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Lin H, Wei Y, Li S, Mao X, Qin J, Su S, He T. Changes in transcriptome regulations of a marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under methylmercury stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101177. [PMID: 38104474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), a heavy metal pollutant worldwide, can be transformed into methylmercury (MeHg) by various aquatic microorganisms in water, thus accumulating along the aquatic food chain and posing a particular challenge to human health. Zooplankton plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems and serves as a major component of the food chain. To evaluate the effects of MeHg on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and reveal the underlying mechanism of these effects, we exposed B. plicatilis to MeHg by either direct immersion or by feeding with MeHg-poisoned Chlorella pyrenoidesa, respectively, and conducted a transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that B. plicatilis directly exposed to MeHg by immersion showed significant enrichment of the glutathione metabolism pathway for detoxification of MeHg. In addition, the exposure to MeHg by feeding induced a significant enrichment of lysosome and notch signaling pathways of rotifers, supporting the hypothesis that MeHg can induce autophagy dysfunction in cells and disturb the nervous system of rotifers. In two different routes of MeHg exposure, the pathway of cytochrome P450 in rotifers showed significant enrichment for resisting MeHg toxicity. Our results suggest further studies on the potential mechanism and biological responses of MeHg toxicity in other links of the aquatic food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Lin
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanlin Wei
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Songzhang Li
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodong Mao
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianguang Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shengqi Su
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Tao He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China.
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2
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Cunha L, Bonfim L, Lima G, Silva R, Silva L, Lima P, Oliveira-Bahia V, Freitas J, Burbano R, Rocha C. In vivo evaluation of the potential protective effects of prolactin against damage caused by methylmercury. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11976. [PMID: 35857996 PMCID: PMC9296129 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-biodegradable metals such as mercury accumulate in living organisms during
life (bioaccumulation) and also within trophic webs (biomagnification) and may
reach high concentrations in humans. The contamination of humans by mercury in
drinking water and food may be common, in particular in riverside communities
that have a diet rich in fish. In vitro studies of human cell
lines exposed to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of methylmercury have shown
that prolactin has potential cytoprotective properties and may act as a
co-mitogenic factor and inhibitor of apoptosis. The present in
vivo study investigated the protective potential of prolactin
against the toxic effects of methylmercury in the mammal Mus
musculus. Histological and biochemical analyses, together with
biomarker of genotoxicity, were used to verify the protective potential of
prolactin in mice exposed to methylmercury. The reduction in kidney and liver
tissue damage was not significant. However, results of biochemical and genotoxic
analyses were excellent. After prolactin treatment, a significant reduction was
observed in biochemical parameters and mutagenic effects of methylmercury. The
study results therefore indicated that prolactin has protective effects against
the toxicity of methylmercury and allowed us to suggest the continuation of
research to propose prolactin in the future, as an alternative to prevent the
damage caused by mercury, especially in populations that are more exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cunha
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L Bonfim
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - G Lima
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Morfofisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R Silva
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L Silva
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - P Lima
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - V Oliveira-Bahia
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Morfofisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - J Freitas
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R Burbano
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C Rocha
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Diretoria de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação (DPI), Belém, PA, Brasil
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3
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Louzon M, Gimbert F, Belly T, Amiot C, Pauget B, de Vaufleury A, Capelli N. From environmental bioavailability of metal(loid)s to their ecogenotoxicological effects in land snails. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43629-43642. [PMID: 33840022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, no study has linked the environmental and the ecogenotoxicological bioavailability of contaminants to land snails. Yet, understanding the specific ecotoxicological mechanisms from bioaccumulation to genotoxicity is necessary e.g., to build an adverse outcome pathway relevant to risk assessment. Consequently, the aim of our study is to look for relationships between accumulated concentrations of As, Cd and Hg in sub-adult snails and ecotoxicological effects at the individual (survival and growth) and molecular (genomic stability) levels. This study combines random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) coupled with high-resolution capillary electrophoresis system (HRS) and micronucleus (MN) assay on haemocytes to consider various types of cytogenomic damage, such as chromosomal aberrations, breakages, adducts and mutations. The results showed alteration of the individual endpoints at higher accumulation quotients (AQs) that reflect the excess of transfers to snails, especially with decreased survival for As. In addition, genotoxic effects were observed with an increased occurrence of MN in haemocytes for the three meta(loid)s considered (R2 from 0.57 to 0.61 as a function of the meta(loid)s). No concentration-dependent decrease in genome stability was highlighted by RAPD-HRS in snails exposed to As and Cd but not Hg. Our results demonstrate the complementarity of the RAPD-HRS and the MN assay for understanding the different genotoxic mechanisms of the three metal(loid)s studied in land snails. They show a way to better assess environmental risks of contaminated soils by associating ecotoxicity, genotoxicity and bioaccumulation assays (ISO 24032), i.e., ecogenotoxicological bioavailability. Convergences highlighted here between the bioaccumulation of metal(loid)s in viscera and genotoxic effects in haemocytes constitute a way to better assess the bioavailability of contaminants in soils to the land snail and the subsequent environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Louzon
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gimbert
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Belly
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Amiot
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Pauget
- TESORA, Le Visium, 22 Avenue Aristide Briand, 94110, Arcueil, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
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Galeano-Páez C, Espitia-Pérez P, Jimenez-Vidal L, Pastor-Sierra K, Salcedo-Arteaga S, Hoyos-Giraldo LS, Gioda A, Saint'Pierre TD, García SC, Brango H, Espitia-Pérez L. Dietary exposure to mercury and its relation to cytogenetic instability in populations from "La Mojana" region, northern Colombia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129066. [PMID: 33293049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption and chronic exposure to low doses of mercury (Hg) seems to activate several molecular mechanisms leading to carcinogenic and/or teratogenic processes. However, Hg genotoxic effects on humans are not completely described. In the present study, we assessed cytogenetic damage in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-Cyt), micronucleus formation with anti-kinetochore antibody (CREST staining), levels of total Hg in hair (T-Hg), fish consumption, and estimated Hg dose. The study comprised 39 non-exposed, and 73 residents from La Mojana region, an area with a well-documented Hg contamination. Data showed a significant increase in micronuclei (MNBN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), and necrotic and apoptotic cell frequencies in residents of "La Mojana." The overall mean T-Hg level in hair for exposed residents was 1.12 ± 0.94 mg kg-1 and 0.15 ± 0.05 in individuals from the reference area. Approximately 40% of analyzed individuals showed T-Hg levels that exceeded US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose. Increased T-Hg levels in hair were related to increased MNBN frequencies and high fish consumption. Other cellular markers, such as necrotic and apoptotic cell frequencies, were also correlated with high fish intake and T-Hg contents. Results of the CREST staining demonstrated that in vivo exposure to Hg induces genetic instability by chromosome fragment loss (clastogenic). Additionally, a high average intake of some fish species, particularly with carnivorous habits like Caquetaia kraussii, Hoplias malabaricus, and Sorubin cuspicaudus, seems to increase MNBN frequencies significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Galeano-Páez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Pedro Espitia-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
| | - Luisa Jimenez-Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Karina Pastor-Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Shirley Salcedo-Arteaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Luz Stella Hoyos-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigación en Genética Toxicológica y Citogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas de La Educación, Universidad Del Cauca, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Dillenburg Saint'Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina García
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hugo Brango
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Lyda Espitia-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
