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Xu M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhu L, Tong L, Zheng Y, Osterrieder N, Zhang C, Wang J. A Novel Strategy of US3 Codon De-Optimization for Construction of an Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus against High Virulent Chinese Pseudorabies Virus Variant. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1288. [PMID: 37631856 PMCID: PMC10458909 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we applied bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology with PRVΔTK/gE/gI as the base material to replace the first, central, and terminal segments of the US3 gene with codon-deoptimized fragments via two-step Red-mediated recombination in E. coli GS1783 cells. The three constructed BACs were co-transfected with gI and part of gE fragments carrying homologous sequences (gI+gE'), respectively, in swine testicular cells. These three recombinant viruses with US3 codon de-optimization ((PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1, PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-2, and PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-3) were obtained and purified. These three recombinant viruses exhibited similar growth kinetics to the parental AH02LA strain, stably retained the deletion of TK and gE gene fragments, and stably inherited the recoded US3. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the three recombinant viruses or control virus PRVΔTK&gEAH02 at a 107.0 TCID50 dose. Mice immunized with PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1 did not develop clinical signs and had a decreased virus load and attenuated pathological changes in the lungs and brain compared to the control group. Moreover, immunized mice were challenged with 100 LD50 of the AH02LA strain, and PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1 provided similar protection to that of the control virus PRVΔTK&gEAH02. Finally, PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1 was injected intramuscularly into 1-day-old PRV-negative piglets at a dose of 106.0 TCID50. Immunized piglets showed only slight temperature reactions and mild clinical signs. However, high levels of seroneutralizing antibody were produced at 14 and 21 days post-immunization. In addition, the immunization of PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1 at a dose of 105.0 TCID50 provided complete clinical protection and prevented virus shedding in piglets challenged by 106.5 TCID50 of the PRV AH02LA variant at 1 week post immunization. Together, these findings suggest that PRVΔTK&gE-US3deop-1 displays great potential as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Xu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Saisai Chen
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Laixu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Tong
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | | | - Chuanjian Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (S.C.); (J.W.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Cytokine protein expression levels in tracheobronchial lymph node homogenates of pigs infected with pseudorabies virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:728-34. [PMID: 20219878 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00485-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that produces fatal encephalitis in newborn pigs, respiratory disorders in fattening pigs, and reproductive failure in sows. Following primary infection of the respiratory tract, PRV can develop into a systemic infection with dispersion of the virus via the lymphatic system that involves mononuclear cells in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLNs). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the pathogenesis and to determine the early immune cytokine profiles in TBLNs following experimental infection with a feral swine PRV isolate at 1, 3, 6, and 14 days postinfection (dpi). Forty healthy pigs were purchased from a PRV-negative herd. Twenty pigs received the Florida strain isolate (FS268) of feral swine PRV intranasally, and 20 uninfected controls received a sham inoculum. Compared to the levels in the controls, the levels of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-12, and IFN-gamma were increased in TBLN homogenates from PRV-infected pigs at 1 dpi, whereas the IL-18 levels were decreased from 3 to 6 dpi. The protein levels of IL-4 and IL-10 did not differ between the controls and the PRV-infected pigs at any time point. Flow cytometric analysis of TBLN homogenates of PRV-infected pigs and the controls revealed increases in the percentages of B cells at 6 dpi, CD4(+) cells at 14 dpi, and CD25 expression in TBLN homogenates (in the total mononuclear fraction and on B cells) in the PRV-infected pigs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a feral PRV in commercial swine can modulate the host's early immune response to allow the virus to establish an infection.
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van Rooij EMA, de Bruin MGM, de Visser YE, Middel WGJ, Boersma WJA, Bianchi ATJ. Vaccine-induced T cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in early protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 99:113-25. [PMID: 15113659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative importance of antibody and T cell-mediated immunity in protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs. We induced different levels of immune responses by using: (1) a modified live vaccine; (2) the same modified live vaccine with an oil-in-water (o/w) adjuvant; (3) an inactivated vaccine; and (4) the same inactivated vaccine with an o/w adjuvant. Subsequently, we challenged pigs with virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV). We demonstrated that best-protected pigs stood out by maintaining strong T cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses after challenge. Of the immune parameters tested, protection against virus shedding was correlated best with the magnitude of the IFN-gamma response of in vitro re-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with an additional role for PRV-specific IgG2 antibodies. The use of an o/w adjuvant resulted in higher antibody and CMI responses, in particular with an increased frequency of memory T helper blast cells of in vitro re-stimulated PBMC. However, this adjuvant-induced enhancement of the immune response had a limited additional effect on the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. This study suggests a major contribution of the CMI response in early protection against PRV infection and that PRV-induced IFN-gamma responses may serve as a suitable indicator for assessing the immune status of vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A van Rooij
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, CIDC-Lelystad, P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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van Rooij EMA, Glansbeek HL, Hilgers LAT, te Lintelo EG, de Visser YE, Boersma WJA, Haagmans BL, Bianchi ATJ. Protective antiviral immune responses to pseudorabies virus induced by DNA vaccination using dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide as an adjuvant. J Virol 2002; 76:10540-5. [PMID: 12239334 PMCID: PMC136542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.20.10540-10545.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2002] [Accepted: 07/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of a DNA vaccine against pseudorabies virus (PRV), we evaluated the adjuvant properties of plasmids coding for gamma interferon or interleukin-12, of CpG immunostimulatory motifs, and of the conventional adjuvants dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide in water (DDA) and sulfolipo-cyclodextrin in squalene in water. We demonstrate that a DNA vaccine combined with DDA, but not with the other adjuvants, induced significantly stronger immune responses than plasmid vaccination alone. Moreover, pigs vaccinated in the presence of DDA were protected against clinical disease and shed significantly less PRV after challenge infection. This is the first study to demonstrate that DDA, a conventional adjuvant, enhances DNA vaccine-induced antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M A van Rooij
