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:340-6. [PMID: 25683450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To screen a high-producing recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell from transfected cells is generally laborious and time-consuming. We developed an efficient enrichment strategy for high-producing cell screening using flow cytometry (FCM). A stable pool that had possibly shown a huge variety of monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression levels was prepared by transfection of an expression vector for mAb production to a CHO cell. To enrich high-producing cells derived from a stable pool stained with a fluorescent-labeled antibody that binds to mAb presented on the cell surface, we set the cell size and intracellular density gates based on forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC), and collected the brightest 5% of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-positive cells from each group by FCM. The final product concentration in a fed-batch culture of cells sorted without FSC and SSC gates was 1.2-1.3-times higher than that of unsorted cells, whereas that of cells gated by FSC and SSC was 3.4-4.7-fold higher than unsorted cells. Surprisingly, the fraction with the highest final product concentration indicated the smallest value of FSC and SSC, and the middle value of fluorescence intensity among all fractionated cells. Our results showed that our new screening strategy by FCM based on FSC and SSC gates could achieve an efficient enrichment of high-producing cells with the smallest value of FSC and SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okumura
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Kenji Masuda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Miyadai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yabuta
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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21
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Ye Q, Chen S, Zhu D, Lu X, Lu Q. Preparation of aggregation-induced emission dots for long-term two-photon cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3091-3097. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance two-photon probe with long-term cellular imaging capability was synthesized from an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission molecule derived from tetraphenylethylene fluorogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Xuemin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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22
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Huang HJ, Peng X, Deng B, Huang C, Li J, Qian YG, Gao QS, Xiang M, Lu S, Chen ZH, Zhan CY, Zhou L, Tao BF, Liu J, Tan BZ. Fluorescent labeling for clonal selection of Marc 145 cells secreting high levels of recombinant protein PBD-1. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:203-11. [PMID: 25297006 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the powerful impact gene expression markers like the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or enhanced GFP (EGFP) exert on linking the expression of recombinant protein for selection of high producers in recent years, there is still a strong incentive to develop more economical and efficient methods for isolating mammalian cell clones secreting high levels of recombinant proteins. Here we present a new method based on the co-expression of EGFP that allows clonal selection in standard 96-well cell culture plates. The genes encoding the EGFP protein and the related protein are linked by an internal ribosome entry site and thus are transcribed into the same mRNA in an independent translation process. Since both proteins arise from a common mRNA, the EGFP expression level correlates with the expression level of the therapeutic protein in each clone. By expressing recombinant porcine β-defensin 1 in Marc 145 cells, we demonstrate the robustness and performance of this technique. The method can be served as an alternative to identify high-producer clones with various cell sorting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Huang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China.
- Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Deng
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Guo Qian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Shuang Gao
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Chen
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yao Zhan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Fei Tao
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Zhong Tan
- Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China
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23
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Aoki M, Takao T, Takao K, Koike F, Suganuma N. Lower expressions of the human bitter taste receptor TAS2R in smokers: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2014; 12:12. [PMID: 25152706 PMCID: PMC4142065 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that smokers have deficit in detecting taste, particularly bitter taste, no study has investigated its biological correlate. Methods In this context, we compared the expression of the bitter taste receptor gene, taste 2 receptor (TAS2R) in the tongues of smokers and non-smokers. Tissue samples were collected from the lateral portion of the tongues of 22 smokers and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (19 males and three females) with no history of smoking. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the expression of TAS2R in the two groups, and the effect of aging on TAS2R expression was also assessed. Results TAS2R expression was significantly lower among smokers than non-smokers (t = 6.525, P < .0001, 11.36 ± 6.0 vs. 2.09 ± 2.8, mean ± SD, non-smokers vs. smokers). Further, a positive correlation between age and expression of TAS2R was observed in non-smokers (r = .642, P = .001), but not smokers (r = .124, P = .584). This correlation difference was significant (Z = 1.96, P = .0496). Conclusions Smokers showed a significantly lower expression of the bitter taste receptor gene than non-smokers, which is potentially caused by their inability to acquire such receptors with age because of cigarette smoking, in contrast to non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Aoki
