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de Leon-Diaz de Leon EA, Gordillo-Moscoso A, Medina Ú, Hernández ÁAV, Almendra-Pegueros R, Quijano JML. New Analytical Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Losartan and E-3174 by HPLC in Human Plasma: Application in Pharmaceutical Science. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666191209111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Losartan, one of the most frequently used drugs in Heart Failure (HF)
treatment, could be modified for its bioavailability (BA) by generic formulations and other factors.
Hence, the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Objective:
Development and validation of a simplified analytical method using HPLC for simultaneous
quantification of losartan and E-3174 in human plasma samples. The method was tested for determining
the pharmacokinetics parameters of HF patients.
Methods:
Analytical conditions were optimized using a C18 column (4.6 X 50 mm, 3 μm. Thermo
Scientific) at 25ºC. Conditions of mobile phase: a phosphate buffer (0.01M), adjusted to pH 2.5 with
phosphoric acid (1M) and Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 1.2 mL/min, on a
running time of 5 min and a sample injection volume of 50 μL. Absorbance for measurement of
losartan and E-3174 was 200 nm. Pharmacokinetics profiles were determined with Phoenix Win-
Nonlin 8.1 software in a non-compartmental model.
Results:
Analytical method developed and validated in this work is precise and accurate for simultaneous
determination of losartan and E-3174 in human plasma samples in a range of 0.02 -10 μg/mL.
In HF subjects, lower Tmax and higher Cmax for losartan and E-3174 patent than generic formulation
were observed, which can be translated into less biological effect and more time to present it by
the generic drug.
Conclusion:
The pharmacokinetic profile is dependent on the type of formulation studied (generic/
patent) hence the importance of conducting evaluations in our patients to ensure that the expected
therapeutic effect is achieved with treatment administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Alejandro de Leon-Diaz de Leon
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Traslacional en Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Antonio Gordillo-Moscoso
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Traslacional en Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Úrsula Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Traslacional en Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Almendra-Pegueros
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Traslacional en Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Juan M. López Quijano
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
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Ghamat SN, Talebpour Z. A vinylpyrrolidone-based thin film microextraction in combination with direct solid-state spectrofluorimetry for determination of sartans in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:146-155. [PMID: 32534667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A vinylpyrrolidone-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-acrylic acid thin film was prepared on a polypropylene guard and its formulation was optimized for application in thin film microextraction followed by direct solid-state spectrofluorimetry method. The surface morphology, fluorescence property and extraction performance of the thin film were investigated systematically. The intra- and inter-batch reproducibilities of thin film fabrication were obtained 2.3 and 4.2%, respectively. The lifetime of each prepared thin film was 30 times with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.4%. The developed method was optimized for extraction of some sartans as angiotensin II receptors antagonist (including losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan) which have been used to control hypertension as the main causes of cardiovascular disease. The optimum extraction conditions achieved at 2- (for losartan) and 4- (for valsartan and olmesartan) sample pH, 500-rpm rotation rate and 30-min extraction time for all three analytes. At the optimum conditions, analyses of losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan were validated in the human plasma matrix. Broad linearity ranges with determination coefficients of more than 0.999 were achieved for each calibration curve. Limit of detection of the method was 0.5 ng mL-1 for all three analytes. The intra- and inter-day accuracies and precisions of the developed method were evaluated in spiked plasma samples at three concentration levels of each analyte with high recoveries of 95-101% and relative standard deviations less than 6%. This method provides a simple, sensitive, fast, and high-throughput analysis method with the possibility of effective extraction of at least 40 samples simultaneously without the necessity of protein precipitating, desorption, and solvent evaporation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Najafi Ghamat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, 19835-389, Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, 19835-389, Iran.
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3
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Short- and medium-term impact of bariatric surgery on the activities of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2 in morbid obesity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20405. [PMID: 31892725 PMCID: PMC6938522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbid obesity and bariatric surgery induce anatomical, physiological and metabolic alterations that may alter the body’s disposition of drugs. Current literature on this topic is limited and sometimes inconsistent. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a superfamily of enzymes that metabolize around 75% of all marketed drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of body mass index and bariatric surgery on CYP activities. Firstly, we evaluated the in vivo activity of 4 major CYP isoenzymes (CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2) in normal weight, overweight, and morbidly obese individuals. Secondly, we assessed the short- (1 month) and medium-term (6 month) effects of the most commonly employed bariatric surgery techniques (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) on the activity of these enzymes. CYP3A4 activity was lower in morbidly obese individuals, compared to normal-weight controls. Interestingly, bariatric surgery normalized CYP3A4 activity. In comparison with normal-weight controls, morbidly obese individuals had higher CYP2D6 activity, which was only observed in individuals with two functional alleles for this isoenzyme. Neither body mass index nor surgery had significant effects on CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 activities. Overall, no relevant differences in CYP activities were found between surgical techniques. In conclusion, further studies should evaluate whether the observed alterations in CYP3A4 activity will require dose adjustments for CYP3A4 substrates especially in morbidly obese individuals before and after bariatric surgery.