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5
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang F, Luo Z, Guo S, Strähle U. Toxicity of mercury: Molecular evidence. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125586. [PMID: 31881386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Minamata disease in Japan and the large-scale poisoning by methylmercury (MeHg) in Iraq caused wide public concerns about the risk emanating from mercury for human health. Nowadays, it is widely known that all forms of mercury induce toxic effects in mammals, and increasing evidence supports the concern that environmentally relevant levels of MeHg could impact normal biological functions in wildlife. The information of mechanism involved in mercurial toxicity is growing but knowledge gaps still exist between the adverse effects and mechanisms of action, especially at the molecular level. A body of data obtained from experimental studies on mechanisms of mercurial toxicity in vivo and in vitro points to that disruption of the antioxidant system may play an important role in the mercurial toxic effects. Moreover, the accumulating evidence indicates that signaling transduction, protein or/and enzyme activity, and gene regulation are involving in mediating toxic and adaptive response to mercury exposure. We conducted here a comprehensive review of mercurial toxic effects on wildlife and human, in particular synthesized key findings of molecular pathways involved in mercurial toxicity from the cells to human. We discuss the molecular evidence related mercurial toxicity to the adverse effects, with particular emphasis on the gene regulation. The further studies relying on Omic analysis connected to adverse effects and modes of action of mercury will aid in the evaluation and validation of causative relationship between health outcomes and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Zidie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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6
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Alatrash N, Issa FH, Bawazir NS, West SJ, Van Manen-Brush KE, Shelor CP, Dayoub AS, Myers KA, Janetopoulos C, Lewis EA, MacDonnell FM. Disruption of microtubule function in cultured human cells by a cytotoxic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2019; 11:264-275. [PMID: 34040721 PMCID: PMC8133002 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of malignant and non-malignant cultured human cell lines with a cytotoxic IC50 dose of ∼2 μM tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(ii) chloride (RPC2) retards or arrests microtubule motion as tracked by visualizing fluorescently-tagged microtubule plus end-tracking proteins. Immunofluorescent microscopic images of the microtubules in fixed cells show substantial changes to cellular microtubule network and to overall cell morphology upon treatment with RPC2. Flow cytometry with MCF7 and H358 cells reveals only minor elevations of the number of cells in G2/M phase, suggesting that the observed cytotoxicity is not tied to mitotic arrest. In vitro studies with purified tubulin reveal that RPC2 acts to promote tubulin polymerization and when imaged by electron microscopy, these microtubules look normal in appearance. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements show an associative binding constant of 4.8 × 106 M-1 for RPC2 to preformed microtubules and support a 1 : 1 RPC2 to tubulin dimer stoichiometry. Competition experiments show RPC2 does not compete for the taxane binding site. Consistent with this tight binding, over 80% of the ruthenium in treated cells is co-localized with the cytoskeletal proteins. These data support RPC2 acting as an in vivo microtubule stabilizing agent and sharing many similarities with cells treated with paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Faiza H Issa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Nada S Bawazir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Savannah J West
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Starkville MS 39762 USA
| | | | - Charles P Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Adam S Dayoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Edwin A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Starkville MS 39762 USA
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
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7
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Akkaya B, Kucukal E, Little JA, Gurkan UA. Mercury leads to abnormal red blood cell adhesion to laminin mediated by membrane sulfatides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1162-1171. [PMID: 30890469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury is associated with numerous health problems, affecting different parts of the human body, including the nervous and cardiovascular systems in adults and children; however, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. We investigated the role of membrane sulfatide on mercuric ion (Hg2+) mediated red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to a sub-endothelial matrix protein, laminin, using a microfluidic system that mimics microphysiological flow conditions. We exposed whole blood to mercury (HgCl2), at a range of concentrations to mimic acute (high dose) and chronic (low dose) exposure, and examined RBC adhesion to immobilized laminin in microchannels at physiological flow conditions. Exposure of RBCs to both acute and chronic levels of Hg2+ resulted in elevated adhesive interactions between RBCs and laminin depending on the concentration of HgCl2 and exposure duration. BCAM-Lu chimer significantly inhibited the adhesion of RBCs that had been treated with 50 μM of HgCl2 solution for 1 h at 37 °C, while it did not prevent the adhesion of 3 h and 24 h Hg2+-treated RBCs. Sulfatide significantly inhibited the adhesion of RBC that had been treated with 50 μM of HgCl2 solution for 1 h at 37 °C and 0.5 μM of HgCl2 solution for 24 h at room temperature (RT). We demonstrated that RBC BCAM-Lu and RBC sulfatides bind to immobilized laminin, following exposure of RBCs to mercuric ions. The results of this study are significant considering the potential associations between sulfatides, red blood cells, mercury exposure, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birnur Akkaya
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey; Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jane A Little
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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8
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Puty B, Leão LKR, Crespo-Lopez ME, Almeida APCPSC, Fagundes NCF, Maia LC, Lima RR. Association between methylmercury environmental exposure and neurological disorders: A systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:100-110. [PMID: 30732869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mercury-related central nervous system disorders have been extensively studied on animal models and human beings. However, clinical evidences of which neurological changes are in fact associated with mercury exposure remains controversial. This systematic review (Prospero registration under the number CRD42016041760) aimed to elucidate the association of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure with neurological alteration in populations living in MeHg-endemic risk area. A systematic search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria using available databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. A search of the following terms: "methylmercury compounds", "organomercury compounds", "neurologic manifestations", "memory disorders", "neurobehavioral manifestations" and "communication disorders" were performed in a systematic way. Studies focusing on MeHg exposure and subsequent neurological alteration on humans (>13 years) were included. Evaluation of methodological quality and risk of bias as well as the level of evidence was performed. Our results have identified 470 studies and six articles were eligible for systematic review inclusion criteria. The studies suggested alterations related to the psychosensory, motor and coordination system, as well as motor speech, hearing, visual impairment, mood alterations and loss of intelligent quotient. Of all the six studies, two presented a high risk of bias, with methodological problems related to the confounding factors and all studies presented evidence level ranged from very low to low. In this way our results revealed that a definitive demonstration of an association of MeHg and neurological alterations in human beings is still a pending subject. Future studies in this topic should take into consideration more confident and reliable methods to answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil.
| | - Luana Ketlen Reis Leão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil.
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil.
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9
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Lima LADO, Bittencourt LO, Puty B, Fernandes RM, Nascimento PC, Silva MCF, Alves-Junior SM, Pinheiro JDJV, Lima RR. Methylmercury Intoxication Promotes Metallothionein Response and Cell Damage in Salivary Glands of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:135-142. [PMID: 29332268 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational mercury exposure is considered a major public health issue. Despite being well known that MeHg exposure causes adverse effects in several physiologic functions, MeHg effects on salivary glands still not completely elucidated. Here, we investigated the cellular MeHg-induced damage in the three major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) of adult rats after chronic, systemic and low doses of MeHg exposure. Rats were exposed by 0.04 mg/kg/day over 60 days. After that, animals were euthanized and all three glands were collected. We evaluated total Hg accumulation, metallothionein I/II (MT I/II), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) immune expression. Our results have showed that MeHg is able to disrupt gland tissue and to induce a protective mechanism by MT I/II expression. We also showed that cell MT production is not enough to protect gland tissue against cellular structural damage seen by reducing marking of cytoskeletal proteins as CK18 and α-SMA. Our data suggest that chronic MeHg exposure in low-daily doses is able to induce cellular damage in rat salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidiane Alencar de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Monteiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Freitas Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Street Augusto Correa N. 01, Guamá, Belém, Para, 66075-900, Brazil.
