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Dos Santos B, Piermartiri T, Tasca CI. The impact of purine nucleosides on neuroplasticity in the adult brain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9. [PMID: 38367178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize its cell structures and neuronal networks in response to internal and external stimuli. In adults, this process involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic and neurochemical plasticity. Several studies have reported the significant impact of the purinergic system on neuroplasticity modulation. And, there is considerable evidence supporting the role of purine nucleosides, such as adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, in this process. This review presents extensive research on how these nucleosides enhance the neuroplasticity of the adult central nervous system, particularly in response to damage. The mechanisms through which these nucleosides exert their effects involve complex interactions with various receptors and signaling pathways. Adenosine's influence on neurogenesis involves interactions with adenosine receptors, specifically A1R and A2AR. A1R activation appears to inhibit neuronal differentiation and promote astrogliogenesis, while A2AR activation supports neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Inosine and guanosine positively impact cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Inosine seems to modulate extracellular adenosine levels, and guanosine might act through interactions between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Additionally, the review discusses the potential therapeutic implications of purinergic signaling in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, emphasizing the importance of these nucleosides in the neuroplasticity of brain function and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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3
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Daniels SD, Boison D. Bipolar mania and epilepsy pathophysiology and treatment may converge in purine metabolism: A new perspective on available evidence. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109756. [PMID: 37820933 PMCID: PMC10841508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Decreased ATPergic signaling is an increasingly recognized pathophysiology in bipolar mania disease models. In parallel, adenosine deficit is increasingly recognized in epilepsy pathophysiology. Under-recognized ATP and/or adenosine-increasing mechanisms of several antimanic and antiseizure therapies including lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and ECT suggest a fundamental pathogenic role of adenosine deficit in bipolar mania to match the established role of adenosine deficit in epilepsy. The depletion of adenosine-derivatives within the purine cycle is expected to result in a compensatory increase in oxopurines (uric acid precursors) and secondarily increased uric acid, observed in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Cortisol-based inhibition of purine conversion to adenosine-derivatives may be reflected in observed uric acid increases and the well-established contribution of cortisol to both bipolar mania and epilepsy pathology. Cortisol-inhibited conversion from IMP to AMP as precursor of both ATP and adenosine may represent a mechanism for treatment resistance common in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Anti-cortisol therapies may therefore augment other treatments both in bipolar mania and epilepsy. Evidence linking (i) adenosine deficit with a decreased need for sleep, (ii) IMP/cGMP excess with compulsive hypersexuality, and (iii) guanosine excess with grandiose delusions may converge to suggest a novel theory of bipolar mania as a condition characterized by disrupted purine metabolism. The potential for disease-modification and prevention related to adenosine-mediated epigenetic changes in epilepsy may be mirrored in mania. Evaluating the purinergic effects of existing agents and validating purine dysregulation may improve diagnosis and treatment in bipolar mania and epilepsy and provide specific targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Daniels
- Hutchings Psychiatric Center, New York State Office of Mental Health, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Matsumura N, Aoyama K. Glutathione-Mediated Neuroprotective Effect of Purine Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13067. [PMID: 37685879 PMCID: PMC10487553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous basic studies have reported on the neuroprotective properties of several purine derivatives such as caffeine and uric acid (UA). Epidemiological studies have also shown the inverse association of appropriate caffeine intake or serum urate levels with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The well-established neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine and UA involve adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and antioxidant activity, respectively. Our recent study found that another purine derivative, paraxanthine, has neuroprotective effects similar to those of caffeine and UA. These purine derivatives can promote neuronal cysteine uptake through excitatory amino acid carrier protein 1 (EAAC1) to increase neuronal glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain. This review summarizes the GSH-mediated neuroprotective effects of purine derivatives. Considering the fact that GSH depletion is a manifestation in the brains of AD and PD patients, administration of purine derivatives may be a new therapeutic approach to prevent or delay the onset of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Matsumura
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dong L, Liu S, Li S, Wu Q. Purinergic signaling: A gatekeeper of blood-brain barrier permeation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112758. [PMID: 36825149 PMCID: PMC9941648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlined evidence that purinergic signaling is involved in the modulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The functional and structural integrity of the BBB is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. BBB integrity is maintained primarily by endothelial cells and basement membrane but also be regulated by pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarized the purinergic receptors and nucleotidases expressed on BBB cells and focused on the regulation of BBB permeability by purinergic signaling. The permeability of BBB is regulated by a series of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y12, P2X4, P2X7, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which serve as targets for endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. P2Y1 and P2Y4 antagonists could attenuate BBB damage. In contrast, P2Y12-mediated chemotaxis of microglial cell processes is necessary for rapid closure of the BBB after BBB breakdown. Antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 inhibit the activation of these receptors, reduce the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and promote the function of BBB closure. In addition, the CD39/CD73 nucleotidase axis participates in extracellular adenosine metabolism and promotes BBB permeability through A1 and A2A on BBB cells. Furthermore, A2B and A3 receptor agonists protect BBB integrity. Thus, the regulation of the BBB by purinergic signaling is complex and affects the opening and closing of the BBB through different pathways. Appropriate selective agonists/antagonists of purinergic receptors and corresponding enzyme inhibitors could modulate the permeability of the BBB, effectively delivering therapeutic drugs/cells to the central nervous system (CNS) or limiting the entry of inflammatory immune cells into the brain and re-establishing CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmeng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longcong Dong
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Guanosine Prevents Spatial Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Damage Following Amyloid-β 1-42 Administration in Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121207. [PMID: 36557245 PMCID: PMC9780960 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in neurons and synapses causes cell metabolism to unbalance, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to neuronal death and cognitive damage. Guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside recognized as a neuroprotective agent since it prevents glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we evaluated behavioral and biochemical effects in the hippocampus caused by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Aβ1-42 peptide (400 pmol/site) in mice, and the neuroprotective effect of guanosine (8 mg/kg, i.p.). An initial evaluation on the eighth day after Aβ1-42 infusion showed no changes in the tail suspension test, although ex vivo analyses in hippocampal slices showed increased ROS production. In the second protocol, on the tenth day following Aβ1-42 infusion, no effect was observed in the sucrose splash test, but a reduction in the recognition index in the object location test showed impaired spatial memory. Analysis of hippocampal slices showed no ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, but a tendency to increase glutamate release and a significant lactate release, pointing to a metabolic alteration. Those effects were accompanied by decreased cell viability and increased membrane damage. Guanosine treatment prevented behavioral and biochemical alterations evoked by Aβ1-42, suggesting a potential role against behavioral and biochemical damage evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus.