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Heidari H, Limouei-Khosrowshahi B. Magnetic solid phase extraction with carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles coupled to HPLC-UV for the simultaneous determination of losartan, carvedilol, and amlodipine besylate in plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Alam MA, Abou Obaid NI, Ibrahim MA, Raish M, Al-Jenoobi FI. A Validated Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Method for Fast Determination of Losartan in Rabbit Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:323-330. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Ibrahim Abou Obaid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Ibrahim Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Zareh MM, ElGendy K, Wassel AA, Fathy A, Abd Alkarem YM. Plastic Sensor for Losartan Potassium Determination based on Ferroin and Ionic Liquid. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2018; 13:1260-1274. [DOI: 10.20964/2018.02.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Metolazone, Losartan and Losartan Carboxylic Acid in Rat Plasma by HPLC–ESI–MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1520-7. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Abdel-Fattah L, Abdel-Aziz L, Gaied M. Enhanced spectrophotometric determination of Losartan potassium based on its physicochemical interaction with cationic surfactant. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt B:178-184. [PMID: 25315864 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Losartan potassium (LST K), an angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) antagonist, in presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The physicochemical interaction of LST K with CTAB was investigated. The effect of cationic micelles on the spectroscopic and acid-base properties of LST K was studied at pH 7.4. The binding constant (Kb) and the partition coefficient (Kx) of LST K-CTAB were 1.62×10(5) M(-1) and 1.38×10(5); respectively. The binding of LST K to CTAB micelles implied a shift in drug acidity constant (ΔpKa=0.422). The developed method is linear over the range 0.5-28 μg mL(-1). The accuracy was evaluated and was found to be 99.79±0.509% and the relative standard deviation for intraday and interday precision was 0.821 and 0.963; respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine LST K in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Abdel-Fattah
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science & Technology, Al-Motamayez District, P.O. Box 77, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Aziz
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
| | - Mariam Gaied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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9
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Muszalska I, Sobczak A, Dołhań A, Jelińska A. Analysis of Sartans: a review. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:2-28. [PMID: 24227012 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular diseases is closely related to hypertension, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes. When these risk factors appear together they are referred to as a metabolic syndrome. In the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a combination of antihypertensive, hypolipemiant, and antidiabetic drugs is often applied. Diuretics (chlortalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, etc.) and angiotensin II receptors antagonist (sartans) are used to control hypertension, whereas statins (fluvastatin, simvastatin, etc.) are used to reduce cholesterol levels. This review is concerned with methods for the analysis of sartans in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations, environmental and biological samples, and discusses the current status of stability studies of sartans . It also presents analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of sartans, diuretics, and statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Muszalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
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10
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Yuan Y, Zhang H, Ma W, Sun S, Wang B, Zhao L, Zhang G, Chai Y. Influence of compound danshen tablet on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174 by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1219-24. [PMID: 23722257 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Losartan is an effective anti-hypotension drug frequently used in clinic. Compound danshen tablet (CDST) is an important traditional Chinese multiherbal formula composed of Danshen, Sanqi and Bingpian, which is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. More often, losartan and CDST are simultaneously used for the treatment of anti-hypertension in the clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of losartan and EXP3174 after oral administration of single losartan and both losartan and CDST, and to investigate the influence of CDST on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a losartan-only group and a losartan and CDST group. Plasma concentrations of losartan and EXP3174 were determined by LC-MS at designated points after drug administration, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. It was found that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and EXP3174, which showed that CDST influenced the metabolism and excretion of losartan in vivo. The result could be used for clinical medication guidance of losartan and CDST to avoid the occurrence of adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Lee JH, Chae MR, Park JK, Jeon JH, Lee SW. The effects of the combined use of a PDE5 inhibitor and medications for hypertension, lower urinary tract symptoms and dyslipidemia on corporal tissue tone. Int J Impot Res 2012; 24:221-7. [PMID: 22763627 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ED is closely associated with its comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)). Therefore, several drugs have been prescribed simultaneously with PDE5 inhibitors. If a specific medication for ED comorbidities has enhancing effects on PDE5 inhibitors, it offers alternative combination therapy in nonresponders to monotherapy with PDE5 inhibitors and allows clinicians to treat ED and its comorbidities simultaneously. To establish theoretical basis of choosing an appropriate medication for ED and concomitant disease, we examined the effects combining a PDE5 inhibitor with representative drugs for hypertension, dyslipidemia and LUTS on relaxing the corpus cavernosum of rabbits using the organ-bath technique. The effect of mirodenafil on relaxing phenylephrine-induced cavernosal contractions was significantly enhanced by the presence of 10(-4) M losartan, 10(-6) M nifedipine, 10(-6) M amlodipine, 10(-7) M doxazosin and 10(-9) M tamsulosin (P<0.05). The maximum relaxation effects were 47.2±3.8%, 57.6±2.6%, 64.0±3.7%, 76.1±5.7% and 71.7±5.4%, respectively. Enalapril and simvastatin had no enhancing effects. The relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside alone (39.0±4.0%) was significantly enhanced in the presence of the 10(-4) M losartan (66.0±6.0%, P<0.05). Tetraethylammonium (1 mM) significantly inhibited the enhancement effects of tamsulosin and doxazosin on mirodenafil-induced relaxation (doxazosin: 76.1±5.7% vs 45.3±2.3%; tamsulosin: 71.7±5.4% vs 48.1±3.5%). On the basis of these findings, losartan seemed to induce synergistic effects through an interaction with nitric oxide. In addition, K(+) channel activation could be one of the mechanisms for the synergistic effect of combining mirodenafil with doxazosin or tamsulosin. We believe that the combination of a PDE5 inhibitor with losartan, nifedipine, amlodipine, doxazosin or tamsulosin could be a