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Mary SJ, Girish KL, Joseph TI, Sathyan P. Genotoxic Effects of Silver Amalgam and Composite Restorations: Micronuclei-Based Cohort and Case-Control Study in Oral Exfoliated Cells. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:249-254. [PMID: 29875569 PMCID: PMC5968691 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_849_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context A huge number of people carry dental fillings which contain either mercury-based amalgam and/or the recently introduced methacrylate-based resins. It has been shown that both these materials are known to be leached into the oral cavity and induce genotoxic alterations in the buccal mucosal cells. Because of its low cost and ease of manipulation, dental amalgam is still widely used as a restorative material in developing countries. The health risks associated with the components of this restorative material has always been a matter of concern. The present study was designed to assess the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in oral mucosal cells as it is a promising tool for studying the genotoxic effect of clastogenic agents on them. Aims The aim of this study is to evaluate the genotoxic effects of silver amalgam and composite restorations by measuring the mean number of MN in oral exfoliated cells. Materials and Methods The present study was a prospective cohort study which includes a study group consisting of 110 participants. The study sample was equally divided into 55 participants requiring only amalgam restoration and 55 participants requiring only composite restoration in any permanent molar teeth. The same participants before the restoration formed the control group. Smears were obtained from each patient before and 10 days after restoration and were stained with DNA-specific Feulgen stain. The number of cells containing MN out of 500 cells were counted and recorded. After the evaluation of the slides, the results were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis. Results There was a statistically significant (P < 0.01) variation in the mean number of MN after the restoration in both amalgam (5.41 ± 1.25) and composite (2.83 ± 0.85) restorations when compared to before the restoration. However, the mean number of MN in composite restoration was significantly less when compared to amalgam restoration. There was also a statistically significant difference in the mean number of MN in subjects with single restoration when compared with multiple restorations in both amalgam and composite restorations. Conclusions The observations from the present study showed the genotoxic effect of amalgam and composite restorations on the oral cavity. However, composite restorations were least cytotoxic when compared to amalgam restoration. Future research and technical advancements are needed for developing safer materials for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jeslin Mary
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K L Girish
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Isaac Joseph
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeesh Sathyan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
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Oxidative Biochemistry Disbalance and Changes on Proteomic Profile in Salivary Glands of Rats Induced by Chronic Exposure to Methylmercury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5653291. [PMID: 28811865 PMCID: PMC5546058 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5653291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic mercury species, which can cause many systemic damages, but little is known about its effect in the salivary glands. This study aimed to analyze the mercury levels, oxidative stress, and proteomic profile in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands of rats, after chronic MeHg intoxication. Two groups of twenty male Wistar rats (90 days of age) were used on the experiment. MeHg group was intoxicated by intragastric gavage with MeHg at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg/day for 60 days, while the control group received only oil. After the period of intoxication, the glands were collected for evaluation of total mercury levels, proteomic profile, and oxidative balance by analyzing the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and nitrite levels. Our results have showed that mercury levels were significant in all three glands compared to the respective control. It also showed lower levels of ACAP, as well as higher LPO and nitrite levels. The proteomic profile presented impairments on structural components of cytoskeleton, metabolic pathways, and oxidative biochemistry. Thus, the exposure to MeHg was able to generate oxidative stress that could be associated with changes in the proteomic profile of salivary glands.
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Mussali-Galante P, Rodríguez-Lara V, Hernández-Tellez B, Avila-Costa MR, Colín-Barenque L, Bizarro-Nevarez P, Martínez-Levy G, Rojas-Lemus M, Piñón-Zarate G, Saldivar-Osorio L, Diaz-Beck P, Herrera-Enríquez MA, Tovar-Sánchez E, Fortoul TI. Inhaled vanadium pentoxide decrease gamma-tubulin of mouse testes at different exposure times. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 21:215-22. [PMID: 16342472 DOI: 10.1191/0748233705th232oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is an important environmental and industrial pollutant whose concentrations have increased in the last decades. Due to its status as reproductive toxicant and a microtubule damaging agent, the present study investigated by immunohistochemistry the effect of the inhalation of vanadium pentoxide on gamma-tubulin within somatic and testicular germ cells. Male mice inhaled vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (0.02 M) 1 h/twice a week for 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that vanadium accumulates in the testes starting with the initial inhalation (24 h), and this pattern remained until the last week of treatment. In general, vanadium was capable of significantly decreasing the percentage of gamma-tubulin in all analyzed testicular cells (Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells) starting with the first week of treatment. For all cell types studied, regression analysis revealed a negative and significant relationship between the percentage of immunopositive cells to gamma-tubulin and exposure time, showing a time dependent response in all cases. Our findings suggest that alterations on this protein might imply changes in microtubule-involved function such as cell division, which in the testes might lead to damage in the spermatogenesis, leading probably to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City
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Monitoring genotoxicity in freshwater microcrustaceans: A new application of the micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 803-804:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Waldherr M, Setayesh T, Mišík M, Wultsch G, Filipic M, Mazzaron Barcelos GR, Knasmueller S. Results of micronucleus assays with individuals who are occupationally and environmentally exposed to mercury, lead and cadmium. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:119-139. [PMID: 27894681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Millions of humans are exposed occupationally and environmentally to lead, mercury and cadmium compounds. Mercury compounds are less abundant but some of them belong to the most toxic chemicals which are known. We evaluated the literature to find out if these metals act in humans as genotoxic carcinogens and if their health effects can be predicted by use of micronucleus (MN) assays with lymphocytes and/or with other genotoxicity tests. Numerous studies showed that lead and mercury induce cancer in humans and also in animals, in vitro experiments with cultured cells indicate that they cause DNA damage via different molecular mechanisms including release of reactive oxygen species and interactions with DNA repair processes. Also in most human studies, positive results were obtained in MN tests with lymphocytes (all 15 occupational studies with lead yielded positive results, with mercury 6 out of 7 investigations were positive). For cadmium, there is clear evidence that it causes cancer in humans; however, induction of chromosomal damage was only seen in high dose experiments with mammalian cells while results of animal and human studies yielded conflicting results (only in 2 of 5MN trials with humans positive findings were reported). Possibly, non-genotoxic mechanisms such as inhibition of apoptosis and interaction with signaling pathways account for the carcinogenic properties of cadmium species. The findings of MN studies with lead and mercury are in excellent agreement with results which were obtained with other endpoints (e.g. chromosomal aberrations and comet formations) and it is evident that this approach can be used for occupational and environmental monitoring of exposed individuals. Important future tasks will be the realization of larger studies with a uniform standardized protocol, the additional evaluation of anomalies other than MN (nuclear buds and bridges) and the combination of such trials with investigations which allow to define the molecular mechanisms relevant for exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Wultsch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Metka Filipic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Horiunova II, Krasylenko YA, Yemets AI, Blume YB. Involvement of plant cytoskeleton in cellular mechanisms of metal toxicity. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Officioso A, Alzoubi K, Lang F, Manna C. Hydroxytyrosol inhibits phosphatidylserine exposure and suicidal death induced by mercury in human erythrocytes: Possible involvement of the glutathione pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 89:47-53. [PMID: 26774912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic antioxidant naturally occurring in virgin olive oil. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of HT on programmed suicidal death (eryptosis) induced by mercury (Hg) treatment in intact human erythrocytes (RBC). Our study confirms that the Hg-eryptosis is characterized by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure at the cell surface, with cell shrinkage and ATP and glutathione depletion; calcium influx is also a key event that triggers eryptosis. Here we report that cell preconditioning with an optimal dose (1-5 μM) of HT prior to exposure to 2.5 μM HgCl2 causes a noteworthy decrease in PS-exposing RBC, almost restoring ATP and GSH content. Conversely, HT shows no effect against decrease in cell volume nor against influx of extracellular calcium. Taken together our data provide the first experimental evidence of the efficacy of HT in modulating the programmed suicidal death in non nucleated cells; the reported findings also confirm that the prevention of Hg toxicity should be regarded as an additional mechanism responsible for the health-promoting potential of this dietary phenol. Finally, virgin olive oil would appear to be a promising healthy food to reduce the adverse effects of chronic mercury exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbace Officioso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caterina Manna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Guyot E, Solovyova Y, Tomkiewicz C, Leblanc A, Pierre S, El Balkhi S, Le Frère-Belda MA, Lecuru F, Poupon J, Barouki R, Aggerbeck M, Coumoul X. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Normal and Pathological Human Endometrial Biopsies and In Vitro Regulation of Gene Expression by Metals in the Ishikawa and Hec-1b Endometrial Cell Line. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142590. [PMID: 26600472 PMCID: PMC4657954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that several metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and vanadium, can mimic the effects of estrogens (metallo-estrogens). Nevertheless, there are only a few studies that have assessed the effects of toxic metals on the female genital tract and, in particular, endometrial tissue. In this context, we measured the concentrations of several trace elements in human endometrial tissue samples from individuals with hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma and in normal tissues. Hyperplasic endometrial tissue has a 4-fold higher concentration of mercury than normal tissue. Mercury can affect both the AhR and ROS signaling pathways. Thus, we investigated the possible toxic effects of mercury by in vitro studies. We found that mercury increases oxidative stress (increased HO1 and NQO1 mRNA levels) and alters the cytoskeleton in the human endometrial Ishikawa cell line and to a lesser extent, in the "less-differentiated" human endometrial Hec-1b cells. The results might help to explain a potential link between this metal and the occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Guyot
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yevgeniya Solovyova
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Institute of Urgent and Recovery Surgery named after V.K. Gusak of the Ukrainian Academy of Medical Sciences, Donetsk; 47, avenue Leninsky, Donetsk- 83045, Ukraine
| | - Céline Tomkiewicz
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Alix Leblanc
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pierre
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Aude Le Frère-Belda
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique et cancérologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lecuru
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique et cancérologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Joël Poupon
- Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, service de biochimie métabolique, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Martine Aggerbeck
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Bachand GD, Spoerke ED, Stevens MJ. Microtubule-based nanomaterials: Exploiting nature's dynamic biopolymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1065-73. [PMID: 25728349 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade now, biomolecular systems have served as an inspiration for the development of synthetic nanomaterials and systems that are capable of reproducing many of unique and emergent behaviors of living systems. One intriguing element of such systems may be found in a specialized class of proteins known as biomolecular motors that are capable of performing useful work across multiple length scales through the efficient conversion of chemical energy. Microtubule (MT) filaments may be considered within this context as their dynamic assembly and disassembly dissipate energy, and perform work within the cell. MTs are one of three cytoskeletal filaments in eukaryotic cells, and play critical roles in a range of cellular processes including mitosis and vesicular trafficking. Based on their function, physical attributes, and unique dynamics, MTs also serve as a powerful archetype of a supramolecular filament that underlies and drives multiscale emergent behaviors. In this review, we briefly summarize recent efforts to generate hybrid and composite nanomaterials using MTs as biomolecular scaffolds, as well as computational and synthetic approaches to develop synthetic one-dimensional nanostructures that display the enviable attributes of the natural filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, 87185-1303, New Mexico.
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Kayaaltı Z, Yavuz İ, Söylemez E, Bacaksız A, Tutkun E, Sayal A, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of DNA damage using 3 comet assay parameters in workers occupationally exposed to lead. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:120-125. [PMID: 24965324 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.787964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between DNA damage and blood lead levels in individuals occupationally exposed to lead. To evaluate this association, 61 workers exposed to lead were monitored in terms of DNA damage in blood lymphocytes. The levels of DNA damage were measured according to 3 comet assay parameters, including tail intensity (TI), tail moment (TM), and DNA tail (DNAt). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the lead levels and TI, TM, and DNAt (p < .01). Smoking had independent effects on DNA damage. A statistically significant difference was observed between smokers and nonsmokers in regards to DNA damage parameters (p < .05). In addition, the lead and DNA damage levels in smokers were found to be significantly higher than the levels observed in nonsmoking workers (p < . 05). Our results show that exposure to lead induces genotoxic effects in peripheral lymphocytes, as measured by comet assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelıha Kayaaltı
- a Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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20
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Silva-Pereira LC, da Rocha CAM, Cunha LRCDSE, da Costa ET, Guimarães APA, Pontes TB, Diniz DLWP, Leal MF, Moreira-Nunes CA, Burbano RR. Protective effect of prolactin against methylmercury-induced mutagenicity and cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9822-34. [PMID: 25247425 PMCID: PMC4199052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mercury exhibits cytotoxic and mutagenic properties as a result of its effect on tubulin. This toxicity mechanism is related to the production of free radicals that can cause DNA damage. Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic of the mercury compounds. It accumulates in the aquatic food chain, eventually reaching the human diet. Several studies have demonstrated that prolactin (PRL) may be differently affected by inorganic and organic mercury based on interference with various neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of PRL secretion. This study evaluated the cytoprotective effect of PRL on human lymphocytes exposed to MeHg in vitro, including observation of the kinetics of HL-60 cells (an acute myeloid leukemia lineage) treated with MeHg and PRL at different concentrations, with both treatments with the individual compounds and combined treatments. All treatments with MeHg produced a significant increase in the frequency of chromatid gaps, however, no significant difference was observed in the chromosomal breaks with any treatment. A dose-dependent increase in the mitotic index was observed for treatments with PRL, which also acts as a co-mitogenic factor, regulating proliferation by modulating the expression of genes that are essential for cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton organization. These properties contribute to the protective action of PRL against the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Carmem Silva-Pereira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Para, Itaituba Campus, IFPA Itaituba, Para 68180000, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, Para 66075110, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.R.C.S.C.Jr); (E.T.C.); (T.B.P.); (C.A.M.N.)
| | | | | | - Edmar Tavares da Costa
- Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, Para 66075110, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.R.C.S.C.Jr); (E.T.C.); (T.B.P.); (C.A.M.N.)
| | - Ana Paula Araújo Guimarães
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Para, Belem Campus UEPA, Belem, Para 66050540, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Thais Brilhante Pontes
- Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, Para 66075110, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.R.C.S.C.Jr); (E.T.C.); (T.B.P.); (C.A.M.N.)
| | | | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021001 Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, Para 66075110, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.R.C.S.C.Jr); (E.T.C.); (T.B.P.); (C.A.M.N.)