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, CIDC-Lelystad, PO Box 2004, Houtribweg 39, NL 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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van Rooij EM, Haagmans BL, Glansbeek HL, de Visser YE, de Bruin MG, Boersma W, Bianchi AT. A DNA vaccine coding for glycoprotein B of pseudorabies virus induces cell-mediated immunity in pigs and reduces virus excretion early after infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 74:121-36. [PMID: 10760394 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins B (gB), gC and gD of pseudorabies virus (PRV) have been implicated as important antigens in protective immunity against PRV infection. As cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in this protective immunity, we determined the significance of these glycoproteins in the actual induction of cell-mediated immunity. We vaccinated pigs with plasmid DNA constructs coding for gB, gC or gD and challenged them with the virulent NIA-3 strain of pseudorabies virus. Vaccination with plasmid DNA coding for gB induced the strongest cell-mediated immune responses including cytotoxic T cell responses, whereas plasmid DNA coding for gD induced the strongest virus neutralising antibody responses. Interestingly, vaccination with gB-DNA reduced virus excretion early after challenge infection while vaccination with gC-DNA or gD-DNA did not.This is the first study to demonstrate that DNA vaccination induces cytotoxic T cell responses in pigs and that cell-mediated immunity induced by vaccination with gB-DNA is important for the reduction of virus excretion early after challenge infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cell Division
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/veterinary
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/pathogenicity
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunomagnetic Separation/veterinary
- Neutralization Tests/veterinary
- Plasmids
- Pseudorabies/immunology
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Random Allocation
- Scintillation Counting/veterinary
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/standards
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Rooij
- Departments of Mammalian Virology and Immunology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, ID-Lelystad, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Activation of CNS circuits producing a neurogenic cystitis: evidence for centrally induced peripheral inflammation. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9822756 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-23-10016.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a model of neurogenic cystitis induced by viral infection of specific neuronal circuits of the rat CNS. Retrograde infection by pseudorabies virus (PRV) of neuronal populations neighboring those that innervate the bladder consistently led to a localized immune response in the CNS and bladder inflammation. Infection of bladder circuits themselves or of circuits distant from these rarely produced cystitis. Absence of virus in bladder and urine ruled out an infectious cystitis. Total denervation of the bladder, selective C-fiber deafferentation, or bladder sympathectomy prevented cystitis without affecting the CNS disease, indicating a neurogenic component to the inflammation. The integrity of central bladder-related circuits is necessary for the appearance of bladder inflammation, because only CNS lesions affecting bladder circuits, i.e., bilateral dorsolateral or ventrolateral funiculectomy, as well as bilateral lesions of Barrington's nucleus/locus coeruleus area, prevented bladder inflammation. The close proximity in the CNS of noninfected visceral circuits to infected somatic neurons would thus permit a bystander effect, leading to activation of the sensory and autonomic circuits innervating the bladder and resulting in a neurogenic inflammation localized to the bladder. The present study indicates that CNS dysfunction can bring about a peripheral inflammation.
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De Bruin MG, De Visser YE, Kimman TG, Bianchi AT. Time course of the porcine cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo against pseudorabies virus after inoculation and challenge: significance of in vitro antigenic restimulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 65:75-87. [PMID: 9802578 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the time course of porcine cellular and humoral immune responses against pseudorabies virus (PRV) after pigs were inoculated with PRV gE(-) mutant strain M141 and challenged with wild-type virus NIA-3. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from blood samples; half were used directly and half were restimulated with PRV in vitro before use in a cytolytic assay. We determined time course and extent of PRV-specific lymphoproliferative and cytolytic response. In addition, serum samples were examined for neutralizing antibodies. After inoculation, the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood was determined by FACScan. One week after inoculation, T-lymphocytes proliferated abundantly and a B-lymphocyte response was observed. When PBMC were used directly without restimulation, only 15% of the PRV-infected target cells were lysed, and about 15-20% of uninfected target cells were lysed. In contrast, when PBMC were restimulated with PRV, up to 50% of the PRV-infected target cells were lysed while only 30% of the uninfected target cells were lysed. The frequency of various T-lymphocyte subsets in the circulation did not change significantly after inoculation, which indicates that the number of PRV-specific lymphocytes in circulation was very small. After challenge, the T-lymphocyte response was enhanced, but the B-lymphocyte response was not. When PBMC were used directly, only 20% of the PRV-infected and uninfected target cells were lysed after challenge. In contrast, when PBMC were restimulated with PRV, they again lysed more PRV-infected target cells than uninfected target cells. Cytolytic cells were detected for a longer period after challenge than after inoculation. Since it was only possible to clearly detect cytolysis after lymphocytes were restimulated with PRV, it may be that they do not preferentially localize in blood or that they are too few in blood to be detected without further antigenic restimulation in vitro. These lymphocytes may instead localize in other tissues, such as mucosal tissues, tonsils and draining lymph nodes. Whether such a reservoir of PRV-specific cytolytic cells is important in clearing the virus is still unknown. In this study we demonstrated PRV-specific lymphocytes in circulation after they were restimulated in vitro with PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G De Bruin
- Department of Mammalian Virology, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO), Lelystad, Netherlands.
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