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Gupta S, Moreno AJ, Wang D, Leon J, Chen C, Hahn O, Poon Y, Greenberg K, David N, Wyss-Coray T, Raftery D, Promislow DEL, Dubal DB. KL1 Domain of Longevity Factor Klotho Mimics the Metabolome of Cognitive Stimulation and Enhances Cognition in Young and Aging Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4016-4025. [PMID: 35428698 PMCID: PMC9097772 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2458-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a major biomedical challenge-and engagement of the brain in stimulating tasks improves cognition in aged individuals (Wilson et al., 2002; Gates et al., 2011) and rodents (Aidil-Carvalho et al., 2017), through unknown mechanisms. Whether cognitive stimulation alters specific metabolic pathways in the brain is unknown. Understanding which metabolic processes are involved in cognitive stimulation is important because it could lead to pharmacologic intervention that promotes biological effects of a beneficial behavior, toward the goal of effective medical treatments for cognitive deficits. Here we show using male mice that cognitive stimulation induced metabolic remodeling of the mouse hippocampus, and that pharmacologic treatment with the longevity hormone α-klotho (KL), mediated by its KL1 domain, partially mimicked this alteration. The shared, metabolic signature shared between cognitive stimulation and treatment with KL or KL1 closely correlated with individual mouse cognitive performance, indicating a link between metabolite levels and learning and memory. Importantly, the treatment of mice with KL1, an endogenous circulating factor that more closely mimicked cognitive stimulation than KL, acutely increased synaptic plasticity, a substrate of cognition. KL1 also improved cognition, itself, in young mice and countered deficits in old mice. Our data show that treatments or interventions mimicking the hippocampal metabolome of cognitive stimulation can enhance brain functions. Further, we identify the specific domain by which klotho promotes brain functions, through KL1, a metabolic mimic of cognitive stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive deficits are a major biomedical challenge without truly effective pharmacologic treatments. Engaging the brain through cognitive tasks benefits cognition. Mimicking the effects of such beneficial behaviors through pharmacological treatment represents a highly valuable medical approach to treating cognitive deficits. We demonstrate that brain engagement through cognitive stimulation induces metabolic remodeling of the hippocampus that was acutely recapitulated by the longevity factor klotho, mediated by its KL1 domain. Treatment with KL1, a close mimic of cognitive stimulation, enhanced cognition and countered cognitive aging. Our findings shed light on how cognition metabolically alters the brain and provide a plausible therapeutic intervention for mimicking these alterations that, in turn, improves cognition in the young and aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gupta
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
| | - Arturo J Moreno
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
| | - Julio Leon
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5101
| | - Yan Poon
- Unity Biotechnology, Inc, South San Francisco 94080
| | | | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5101
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304-1207
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5235
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5235
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-4714
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-7470
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1207
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Ji S, Han S, Yu L, Du L, You Y, Chen J, Wang M, Wu S, Li S, Sun X, Luo R, Zhao X. Jia Wei Xiao Yao San ameliorates chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice by regulating the gut microbiome and brain metabolome in relation to purine metabolism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153940. [PMID: 35104765 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of depression remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the existence of a complex relationship between gut microbiome composition and brain functions. Jia Wei Xiao Yao San (JWXYS) is considered a potential antidepressant. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of JWXYS have not yet been clarified. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the effects of JWXYS on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. METHODS A chronic restraint stress mouse model of depression was established. JWXYS was administered, and the responses of these mice to treatment were evaluated through several behavioral tests. The activity of astrocytes and microglia was detected by specific fluorescent labels. Inflammatory cytokines were quantified in intestinal and cerebral tissues. An integrated approach with full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and different types of untargeted metabolomics was conducted to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome at the species level, metabolic brain functions, and JWXYS. RESULTS We found that behavioral symptoms were associated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus animalis. After JWXYS treatment, the relative abundance of Ileibacterium valens with enzymes potentially involved in purine metabolism was also described. The activation of astrocytes and microglia was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of L. animalis. Combined with network pharmacological analysis, several targets predicted based on JWXYS treatment focused on purine metabolism, which was also enriched from cerebral metabolites regulated by JWXYS. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that L. animalis is involved in depression-like behaviors in mice. JWXYS increases the abundance of I. valens with potential enzymes in relation to cerebral purine metabolism, which is positively correlated with the activation of astrocytes in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuangshuang Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou 510170, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijing Du
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanting You
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jieyu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou 510170, Guangdong, China
| | - Shasha Li
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ren Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Diseases with Focus on Cancer. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Chitosan-based hydrogels with injectable, self-healing and antibacterial properties for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118718. [PMID: 34823762 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing an efficient and available material for improved cutaneous tissue regeneration is a major challenge in healthcare. Inspired by the concept of moist wound healing, the injectable and self-healing adenine-modified chitosan (AC) hydrogels are designed to significantly accelerate wound healing without the addition of therapeutic drugs. A series of AC derivatives with degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.21 to 0.55 were synthesized in aqueous solutions, and the AC hydrogels were prepared by a simple heating/cooling process. AC hydrogels presented good self-healing, low swelling rate capacity, biocompatibility, promote cell proliferation and excellent hemostatic effect. The hydrogels displayed excellent antibacterial activities against gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, fungi and drug-resistance bacteria. Moreover, the full-thickness skin defect model experiments showed that AC hydrogels could reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and accelerate wound healing significantly. The hydrogel can shed new light on designing of the multifunctional dressings for wound healing.
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Chojnowski K, Opielka M, Nazar W, Kowianski P, Smolenski RT. Neuroprotective Effects of Guanosine in Ischemic Stroke-Small Steps towards Effective Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6898. [PMID: 34199004 PMCID: PMC8268871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine (Guo) is a nucleotide metabolite that acts as a potent neuromodulator with neurotrophic and regenerative properties in neurological disorders. Under brain ischemia or trauma, Guo is released to the extracellular milieu and its concentration substantially raises. In vitro studies on brain tissue slices or cell lines subjected to ischemic conditions demonstrated that Guo counteracts destructive events that occur during ischemic conditions, e.g., glutaminergic excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production. Moreover, Guo mitigates neuroinflammation and regulates post-translational processing. Guo asserts its neuroprotective effects via interplay with adenosine receptors, potassium channels, and excitatory amino acid transporters. Subsequently, guanosine activates several prosurvival molecular pathways including PI3K/Akt (PI3K) and MEK/ERK. Due to systemic degradation, the half-life of exogenous Guo is relatively low, thus creating difficulty regarding adequate exogenous Guo distribution. Nevertheless, in vivo studies performed on ischemic stroke rodent models provide promising results presenting a sustained decrease in infarct volume, improved neurological outcome, decrease in proinflammatory events, and stimulation of neuroregeneration through the release of neurotrophic factors. In this comprehensive review, we discuss molecular signaling related to Guo protection against brain ischemia. We present recent advances, limitations, and prospects in exogenous guanosine therapy in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Chojnowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.C.); (W.N.)