| | - Rommel Rodríguez Burbano
- Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, Para 66075110, Brazil; E-Mails: (L.R.C.S.C.Jr); (E.T.C.); (T.B.P.); (C.A.M.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +55-91-3201-7102; Fax: +55-91-3201-7568
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Yeter D, Deth R, Kuo HC. Mercury promotes catecholamines which potentiate mercurial autoimmunity and vasodilation: implications for inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 3-kinase C susceptibility in kawasaki syndrome. Korean Circ J 2014; 43:581-91. [PMID: 24174958 PMCID: PMC3808853 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2013.43.9.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reviewed biological evidence that mercury could induce autoimmunity and coronary arterial wall relaxation as observed in Kawasaki syndrome (KS) through its effects on calcium signaling, and that inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 3-kinase C (ITPKC) susceptibility in KS would predispose patients to mercury by increasing Ca2+ release. Hg2+ sensitizes inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptors at low doses, which release Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in delayed, repetitive calcium influx. ITPKC prevents IP3 from triggering IP3 receptors to release calcium by converting IP3 to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Defective IP3 phosphorylation resulting from reduced genetic expressions of ITPKC in KS would promote IP3, which increases Ca2+ release. Hg2+ increases catecholamine levels through the inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine and subsequently catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), while a single nucleotide polymorphism of the COMT gene (rs769224) was recently found to be significantly associated with the development of coronary artery lesions in KS. Accumulation of norepinephrine or epinephrine would potentiate Hg2+-induced calcium influx by increasing IP3 production and increasing the permeability of cardiac sarcolemma to Ca2+. Norepinephrine and epinephrine also promote the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide, a potent vasodilator that suppresses the release of vasoconstrictors. Elevated catecholamine levels can induce hypertension and tachycardia, while increased arterial pressure and a rapid heart rate would promote arterial vasodilation and subsequent fatal thromboses, particularly in tandem. Genetic risk factors may explain why only a susceptible subset of children develops KS although mercury exposure from methylmercury in fish or thimerosal in pediatric vaccines is nearly ubiquitous. During the infantile acrodynia epidemic, only 1 in 500 children developed acrodynia whereas mercury exposure was very common due to the use of teething powders. This hypothesis mirrors the leading theory for KS in which a widespread infection only induces KS in susceptible children. Acrodynia can mimic the clinical picture of KS, leading to its inclusion in the differential diagnosis for KS. Catecholamine levels are often elevated in acrodynia and may also play a role in KS. We conclude that KS may be the acute febrile form of acrodynia.
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Elevated copper ion levels as potential cause of impaired kinesin-dependent transport processes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:565-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Kinesin-dependent motility generation as target mechanism of cadmium intoxication. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Ondovcik SL, Tamblyn L, McPherson JP, Wells PG. Sensitivity to methylmercury toxicity is enhanced in oxoguanine glycosylase 1 knockout murine embryonic fibroblasts and is dependent on cellular proliferation capacity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Baršienė J, Rybakovas A, Lang T, Andreikėnaitė L, Michailovas A. Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity levels in fish from the North Sea offshore region and Atlantic coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 68:106-116. [PMID: 23313042 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of the ICON project, environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity levels were assessed in blood erythrocytes of dab (Limanda limanda) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) collected at 25 stations in the North Sea and near the coast of Iceland in August-October 2008. Micronuclei, nuclear buds and bi-nucleated cells with nucleoplasmic bridges were assessed as environmental genotoxicity biomarkers, and the frequency of fragmented-apoptotic and bi-nucleated erythrocytes were assessed as environmental cytotoxicity biomarkers. The lowest frequencies of genotoxic and cytotoxic abnormalities were detected in fish from the Icelandic study stations. The highest frequencies of abnormalities were recorded in dab from the Dogger Bank and the German Bight, in haddock from the Egersund Bank and from an area off the Firth of Forth (North Sea). In fish from the Icelandic reference area, frequencies of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses were significantly lower than in fish from most areas of the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Baršienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Bhowmik N, Patra M. Assessment of genotoxicity of inorganic mercury in rats in vivo using both chromosomal aberration and comet assays. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:588-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712469656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of the present investigation was to assess the genotoxic effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2), an inorganic mercury (Hg), in rats ( Rattus norvegicus) using two different genetic endpoints, namely, chromosomal aberration (CA) and comet assays following both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) exposures. The study showed that the acute exposures to HgCl2 at 2 and 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) induced nonsignificant effects. HgCl2 at 10 and 12 mg/kg b.w. was significantly toxic and is exhibited by the induction of different types of CAs like chromatid breaks, chromosomal breaks, clumps and damaged cells and types of comets. HgCl2 at 15 mg/kg b.w. was found to be highly toxic, as mitostatic condition of cells were observed in CA assay. Chronic exposure to the lowest dose (2 mg/kg b.w.) of HgCl2 for 15 consecutive days produced a significant genotoxicity. Although Hg was found to induce both DNA strand breakage and chromosomal breaks in a dose-dependent manner, the results of the present investigation showed that the combination of comet and CA assays provided a better choice for assessing the genotoxicity of inorganicHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Bhowmik
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
- Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Manomita Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Abd El-Monem DD. The modulating effect of melatonin against the genotoxicity of lead acetate. THE JOURNAL OF BASIC & APPLIED ZOOLOGY 2012; 65:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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28
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Ondovcik SL, Tamblyn L, McPherson JP, Wells PG. Oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) protects cells from DNA double-strand break damage following methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:272-83. [PMID: 22523232 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin, teratogen, and probable carcinogen, but the underlying mechanisms of its actions remain unclear. Although MeHg causes several types of DNA damage, the toxicological consequences of this macromolecular damage are unknown. MeHg enhances oxidative stress, which can cause various oxidative DNA lesions that are primarily repaired by oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1). Herein, we compared the response of wild-type and OGG1 null (Ogg1(-/-)) murine embryonic fibroblasts to environmentally relevant, low micromolar concentrations of MeHg by measuring clonogenic efficiency, cell cycle arrest, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and activation of the DNA damage response pathway.Ogg1(-/-) cells exhibited greater sensitivity to MeHg than wild-type controls, as measured by the clonogenic assay, and showed a greater propensity for MeHg-initiated apoptosis. Both wild-type and Ogg1(-/-) cells underwent cell cycle arrest when exposed to micromolar concentrations of MeHg; however, the extent of DSBs was exacerbated in Ogg1(-/-) cells compared with that in wild-type controls. Pretreatment with the antioxidative enzyme catalase reduced levels of DSBs in both wild-type and Ogg1(-/-) cells but failed to block MeHg-initiated apoptosis at micromolar concentrations. Our findings implicate reactive oxygen species mediated DNA damage in the mechanism of MeHg toxicity; and demonstrate for the first time that impaired DNA repair capacity enhances cellular sensitivity to MeHg. Accordingly, the genotoxic properties of MeHg may contribute to its neurotoxic and teratogenic effects, and an individual's response to oxidative stress and DNA damage may constitute an important determinant of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Ondovcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Belousov MV, Mashkina OS, Popov VN. Cytogenetic response of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus, 1753) (Pinaceae) to heavy metals. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2012; 6:93-106. [PMID: 24260654 PMCID: PMC3833766 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v6i1.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied cytogenetic reactions of Scots pine seedlings to heavy metals - lead, cupric and zinc nitrates applied at concentrations 0.5 to 2000 µM. We determined the range of concentrations of heavy metals that causes mutagenic effect. Lead was found to cause the strongest genotoxicity as manifested by significant increase in the frequency of pathological mitosis, occurrence of fragmentations and agglutinations of chromosomes, various types of bridges, and a significant number of the micronuclei which were absent in the control. Possible cytogenetic mechanisms of the cytotoxic action of heavy metals are discussed.
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30
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Nicolardi V, Cai G, Parrotta L, Puglia M, Bianchi L, Bini L, Gaggi C. The adaptive response of lichens to mercury exposure involves changes in the photosynthetic machinery. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:1-10. [PMID: 22035918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are an excellent model to study the bioaccumulation of heavy metals but limited information is available on the molecular mechanisms occurring during bioaccumulation. We investigated the changes of the lichen proteome during exposure to constant concentrations of mercury. We found that most of changes involves proteins of the photosynthetic pathway, such as the chloroplastic photosystem I reaction center subunit II, the oxygen-evolving protein and the chloroplastic ATP synthase β-subunit. This suggests that photosynthesis is a target of the toxic effects of mercury. These findings are also supported by changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, and β-carotene). Alterations to the photosynthetic machinery also reflect on the structure of thylakoid membranes of algal cells. Response of lichens to mercury also involves stress-related proteins (such as Hsp70) but not cytoskeletal proteins. Results suggest that lichens adapt to mercury exposure by changing the metabolic production of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nicolardi
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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31
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Lead-induced DNA damage in Vicia faba root cells: Potential involvement of oxidative stress. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 726:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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da Rocha CAM, da Cunha LA, da Silva Pinheiro RH, de Oliveira Bahia M, Burbano RMR. Studies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells of Colossoma macropomum exposed to methylmercury. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:694-7. [PMID: 22215976 PMCID: PMC3229127 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572011000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and morphological nuclear abnormalities (NA) in erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), treated with 2 mg.L(-1) methylmercury (MeHg), were analyzed. Two groups (nine specimens in each) were exposed to MeHg for different periods (group A - 24 h; group B - 120 h). A third group served as negative control (group C, untreated; n = 9). Although, when compared to the control group there were no significant differences in MN frequency in the treated groups, for NA, the differences between the frequencies of group B (treated for 120 h) and the control group were extremely significant (p < 0.02), thus demonstrating the potentially adverse effects of MeHg on C. macropomum erythrocytes after prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Machado da Rocha
- Coordenação de Recursos Pesqueiros e Agronegócio, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Inorganic lead (Pb)- and mercury (Hg)-induced neuronal cell death involves cytoskeletal reorganization. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:219-25. [PMID: 21998611 PMCID: PMC3188729 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic lead and mercury are widely spread xenobiotic neurotoxicants threatening public health. The exposure to inorganic lead and mercury results in adverse effects of poisoning including IQ deficit and peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, inorganic neurotoxicants have even more serious impact on earlier stages of embryonic development. This study was therefore initiated in order to determine the cytotoxic effects of lead and mercury in earlier developmental stages of chick embryo. Administration of inorganic lead and mercury into the chick embryo resulted in the prolonged accumulation of inorganics in the neonatal brain, with detrimental cytotoxicity on neuronal cells. Subsequent studies demonstrated that exposure of chick embryo to inorganic lead and mercury resulted in the reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins in the neonatal brain. These results therefore suggest that inorganics-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization of the structural proteins, resulting in neurocytotoxicity, is one of the underlying mechanisms by which inorganics transfer deleterious effects on central nervous system.
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Carmona ER, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity testing of two lead-compounds in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 724:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Aneuploidy has recently been proposed as an initiating event for carcinogenesis. There is significant evidence that carcinogenic metals induce aneuploidy. Here we review the mechanisms for how carcinogenic metals may induce aneuploidy and the evidence that carcinogenic metals induce an aneugenic effect which can destabilize the genome leading to genomic instability and cancer.
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36
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Kaivalya M, Nageshwar Rao BN, Satish Rao BS. Mangiferin: A xanthone attenuates mercury chloride induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 25:108-16. [PMID: 21308892 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mangiferin (MGN), a dietary C-glucosylxanthone present in Mangifera indica, is known to possess a spectrum of beneficial pharmacological properties. This study demonstrates antigenotoxic potential of MGN against mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cell line. Treatment of HepG2 cells with various concentrations of HgCl2 for 3 h caused a dose-dependent increase in micronuclei frequency and elevation in DNA strand breaks (olive tail moment and tail DNA). Pretreatment with MGN significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited HgCl2 -induced (20 µM for 30 h) DNA damage. An optimal antigenotoxic effect of MGN, both in micronuclei and comet assay, was observed at a concentration of 50 µM. Furthermore, HepG2 cells treated with various concentrations of HgCl2 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, indicating an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, MGN by itself failed to generate ROS at a concentration of 50 µM, whereas it could significantly decrease HgCl2 -induced ROS. Our study clearly demonstrates that MGN pretreatment reduced the HgCl2-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells, thus demonstrating the genoprotective potential of MGN, which is mediated mainly by the inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudholkar Kaivalya
- Division of Biotechnology, Manipal Life Sciences Centre, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, India
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37
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Mutter J. Is dental amalgam safe for humans? The opinion of the scientific committee of the European Commission. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6:2. [PMID: 21232090 PMCID: PMC3025977 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was claimed by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)) in a report to the EU-Commission that "....no risks of adverse systemic effects exist and the current use of dental amalgam does not pose a risk of systemic disease..." [1, available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_016.pdf].SCENIHR disregarded the toxicology of mercury and did not include most important scientific studies in their review. But the real scientific data show that:(a) Dental amalgam is by far the main source of human total mercury body burden. This is proven by autopsy studies which found 2-12 times more mercury in body tissues of individuals with dental amalgam. Autopsy studies are the most valuable and most important studies for examining the amalgam-caused mercury body burden.(b) These autopsy studies have shown consistently that many individuals with amalgam have toxic levels of mercury in their brains or kidneys.(c) There is no correlation between mercury levels in blood or urine, and the levels in body tissues or the severity of clinical symptoms. SCENIHR only relied on levels in urine or blood.(d) The half-life of mercury in the brain can last from several years to decades, thus mercury accumulates over time of amalgam exposure in body tissues to toxic levels. However, SCENIHR state that the half-life of mercury in the body is only "20-90 days".(e) Mercury vapor is about ten times more toxic than lead on human neurons and with synergistic toxicity to other metals.(f) Most studies cited by SCENIHR which conclude that amalgam fillings are safe have severe methodical flaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mutter
- Department of Environmental and integrative medicine Lohnerhofstraße 2, 78467 Constance/Germany.
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38
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Ewing GW, Parvez SH. The multi-systemic nature of diabetes mellitus: Genotype or phenotype? NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010; 2:444-56. [PMID: 22558546 PMCID: PMC3339106 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2010.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article discusses factors which materially influence the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus but which may be overlooked by the prevailing biomedical paradigm. That cognition can be mathematically linked to the function of the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems casts new light upon the mechanisms responsible for homeostasis and origins of disease. In particular, it highlights the limitations of the reductionist biomedical approach which considers mainly the biochemistry of single pathologies rather than considering the neural mechanisms which regulate the function of physiological systems, and inherent visceral organs; and which are subsequently manifest as biochemistries of varying degrees of complexity and severity. As a consequence, histopathological tests are fraught with inherent limitations and many categories of drugs are significantly ineffective. AIMS Such limitations may be explained if disease (in particular diabetes mellitus) has multiple origins, is multi-systemic in nature and, depending upon the characteristics of each pathology, is influenced by genotype and/or phenotype. RESULTS This article highlights the influence of factors which are not yet considered re. the aetiology of diabetes mellitus e.g. the influence of light and sensory input upon the stability of the autonomic nervous system; the influence of raised plasma viscosity upon rates of reaction; the influence of viruses and/or of modified live viruses given in vaccinations; systemic instability, in particular the adverse influence of drinks and lack of exercise upon the body's prevailing pH and its subsequent influence upon levels of magnesium and other essential trace elements. CONCLUSIONS This application of the top-down systems biology approach may provide a plausible and inclusive explanation for the nature and occurrence of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Wilfred Ewing
- Montague Healthcare, Mulberry House, 6 Vine Farm Close, Cotgrave, Nottingham NG12 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Hasan Parvez
- CNRS Neuroendocrine Unit, Institute Alfred Fessard of Neurosciences, Bât 5, Parc Chateau CNRS, 91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France
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García-Lestón J, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Laffon B. Genotoxic effects of lead: an updated review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:623-36. [PMID: 20466424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal with unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a great variety of applications. Because of its high persistence in the environment and its use since ancient times for many industrial activities, lead is a common environmental and occupational contaminant widely distributed around the world. Even though the toxic effects of lead and its compounds have been investigated for many years in a variety of systems, the data existing with regard to its mutagenic, clastogenic and carcinogenic properties are still contradictory. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified lead as possible human carcinogen (group 2B) and its inorganic compounds as probable human carcinogens (group 2A). Furthermore, although the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of lead remain still unclear, there are some studies that point out indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity such as inhibition of DNA repair or production of free radicals. This article reviews the works listed in the literature that use different parameters to evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead in vitro, in vivo and in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia García-Lestón
- Department Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, A Coruña, Spain
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40
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Keyvanshokooh S, Vaziri B, Gharaei A, Mahboudi F, Esmaili-Sari A, Shahriari-Moghadam M. Proteome modifications of juvenile beluga (Huso huso) brain as an effect of dietary methylmercury. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 4:243-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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41
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Mercury speciation analysis on cell lines of the human central nervous system to explain genotoxic effects. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Da Rocha CAM, Dos Santos RA, Bahia MDO, Da Cunha LA, Ribeiro HF, Burbano RMR. The Micronucleus Assay in Fish Species as an Important Tool for Xenobiotic Exposure Risk Assessment—A Brief Review and an Example Using Neotropical Fish Exposed To Methylmercury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260903067852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Ahmad I, Maria VL, Oliveira M, Pacheco M, Santos MA. Modulatory role of copper on β-naphthoflavone-induced DNA damage in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:806-812. [PMID: 18304634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gill and kidney DNA integrity (alkaline unwinding assay) was assessed in Anguilla anguilla exposed for 24-h to copper (Cu: 1 or 2.5 μM), with or without 24-h pre-exposure to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like compound--β-naphthoflavone (BNF: 2.7 μM). Gill showed DNA integrity loss in all the exposure conditions, reflecting a dual mode of BNF-Cu interaction depending on the metal concentration. Thus, antagonistic or additive effects were observed for BNF+Cu 1 μM or BNF+Cu 2.5 μM, respectively. Kidney showed decreased DNA integrity for single exposures (BNF, Cu 1 μM), whereas sequential exposures displayed higher DNA integrity than BNF alone, revealing a Cu antagonistic effect at both the concentrations. The results also demonstrated that (i) both organs are receptive for Cu inhibitory role against BNF genotoxicity; (ii) kidney is more resistant to Cu individual exposures; and (iii) under multi-pollution conditions genotoxicity cannot be predicted on the basis of individual chemicals responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- CESAM & Animal Physiology/Ecotoxicology Sector, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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44
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Mutter J, Naumann J, Guethlin C. Comments on the Article “The Toxicology of Mercury and Its Chemical Compounds” by Clarkson and Magos (2006). Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 37:537-49; discussion 551-2. [PMID: 17661216 DOI: 10.1080/10408440701385770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Clarkson and Magos (2006) provide their perspectives on the toxicology of mercury vapor and dental amalgam. As scientists who are involved in preparing a German federal guideline regarding dental amalgam, we welcome additional scientific data on this issue. However, Clarkson and Magos do not present all the relevant studies in their review. The additional data provided here show that: (a) Dental amalgam is the main source of human total mercury body burden, because individuals with amalgam have 2-12 times more mercury in their body tissues compared to individuals without amalgam; (b) there is not necessarily a correlation between mercury levels in blood, urine, or hair and in body tissues, and none of the parameters correlate with severity of symptoms; (c) the half-life of mercury deposits in brain and bone tissues could last from several years to decades, and thus mercury accumulates over time of exposure; (d) mercury, in particular mercury vapor, is known to be the most toxic nonradioactive element, and is toxic even in very low doses, and (e) some studies which conclude that amalgam fillings are safe for human beings have important methodogical flaws. Therefore, they have no value for assessing the safety of amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mutter
- University Hospital, Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg, Germany.
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Alghazal MA, Šutiaková I, Kovalkovičová N, Legáth J, Falis M, Pistl J, Sabo R, Beňová K, Sabová L, Váczi P. Induction of micronuclei in rat bone marrow after chronic exposure to lead acetate trihydrate. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:587-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lead increasingly contributes to pollution of the environment and may play a role in the development of adverse effects in the human and animal body. Data concerning its mutagenic, clastogenic, and carcinogenic properties have been conflicting. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes of rats treated with lead acetate trihydrate. Outbred Wistar rats were exposed to a daily dose of 100 mg/L drinking water for 125 days. The mean value of the total number of micronuclei observed in polychromatic erythrocytes of female rats was significantly higher than that found in the control group (13.375 ± 2.722 against 9.625 ± 3.204 micronuclei/1000 cells; P = 0.024 in ANOVA). In exposed female animals, no significant reduction of the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes was observed (0.990 ± 0.228 against 1.208 ± 0.195; P = 0.060 in ANOVA). The effects of lead acetate trihydrate in male rats are both cytotoxic and genotoxic because of a decrease in ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes (0.715 ± 0.431 against 1.343 ± 0.306; P = 0.023, ANOVA followed by Tukey test) and an increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (24.167 ± 7.859 against 4.0 ± 4.528 micronuclei/1000 cells; P ≤ 0.001, ANOVA followed by Tukey test), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Alghazal
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Šutiaková
- University of Prešov, 17. November 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - N Kovalkovičová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Legáth
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Falis
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Sabo
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - K Beňová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - L Sabová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - P Váczi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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46
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Carmona ER, Kossatz E, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxic evaluation of two mercury compounds in the Drosophila wing spot test. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1910-4. [PMID: 17845812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Few studies on the genotoxicity of mercury compounds have been carried out in Drosophila melanogaster, most of them focused in the effects on germinal cells, whereas studies in somatic cells are scarce. In the present study we have analyzed for the first time the genotoxic activity of mercury (II) chloride (MC) and methyl mercury (II) chloride (MMC) in the in vivo wing somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila, also known as the wing spot assay. This test is based on the principle that loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr(3)), can lead to the formation of mutant clones in larval cells, which are then expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. The mercury compounds were supplied to third instar larvae (72+/-2h old) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 microM for mercury chloride (MC) and from 0.5 to 5 microM for methyl mercury chloride (MMC). Both mercury compounds showed high toxicity; however, MMC was more toxic than MC. The results showed that none of the three categories of mutant spots recorded (small, large, and twin) increased significantly by the treatments, independently of the dose supplied, indicating that the mercury compounds tested exhibit a lack of genotoxic activity in the wing spot assay of D. melanogaster. These results contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on the in vivo evaluation of mercury compounds in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico R Carmona
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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47
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Bolt HM, Huici-Montagud A. Strategy of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure limits for carcinogens and mutagens. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:61-4. [PMID: 18008062 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Setting standards, such as occupational exposure limits (OELs) for carcinogenic substances must consider modes of action. At the European Union level, the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) has discussed a number of chemical carcinogens and has issued recommendations. For some carcinogens, health-based OELs were recommended, while quantitative assessments of carcinogenic risks were performed for others. For purposes of setting limits this led to the consideration of the following groups of carcinogens. (A) Non-threshold genotoxic carcinogens; for low-dose assessment of risk, the linear non-threshold (LNT) model appears appropriate. For these chemicals, regulations (risk management) may be based on the ALARA principle ("as low as reasonably achievable"), technical feasibility, and other socio-political considerations. (B) Genotoxic carcinogens, for which the existence of a threshold cannot be sufficiently supported at present. In these cases, the LNT model may be used as a default assumption, based on the scientific uncertainty. (C) Genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold, as supported by studies on mechanisms and/or toxicokinetics; health-based exposure limits may be based on an established NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level). (D) Non-genotoxic carcinogens and non-DNA-reactive carcinogens; for these compounds a true ("perfect") threshold is associated with a clearly founded NOAEL. The mechanisms shown by tumour promoters, spindle poisons, topoisomerase II poisons and hormones are typical examples of this category. Health-based OELs are derived for carcinogens of groups C and D, while a risk assessment is carried out for carcinogens of groups A and B. Substantial progress is currently being made in the incorporation of new types of mechanistic data into these regulatory procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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48
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Sickles DW, Sperry AO, Testino A, Friedman M. Acrylamide effects on kinesin-related proteins of the mitotic/meiotic spindle. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:111-21. [PMID: 17540427 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) motor protein kinesin is a vital component of cells and organs expressing acrylamide (ACR) toxicity. As a mechanism of its potential carcinogenicity, we determined whether kinesins involved in cell division are inhibited by ACR similar to neuronal kinesin [Sickles, D.W., Brady, S.T., Testino, A.R., Friedman, M.A., and Wrenn, R.A. (1996). Direct effect of the neurotoxicant acrylamide on kinesin-based microtubule motility. Journal of Neuroscience Research 46, 7-17.] Kinesin-related genes were isolated from rat testes [Navolanic, P.M., and Sperry, A.O. (2000). Identification of isoforms of a mitotic motor in mammalian spermatogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 62, 1360-1369.], their kinesin-like proteins expressed in bacteria using recombinant DNA techniques and the effects of ACR, glycidamide (GLY) and propionamide (a non-neurotoxic metabolite) on the function of two of the identified kinesin motors were tested. KIFC5A MT bundling activity, required for mitotic spindle formation, was measured in an MT-binding assay. Both ACR and GLY caused a similar concentration-dependent reduction in the binding of MT; concentrations of 100 microM ACR or GLY reduced its activity by 60%. KRP2 MT disassembling activity was assayed using the quantity of tubulin disassembled from taxol-stabilized MT. Both ACR and GLY inhibited KRP2-induced MT disassembly. GLY was substantially more potent; significant reductions of 60% were achieved by 500 microM, a comparable inhibition by ACR required a 5 mM concentration. Propionamide had no significant effect on either kinesin, except KRP2 at 10 mM. This is the first report of ACR inhibition of a mitotic/meiotic motor protein. ACR (or GLY) inhibition of kinesin may be an alternative mechanism to DNA adduction in the production of cell division defects and potential carcinogenicity. We conclude that ACR may act on multiple kinesin family members and produce toxicities in organs highly dependent on microtubule-based functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Sickles
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2000, USA.
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49
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Crespo-López ME, Lima de Sá A, Herculano AM, Rodríguez Burbano R, Martins do Nascimento JL. Methylmercury genotoxicity: a novel effect in human cell lines of the central nervous system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:141-6. [PMID: 17007929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury is an important source of environmental contamination and the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the main target organs. Methylmercury genotoxicity was already demonstrated in peripherical tissues but was never detected in the brain. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify its genotoxic effect using brain cell lines. Glioblastoma (U373) and neuroblastoma (B103) human cell lines were exposed to methylmercury (0-10 microM). By measuring cellular viability, concentrations inducing <20% of cellular death (P<0.05) were selected: 1 and 0.1 microM. To detect micronuclei, 200,000 cells were treated with methylmercury for 24 h, and then incubated with cytochalasin B (2 microg/ml) for 72 h (U373) or 48 h (B103). The binucleation index, frequency of micronucleated cells, micronucleation index, metaphasic index and index of nucleoplasmic bridges were determined. Statistical analysis showed indices and percentages significantly higher (P<0.05) in methylmercury-treated cells. Each cell line was shown to be differently sensitive to each biomarker of genotoxic damage, which seems to indicate the existence of different mechanisms of toxicity. This work demonstrates, for the first time, MeHg ability to provoke genotoxicity in cells of brain origin with relatively low levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Crespo-López
- Lab. Biologia Celular e Molecular, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro 92, Umarizal. 66055-240 Belém-PA, Brazil.
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50
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Iarmarcovai G, Bonassi S, Sari-Minodier I, Baciuchka-Palmaro M, Botta A, Orsière T. Exposure to genotoxic agents, host factors, and lifestyle influence the number of centromeric signals in micronuclei: a pooled re-analysis. Mutat Res 2007; 615:18-27. [PMID: 17198715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We pooled data from three biomonitoring studies using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Centromere-positive micronuclei (C+MN) were classified in two groups: those containing one centromere (C1+MN) and those with two or more (Cx+MN). The three studies evaluated untreated cancer patients, welders, and pathologists/anatomists exposed to formaldehyde. The total number of subjects included in the pooled re-analysis was 113. A higher frequency of C+MN was observed in cancer patients and exposed workers, who showed significant differences from controls in all studies. C1+MN were particularly increased in the group of pathologists/anatomists, who showed a 3.29 times higher frequency than controls (95% CI: 2.04-5.30). A borderline increase in Cx+MN was observed in welders when compared to the corresponding control group (FR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.99-1.74). An evident effect of gender was found, with significantly increased frequencies of all endpoints measuring aneuploidy in females (C+MN, C1+MN, and Cx+MN). Alcohol consumption had a significant effect on total MN frequency and particularly on C+MN and C1+MN. In conclusion, scoring the number of centromeric signals in the micronucleus assay provides additional information about the mechanism of action of various genotoxic agents, and the role of confounding factors may be more specifically accounted for. Indeed, C+MN could be efficiently used in biomonitoring studies as an independent biomarker of exposure and early biological effect. The use of centromeric signals allows the identification of two further endpoints, representing two alternative pathways of chromosome loss, i.e., impaired chromosome migration, leading to increased C1+MN frequency, and centrosome amplification, possibly leading to Cx+MN with two or more centromeric signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iarmarcovai
- Laboratory of Biogenotoxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (EA 1784; IFR PMSE 112), Faculty of Medicine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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