pharmacologic strategy for simultaneously treating ED and its comorbidities and increasing response rates to PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Genitourinary Disease Oriented Translational Research, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of losartan and its active metabolite on dried blood spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:47-54. [PMID: 22770781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid quantitative bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of losartan and its active metabolite, losartan carboxylic acid on rat dried blood spots was developed and validated as per regulatory guidelines. Losartan and its metabolite were extracted from dried blood spots using 50% aqueous methanol and separated on Waters XTerra(®) RP18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using mobile phase composed of 40% acetonitrile and 60% aqueous ammonium acetate (10mM). The eluents were monitored using ESI tandem mass spectrometric detection with negative polarity in MRM mode using ion transitions m/z 421.2→179.0, m/z 435.3→157.0 and m/z 427.3→193.0 for losartan, losartan carboxylic acid and Irbesartan (internal standard), respectively. The method was validated over the linear range of 1-200 ng/mL and 5-1000 ng/mL with lower limits of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL and 5.0 ng/mL for losartan and losartan carboxylic acid, respectively. Inter and intra-day precision and accuracy (Bias) were below 5.96% and between -2.8 and 1.5%, respectively. The mean recoveries of the analytes from dried blood spots were between 89% and 97%. No significant carry over and matrix effects were observed. The stability of stock solution, whole blood, dried blood spot and processed samples were tested under different conditions and the results were found to be well within the acceptable limits. Additional validation parameters such as influence of hematocrit and spot volume were also evaluated and found to be well within the acceptable limits.
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Patil SH, Janjale MV. Novel and validated titrimetric method for determination of selected angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists in pharmaceutical preparations and its comparison with UV spectrophotometric determination. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:470-477. [PMID: 29403786 PMCID: PMC5760927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and simple titrimetric method for determination of commonly used angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA-IIs) is developed and validated. The direct acid base titration of four ARA-IIs, namely eprosartan mesylate, irbesartan, telmisartan and valsartan, was carried out in the mixture of ethanol:water (1:1) as solvent using standardized sodium hydroxide aqueous solution as titrant, either visually using phenolphthalein as an indicator or potentiometrically using combined pH electrode. The method was found to be accurate and precise, having relative standard deviation of less than 2% for all ARA-IIs studied. Also, it was shown that the method could be successfully applied to the assay of commercial pharmaceuticals containing the above-mentioned ARA-IIs. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition to pharmaceuticals and the results were found to be satisfactory. Results obtained by this method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by UV spectrophotometric method. For UV spectrophotometric analysis ethanol was used as a solvent and wavelength of 233 nm, 246 nm, 296 nm, and 250 nm was selected for determination of eprosartan mesylate, irbesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan respectively. The proposed titrimetric method is simple, rapid, convenient and sufficiently precise for quality control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant H Patil
- Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, N.D.M.V.P Samaj's College of Pharmacy, Gangapur Road, Nasik 422002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minakshi V Janjale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S.S.J.I.P.E.R, Jamner 424206, Maharashtra, India
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Santhana Lakshmi K, Lakshmi S. Simultaneous Analysis of Losartan Potassium, Amlodipine Besylate, and Hydrochlorothiazide in Bulk and in Tablets by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography with UV-Absorption Densitometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:108281. [PMID: 22567550 PMCID: PMC3335319 DOI: 10.1155/2012/108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A Simple high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for separation and quantitative analysis of losartan potassium, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations has been established and validated. After extraction with methanol, sample and standard solutions were applied to silica gel plates and developed with chloroform : methanol : acetone : formic acid 7.5 : 1.3 : 0.5 : 0.03 (v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Zones were scanned densitometrically at 254 nm. The R(f) values of amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan potassium were 0.35, 0.57, and 0.74, respectively. Calibration plots were linear in the ranges 500-3000 ng per spot for losartan potassium, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, the correlation coefficients, r, were 0.998, 0.998, and 0.999, respectively. The suitability of this method for quantitative determination of these compounds was by validation in accordance with the requirements of pharmaceutical regulatory standards. The method can be used for routine analysis of these drugs in bulk and in formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sivasubramanian Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Tamilnadu, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
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15
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Shimizu R, Miyazaki M, Iwanaga K, Kakemi M. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of the hypotensive effect after coadministration of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:207-15. [PMID: 22076447 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactive hypotensive effect of the combination treatment of losartan (LOS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was assessed using a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Intravenous coadministration of these drugs showed a prolonged and enhanced time-course of the hypotensive effect. A population PK analysis revealed the delayed elimination of LOS after coadministration. The time-course of the plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured, and showed a more continuative time profile after coadministration compared with the administration of LOS alone. An indirect response model was applied to describe the relationship between the PK of LOS and the PRA profile, and the E(max) value for the increase of the PRA by LOS was increased with the dose of HCTZ. Blood pressure was linked to the PRA through an effect compartment. The model successfully described the relationship between the doses of LOS and HCTZ and their interactive hypotensive effect. These results indicate that the interaction for blood pressure in the combination treatment of LOS and HCTZ can be estimated using the doses of the drugs and the PRA-mediated PK-PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Shimizu
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka
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16
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Selvadurai M, Meyyanathan SN. Sensitive and accurate estimation of losartan potassium formulation by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Pharm Methods 2011; 2:95-8. [PMID: 23781437 PMCID: PMC3658049 DOI: 10.4103/2229-4708.84444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES To develop a simple, sensitive, cost-effective and reproducible UV-spectrophotometric method and validate for the estimation of disodium edetate in topical gel formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solution of disodium edetate reacts with ferric chloride to form complex in 0.1 N HCl giving λmax at 270 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 5-50 μg/mL (r (2) = 0.9997). RESULTS The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 1.190 and 3.608 μg/mL, respectively. The results show that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation < 1%), while being simple and less time consuming. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that the UV-spectrophotometric method could be used for the quantification of disodium edetate in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Selvadurai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands-Ooty, Tamilnadu, India
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17
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del Rosario Brunetto M, Contreras Y, Clavijo S, Torres D, Delgado Y, Ovalles F, Ayala C, Gallignani M, Estela JM, Martin VC. Determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan by direct injection of human urine into a column-switching liquid chromatographic system with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Arayne MS, Sultana N, Qureshi F, Siddiqui FA, Mirza AZ, Sher Bahadur S, Zuberi MH. Simultaneous Determination of Tranexamic Acid and Losartan Potassium in Dosage Formulations and Human Serum by RP-LC. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Thomas AB, Chaudhari AA, Nanda RK, Kothapalli LP, Chavan UB, Deshpande AD. Simultaneous Determination of Enalapril and Losartan in Pharmaceutical Preparations by UV Spectrophotometry and LC. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Simultaneous quantification of losartan and active metabolite in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using irbesartan as internal standard. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:862-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Pedroso CF, Oliveira JG, Campos FR, Gonçalves AG, Trindade ACLB, Pontarolo R. A Validated RP–LC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Losartan Potassium and Amlodipine Besilate in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Analysis of angiotensin II receptor antagonist and protein markers at microliter level plasma by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Goswami D, Kumar A, Khuroo AH, Monif T, Thudi NR, Shrivastav VK, Dubey SK, Shingla AK, Prakash M, Mehra S. Pharmacokinetic Estimation of Losartan, Losartan Carboxylic Acid and Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma by LC/MS/MS Validated Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10601330802600901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Zare M. Novel method for the determination of trace amounts of metformin in its pharmaceutical formulation by fast Fourier continuous cyclic voltametric technique at Au microelectrode in flowing solutions. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s102319350810008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Choi Y, Kim JK, Ban E, Park JS, Kim CK. Determination of Losartan in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS): Application to Bioequivalence Study. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802353189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonho Choi
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunmi Ban
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Park
- b College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chong-Kook Kim
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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26
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Ferreirós N, Iriarte G, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM, Ortíz E. Separation and quantitation of several angiotensin II receptor antagonist drugs in human urine by a SPE–HPLC–DAD method. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:667-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Argekar AP, Sawant JG. A Gradient Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and Losartan Potassium (LOS) from Tablets. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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ENSAFI AA, HAJIAN R. Determination of Losartan and Triamterene in Pharmaceutical Compounds and Urine Using Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1449-54. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza HAJIAN
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology
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29
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Yan B, Wang G, Sun J, Li X, Zheng Y, Ai H, Lv H, Wu X, Xu J. Identification of the major metabolites of 5-n-butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, a new angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, in rat bile by HPLC-diode array detection-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:912-24. [PMID: 17428010 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
5-n-Butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (1b), a new non-peptide angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, has been observed to play a positive role in the treatment of hypertension in preclinical tests. Rats were dosed with the drug, and the major metabolites in the bile were separated by gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC-diode array detection-mass spectrometry, HPLC-electrospray ionization MS/MS methods in negative ion mode and collision-induced dissociation were used to elucidate the structures of the major metabolites of 1b. One dihydroxylated 1b (M1), two monohydoxylated 1b (M2, M3) and one 1b monoglucuronide (M5) were found in male rat bile; however, three monohydoxylated 1b (M2, M3, M4) and one 1b monoglucuronide (M5) were found in female rat bile. These metabolites greatly differ in amount between male and female rat bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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30
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Yan B, Wang GJ, Sun JG, Sun FZ, Li XY, Wu XM, Xu JY, Zheng YT, Lv H. Determination of 5-n-Butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, a New Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonist in Rat Plasma by LC-ESI-MS: Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Özkan SA. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE FROM TABLETS AND HUMAN SERUM BY RP-HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel A. Özkan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy (Eczacilik Fakultesi), Department of Analytical Chemistry , Ankara University , 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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32
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Kolocouri F, Dotsikas Y, Apostolou C, Kousoulos C, Loukas YL. Simultaneous determination of losartan, EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide in plasma via fully automated 96-well-format-based solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:593-601. [PMID: 17119933 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An automated, sensitive and high-throughput liquid chromatographic/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of losartan (LOS), its major circulating metabolite EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. LOS and HCTZ coexist in the same drug formulation, and this is the first method that enables the simultaneous determination of both drugs along with the active metabolite of LOS. Since these drugs have different physicochemical properties, the employment of a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocol was precluded. A fully automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol, based on 96-well format plates, was used to isolate these compounds and furosemide (internal standard, IS) from plasma. Washing and elution steps were amended accordingly in order to minimize any matrix effect from components of the plasma without reducing the elution of the molecules of interest. The compounds were eluted from a C18 column and detected with an API 3000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was linear over the range 1.00-400 ng/mL for LOS and EXP-3174 and 0.500-200 ng/mL for HCTZ, respectively, when 200 microl of plasma was used in the extraction. The overall intra- and interassay variations were within acceptance limits. The analysis time for each sample was 4 min, and more than 300 samples could be analyzed in one day by running the system overnight. The assay was simple, highly sensitive, selective, precise, fast, and it enables the reliable determination of LOS, EXP-3174 and HCTZ in pharmacokinetic or bioequivalence studies after per os administration of a single tablet containing both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomila Kolocouri
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioequivalence Services (GLP Compliant), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71, Athens, Greece
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Seburg RA, Ballard JM, Hwang TL, Sullivan CM. Photosensitized degradation of losartan potassium in an extemporaneous suspension formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:411-22. [PMID: 16787732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During development of an extemporaneous suspension formulation for losartan potassium, previously unknown degradation products were observed in experimental suspensions prepared in a commercial cherry syrup vehicle. These degradates increased rapidly when analytical solutions prepared from that suspension were exposed to ambient light. The structures of the degradates were determined using a combination of preparative HPLC, LC/MS, (13)C and (1)H NMR (1D and 2D), and mechanistic chemistry. Each degradate results from destruction of the imidazole ring of losartan. Formation of the two major degradates required exposure to light (UV or visible) and the presence of oxygen. Experiments using Rose Bengal (a singlet oxygen photosensitizer) and 1,4-diazabicyclooctane (DABCO; a singlet oxygen quencher) established that the major photodegradates are formed via the intermediacy of singlet oxygen. The identity of the photosensitizer in the formulation was not unequivocally determined; however, the experiments implicated the artificial flavoring in fulfilling this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal A Seburg
- Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19846, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Losartan is the first orally available angiotensin-receptor antagonist without agonist properties. Following oral administration, losartan is rapidly absorbed, reaching maximum concentrations 1-2 hours post-administration. After oral administration approximately 14% of a losartan dose is converted to the pharmacologically active E 3174 metabolite. E 3174 is 10- to 40-fold more potent than its parent compound and its estimated terminal half-life ranges from 6 to 9 hours. The pharmacokinetics of losartan and E 3174 are linear, dose-proportional and do not substantially change with repetitive administration. The recommended dosage of losartan 50 mg/day can be administered without regard to food. There are no clinically significant effects of age, sex or race on the pharmacokinetics of losartan, and no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment or various degrees of renal insufficiency. Losartan, or its E 3174 metabolite, is not removed during haemodialysis. The major metabolic pathway for losartan is by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2C9 and 2C10 isoenzymes. Overall, losartan has a favorable drug-drug interaction profile, as evidenced by the lack of clinically relevant interactions between this drug and a range of inhibitors and stimulators of the CYP450 system. Losartan does not have a drug-drug interaction with hydrochlorothiazide, warfarin or digoxin. Losartan should be avoided in pregnancy, as is the case with all other angiotensin-receptor antagonists. When given in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, losartan is often associated with serious fetal toxicity. Losartan is a competitive antagonist that causes a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-contractile response curve to angiotensin-II, while E 3174 is a noncompetitive "insurmountable" antagonist of angiotensin-II. The maximum recommended daily dose of losartan is 100mg, which can be given as a once-daily dose or by splitting the same total daily dose into two doses. Losartan reduces blood pressure comparably to other angiotensin-receptor antagonists. Losartan has been extensively studied relative to end-organ protection, with studies having been conducted in diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction and hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. The results of these studies have been sufficiently positive to support a more widespread use of angiotensin-receptor antagonists in the setting of various end-organ diseases. Losartan, like other angiotensin-receptor antagonists, is devoid of significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic A Sica
- Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980160, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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35
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Lastra OC, Lemus IG, Sánchez HJ, Pérez RF. Development and validation of an UV derivative spectrophotometric determination of Losartan potassium in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:175-80. [PMID: 12972082 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development and validation of an analytical UV derivative spectrophotometric method to quantify Losartan potassium used as a single active principle in pharmaceutical forms were done. Pharmacopeias have not yet provided an official method for its quantification. A study was carried out of all the parameters established by USP XXIV to validate an analytical method for a solid pharmaceutical form, i.e. linearity, range, accuracy, precision and specificity. All these parameters were found in accordance with the acceptance criteria of Comité de Guías Oficiales de Validación de la Dirección General de Control de Insumos para la Salud de México. Based on the spectrophotometric characteristics of Losartan potassium, a signal at 234 nm of the first derivative spectrum (1D234) was found adequate for quantification. The linearity between signal 1D234 and concentration of Losartan potassium in the range of 4.00-6.00 mg l(-1) in aqueous solutions presents a square correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9938. The mean recovery percentage was 100.7+/-1.1% and the precision expressed as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) 0.88%. In addition, the proposed method is simple, easy to apply, low-cost, does not use polluting reagents and requires relatively inexpensive instruments. Then, it is a good alternative to existing methods for determining Losartan potassium in tablets provided that the pharmaceutical dosage form does not contain hydrochlorothiazide as second drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Lastra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile.
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36
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Polinko M, Riffel K, Song H, Lo MW. Simultaneous determination of losartan and EXP3174 in human plasma and urine utilizing liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:73-84. [PMID: 12946533 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Losartan is an orally active angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension. EXP3174 is an active metabolite, which contributes to the overall activity of losartan. Analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of losartan and its active metabolite EXP3174 in human plasma and urine with limited plasma sample size have been developed and validated to support a pediatric clinical program. In both methods, analytes are extracted from the matrixes by liquid-liquid extraction and separated using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) with a Turbo ionspray (TIS) interface in multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode is used for detection of the analytes in both methods. The plasma method has a lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1 ng/ml with a linearity range of 1-500 ng/ml for losartan and EXP3174 using 100 microl of plasma. For the urine method, the LOQ for both losartan and EXP3174 is 2 ng/ml using 0.5 ml of urine, and the linearity range for both analytes is 2-1000 ng/ml. Validation procedures have proven that both methods are robust, accurate, and reproducible. Both methods have been used to assay clinical samples and provided satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Polinko
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, WP 75A-303, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Torrealday N, González L, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM, Ortiz Lastra E. Experimental design approach for the optimisation of a HPLC-fluorimetric method for the quantitation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:847-57. [PMID: 12899971 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection has been developed for the quantitation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARA II) 4-((2-n-propyl-4-methyl-6-(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid (telmisartan) in urine, using a Novapak C18 column 3.9 x 150 mm, 4 microm. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH 6.0, 5 mM) (45:55, v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.5 ml min(-1). Effluent was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 305 and 365 nm, respectively. Separation was carried out at room temperature. Chromatographic variables were optimised by means of experimental design. A clean-up step was used for urine samples consisting of a solid-phase extraction procedure with C8 cartridges and methanol as eluent. This method proved to be accurate (RE from -12 to 6%), precise (intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation (CV) were lower than 8%) and sensitive enough (limit of quantitation (LOQ), ca. 1 microg l(-1)) to be applied to the determination of the active drug in urine samples obtained from hypertensive patients. Concentration levels of telmisartan at different time intervals (from 0 up to 36 h after oral intake) were monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Torrealday
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Schmidt B, Schieffer B. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Clinical implications of active metabolites. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2261-70. [PMID: 12773029 DOI: 10.1021/jm0204237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, Germany.
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Hillaert S, De Beer TRM, De Beer JO, Van den Bossche W. Optimization and validation of a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the analysis of several angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists. J Chromatogr A 2003; 984:135-46. [PMID: 12564683 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have optimized a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the separation of six angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA-IIs): candesartan, eprosartan mesylate, irbesartan, losartan potassium, telmisartan, and valsartan. A face-centred central composite design was applied to study the effect of the pH, the molarity of the running buffer, and the concentration of the micelle-forming agent on the separation properties. A combination of the studied parameters permitted the separation of the six ARA-IIs, which was best carried out using a 55-mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 15 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The same system can also be applied for the quantitative determination of these compounds, but only for the more stable ARA-IIs (candesartan, eprosartan mesylate, losartan potassium, and valsartan). Some system parameters (linearity, precision, and accuracy) were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Hillaert S, Van den Bossche W. Optimization and validation of a capillary zone electrophoretic method for the analysis of several angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:323-33. [PMID: 12498264 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We optimized a capillary zone electrophoretic method for separation of six angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA-IIs): candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan potassium, telmisartan, and valsartan. A three-level, full-factorial design was applied to study the effect of the pH and molarity of the running buffer on separation. Combination of the studied parameters permitted the separation of the six ARA-IIs, which was best carried out using 60 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5). The same system can also be applied for the quantitative determination of these compounds, but only for the more soluble ones. Some parameters (linearity, precision and accuracy) were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Krämer C, Sunkomat J, Witte J, Luchtefeld M, Walden M, Schmidt B, Tsikas D, Böger RH, Forssmann WG, Drexler H, Schieffer B. Angiotensin II receptor-independent antiinflammatory and antiaggregatory properties of losartan: role of the active metabolite EXP3179. Circ Res 2002; 90:770-6. [PMID: 11964369 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000014434.48463.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT(1)) antagonists such as losartan (LOS) are widely used for the treatment of hypertension and elicit antiinflammatory and antiaggregatory in vitro and in patients, although the underlying mechanism are unclear. Following computer-based molecule similarity, we proposed that on cytochrome-P450 degradation, the LOS metabolite EXP3179 is generated, which shows molecule homology to indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor with antiinflammatory and antiaggregatory properties. Subsequently, serum-levels of EXP3179 were determined for 8 hours in patients receiving a single oral dose of 100 mg LOS. High-performance liquid chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [corrected] from serum samples revealed a maximum of 10(-7) mol/L for EXP3179 peaking between 3 to 4 hours. The increase in serum-EXP3179 levels was associated with a significant reduction in platelet aggregation in vivo (-35+/-4%, P<0.001 versus control). EXP3179 generation was investigated in a chemical reaction mimicking the liver cytochrome-P450-dependent LOS-degradation and human endothelial cells were exposed to Ang II or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the presence of EXP3179 (10(-7) mol/L). LPS- and Ang II-induced COX-2 transcription was abolished by EXP3179. Moreover, EXP3179 significantly reduced Ang II- and LPS-induced formation of prostaglandin F2alpha as determined by GC-MS [corrected]. Thus, antiinflammatory properties of LOS are mediated via its EXP3179 metabolite by abolishing COX-2 mRNA upregulation and COX-dependent TXA2 and PGF2alpha generation. Serum levels of EXP3179 are detectable in patients in concentrations that exhibit antiinflammatory and antiaggregatory properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Krämer
- Department of Cardiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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42
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González L, López JA, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM. Fast screening method for the determination of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:49-60. [PMID: 11999756 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A selective, accurate and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic assay coupled to fluorescence detection was developed for the detection of some angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II): Losartan, Irbesartan, Valsartan, Candesartan cilexetil and its metabolite Candesartan MI. The analytes and the internal standard (bumetanide, a high-ceiling diuretic) were extracted from plasma under acidic conditions by means of solid-phase extraction using C8 cartridges. This procedure allowed recoveries close to 80% for all these drugs excluding Candesartan cilexetil (70%) which presented adsorption processes on glass and plastic walls. The analytes and potential interferences were separated on a reversed-phase column, muBondapak C18, at room temperature. A gradient elution mode was used to carry out the separation, the optimal mobile phase being composed of acetonitrile-5 mM acetate buffer, pH 4, at variable flow-rates (from 1.0 to 1.2 ml/min). Fluorescence detector was set at an excitation wavelength of 250 nm and an emission wavelength of 375 nm. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations for all the compounds were lower than 8% except for Losartan (12%) and the method assesses a quite good accuracy (percentage of relative error approximately 6% in most of the cases). The limit of quantitation for these compounds was 3 ng/ml for Candesartan cilexetil and M1, 16 ng/ml for Losartan and 50 ng/ml for Irbesartan and Valsartan, which allows their determination at expected plasma concentration levels. This assay method has been successfully applied to plasma samples obtained from hypertensive patients under clinical studies after oral administration of a therapeutic dose of some of these ARA II compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L González
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Prabhakar AH, Giridhar R. A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of Losartan potassium in bulk and in synthetic mixture for solid dosage form. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:861-6. [PMID: 11836049 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two new rapid reproducible and economical spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of Losartan potassium in bulk and in synthetic mixture for solid dosage forms. Both methods are based on the formation of an orange-red and orange ion-pair complex due to the action of Calmagite (CT) and Orange-II (O-II) on Losartan potassium in acidic medium (pH 1.2). Under optimised conditions, they show an absorption maxima at 491 nm (CT) and 486 nm (O-II), with molar absorptivities of 1.74 x 10(3) and 1.75 x 10(3) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and Sandell's sensitivities of 0.2649 and 0.2637 per 0.001 absorbance unit for CT and O-II, respectively. The colour is stable for 5 min after extraction. In both cases Beer's law is obeyed between 10 and 100 microg ml(-1). The proposed method was successfully extended to synthetic mixture for solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandkumari H Prabhakar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M.S. University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
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Cagigal E, González L, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM. pK(a) determination of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II) by spectrofluorimetry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:477-86. [PMID: 11489393 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base equilibrium constants of a new family of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II), Losartan, Irbesartan, Valsartan, Candesartan cilexetil, its metabolite Candesartan M1 and Telmisartan were determined by spectrofluorimetry. Relative fluorescent intensity (I(F,rel))-pH data were treated by graphical (derivatives and curve-fitting) and numerical methods (LETAGROP SPEFO). The resultant pK(a) values at an ionic strength of 0.5 M were (3.15+/-0.07) for Losartan, (4.70+/-0.06) for Irbesartan, (4.90+/-0.09) for Valsartan, (6.0+/-0.1) for Candesartan cilexetil, (3.9+/-0.1) for Candesartan M1, and (4.45+/-0.09) for Telmisartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cagigal
- Dpto. Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, E-48080, Bilbao, Spain
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A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for screening angiotensin II receptor antagonists in human urine. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yeung PK, Jamieson A, Smith GJ, Fice D, Pollak PT. Determination of plasma concentrations of losartan in patients by HPLC using solid phase extraction and UV detection. Int J Pharm 2000; 204:17-22. [PMID: 11011981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a HPLC assay for plasma losartan and its active metabolite EXP3174 to facilitate clinical pharmacokinetic studies. METHODS the HPLC system consisted of a 250 x 2 mm i.d. C18 reversed phase column preceded by a 4 x 4 mm guard column, a UV detector set at 254 nm, and an integrator. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.01 M ammonium phosphate: acetonitrile: methanol (6:3:1) containing 0.02 % sodium azide and 0.04% TEA, with pH adjusted to 3.2. The system was operated isocratically at ambient temperature at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Losartan and its active metabolite EXP3174 were extracted from plasma using C2 bonded silica gel standard solid phase extraction. RESULTS recoveries of losartan and EXP3174 from plasma were greater than 70%. Using 0.5 ml of plasma sample, standard curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng/ml (r2 = 0.996 and 0.997 for losartan and EXP 3174, respectively). Sensitivity of the assay was < 10 ng/ml. Intra-and inter-assay variations were < 10 and 15%. respectively. The assay has been successfully applied to measuring plasma concentrations of losartan and EXP3174 in patients receiving a daily dose of losartan (50-100 mg). CONCLUSION The HPLC assay has adequate sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity for clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Yeung
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Professions, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Pedro AA, Gehr TW, Brophy DF, Sica DA. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:389-95. [PMID: 10761166 DOI: 10.1177/00912700022009099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan and its active metabolite, E-3174, were studied in 8 stable, hypertensive continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Following a 1-week washout period, subjects received 100 mg of losartan orally for 7 days. On Days 1 and 7, hemodynamic and hormonal responses were determined, as were PK parameters on Day 7. Peritoneal equilibration testing was performed pre-Day 1 and on Day 7. AUC0-24 and t1/2 for losartan and E-3174 were 95 +/- 49.9 micrograms.min/mL and 176 +/- 82.1 micrograms.min/mL and 172.5 +/- 86.7 minutes and 628 +/- 575 minutes, respectively. These values are similar to those of normal subjects and subjects on hemodialysis. Peritoneal clearance of losartan and E-3174 was negligible. All subjects demonstrated a substantial reduction in blood pressure with at least a 10 mmHg drop in diastolic BP. Plasma renin activity (PRA) values increased, but aldosterone, endothelin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine values did not change following 7 days of losartan. Losartan was well tolerated in all study subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pedro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0160, USA
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Iwasa T, Takano T, Hara K, Kamei T. Method for the simultaneous determination of losartan and its major metabolite, EXP-3174, in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 734:325-30. [PMID: 10595730 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of losartan and its major active metabolite, EXP-3174, in human plasma. The two analytes and the internal standard (DuP-167) were extracted from plasma under acidic conditions by using solid-phase extraction cartridges containing a sorbent of copolymer, poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone). The analytes were separated by LC equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column, and introduced into the mass spectrometer via the electrospray ion source with pneumatically-assisted nebulization. For LC-MS-MS samples, an isocratic mobile phase consisting of [0.1% triethylamine-0.1% acetic acid (pH 7.1)]-acetonitorile (65:35, v/v) was used, and the assay was monitored for the negative fragment ions of the analytes. The method demonstrated linearity from 1 to 1000 ng/ml for both losartan and EXP-3174. The limit of quantification for both compounds in plasma was 1 ng/ml. This assay method may be useful for the measurement of levels of the two compounds in clinical studies of losartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwasa
- Drug Metabolism, Development Research Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osato-gun, Saitama, Japan
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Stenhoff H, Lagerström PO, Andersen C. Determination of candesartan cilexetil, candesartan and a metabolite in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:411-7. [PMID: 10510797 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methods are described for the determination of a new effective anti-hypertensive drug candesartan (CV-11974), its prodrug candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) and a metabolite, CV-15959 in human plasma and urine. The assays comprise liquid-liquid extraction and separation on a phenyl column with fluorometric detection. The methods give absolute recoveries of 70, 83 and 78% for candesartan cilexetil, candesartan and CV-15959, respectively, and the limit of quantification is 5, 1 and 3 nM of plasma (RSD < 20%), respectively. The methods were applied to plasma and urine samples from biopharmaceutical and clinical studies in man.
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