- Department of food and nutrition, Sanyo Gakuen College, 1-14-1 Hirai, Naka-ward, Okayama 703-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takao
- Department of nutrition and health promotion, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumihiko Koike
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Chuang KH, Hsieh YC, Chiang IS, Chuang CH, Kao CH, Cheng TC, Wang YT, Lin WW, Chen BM, Roffler SR, Huang MY, Cheng TL. High-throughput sorting of the highest producing cell via a transiently protein-anchored system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102569. [PMID: 25036759 PMCID: PMC4103822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a high-throughput method for the effecient selection of the highest producing cell is very important for the production of recombinant protein drugs. Here, we developed a novel transiently protein-anchored system coupled with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the efficient selection of the highest producing cell. A furin cleavage peptide (RAKR) was used to join a human anti-epithelial growth factor antibody (αEGFR Ab) and the extracellular-transmembrane-cytosolic domains of the mouse B7-1 antigen (B7). The furin inhibitor can transiently switch secreted αEGFR Ab into a membrane-anchored form. After cell sorting, the level of membrane αEGFR Ab-RAKR-B7 is proportional to the amount of secreted αEGFR Ab in the medium. We further selected 23 αEGFR Ab expressing cells and demonstrated a high correlation (R2 = 0.9165) between the secretion level and surface expression levels of αEGFR Ab. These results suggested that the novel transiently protein-anchored system can easily and efficiently select the highest producing cells, reducing the cost for the production of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Shiuan Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MYH); (TLC)
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MYH); (TLC)
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25
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Almo SC, Love JD. Better and faster: improvements and optimization for mammalian recombinant protein production. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 26:39-43. [PMID: 24721463 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to numerous technological advances, the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines has become an increasingly routine task that is no longer viewed as a heroic enterprise. While production in prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic systems may be more rapid and economical, the advantages of producing large amounts of protein that closely resembles the native form is often advantageous and may be essential for the realization of functionally active material for biological studies or biopharmaceuticals. The correct folding, processing and post-translational modifications conferred by expression in a mammalian cell is relevant to all classes of proteins, including cytoplasmic, secreted or integral membrane proteins. Therefore considerable efforts have focused on the development of growth media, cell lines, transformation methods and selection techniques that enable the production of grams of functional protein in weeks, rather than months. This review will focus on a plethora of methods that are broadly applicable to the high yield production of any class of protein (cytoplasmic, secreted or integral membrane) from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - James D Love
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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26
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Tao L, Chi Z, Xu J, Wei Y. Aggregation induced emission-based fluorescent nanoparticles: fabrication methodologies and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4398-4414. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Duverger V, Sauvage C, Kobr M, Imhof MO. An efficient detection agent for the high throughput screening of recombinant manufacturing cell lines. J Immunol Methods 2013; 400-401:2-12. [PMID: 23994258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the selection of high producing recombinant cell lines, a number of screening processes were developed in the presence of detection agents. Here, CHO cell lines secreting recombinant antibodies were detected in semi-solid medium containing detection agents. The aim was to compare two protein A-derived detection agents to two commercial fluorescent antibodies directed against the Fc part of the antibody of interest: the protein A derived Z domain fused to the red fluorescent protein and protein A labelled with a fluorescent Dylight™ 488 dye. All of these agents were compatible with cell recovery and colony formation, and specifically detected colonies secreting recombinant antibodies. Optimisation of the concentration of the fluorescent protein A allowed the identification of a higher number of good producers. Thus these data demonstrate that fluorescently labelled protein A-derivatives can be used for the selection of high producer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Duverger
- Cell Sciences, MerckSerono SA, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland.