| | - Mikolaj Opielka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- International Research Agenda 3P—Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nazar
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.C.); (W.N.)
| | - Przemyslaw Kowianski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Rosa PB, Bettio LEB, Neis VB, Moretti M, Kaufmann FN, Tavares MK, Werle I, Dalsenter Y, Platt N, Rosado AF, Fraga DB, Heinrich IA, Freitas AE, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant-like effect of guanosine involves activation of AMPA receptor and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:285-301. [PMID: 33712981 PMCID: PMC8155134 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside that has been shown to exhibit antidepressant effects, but the mechanisms underlying its effect are not well established. We investigated if the antidepressant-like effect induced by guanosine in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice involves the modulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) pathway. We also evaluated if the antidepressant-like effect of guanosine is accompanied by an acute increase in hippocampal and prefrontocortical BDNF levels. Additionally, we investigated if the ability of guanosine to elicit a fast behavioral response in the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test is associated with morphological changes related to hippocampal synaptogenesis. The antidepressant-like effect of guanosine (0.05 mg/kg, p.o.) in the TST was prevented by DNQX (AMPA receptor antagonist), verapamil (VDCC blocker), K-252a (TrkBantagonist), or BDNF antibody. Increased P70S6K phosphorylation and higher synapsin I immunocontent in the hippocampus, but not in the prefrontal cortex, were observed 1 h after guanosine administration. Guanosine exerted an antidepressant-like effect 1, 6, and 24 h after its administration, an effect accompanied by increased hippocampal BDNF level. In the prefrontal cortex, BDNF level was increased only 1 h after guanosine treatment. Finally, guanosine was effective in the NSF test (after 1 h) but caused no alterations in dendritic spine density and remodeling in the ventral dentate gyrus (DG). Altogether, the results indicate that guanosine modulates targets known to be implicated in fast antidepressant behavioral responses (AMPA receptor, VDCC, and TrkB/BDNF pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila B. Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Luis E. B. Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil ,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Vivian B. Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Kaufmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Mauren K. Tavares
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Isabel Werle
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Yasmim Dalsenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Nicolle Platt
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Axel F. Rosado
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Daiane B. Fraga
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Isabella A. Heinrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Andiara E. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
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13
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Saviano A, Casillo GM, Raucci F, Pernice A, Santarcangelo C, Piccolo M, Ferraro MG, Ciccone M, Sgherbini A, Pedretti N, Bonvicini D, Irace C, Daglia M, Mascolo N, Maione F. Supplementation with ribonucleotide-based ingredient (Ribodiet®) lessens oxidative stress, brain inflammation, and amyloid pathology in a murine model of Alzheimer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111579. [PMID: 33845375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia worldwide, characterized by the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Additionally, increasing evidence demonstrates that a neuroinflammatory state and oxidative stress, iron-dependent, play a crucial role in the onset and disease progression. Besides conventional therapies, the use of natural-based products represents a future medical option for AD treatment and/or prevention. We, therefore, evaluated the effects of a ribonucleotides-based ingredient (Ribodiet®) in a non-genetic mouse model of AD. To this aim, mice were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with Aβ1-42 peptide (3 µg/3 μl) and after with Ribodiet® (0.1-10 mg/mouse) orally (p.o.) 3 times weekly for 21 days following the induction of experimental AD. The mnemonic and cognitive decline was then evaluated, and, successively, we have assessed ex vivo the modulation of different cyto-chemokines on mice brain homogenates. Finally, the level of GFAP, S100β, and iron-related metabolic proteins were monitored as markers of reactive gliosis, neuro-inflammation, and oxidative stress. Results indicate that Ribodiet® lessens oxidative stress, brain inflammation, and amyloid pathology via modulation of iron-related metabolic proteins paving the way for its rationale use for the treatment of AD and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saviano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Casillo
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Pernice
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Santarcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Pedretti
- Prosol S.p.A., Via Carso, 99, 24040 Madone, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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14
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Novel multifunctional adenine-modified chitosan dressings for promoting wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117767. [PMID: 33712125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic and intricate process, and newly dressings are urgently needed to promote wound healing over the multiple stages. Herein, two water-soluble adenine-modified chitosan (CS-A) derivatives were synthesized in aqueous solutions and freeze-dried to obtain porous sponge-like dressings. The novel derivatives displayed antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, CS-A derivatives demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, as well as promoted the proliferation of the wound cells by shortening the G1 phase and improving DNA duplication efficiency. The ability of CS-A sponges to promote wound healing was studied in a full-thickness skin defect model. The histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining showed that the wounds treated with CS-A sponges displayed fewer inflammatory cells, and faster regeneration of epithelial tissue, collagen deposition and neovascularization. Therefore, CS-A derivatives have potential application in wound dressings and provide new ideas for the design of multifunctional biomaterials.
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15
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Almeida RF, Nonose Y, Ganzella M, Loureiro SO, Rocha A, Machado DG, Bellaver B, Fontella FU, Leffa DT, Pettenuzzo LF, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Zimmer ER, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:701408. [PMID: 34421682 PMCID: PMC8371253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Nonose
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Neurobiology Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniele Guilhermano Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departament of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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17
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Fibroblast growth factor 2 upregulates ecto-5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase via MAPK pathways in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:519-527. [PMID: 33025426 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the central nervous system. Astrocytes regulate extracellular concentration of purines via ATP release and its metabolisms via ecto-enzymes. The expression and activity of purine metabolic enzymes in astrocytes are increased under pathological conditions. We previously showed that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) upregulates the expression and activity of the enzymes ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and adenosine deaminase (ADA). Here, we further demonstrate that this occurs in concentration- and time-dependent manners in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes and is suppressed by inhibitors of the FGF receptor as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We also found that FGF2 increased the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK, leading to the increased expression and activity of CD73 and ADA. Our findings reveal the involvement of FGF2/MAPK pathways in the regulation of purine metabolic enzymes in astrocytes. These pathways may contribute to the control of extracellular purine concentrations under physiological and pathological conditions.
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18
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Protective Mechanism and Treatment of Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2258-2277. [PMID: 32794152 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is a main cause of disability in adults. Neither currently marketed drugs nor commonly used treatments can promote nerve repair and neurogenesis after stroke, and the repair of neurons damaged by ischemia has become a research focus. This article reviews several possible mechanisms of stroke and neurogenesis and introduces novel neurogenic agents (fibroblast growth factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, purine nucleosides, resveratrol, S-nitrosoglutathione, osteopontin, etc.) as well as other treatments that have shown neuroprotective or neurogenesis-promoting effects.
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19
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Piermartiri TCB, Dos Santos B, Barros-Aragão FGQ, Prediger RD, Tasca CI. Guanosine Promotes Proliferation in Neural Stem Cells from Hippocampus and Neurogenesis in Adult Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3814-3826. [PMID: 32592125 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells can generate new neurons in the mouse adult brain in a complex multistep process called neurogenesis. Several factors regulate this process, including neurotransmitters, hormones, neurotrophic factors, pharmacological agents, and environmental factors. Purinergic signaling, mainly the adenosinergic system, takes part in neurogenesis, being involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, the role of the purine nucleoside guanosine in neurogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of guanosine by using the neurosphere assay derived from neural stem cells of adult mice. We found that continuous treatment with guanosine increased the number of neurospheres, neural stem cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. The effect of guanosine to increase the number of neurospheres was reduced by removing adenosine from the culture medium. We next traced the neurogenic effect of guanosine in vivo. The intraperitoneal treatment of adult C57BL/6 mice with guanosine (8 mg/kg) for 26 days increased the number of dividing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and also increased neurogenesis, as identified by measuring doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Antidepressant-like behavior in adult mice accompanied the guanosine-induced neurogenesis in the DG. These results provide new evidence of a pro-neurogenic effect of guanosine on neural stem/progenitor cells, and it was associated in vivo with antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsade C B Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Rui D Prediger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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20
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Garofalo S, Picard K, Limatola C, Nadjar A, Pascual O, Tremblay MÈ. Role of Glia in the Regulation of Sleep in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:687-712. [PMID: 32163207 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a naturally occurring physiological state that is required to sustain physical and mental health. Traditionally viewed as strictly regulated by top-down control mechanisms, sleep is now known to also originate locally. Glial cells are emerging as important contributors to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, locally and among dedicated neural circuits. A few pioneering studies revealed that astrocytes and microglia may influence sleep pressure, duration as well as intensity, but the precise involvement of these two glial cells in the regulation of sleep remains to be fully addressed, across contexts of health and disease. In this overview article, we will first summarize the literature pertaining to the role of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of sleep under normal physiological conditions. Afterward, we will discuss the beneficial and deleterious consequences of glia-mediated neuroinflammation, whether it is acute, or chronic and associated with brain diseases, on the regulation of sleep. Sleep disturbances are a main comorbidity in neurodegenerative diseases, and in several brain diseases that include pain, epilepsy, and cancer. Identifying the relationships between glia-mediated neuroinflammation, sleep-wake rhythm disruption and brain diseases may have important implications for the treatment of several disorders. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:687-712, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherine Picard
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Départment de médecine moleculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Osorio D, Pinzón A, Martín-Jiménez C, Barreto GE, González J. Multiple Pathways Involved in Palmitic Acid-Induced Toxicity: A System Biology Approach. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1410. [PMID: 32076395 PMCID: PMC7006434 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response to injuries, metabolic disorders or infections. In the brain, astrocytes play an important role in the inflammatory processes during neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that the increase of free saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid produces a metabolic inflammatory response in astrocytes generally associated with damaging mechanisms such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagic defects. In this aspect, the synthetic neurosteroid tibolone has shown to exert protective functions against inflammation in neuronal experimental models without the tumorigenic effects exerted by sexual hormones such as estradiol and progesterone. However, there is little information regarding the specific mechanisms of tibolone in astrocytes during inflammatory insults. In the present study, we performed a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of astrocytes that was used to study astrocytic response during an inflammatory insult by palmitate through Flux Balance Analysis methods and data mining. In this aspect, we assessed the metabolic fluxes of human astrocytes under three different scenarios: healthy (normal conditions), induced inflammation by palmitate, and tibolone treatment under palmitate inflammation. Our results suggest that tibolone reduces the L-glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in astrocytes through the modulation of several metabolic pathways involved in glutamate uptake. We also identified a set of reactions associated with the protective effects of tibolone, including the upregulation of taurine metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cPPAR and the modulation of calcium signaling pathways. In conclusion, the different scenarios studied in our model allowed us to identify several metabolic fluxes perturbed under an inflammatory response and the protective mechanisms exerted by tibolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Osorio
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cynthia Martín-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Chen SY, Lin MC, Tsai JS, He PL, Luo WT, Chiu IM, Herschman HR, Li HJ. Exosomal 2',3'-CNP from mesenchymal stem cells promotes hippocampus CA1 neurogenesis/neuritogenesis and contributes to rescue of cognition/learning deficiencies of damaged brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:499-517. [PMID: 31943851 PMCID: PMC7103625 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical studies to treat neurological diseases and damage. However, implanted MSCs do not achieve their regenerative effects by differentiating into and replacing neural cells. Instead, MSC secretome components mediate the regenerative effects of MSCs. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes carry cargo responsible for rescuing brain damage. We previously showed that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes have enhanced regenerative potential to rescue hippocampal damage, compared with EVs/exosomes from untreated MSCs. Here we show that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes promote neurosphere formation in vitro and increase neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi; basal MSC EVs/exosomes do not contribute to these regenerative effects. 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes are 20-fold higher than CNP levels in basal MSC EVs/exosomes. Decreasing elevated exosomal CNP levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes reduced the efficacy of these EVs/exosomes in promoting β3-tubulin polymerization and in converting toxic 2',3'-cAMP into neuroprotective adenosine. CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes lost the ability to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi. Systemic administration of EV/exosomes from EP4 -antagonist derived MSC EVs/exosomes repaired cognition, learning, and memory deficiencies in mice caused by hippocampal damage. In contrast, CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes failed to repair this damage. Exosomal CNP contributes to the ability of EP4 antagonist-elicited MSC EVs/exosomes to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi and recovery of cognition, memory, and learning. This experimental approach should be generally applicable to identifying the role of EV/exosomal components in eliciting a variety of biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiuan Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin He
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Harvey R Herschman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hua-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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23
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The antidepressant-like effect of guanosine is dependent on GSK-3β inhibition and activation of MAPK/ERK and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathways. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:491-504. [PMID: 31768875 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside that displays antidepressant-like properties in several animal models, the mechanism underlying its antidepressant-like effects is not well characterized. The present study aimed at investigating the involvement of ERK/GSK-3β and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in the antidepressant-like effect of guanosine in the mouse tail suspension test (TST). The immobility time in the TST was taken as an indicative of antidepressant-like responses and the locomotor activity was assessed in the open-field test. Biochemical analyses were performed by Western blotting in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The combined treatment with sub-effective doses of guanosine (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) and lithium chloride (a non-selective GSK-3β inhibitor, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) or AR-A014418 (selective GSK-3β inhibitor, 0.01 μg/site, i.c.v.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the TST. The antidepressant-like effect of guanosine (0.05 mg/kg, p.o.) was completely prevented by the treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitors U0126 (5 μg/site, i.c.v.), PD98059 (5 μg/site, i.c.v.), or zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) (HO-1 inhibitor, 10 μg/site, i.c.v). Guanosine administration (0.05 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the immunocontent of β-catenin in the nuclear fraction and Nrf2 in the cytosolic fraction in the hippocampus and PFC. The immunocontent of HO-1 was also increased in the hippocampus and PFC. Altogether, the results provide evidence that the antidepressant-like effect of guanosine in the TST involves the inhibition of GSK-3β, as well as activation of MAPK/ERK and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, highlighting the relevance of these molecular targets for antidepressant responses.
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24
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Dal-Cim T, Poluceno GG, Lanznaster D, de Oliveira KA, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Guanosine prevents oxidative damage and glutamate uptake impairment induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation in cortical astrocyte cultures: involvement of A 1 and A 2A adenosine receptors and PI3K, MEK, and PKC pathways. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:465-476. [PMID: 31520282 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are involved in multiple cerebral functions that profoundly influence brain tissue viability during ischemia, and astrocytes are the main source of extracellular purines as adenosine and guanosine. The endogenous guanine-based nucleoside guanosine is a neuromodulator implicated in important processes in the brain, such as modulation of glutamatergic transmission and protection against oxidative and inflammatory damage. We evaluated if the neuroprotective effect of guanosine is also observed in cultured cortical astrocytes subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and reoxygenation. We also assessed the involvement of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), MAPK, and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways on the guanosine effects. OGD/reoxygenation decreased cell viability and glutamate uptake and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cultured astrocytes. Guanosine treatment prevented these OGD-induced damaging effects. Dipropyl-cyclopentyl-xanthine (an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) and 4-[2-[[6-amino-9-(N-ethyl-β-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl] benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride (an adenosine A2A receptor agonist) abolished guanosine-induced protective effects on ROS production, glutamate uptake, and cell viability. The PI3K pathway inhibitor 2-morpholin-4-yl-8-phenylchromen-4-one, the extracellular-signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone, or the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine abolished the guanosine effect of preventing OGD-induced cells viability reduction. PI3K inhibition partially prevented the guanosine effect of reducing ROS production, whereas MEK and PKC inhibitions prevented the guanosine effect of restoring glutamate uptake. The total immunocontent of the main astrocytic glutamate transporter glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) was not altered by OGD and guanosine. However, MEK and PKC inhibitions also abolished the guanosine effect of increasing cell-surface expression of GLT-1 in astrocytes subjected to OGD. Then, guanosine prevents oxidative damage and stimulates astrocytic glutamate uptake during ischemic events via adenosine A1 and A2A receptors and modulation of survival signaling pathways, contributing to microenvironment homeostasis that culminates in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharine Dal-Cim
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Poluceno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora Lanznaster
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Karen A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Nedel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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25
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Camargo A, Pazini FL, Rosa JM, Wolin IAV, Moretti M, Rosa PB, Neis VB, Rodrigues ALS. Augmentation effect of ketamine by guanosine in the novelty-suppressed feeding test is dependent on mTOR signaling pathway. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:103-112. [PMID: 31128500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ketamine's potential for the treatment of refractory depression and anxiety has been considered one the most important discoveries in the last years, however, repeated use of ketamine is limited due to its side/adverse effects. Therefore, the search for effective augmentation strategies that may reduce ketamine doses is welcome. Therefore, this study sought to augment the effect of ketamine by guanosine in the novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test, a behavioral paradigm able to detect depression/anxiety-related behavior. Acute administration of guanosine (0.05 mg/kg, p.o.), similar to ketamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), produced a rapid behavioral response in mice submitted to NSF test. Moreover, the coadministration of sub-effective doses of guanosine (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) and ketamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) was effective in mice submitted to NSF test. Subsequently, the intracellular mechanism underpinning the augmentation effect of ketamine by guanosine was investigated. Our results suggest that augmentation response of ketamine by guanosine in the NSF test probably involves the activation of mTOR signaling, since the treatment with rapamycin (0.2 nmol/site, i.c.v., a selective mTOR inhibitor) completely abolished this effect. This augmentation strategy also increased mTOR phosphorylation (Ser2448) in the hippocampus, reinforcing the role of mTOR in this augmentation response. However, no changes in the p70S6K, PSD-95, GluA1, and synapsin immunocontents were found in the hippocampus of ketamine plus guanosine-treated mice. Overall, results provide evidence that guanosine is able to augment the effect of ketamine in the NSF test via mTOR activation, a finding that might have therapeutic implications for the management of depression/anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A V Wolin
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Priscila B Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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26
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Huang W, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Xu F. Metabolomics-driven identification of adenosine deaminase as therapeutic target in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:282-295. [PMID: 31121068 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the driving forces of progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). The metabolomics approach has been proved highly useful in identifying potential therapeutic targets. Here, to identify inflammation-relevant treatment targets for PD, mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics was applied to characterize metabolic changes in the striatum of mice with double-hit PD induced by lipopolysaccharide plus 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Seven days after the final MPTP administration, metabolites from the purine metabolism pathway, including adenosine, 1-methyladenosine, adenine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, xanthosine, and guanosine, were found to be significantly dysregulated. The metabolite-protein interaction network and changes in the concentration ratio of these metabolites indicated that adenosine and adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) were the most promising therapeutic targets and adenosine augmentation might be a rational approach to slow PD progression. These findings were then verified in a subacute MPTP-induced PD mouse model treated with ADA inhibition alone or in conjunction with antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R). Behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that ADA inhibition significantly ameliorated the MPTP-mediated motor disabilities, dopamine depletion, and dopaminergic cell death. Significantly enhanced neuroprotective effects were further observed when the ADA inhibitor was utilized in conjunction with an A2A R antagonist. Together, our study indicated for the first time that ADA inhibitors protected against neurodegeneration induced by the neurotoxin MPTP, and ADA inhibitors in combination with A2A R antagonists showed additive antiparkinsonian effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R.China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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27
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Li S, Jin Y, Zhao H, Jiang Y, Cai Z. Evaluation of bisphenol A exposure induced oxidative RNA damage by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:235-242. [PMID: 30708157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highlighted evidence suggests the possible implication of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on a variety of biological functions, such as DNA damage. Similar to DNA, exposed to BPA may also have potential risks to RNA damage due to its induction of reactive oxygen species. However, there are no related research reports about such health risks of BPA. Therefore, this work tried to investigate the BPA exposure induced oxidative RNA damage by detecting urinary nucleosides, the end-products of RNA metabolism. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry method was applied to selectively and sensitively determine urinary nucleosides. As a result, 66 nucleosides were identified and the effects of BPA exposure on these nucleosides in rat urine samples were evaluated. The nucleosides showed different changing tendency along with different exposure dose of BPA. The strongest effect was observed in high does-exposure rats, indicating dose-response relationship between BPA-treatment and urinary nucleosides. Significant change of some nucleosides, including 8-oxoguanosine, was observed in the high-dose exposure group, suggesting obvious RNA damage to rats. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study about the RNA damage induced by BPA exposure. The results provided a new perspective on the toxic effects of BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China
| | - Yibao Jin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China.
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28
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Bramini M, Chiacchiaretta M, Armirotti A, Rocchi A, Kale DD, Martin C, Vázquez E, Bandiera T, Ferroni S, Cesca F, Benfenati F. An Increase in Membrane Cholesterol by Graphene Oxide Disrupts Calcium Homeostasis in Primary Astrocytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900147. [PMID: 30891923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphene nanomaterials (GNMs) for biomedical applications targeted to the central nervous system is exponentially increasing, although precise information on their effects on brain cells is lacking. In this work, the molecular changes induced in cortical astrocytes by few-layer graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO) flakes are addressed. The results show that exposure to FLG/GO does not affect cell viability or proliferation. However, proteomic and lipidomic analyses unveil alterations in several cellular processes, including intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) homeostasis and cholesterol metabolism, which are particularly intense in cells exposed to GO. Indeed, GO exposure impairs spontaneous and evoked astrocyte [Ca2+ ]i signals and induces a marked increase in membrane cholesterol levels. Importantly, cholesterol depletion fully rescues [Ca2+ ]i dynamics in GO-treated cells, indicating a causal relationship between these GO-mediated effects. The results indicate that exposure to GNMs alters intracellular signaling in astrocytes and may impact astrocyte-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bramini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Rocchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Deepali D Kale
- PharmaChemistry Line and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Martin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- PharmaChemistry Line and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology and Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
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29
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Cieślak M, Roszek K, Wujak M. Purinergic implication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-from pathological mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30430356 PMCID: PMC6439052 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by degeneration of upper motor neurons in the brainstem and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. Multiple mechanisms of motor neuron injury have been implicated, including more than 20 different genetic factors. The pathogenesis of ALS consists of two stages: an early neuroprotective stage and a later neurotoxic. During early phases of disease progression, the immune system through glial and T cell activities provides anti-inflammatory factors that sustain motor neuron viability. As the disease progresses and motor neuron injury accelerates, a rapidly succeeding neurotoxic phase develops. A well-orchestrated purine-mediated dialog among motor neurons, surrounding glia and immune cells control the beneficial and detrimental activities occurring in the nervous system. In general, low adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations protect cells against excitotoxic stimuli through purinergic P2X4 receptor, whereas high concentrations of ATP trigger toxic P2X7 receptor activation. Finally, adenosine is also involved in ALS progression since A2A receptor antagonists prevent motor neuron death. Given the complex cellular cross-talk occurring in ALS and the recognized function of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in neuroglia communication, the comprehensive understanding of purinome dynamics might provide new research perspectives to decipher ALS and help to design more efficient and targeted drugs. This review will focus on the purinergic players involved in ALS etiology and disease progression and current therapeutic strategies to enhance neuroprotection and suppress neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cieślak
- Neurology Clinic, Marek Cieślak, Toruń, Poland
| | - K Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - M Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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30
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Eguchi R, Yamaguchi S, Otsuguro KI. Fibroblast growth factor 2 modulates extracellular purine metabolism by upregulating ecto-5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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31
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Camargo A, Rodrigues ALS. Novel Targets for Fast Antidepressant Responses: Possible Role of Endogenous Neuromodulators. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2019; 3:2470547019858083. [PMID: 32440595 PMCID: PMC7219953 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019858083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The available medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder have limitations, particularly their limited efficacy, delayed therapeutic effects, and the side effects associated with treatment. These issues highlight the need for better therapeutic agents that provide more efficacious and faster effects for the management of this disorder. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is the prototype for novel glutamate-based antidepressants that has been shown to cause a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect even in severe refractory depressive patients. Considering the importance of these findings, several studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular targets for ketamine's effect. In addition, efforts are under way to characterize ketamine-like drugs. This review focuses particularly on evidence that endogenous glutamatergic neuromodulators may be able to modulate mood and to elicit fast antidepressant responses. Among these molecules, agmatine and creatine stand out as those with more published evidence of similarities with ketamine, but guanosine and ascorbic acid have also provided promising results. The possibility that these neuromodulators and ketamine have common neurobiological mechanisms, mainly the ability to activate mechanistic target of rapamycin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling, and synthesis of synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex and/or hippocampus is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program,
Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of
Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,
Brazil
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32
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Rahman SO, Singh RK, Hussain S, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. A novel therapeutic potential of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors modulation in the neurological complications associated with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:208-220. [PMID: 30389631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are member of eicosanoid inflammatory lipid mediators family produced by oxidation of arachidonic acid by action of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). 5-LOX is activated by enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), which further lead to production of cysLTs i.e. leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4). CysLTs then produce their potent inflammatory actions by activating CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors. Inhibitors of cysLTs are indicated in asthma, allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory disorders. Earlier studies have associated cysLTs and their receptors in several neurodegenerative disorders diseases like, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These inflammatory lipid mediators have previously shown effects on various aggravating factors of AD. However, not much data has been elucidated to test their role against AD clinically. Herein, through this review, we have provided the current and emerging information on the role of cysLTs and their receptors in various neurological complications responsible for the development of AD. In addition, literature evidences for the effect of cysLT inhibitors on distinct aspects of abnormalities in AD has also been reviewed. Promising advancement in understanding on the role of cysLTs on the various neuromodulatory processes and mechanisms may contribute to the development of newer and safer therapy for the treatment of AD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna-Palwal Road, Sohna, Gurgaon 122013, Haryana, India.
| | - Salman Hussain
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Tasca CI, Lanznaster D, Oliveira KA, Fernández-Dueñas V, Ciruela F. Neuromodulatory Effects of Guanine-Based Purines in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:376. [PMID: 30459558 PMCID: PMC6232889 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of guanine-based purines (GBPs) is mostly attributed to the intracellular modulation of heteromeric and monomeric G proteins. However, extracellular effects of guanine derivatives have also been recognized. Thus, in the central nervous system (CNS), a guanine-based purinergic system that exerts neuromodulator effects, has been postulated. The thesis that GBPs are neuromodulators emerged from in vivo and in vitro studies, in which neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of these kinds of molecules (i.e., guanosine) were demonstrated. GBPs induce several important biological effects in rodent models and have been shown to reduce seizures and pain, stabilize mood disorder behavior and protect against gliomas and diseases related with aging, such as ischemia or Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. In vitro studies to evaluate the protective and trophic effects of guanosine, and of the nitrogenous base guanine, have been fundamental for understanding the mechanisms of action of GBPs, as well as the signaling pathways involved in their biological roles. Conversely, although selective binding sites for guanosine have been identified in the rat brain, GBP receptors have not been still described. In addition, GBP neuromodulation may depend on the capacity of GBPs to interact with well-known membrane proteins in glutamatergic and adenosinergic systems. Overall, in this review article, we present up-to-date GBP biology, focusing mainly on the mechanisms of action that may lead to the neuromodulator role of GBPs observed in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Débora Lanznaster
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,UMR 1253, Team 2, INSERM/University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Karen A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Victor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Sinitsyna EV, Timofeev VI, Zhukhlistova NE, Muravieva TI, Kostromina MA, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Study of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermus thermophilus Strain HB27. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774518050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Tica J, Bradbury EJ, Didangelos A. Combined Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Identify Drug Targets in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1461. [PMID: 29758010 PMCID: PMC5983596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible tissue damage and severe loss of neurological function. Currently, there are no approved treatments and very few therapeutic targets are under investigation. Here, we combined 4 high-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics datasets, 7 days and 8 weeks following clinically-relevant rat SCI to identify proteins with persistent differential expression post-injury. Out of thousands of differentially regulated entities our combined analysis identified 40 significantly upregulated versus 48 significantly downregulated molecules, which were persistently altered at the mRNA and protein level, 7 days and 8 weeks post-SCI. Bioinformatics analysis was then utilized to identify currently available drugs with activity against the filtered molecules and to isolate proteins with known or unknown function in SCI. Our findings revealed multiple overlooked therapeutic candidates with important bioactivity and established druggability but with unknown expression and function in SCI including the upregulated purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), cathepsins A, H, Z (CTSA, CTSH, CTSZ) and proteasome protease PSMB10, as well as the downregulated ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), malic enzyme (ME1) and sodium-potassium ATPase (ATP1A3), amongst others. This work reveals previously unappreciated therapeutic candidates for SCI and available drugs, thus providing a valuable resource for further studies and potential repurposing of existing therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Tica
- Imperial College London, Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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36
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Frinchi M, Mudò G, Serio RM, Belluardo N, Buccella S, Carluccio M, Condorelli DF, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. Uncovering the Signaling Pathway behind Extracellular Guanine-Induced Activation of NO System: New Perspectives in Memory-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:110. [PMID: 29515443 PMCID: PMC5826394 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the guanine-based purines stand out as key player in cell metabolism and in several models of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Guanosine (GUO) and guanine (GUA) are extracellular signaling molecules derived from the breakdown of the correspondent nucleotide, GTP, and their intracellular and extracellular levels are regulated by the fine-tuned activity of two major enzymes, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and guanine deaminase (GDA). Noteworthy, GUO and GUA, seem to play opposite roles in the modulation of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. Indeed GUO, despite exerting neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and neurotrophic effects, causes a decay of cognitive activities, whereas GUA administration in rats results in working memory improvement (prevented by L-NAME pre-treatment). This study was designed to investigate, in a model of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, the signal transduction pathway activated by extracellular GUA. Altogether, our results showed that: (i) in addition to an enhanced phosphorylation of ASK1, p38 and JNK, likely linked to a non-massive and transient ROS production, the PKB/NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG/ERK cascade seems to be the main signaling pathway elicited by extracellular GUA; (ii) the activation of this pathway occurs in a pertussis-toxin sensitive manner, thus suggesting the involvement of a putative G protein coupled receptor; (iii) the GUA-induced NO production, strongly reduced by cell pre-treatment with L-NAME, is negatively modulated by the EPAC-cAMP-CaMKII pathway, which causes the over-expression of GDA that, in turn, reduces the levels of GUA. These molecular mechanisms activated by GUA may be useful to support our previous observation showing that GUA improves learning and memory functions through the stimulation of NO signaling pathway, and underscore the therapeutic potential of oral administration of guanine for treating memory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvana Buccella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marzia Carluccio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
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37
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Liu J, Li N, Sheng R, Wang R, Xu Z, Mao Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. Hypermethylation downregulates P2X 7 receptor expression in astrocytoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 14:7699-7704. [PMID: 29344216 PMCID: PMC5755164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the altered expression of p2X purinoceptor (P2X7R) in astrocytoma. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine the P2X7R expression in glioblastoma (GBM) and surrounding normal brain tissue. DNA methylation levels of P2X7R gene promoter in GBM were analyzed using a Sequenom MassARRAY® System. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of P2X7R in astrocytoma at different malignancy grades, including diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma and GBM. P2X7R mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in GBM compared with normal brain tissues. IHC results showed a negative correlation between P2X7R expression and tumor grade. The decreased P2X7R expression was mostly attributed to hypermethylation of its promoter. Therefore, P2X7R was found to perform an important role in tumorigenesis and progression of astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Xiawafang Street Community Health Center, Tianjin, Hebei 300220, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ruofan Sheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zude Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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38
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Shinohara Y, Tsukimoto M. Adenine Nucleotides Attenuate Murine T Cell Activation Induced by Concanavalin A or T Cell Receptor Stimulation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:986. [PMID: 29375385 PMCID: PMC5767601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and its metabolites affect various cellular immune responses, including T cell function, but there are apparently conflicting reports concerning the effects of adenine nucleotides on T cells. For example, it has been reported that ATP-mediated activation of P2 receptor is involved in T cell activation; activation of adenosine receptors suppresses T cell function; and 1 mM ATP induces T cell death via activation of P2X7 receptor. Therefore, in this work we investigated in detail the effects of 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP on murine T cell activation. First, an in vitro study showed that pretreatment of murine splenic T cells with 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP significantly suppressed the concanavalin A (ConA)-induced release of cytokines, including IL-2. This suppression was not due to induction of cell death via the P2X7 receptor or to an immunosuppressive effect of adenosine. ATP attenuated the expression of CD25, and decreased the cell proliferation ability of activated T cells. The release of IL-2 by ConA-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed by post-treatment with ATP, as well as by pretreatment. These results suggest that exogenous ATP suppresses the activation of T cells. Secondly, we evaluated the effect of ATP in a ConA-treated mice. Treatment with ATP attenuated the increase of IL-2 concentration in the blood. Overall, these results suggest that adenine nucleotides might have potential as supplemental therapeutic agents for T cell-mediated immune diseases, by suppressing T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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39
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Ji R, Zhu J, Sui QQ, Knight GE, Burnstock G, He C, Yuan H, Xiang Z. Inhibition of P2X7 receptors improves outcomes after traumatic brain injury in rats. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:529-544. [PMID: 28823092 PMCID: PMC5714842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for people under the age of 45 years worldwide. Neuropathology after TBI is the result of both the immediate impact injury and secondary injury mechanisms. Secondary injury is the result of cascade events, including glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overloading, free radical generation, and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to brain cell death. In this study, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) was detected predominately in microglia of the cerebral cortex and was up-regulated on microglial cells after TBI. The microglia transformed into amoeba-like and discharged many microvesicle (MV)-like particles in the injured and adjacent regions. A P2X7R antagonist (A804598) and an immune inhibitor (FTY720) reduced significantly the number of MV-like particles in the injured/adjacent regions and in cerebrospinal fluid, reduced the number of neurons undergoing apoptotic cell death, and increased the survival of neurons in the cerebral cortex injured and adjacent regions. Blockade of the P2X7R and FTY720 reduced interleukin-1βexpression, P38 phosphorylation, and glial activation in the cerebral cortex and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI. These data indicate that MV-like particles discharged by microglia after TBI may be involved in the development of local inflammation and secondary nerve cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Yangpu Qu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Sui
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Lanznaster D, Dal-Cim T, Piermartiri TCB, Tasca CI. Guanosine: a Neuromodulator with Therapeutic Potential in Brain Disorders. Aging Dis 2016; 7:657-679. [PMID: 27699087 PMCID: PMC5036959 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside with important functions in cell metabolism and a protective role in response to degenerative diseases or injury. The past decade has seen major advances in identifying the modulatory role of extracellular action of guanosine in the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence from rodent and cell models show a number of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of guanosine preventing deleterious consequences of seizures, spinal cord injury, pain, mood disorders and aging-related diseases, such as ischemia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The present review describes the findings of in vivo and in vitro studies and offers an update of guanosine effects in the CNS. We address the protein targets for guanosine action and its interaction with glutamatergic and adenosinergic systems and with calcium-activated potassium channels. We also discuss the intracellular mechanisms modulated by guanosine preventing oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory burden and modulation of glutamate transport. New and exciting avenues for future investigation into the protective effects of guanosine include characterization of a selective guanosine receptor. A better understanding of the neuromodulatory action of guanosine will allow the development of therapeutic approach to brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Lanznaster
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Tetsadê C B Piermartiri
- 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; 3CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica,; 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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41
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Xing W, Gu L, Zhang X, Xu J, Lu H. A metabolic profiling analysis of the nephrotoxicity of acyclovir in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:234-240. [PMID: 27497730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) exposure is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The toxicity mechanism of ACV has always been a matter of debate. The present study investigated into the time-effect relationship and dose-effect relationship of ACV-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using metabonomics. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups: a 0.9% NaCl solution group, and 100, 300, and 600mg/kg ACV-treated groups; the ACV or vehicle solution was administered with a single intravenous injection. Urine was collected at different time periods (12h before administration, and 0-6h, 7-12h, and 13-24h after administration). Routine urinalysis was conducted by a urine automatic analyzer. Renal markers, including urine urea nitrogen, urine creatinine, and urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, were determined using established protocols. Urinary metabolites were evaluated using ultra performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). In the ACV-treated rats, increased levels of protein (PRO), occult blood (BLD), white blood cell (WBC), and NAG activity in urine were observed, while the urine creatinine and urea nitrogen levels showed a decrease compared with the control. Moreover, urine metabolites significantly changed after the treatment with ACV, and all the effects induced by ACV were dose-time dependent. Finally, 4 metabolites (guanine, 4-guanidinobutyric acid, creatinine, and urea) were identified, which can be used for further research on the mechanism of ACV-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Lili Gu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jiadong Xu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hong Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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42
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Bettio LEB, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Guanosine and its role in neuropathologies. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:411-26. [PMID: 27002712 PMCID: PMC5023624 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside thought to have neuroprotective properties. It is released in the brain under physiological conditions and even more during pathological events, reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, as well as exerting trophic effects in neuronal and glial cells. In agreement, guanosine was shown to be protective in several in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, nociception, and depression. The mechanisms underlying the neurobiological properties of guanosine seem to involve the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways and a close interaction with the adenosinergic system, with a consequent stimulation of neuroprotective and regenerative processes in the CNS. Within this context, the present review will provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of guanosine in the CNS. The elucidation of the complex signaling events underlying the biochemical and cellular effects of this nucleoside may further establish guanosine as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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43
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Ballerini P, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Poli A, Beraudi A, Buccella S, D'Alimonte I, D'Auro M, Nargi E, Patricelli P, Visini D, Traversa U. P2Y1 and Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors Mediate Purine and Cysteinyl Leukotriene Co-Release in Primary Cultures of Rat Microglia. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:255-68. [PMID: 15888248 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is widely recognized as contributing to the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Microglial cells are pathologic sensors in the brain and activated microglia have been viewed as detrimental. Leukotriene, including cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are suggested to be involved in brain inflammation and neurological diseases and ATP, by its receptors is a candidate for microglia activation. A23187 (10μM) stimulated microglia to co-release CysLTs and [3H]adenine based purines ([3H]ABPs), mainly ATP. The biosynthetic production of CysLTs was abolished by 10μM MK-886, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein activity. RT-PCR analysis showed that microglia expressed both CysLT1 / CysLT2 receptors, P2Y1 ATP-receptors and several members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters including MRP1, MRP4 and Pgp. The increase in [Ca2+]i elicited by LTD4 (0.1 μM) and 2MeSATP (100μM), agonists for CysLT- and P2Y1-receptors, was abolished by the respective antagonists, BAYu9773 (0.5 μM) and suramin (50 μM). The stimulation of both receptor subtypes, induced a concomitant increase in the release of both [3H]ABPs and CysLTs that was blocked by the antagonists and significantly reduced by a cocktail of ABC transporter inhibitors, BAPTA/AM (intracellular Ca2+ chelator) and staurosporine (0.1 μM, PKC blocker). P2Y antagonist was unable to antagonise the effects of LTD4 and BAYu9773 did not reduce the effects of 2MeSATP. These data suggest that: i) the efflux of purines and cysteinyl-leukotrienes is specifically and independently controlled by the two receptor types, ii) calcium, PKC and the ABC transporter system can reasonably be considered common mechanisms underlying the release of ABPs and CysLTs from microglia. The blockade of P2Y1 or CysLT1/CysLT2 receptors by specific antagonists that abolished the raise in [Ca2+]i and drastically reduced the concomitant efflux of both compounds, as well as the effects of BAPTA and staurosporine support this hypothesis. In conclusion, the data of the present study suggest a cross talk between the purine and leukotriene systems in a possible autocrine/paracrine control of the microglia-mediated initiation and progression of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ballerini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Italy.
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44
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Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Garozzo R, Frinchi M, Fernandez-Dueñas V, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Condorelli DF, Ciruela F, Belluardo N. The Guanine-Based Purinergic System: The Tale of An Orphan Neuromodulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:158. [PMID: 27378923 PMCID: PMC4911385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e., GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Víctor Fernandez-Dueñas
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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45
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Dal-Cim T, Martins WC, Thomaz DT, Coelho V, Poluceno GG, Lanznaster D, