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In Vitro Evaluation of Commercial Probiotic Products Containing Streptococcus salivarius K12 by Assessment of Probiotic Viability and Inhibitory Potency against Respiratory Pathogens. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory infections (URI) are the most frequent illnesses, especially in children. The majority of those infections are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are associated with various side effects and with the increase in multi-drug-resistant strains. A promising alternative approach is the administration of the probiotic strain Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SSK12) that colonizes the upper respiratory tract (URT) and produces the salivaricins A2 and B, which strongly antagonize the growth of key respiratory pathogens. However, since for food supplements no quality controls of the active probiotic ingredient are mandatory, the efficacy of commercial products containing SSK12 may vary. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of several commercial SSK12-containing probiotics, positioned for the prevention of respiratory infections. The parameters evaluated to determine the in vitro efficacy included the viability of the probiotic bacterial strain and the minimum inhibitory dilution (MID) of the probiotic, determined by the agar spot method, against the pathogenic/potential pathogenic bacterial strains Streptococcus pyogenes FF22 and Micrococcus luteus T18. All tests were carried out both 12 and 24 months after manufacturing (AM) for each commercial product. The viability ranged from 9 × 108 to 4.4 × 109 CFU/serving at 12 months AM and from 8.5 × 107 to 2.8 × 109 CFU/serving at 24 months AM. The MID was, in general, positively correlated with the probiotic bacterium viability and varied between the commercial products, ranging from 10−5 to 10−7 at 12 months AM and from 10−4 to 10−7 at 24 months AM. Moreover, the inhibition zones related to the two indicator strains were variable in diameter for different products. The high variation of the in vitro efficacy of commercial products containing SSK12 may explain the different results reported in the literature regarding the clinical benefits of these preparations, and the determination of this parameter may be useful to evaluate the quality of probiotic products containing this bacterial strain.
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Pöllmann A, Reinelt M, Briesen H. Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6031. [PMID: 36079412 PMCID: PMC9457172 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models can provide estimates for the shelf life of water-sensitive products like food or pharmaceuticals. This study presents a simple kinetic model using two first-order reactions for the evaporation and condensation of water. Furthermore, the model can be simplified to contain only one free parameter, the reaction rate constant k, which has been validated for silica gel at a relative humidity between 0% and 80% with experimental data. The experimental data shows the hysteresis effect of the silica gel in the region between 30% and 80% relative humidity and its dependence on the relative humidity earlier in the process. It also shows there are multiple equilibrium water contents at a relative humidity of 40%, depending on the previous relative humidity. The relative humidity barely influences the fitted reaction rate constant during adsorption. However, during the desorption process, not only the current relative humidity but also the history of relative humidity have an influence. A higher relative humidity in the previous step can slow down the desorption rate in the following step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pöllmann
- Process Systems Engineering, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Reinelt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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3
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Veronica N, Valeria Liew C, Wan Sia Heng P. Investigation on the impact of different proportions of components in formulations on stability of a moisture sensitive drug. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120690. [PMID: 33965543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical and mechanical properties of tablets are largely dictated by formulation compositions. Different excipients possess different tableting and moisture sorption behaviors. Therefore, this study was designed to elucidate the relative influence of the proportion of components in formulations on tablet properties. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets containing different proportions of starch, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCP) were prepared. The excipients were evaluated for their moisture sorption properties. Mechanical strength of the tablets was determined alongside with ASA stability, by storing the tablets at 75% RH, 25 °C. The stability study showed the importance of drug loading level on its stability. For a fixed ASA proportion, formulations with more starch were able to absorb more moisture and possessed larger areas of hysteresis loop in their moisture sorption isotherms. The presence of starch contributed positively to ASA stability although increasing proportions of starch compromised the tablet mechanical properties. Contrastingly, MCC produced mechanically stronger tablets as its plastically deforming and fibrous properties contributed to a good structural network. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the dichotomous effect by the proportion of components in formulations containing a moisture sensitive drug on drug stability and mechanical strength of the resultant tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Veronica
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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4
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Moisture barrier films for herbal medicines fabricated by electrostatic dry coating with ultrafine powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Rewatkar PM, Saeed AM, Majedi Far H, Donthula S, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Leventis N. Polyurethane Aerogels Based on Cyclodextrins: High-Capacity Desiccants Regenerated at Room Temperature by Reducing the Relative Humidity of the Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34292-34304. [PMID: 31490651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane aerogels were prepared from a rigid aromatic triisocyanate (tris(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane) and cage-shaped α- and β-cyclodextrins as rigid polyols. Gelation was carried out in DMF using dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. Wet-gels were dried to aerogels (abbreviated as α- or β-CDPU-xx) with supercritical fluid CO2. "xx" stands for the percent weight of the two monomers in the sol and was varied at two levels for each cyclodextrin: 2.5% and 15%. All aerogels were characterized with solid-state 13C and 15N NMR, CHN analysis, FTIR, XPS, SEM, and gas (N2 and CO2) sorption porosimetry. α- and β-CDPU-xx aerogels were investigated as desiccants at room temperature. All materials had relatively higher capacities for water adsorption from high-humidity environments (99%) than typical commercial desiccants like silica or Drierite. However, α-CDPU-2.5 aerogels did stand out with a water uptake capacity reaching 1 g of H2O per gram of material. Most importantly though, adsorbed water could be released quantitatively without heating, by just reducing the relative humidity of the environment to 10%. All α- and β-CDPU-xx aerogel samples were cycled between humid and dry environments 10 times. Their unusual behavior was traced to filling smaller mesopores with water and was attributed to a delicate balance of enthalpic (H-bonding) and entropic factors, whereas the latter are a function of pore sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parwani M Rewatkar
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
| | - Adnan Malik Saeed
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
| | - Hojat Majedi Far
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
| | - Suraj Donthula
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
| | - Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
| | - Nicholas Leventis
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409 , United States
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Yang Q, Yuan F, Xu L, Yan Q, Yang Y, Wu D, Guo F, Yang G. An Update of Moisture Barrier Coating for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090436. [PMID: 31480542 PMCID: PMC6781284 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug hydrolytic degradation, caused by atmospheric and inherent humidity, significantly reduces the therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical solid dosages. Moisture barrier film coating is one of the most appropriate and effective approaches to protect the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from hydrolytic degradation during the manufacturing process and storage. Coating formulation design and process control are the two most commonly used strategies to reduce water vapor permeability to achieve the moisture barrier function. The principles of formulation development include designing a coating formulation with non-hygroscopic/low water activity excipients, and formulating the film-forming polymers with the least amount of inherent moisture. The coating process involves spraying organic or aqueous coating solutions made of natural or synthetic polymers onto the surface of the dosage cores in a drum or a fluid bed coater. However, the aqueous coating process needs to be carefully controlled to prevent hydrolytic degradation of the drug due to the presence of water during the coating process. Recently, different strategies have been designed and developed to effectively decrease water vapor permeability and improve the moisture barrier function of the film. Those strategies include newly designed coating formulations containing polymers with optimized functionality of moisture barrier, and newly developed dry coating processes that eliminate the usage of organic solvent and water, and could potentially replace the current solvent and aqueous coatings. This review aims to summarize the recent advances and updates in moisture barrier coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qinying Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Danjun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fangyuan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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7
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Omar SM, AbdAlla FI, Abdelgawad NM. Preparation and Optimization of Fast-Disintegrating Tablet Containing Naratriptan Hydrochloride Using D-Optimal Mixture Design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2472-2487. [PMID: 29869307 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of a lyophilized fast-disintegrating tablet (LFDT) formulation containing naratriptan hydrochloride, an antimigraine drug, was the foremost objective of the study, aiming in achieving fast headache pain relief. The Design-Expert® v10 software was used to generate formulations using D-optimal mixture design with four components: gelatin (X1), hydrolyzed gelatin (X2), glycine (X3), and mannitol (X4) of total solid material (TSM) w/w. The effect of the relative proportion of each component was determined on friability (Y1), hardness (Y2), and in vitro disintegration time (Y3), which was then applied for formulation optimization. In addition, their effect on tablet porosity was determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug-excipient interaction was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparative dissolution study against the conventional tablets was studied. Accelerated stability study was carried out in (Al/Al) and (Al/PVC) blister packs. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was carried out to compare the optimized formulation and the conventional tablets. The optimized formulation's responses were 0.30%, 3.4 kg, and 6.12 s for Y1, Y2, and Y3, respectively. No drug-excipient interaction was specified via DSC. The optimized formulation exhibited porous structure as determined via SEM. Dissolution study demonstrated complete dissolution within 1.5 min. Study indicated stability for 78 months in (Al/Al) blister packs. In vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that Cmax, AUClast, and AUCinf were significantly higher for the developed formulation. As well, the Tmax was 1 h earlier than that of convenient tablet. An LFDT would achieve a faster onset of action for naratriptan compared to other formulations.
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8
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Kenyó C, Renner K, Móczó J, Fekete E, Kröhnke C, Pukánszky B. Hips/zeolite hybrid composites as active packaging materials: Structure and functional properties. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Penhasi A, Elias M, Eshtauber E, Naiman-Nissenboim H, Reuveni A, Baluashvili I. A novel hybrid solid dispersion film coat as a moisture barrier for pharmaceutical applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kim SH, Min JH, Hong EP, Kim DW, Park ES. A simplified stability assessment for selection of a suitable package for microporous osmotic tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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12
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Ramallo LA, Albani OA. Prediction and Determination of Water Uptake in Packaged Yerba Mate. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013204041877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Permeability of different packaging materials and the water uptake were studied in stored yerba mate at different conditions of humidity and temperature. Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) was evaluated using the quasi-isostatic method. During storage at high relative humidity conditions, WVTR values were of 500 gm2/day for paper and ranged from 16 to 22 gm2/day for laminated films. Values of package permeability and data of food isotherms were used to calculate the variation of internal water vapour activity and to predict the yerba mate water uptake. The predicted and experimental values were in good agreement. For similar high humidity storage conditions, yerba mate packaged with paper reached critical humidity content (9.5% d.b.) at the second day of storage whereas for the laminate films the humidity content stood below the critical value until a month of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Ramallo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales – Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Felix de Azara 1552, 3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - O. A. Albani
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales – Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Felix de Azara 1552, 3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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13
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Roßteuscher-Carl K, Fricke S, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M. Influence of in line monitored fluid bed granulation process parameters on the stability of Ethinylestradiol. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:751-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Kenyó C, Hári J, Renner K, Kröhnke C, Pukánszky B. Effect of Matrix Characteristics on the Properties of High-Impact Polystyrene/Zeolite Functional Packaging Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503453u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kenyó
- Laboratory
of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1519 Budapest, P.O. Box 286, Hungary
| | - József Hári
- Laboratory
of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1519 Budapest, P.O. Box 286, Hungary
| | - Károly Renner
- Laboratory
of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1519 Budapest, P.O. Box 286, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Pukánszky
- Laboratory
of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1519 Budapest, P.O. Box 286, Hungary
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15
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Uehara K, Tagami T, Miyazaki I, Murata N, Takahashi Y, Ohkubo H, Ozeki T. Effect of X-ray exposure on the pharmaceutical quality of drug tablets using X-ray inspection equipment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:953-8. [PMID: 24842380 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.917093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT X-ray inspection equipment is widely used to detect missing materials and defective goods in opaque containers. Its application has been expanded to the pharmaceutical industry to detect the presence of drug tablets in aluminum foil press-through packaging. However, the effect of X-rays on the pharmaceutical quality of drug tablets is not well known. OBJECTIVE In this study, the effect of X-rays on the pharmaceutical quality of drug tablets was investigated. METHODS Exposure of acetaminophen, loxoprofen and mefenamic acid tablets to X-ray doses of 0.34 mGy (thrice the dose by X-ray scanning) to 300 Gy (maximum dose from our X-ray equipment) was demonstrated, and the samples were evaluated by formulation tests. RESULTS Exposure to X-rays did not affect the pharmaceutical quality of the drug content. The samples exposed to X-rays exhibited almost the same profile in formulation tests (dissolution test, disintegrating test and hardness test) as control samples (0 Gy). The combination of X-ray exposure with accelerated temperature and humidity tests (six months) also did not affect the pharmaceutical quality. The color change of light-sensitive drugs (nifedipine and furosemide tablets) after X-ray exposure was negligible (< 1.0). In contrast, tablet color was remarkably changed by light from a D65 lamp. CONCLUSION The X-ray scanning and X-ray exposure under our experimental conditions did not affect the pharmaceutical quality of drug tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Uehara
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi , Japan and
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Kenyó C, Kajtár DA, Renner K, Kröhnke C, Pukánszky B. Functional packaging materials: factors affecting the capacity and rate of water adsorption in desiccant composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Chen WL, Guo DW, Shen YY, Guo SR, Ruan KP. Effects of highly hygroscopic excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet at high relative humidity. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:527-34. [PMID: 23798778 PMCID: PMC3687922 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of highly hygroscopic sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablets at 25°/90% RH were studied. The simvastatin tablets were prepared by direct powder compression. Simvastatin and its hydrolyte, simvastatin acid, were quantitatively analysed by high performance liquid chromotography. The hygroscopicity, water swelling ratio, water solubility and pH of the four hygroscopic excipients were investigated. During the investigation period, the weight gain of sorbitol or citric acid increased faster than that of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose at 25°/90% RH, accordingly, the moisture sorption of the tablets containing citric acid or sorbitol (T-3 or T-6) were more than that of the tablets containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (T-4 or T-5). The increase of simvastatin acid content with time at 25°/90% RH for the tablets was in the following order: T-6 < T-4 < T-3 < T-5. The effects of the four excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet were related to not only their hygroscopicity but also their other properties, such as moisture retention capacity and pH. Sorbitol as hygroscopic excipient in tablet can most effectively prevent the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai-200 240, China
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18
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Mühlfeld L, Langguth P, Häusler H, Hagels H. Influences of heat seal lacquer thickness on the quality of blister packages. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Waterman KC. The application of the Accelerated Stability Assessment Program (ASAP) to quality by design (QbD) for drug product stability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:932-7. [PMID: 21748541 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An isoconversion paradigm, where times in different temperature and humidity-controlled stability chambers are set to provide a fixed degradant level, is shown to compensate for the complex, non-single order kinetics of solid drug products. A humidity-corrected Arrhenius equation provides reliable estimates for temperature and relative humidity effects on degradation rates. A statistical protocol is employed to determine best fits for chemical stability data, which in turn allows for accurate estimations of shelf life (with appropriate confidence intervals) at any storage condition including inside packaging (based on the moisture vapor transmission rate of the packaging and moisture sorption isotherms of the internal components). These methodologies provide both faster results and far better predictions of chemical stability limited shelf life (expiry) than previously possible. Precise shelf-life estimations are generally determined using a 2-week, product-specific protocol. Once the model for a product is developed, it can play a critical role in providing the product understanding necessary for a quality by design (QbD) filing for product approval and enable rational control strategies to assure product stability. Moreover, this Accelerated Stability Assessment Program (ASAP) enables the coupling of product attributes (e.g., moisture content, packaging options) to allow for flexibility in how control strategies are implemented to provide a balance of cost, speed, and other factors while maintaining adequate stability.
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20
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Du B, Daniels VR, Vaksman Z, Boyd JL, Crady C, Putcha L. Evaluation of physical and chemical changes in pharmaceuticals flown on space missions. AAPS J 2011; 13:299-308. [PMID: 21479701 PMCID: PMC3085701 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy and safety of medications used for the treatment of astronauts in space may be compromised by altered stability in space. We compared physical and chemical changes with time in 35 formulations contained in identical pharmaceutical kits stowed on the International Space Station (ISS) and on Earth. Active pharmaceutical content (API) was determined by ultra- and high-performance liquid chromatography after returning to Earth. After stowage for 28 months in space, six medications aboard the ISS and two of matching ground controls exhibited changes in physical variables; nine medications from the ISS and 17 from the ground met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) acceptance criteria for API content after 28 months of storage. A higher percentage of medications from each flight kit had lower API content than the respective ground controls. The number of medications failing API requirement increased as a function of time in space, independent of expiration date. The rate of degradation was faster in space than on the ground for many of the medications, and most solid dosage forms met USP standard for dissolution after storage in space. Cumulative radiation dose was higher and increased with time in space, whereas temperature and humidity remained similar to those on the ground. Exposure to the chronic low dose of ionizing radiation aboard the spacecraft as well as repackaging of solid dosage forms in flight-specific dispensers may adversely affect stability of pharmaceuticals. Characterization of degradation profiles of unstable formulations and identification of chemical attributes of stability in space analog environments on Earth will facilitate development of space-hardy medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Du
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Vernie R. Daniels
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- />Texas Medical Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77025 USA
| | - Jason L. Boyd
- />Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas 77058 USA
| | - Camille Crady
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Lakshmi Putcha
- />Pharmacotherapeutics Laboratory, SK/Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058 USA
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Waterman KC, MacDonald BC. Package selection for moisture protection for solid, oral drug products. J Pharm Sci 2011; 99:4437-52. [PMID: 20845442 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how best to select the appropriate packaging options for solid, oral drug products based on both chemical and physical stability, with respect to moisture protection. This process combines an accounting for the initial moisture content of dosage form components, moisture transfer into (out of) packaging based on a moisture vapor transfer rate (MVTR), and equilibration between drug products and desiccants based on their moisture sorption isotherms to provide an estimate of the instantaneous relative humidity (RH) within the packaging. This time-based RH is calculationally combined with a moisture-sensitive Arrhenius equation (determined using the accelerated stability assessment program, ASAP) to predict the drug product's chemical stability over time as a function of storage conditions and packaging options. While physical stability of dosage forms with respect to moisture has been less well documented, a process is recommended based on the threshold RH at which changes (e.g., dosage form dissolution, tablet hardness, drug form) become problematic. The overall process described allows packaging to be determined for a drug product scientifically, with the effect of any changes to storage conditions or packaging to be explicitly accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Waterman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Lagrange F. [Current perspectives on the repackaging and stability of solid oral doses]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2010; 68:332-58. [PMID: 21073993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Which are the guidelines and scientific aspects for repackaged oral solid medications in France in 2010 whereas it develops? The transient or definitive displacement of the solid oral form from the original atmosphere to enter a repackaging process, sometimes automated, is likely to play a primary role in the controversy. However, the solid oral dose is to be repackaged in materials with defined quality. Considering these data, a review of the literature for determination of conditions for repackaged drug stability according to different international guidelines is presented in this paper. Attention is also paid to the defined conditions ensuring the conservation and handling of theses drugs throughout the repackaging process. However, there is lack of scientific published stability data. Nevertheless, recent alternatives may be proposed to overcome the complexity of studying stability in such conditions. Then, the comparison of the moisture barrier properties of the respective package, a galenic model of hygroscopic molecules, or light sensitive molecules or stability data obtained during the industrial preformulation phase could also secure the list of drugs to be reconditioned. Similarly, a wise precaution will be to get stability data for the industrial blisters and unit doses undergoing the real conditions of the medication use process in hospitals and other healthcare settings. By now, reduction of dispensing errors and improvement of the compliance aid put a different perspective on the problem of repackaged drugs. To date, the pharmacist is advised to carry out its analysis of the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lagrange
- Service pharmacie laboratoire, centre hospitalier spécialisé, Mas et IME de la Charité, 51 rue des Hostelleries, La Charité-sur-Loire, France.
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Ergun R, Lietha R, Hartel RW. Moisture and Shelf Life in Sugar Confections. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:162-92. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802248833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bley O, Siepmann J, Bodmeier R. Protection of moisture-sensitive drugs with aqueous polymer coatings: Importance of coating and curing conditions. Int J Pharm 2009; 378:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The hygroscopicity of three commercial moisture-barrier film coatings, namely, Eudragit L30 D-55 (methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer), Opadry AMB (polyvinyl alcohol based system), and Sepifilm LP 014 (hypromellose, microcrystalline cellulose, and stearic acid based formulation), was investigated using a dynamic vapor sorption apparatus. Moisture uptake by cast films and uncoated and coated tablet cores, which were designed to be hygroscopic, low hygroscopic, and waxy, was measured following exposure to repeat relative humidity (RH) cycles of 0-50-0-50-0%, 0-75-0-75-0%, and 0-90-0-90-0% RH at 25 degrees C. Eudragit cast film exhibited the fastest equilibration but was also the least hygroscopic. Sepifilm had the fastest sorption and took up the greatest mass of water. The rate of uptake for Opadry film was similar to Sepifilm. However, this film continued to sorb moisture for a longer period. When returned to 0% RH it retained moisture in the film showing that it had a high affinity for moisture within the film. The data for the different cores indicated that there was very little benefit in using a moisture barrier film on cores with low hygroscopicity, the mass gain being a sum of that which would be expected to sorb to the film and that which sorbs to the uncoated core. There was, however, some advantage for hygroscopic cores where, even though the barrier coatings allowed substantial water sorption into the core, the extent of this was less and the rate of uptake lower than for the uncoated sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enosh Mwesigwa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Lehto VP, Erling I. An Effective Desiccant System to Regulate the Humidity Inside the Chambers of the Solid Dosage Forms. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:1233-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701377946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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RAMALLO LAURAA, ALBANI OSCARA. WATER DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT AND MODELING OF WATER UPTAKE IN PACKAGED YERBA MATE. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Waterman KC, Adami RC, Alsante KM, Antipas AS, Arenson DR, Carrier R, Hong J, Landis MS, Lombardo F, Shah JC, Shalaev E, Smith SW, Wang H. Hydrolysis in pharmaceutical formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2002; 7:113-46. [PMID: 12066569 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-120003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This literature review presents hydrolysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as the effects on dosage form stability due to hydrolysis of excipients. Mechanisms and measurement methods are discussed and recommendations for formulation stabilization are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Waterman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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