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28
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The use of glutamine synthetase as a selection marker: recent advances in Chinese hamster ovary cell line generation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Knox R, Nettleship JE, Chang VT, Hui ZK, Santos AM, Rahman N, Ho LP, Owens RJ, Davis SJ. A streamlined implementation of the glutamine synthetase-based protein expression system. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:74. [PMID: 24063773 PMCID: PMC3850363 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glutamine synthetase-based protein expression system is widely used in industry and academia for producing recombinant proteins but relies on the cloning of transfected cells, necessitating substantial investments in time and handling. We streamlined the production of protein-producing cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells using this system by co-expressing green fluorescent protein from an internal ribosomal entry site and selecting for high green fluorescent protein-expressing cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results Whereas other expression systems utilizing green fluorescent protein and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based selection have relied on two or more sorting steps, we obtained stable expression of a test protein at levels >50% of that of an “average” clone and ~40% that of the “best” clone following a single sorting step. Versus clone-based selection, the principal savings are in the number of handling steps (reduced by a third), handling time (reduced by 70%), and the time needed to produce protein-expressing cultures (reduced by ~3 weeks). Coupling the glutamine synthetase-based expression system with product-independent selection in this way also facilitated the production of a hard-to-assay protein. Conclusion Utilizing just a single fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based selection step, the new streamlined implementation of the glutamine synthetase-based protein expression system offers protein yields sufficient for most research purposes, where <10 mg/L of protein expression is often required but relatively large numbers of constructs frequently need to be trialed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Knox
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK.
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Martín-López A, Acosta-López L, García-Camacho F, Contreras-Gómez A, Molina-Grima E. Co-culture of the 55-6 B cell hybridoma with the EL-4 thymoma cell. Effect on cell growth and monoclonal antibody production. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:655-62. [PMID: 23765215 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell growth and monoclonal antibody production of the 55-6 hybridoma cell co-cultured with the murine thymoma cell line EL-4 at different initial 55-6:EL-4 ratios were investigated. Both populations were seeded in co-culture without previous stimulation and therefore with low constitutive CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) expression levels, and in the absence of exogenous co-stimuli. Viable cell density and growth rate data seem to suggest a competition for nutrients, which is detrimental for both cells in terms of biomass production and also of growth rate for 55-6. Final concentrations of antibody and specific antibody production rates were affected by the initial 55-6:EL-4 ratio. The 4:1 ratio yielded the highest IgG2a concentration, whereas the highest specific antibody production rate was obtained at the 2:1 ratio. Changes mainly in CD154 and also in CD40 expression in co-cultures could suggest cross-talk between both populations. In conclusion, different types of interactions are probably present in this co-culture system: competition for nutrients, cognate interaction and/or autocrine or paracrine interactions that influence the proliferation of both cells and the hybridoma antibody secretion. We are hereby presenting a pre-scale-up process that could speed up the optimization of large-scale monoclonal antibodies production in bioreactors by emulating the in vivo cell-cell interaction between B and T cells without previous stimulation or the addition of co-stimulatory molecules.
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Helman D, Toister-Achituv M, Bar-Shimon M, Cohen B, Otmi I, Berger N, Kalimi D, Kimalov B, Medina T, Sapir A, Rotemberg O, Zabavnik N, Zauberman A, Smolarsky M. Novel membrane-bound reporter molecule for sorting high producer cells by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2013; 85:162-8. [PMID: 23765751 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a membrane bound reporter and selection molecule for sorting by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells producing a protein of interest. This molecule is composed of a transmembrane (TM) domain, fused on its extracellular end to a biotin mimetic peptide (BMP) and on its intracellular side to puromycin N-acetyl transferase (PAC). In this format BMP is displayed on the cell membrane surface and PAC faces the cell cytoplasm. BMP was detected and quantified on the cell surface by fluorescently labelled streptavidin, allowing cell sorting by FACS, according to the reporter expression level. The reporter and a gene of interest (GOI) were connected on the same transcript via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). The reporter expression level was found to correlate with that of the GOI, enabling sorting of high producer cells by FACS. Thus, the highest fluorescent cells sorted had also the highest protein of interest (POI) productivity level.
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Advances in Mammalian cell line development technologies for recombinant protein production. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:579-603. [PMID: 24276168 PMCID: PMC3817724 DOI: 10.3390/ph6050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2006 to 2011, an average of 15 novel recombinant protein therapeutics have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) annually. In addition, the expiration of blockbuster biologics has also spurred the emergence of biosimilars. The increasing numbers of innovator biologic products and biosimilars have thus fuelled the demand of production cell lines with high productivity. Currently, mammalian cell line development technologies used by most biopharmaceutical companies are based on either the methotrexate (MTX) amplification technology or the glutamine synthetase (GS) system. With both systems, the cell clones obtained are highly heterogeneous, as a result of random genome integration by the gene of interest and the gene amplification process. Consequently, large numbers of cell clones have to be screened to identify rare stable high producer cell clones. As such, the cell line development process typically requires 6 to 12 months and is a time, capital and labour intensive process. This article reviews established advances in protein expression and clone screening which are the core technologies in mammalian cell line development. Advancements in these component technologies are vital to improve the speed and efficiency of generating robust and highly productive cell line for large scale production of protein therapeutics.
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Current state and recent advances in biopharmaceutical production in Escherichia coli, yeasts and mammalian cells. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:257-74. [PMID: 23385853 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Almost all of the 200 or so approved biopharmaceuticals have been produced in one of three host systems: the bacterium Escherichia coli, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) and mammalian cells. We describe the most widely used methods for the expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm or periplasm of E. coli, as well as strategies for secreting the product to the growth medium. Recombinant expression in E. coli influences the cell physiology and triggers a stress response, which has to be considered in process development. Increased expression of a functional protein can be achieved by optimizing the gene, plasmid, host cell, and fermentation process. Relevant properties of two yeast expression systems, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, are summarized. Optimization of expression in S. cerevisiae has focused mainly on increasing the secretion, which is otherwise limiting. P. pastoris was recently approved as a host for biopharmaceutical production for the first time. It enables high-level protein production and secretion. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in its ability to produce recombinant proteins with humanized glycosylation patterns. Several mammalian cell lines of either rodent or human origin are also used in biopharmaceutical production. Optimization of their expression has focused on clonal selection, interference with epigenetic factors and genetic engineering. Systemic optimization approaches are applied to all cell expression systems. They feature parallel high-throughput techniques, such as DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing and proteomics, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. Systemic approaches, together with technological advances such as disposable bioreactors and microbioreactors, are expected to lead to increased quality and quantity of biopharmaceuticals, as well as to reduced product development times.
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Kida A, Iijima M, Niimi T, Maturana AD, Yoshimoto N, Kuroda S. Cell surface-fluorescence immunosorbent assay for real-time detection of hybridomas with efficient antibody secretion at the single-cell level. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1753-9. [PMID: 23297690 DOI: 10.1021/ac303067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For establishing cells that secrete antibodies most efficiently (e.g., hybridomas, CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells), the screening and subsequent breeding of promising cells have been performed at the single-colony level, which requires several weeks to propagate a substantial number of cells by forming colonies from single cells for evaluation by the conventional assays. However, this screening process lacks high-throughput performance in time and colony numbers. Therefore, development of novel methods is expected to identify single cells secreting higher amounts of antibodies in real-time and in a nondestructive manner without colony formation. In this study, we prepared lipid-labeled antimouse IgG Fc antibodies (capture molecules) that were uniformly displayed on the surface of candidate cells. Secreted nascent antibodies were subsequently sandwiched between capture molecules and fluorescence-labeled antimouse IgG F(ab')(2) F(ab')(2) (detection molecules). This newly developed method is hereinafter referred to as a cell surface-fluorescence immunosorbent assay (CS-FIA). The fluorescence intensity of each cell was found to correlate well with the amount of sandwiched antibodies (from 6.25 fg/cell to 6.40 pg/cell). When about 4 × 10(3) cells of mouse hybridomas were subjected to CS-FIA, we isolated 28 hybridomas showing the highest fluorescence intensity within a day. Furthermore, after propagation of single cells to about 10(5) cells (after 2 weeks), 20 hybridomas were still able to secrete higher amounts (up to 7-fold) of antibodies than parental hybridomas. Our results demonstrate that CS-FIA is a powerful method for the single-cell-based establishment of cells that secrete most efficiently not only antibodies but also various biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Mammalian Cell Line Developments in Speed and Efficiency. MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURES FOR BIOLOGICS MANUFACTURING 2013; 139:11-33. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kim YG, Park B, Ahn JO, Jung JK, Lee HW, Lee EG. New cell line development for antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells using split green fluorescent protein. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:24. [PMID: 22587529 PMCID: PMC3428690 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The establishment of high producer is an important issue in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture considering increased heterogeneity by the random integration of a transfected foreign gene and the altered position of the integrated gene. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based cell line development is an efficient strategy for the selection of CHO cells in high therapeutic protein production. Results An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) was introduced for using two green fluorescence protein (GFP) fragments as a reporter to both antibody chains, the heavy chain and the light chain. The cells co-transfected with two GFP fragments showed the emission of green fluorescence by the reconstitution of split GFP. The FACS-sorted pool with GFP expression had a higher specific antibody productivity (qAb) than that of the unsorted pool. The qAb was highly correlated with the fluorescence intensity with a high correlation coefficient, evidenced from the analysis of median GFP and qAb in individual selected clones. Conclusions This study proved that the fragment complementation for split GFP could be an efficient indication for antibody production on the basis of high correlation of qAb with reconstitution of GFP. Taken together, we developed an efficient FACS-based screening method for high antibody-producing CHO cells with the benefits of the split GFP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Gu Kim
- Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Kumar N, Borth N. Flow-cytometry and cell sorting: an efficient approach to investigate productivity and cell physiology in mammalian cell factories. Methods 2012; 56:366-74. [PMID: 22426008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of cell lines used for the production of biotherapeutic proteins typically depends on the number of cells in culture, their specific growth rate, their viability and the cell specific productivity (qP). Therefore both cell line development and process development are trying to (a) improve cell proliferation to reduce lag-phase and achieve high number of cells; (b) delay cell death to prolong the production phase and improve culture longevity; (c) and finally, increase qP. All of these factors, when combined in an optimised process, concur to increase the final titre and yield of the recombinant protein. As cellular performance is at the centre of any improvement, analysis methods that enable the characterisation of individual cells in their entirety can help in identifying cell types and culture conditions that perform exceptionally well. This observation of cells and their complexity is reflected by the term "cytomics" and flow cytometry is one of the methods used for this purpose. With its ability to analyse the distribution of physiological properties within a population and to isolate rare outliers with exceptional properties, flow cytometry ideally complements other methods used for optimisation, including media design and cell engineering. In the present review we describe approaches that could be used, directly or indirectly, to analyse and sort cellular phenotypes characterised by improved growth behaviour, reduced cell death or high qP and outline their potential use for cell line and process optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University Vienna, Austria
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Freimark D, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Effect of process parameters and product-host-interaction on hVEGFA-production by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:762-72. [PMID: 22275108 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A potential producer clone was identified among recombinant, human vascular endothelial growth factor A (hVEGFA)-producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) K1 cells, using a recently established screening method. In batch spinner cultivations, the cells showed a maximum growth rate of 0.045 h(-1), a final total cell density of 5.3×10(6) mL(-1) (living cell density: 3.4×10(6) mL(-1)), and a final hVEGFA concentration of 207 μg L(-1). Living cell density and productivity in the spinner cultivations could be increased by glutamine feeding. Transfer of the process to the bioreactor (batch mode, control of pH, T, and O2) resulted in a reduction of the growth rate by roughly 50%, while overall living cell density and productivity increased, largely due to an extension of the production phase. When the bioreactor was run in the fed-batch mode, growth rates were further reduced, while productivity and living cell densities reached a maximum (hVEGFA: 358 μg L(-1), cells: 5.2×10(6) mL(-1)). In addition, the death rate of the hVEGFA-producing cells was considerably reduced compared with the parent cell line, most likely due to product-host-interaction. This hypothesis was corroborated when a second recombinant CHO cell line (antibody producer) was transfected with the hVEGFA gene and afterward consistently showed higher viable cell densities together with a significantly improved antibody titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Freimark
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Harraghy N, Buceta M, Regamey A, Girod PA, Mermod N. Using matrix attachment regions to improve recombinant protein production. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 801:93-110. [PMID: 21987249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-352-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the system of choice for the production of complex molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies. Despite significant progress in improving the yield from these cells, the process to the selection, identification, and maintenance of high-producing cell lines remains cumbersome, time consuming, and often of uncertain outcome. Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA sequences that help generate and maintain an open chromatin domain that is favourable to transcription and may also facilitate the integration of several copies of the transgene. By incorporating MARs into expression vectors, an increase in the proportion of high-producer cells as well as an increase in protein production are seen, thereby reducing the number of clones to be screened and time to production by as much as 9 months. In this chapter, we describe how MARs can be used to increase transgene expression and provide protocols for the transfection of CHO cells in suspension and detection of high-producing antibody cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Harraghy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Manufacturing recombinant proteins in kg-ton quantities using animal cells in bioreactors. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Lu Y, Vernes JM, Chiang N, Ou Q, Ding J, Adams C, Hong K, Truong BT, Ng D, Shen A, Nakamura G, Gong Q, Presta LG, Beresini M, Kelley B, Lowman H, Wong WL, Meng YG. Identification of IgG(1) variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa and unaltered affinity to FcγRI and FcRn: comparison of soluble receptor-based and cell-based binding assays. J Immunol Methods 2010; 365:132-41. [PMID: 21185301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical response to the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has been demonstrated to correlate with the polymorphism in the FcγRIIIa receptor where patients homozygous for the higher affinity V158 allotype showed a better response rate. This finding suggests that engineering of anti-CD20 for increased FcγRIIIa affinity could result in improved clinical outcome. To identify variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa, we developed quantitative assays using soluble receptors as well as engineered cell lines expressing FcγRI or FcγRIIIa on the cell surface. We assayed a set of anti-CD20 IgG(1) variants that had identical Fab regions, but alterations in the Fc regions, in both the soluble receptor-based and cell-based FcγRIIIa binding assays. We obtained similar relative binding affinity increases and assay precisions. The increase in affinity for FcγRIIIa correlated with the increase in activity in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay. These variants had unaltered FcγRI binding. In addition to Fcγ receptors, IgG also binds to FcRn, the receptor responsible for the long circulating half-life of IgG. The mutations in the anti-CD20 variants were previously found not to affect FcRn binding in the soluble receptor-based assays; consequently, we used anti-Her2 variants with different binding affinities to FcRn to study FcRn binding assays. We generated a cell line expressing FcRn on the cell surface to measure IgG binding and obtained similar ranking of these anti-Her2 variants in the cell-based and the soluble receptor-based FcRn binding assays. In conclusion, both the soluble receptor-based and cell-based binding assays can be used to identify IgG(1) variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa and unaltered affinity to FcγRI and FcRn.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genetic Variation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Lu
- Assay and Automation Technology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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HaloTag-based purification of functional human kinases from mammalian cells. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 76:154-64. [PMID: 21129486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cultured mammalian cells are preferred for producing functional mammalian proteins with appropriate post-translational modifications, purification of recombinant proteins is frequently hampered by low expression. We have addressed this by creating a new method configured specifically for mammalian cell culture that provides rapid detection and efficient purification. This approach is based on HaloTag, a protein fusion tag designed to bind rapidly, selectively and covalently to a series of synthetic ligands that can carry a variety of functional groups, including fluorescent dyes for detection or solid supports for purification. Since the binding of HaloTag to the HaloLink resin is essentially irreversible, it overcomes the equilibrium-based binding limitations associated with affinity tags and enables efficient capture and purification of target protein, even at low expression levels. The target protein is released from the HaloLink resin by specific cleavage using a TEV protease fused to HaloTag (HaloTEV), leaving both HaloTag and HaloTEV permanently attached to the resin and highly pure, tag-free protein in solution. HaloTag fluorescent ligands enable fluorescent labeling of HaloTag fusion proteins, providing a convenient way to monitor expression, and thus facilitate the identification of optimal transient transfection conditions as well as the selection of high expression stable cell lines. The capabilities of this method have been demonstrated by the efficient purification of five functional human kinases from HEK293T cells. In addition, when purifications using FLAG, 3xFLAG, His(6)Tag and HaloTag were performed in parallel, HaloTag was shown to provide significantly higher yields, purity and overall recovery of the expressed proteins.
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43
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Oberbek A, Matasci M, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. Generation of stable, high-producing CHO cell lines by lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer in serum-free suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:600-10. [PMID: 20967750 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lentivirus-derived vectors (LVs) were studied for the generation of stable recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Stable pools and clones expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) were selected via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For comparison, cell pools and cell lines were also generated by transfection, using the LV transfer plasmid alone. The level and stability of eGFP expression was greater in LV-transduced cell lines and pools than in those established by transfection. CHO cells were also infected at two different multiplicities of infection with an LV co-expressing eGFP and a tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein (TNFR:Fc). At 2-day post-infection, clonal cell lines with high eGFP-specific fluorescence were recovered by FACS. These clones co-expressed TNFR:Fc with yields of 50-250 mg/L in 4-day cultures. The recovered cell lines maintained stable expression over 3 months in serum-free suspension culture without selection. In conclusion, LV-mediated gene transfer provided an efficient alternative to plasmid transfection for the generation of stable and high-producing recombinant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Oberbek
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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44
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Moretti P, Behr L, Walter JG, Kasper C, Stahl F, Scheper T. Characterization and improvement of cell line performanceviaflow cytometry and cell sorting. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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45
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Freimark D, Jèrôme V, Freitag R. A GFP-based method facilitates clonal selection of transfected CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:24-31. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hacker DL, De Jesus M, Wurm FM. 25 years of recombinant proteins from reactor-grown cells - where do we go from here? Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:1023-1027. [PMID: 19463938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the current status and to highlight several emerging trends in the manufacture of recombinant therapeutic proteins in cultivated mammalian cells, focusing on Chinese hamster ovary cells as the major production host. Over the past 25 years, specific and volumetric productivities for recombinant cell lines have increased about 20-fold as the result of improvements in media and bioprocess design. Future yield increases are expected to come from further developments in gene delivery and genetic selection for more efficient recovery of high-producing cell lines and in high-throughput cultivation systems to simplify medium design and bioprocess development. Other emerging trends in protein manufacturing that are discussed include the use of disposal bioreactors and transient gene expression. We specifically highlight current research in our own laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hacker
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian M Wurm
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ExcellGene SA, CH-1870 Monthey, Switzerland.
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47
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Caron AW, Nicolas C, Gaillet B, Ba I, Pinard M, Garnier A, Massie B, Gilbert R. Fluorescent labeling in semi-solid medium for selection of mammalian cells secreting high-levels of recombinant proteins. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:42. [PMID: 19432976 PMCID: PMC2689207 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the powerful impact in recent years of gene expression markers like the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to link the expression of recombinant protein for selection of high producers, there is a strong incentive to develop rapid and efficient methods for isolating mammalian cell clones secreting high levels of marker-free recombinant proteins. Recently, a method combining cell colony growth in methylcellulose-based medium with detection by a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody or antigen has shown promise for the selection of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines secreting recombinant antibodies. Here we report an extension of this method referred to as fluorescent labeling in semi-solid medium (FLSSM) to detect recombinant proteins significantly smaller than antibodies, such as IGF-E5, a 25 kDa insulin-like growth factor derivative. Results CHO cell clones, expressing 300 μg/ml IGF-E5 in batch culture, were isolated more easily and quickly compared to the classic limiting dilution method. The intensity of the detected fluorescent signal was found to be proportional to the amount of IGF-E5 secreted, thus allowing the highest producers in the population to be identified and picked. CHO clones producing up to 9.5 μg/ml of Tissue-Plasminogen Activator (tPA, 67 kDa) were also generated using FLSSM. In addition, IGF-E5 high-producers were isolated from 293SF transfectants, showing that cell selection in semi-solid medium is not limited to CHO and lymphoid cells. The best positive clones were collected with a micromanipulator as well as with an automated colony picker, thus demonstrating the method's high throughput potential. Conclusion FLSSM allows rapid visualization of the high secretors from transfected pools prior to picking, thus eliminating the tedious task of screening a high number of cell isolates. Because of its rapidity and its simplicity, FLSSM is a versatile method for the screening of high producers for research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine W Caron
- Institut de Recherche en Biotechnologie, Conseil National de Recherches du Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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48
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Hu T, Fu Q, Chen P, Zhang K, Guo D. Generation of a stable mammalian cell line for simultaneous expression of multiple genes by using 2A peptide-based lentiviral vector. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:353-9. [PMID: 19034387 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Generation of mammalian cells stably expressing multiple exogenous genes is currently difficult. Here we provide a strategy to facilitate this process. First, a helper vector p2A containing three coding sequences for viral 2A peptides was constructed. Three reporter genes coding for red fluorescent protein (DsRed), firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were then inserted into p2A to form a fusion open reading frame that was subsequently subcloned into a lentiviral vector. After transduction, EGFP-positive 293T cells were selected by fluorescence activated cell sorting. The expression of exogenous genes in selected cells was stable for more than 15 passages, and EGFP-positive cells were over 95%. The efficient cleavages of 2A-peptide mediated polyprotein were also observed and all three reporter proteins were functional. Thus, a stable DsRed/Fluc/EGFP-coexpressing cell line was readily established within a short time. The strategy could be useful for basic research and protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and The Modern Virology Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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49
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection Methods for High-Producing Mammalian Cell Lines. CELL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2245-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Kaufman WL, Kocman I, Agrawal V, Rahn HP, Besser D, Gossen M. Homogeneity and persistence of transgene expression by omitting antibiotic selection in cell line isolation. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e111. [PMID: 18682524 PMCID: PMC2553579 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonuniform, mosaic expression patterns of transgenes are often linked to transcriptional silencing, triggered by epigenetic modifications of the exogenous DNA. Such phenotypes are common phenomena in genetically engineered cells and organisms. They are widely attributed to features of transgenic transcription units distinct from endogenous genes, rendering them particularly susceptible to epigenetic downregulation. Contrary to this assumption we show that the method used for the isolation of stably transfected cells has the most profound impact on transgene expression patterns. Standard antibiotic selection was directly compared to cell sorting for the establishment of stable cells. Only the latter procedure could warrant a high degree of uniformity and stability in gene expression. Marker genes useful for the essential cell sorting step encode mostly fluorescent proteins. However, by combining this approach with site-specific recombination, it can be applied to isolate stable cell lines with the desired expression characteristics for any gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Manfred Gossen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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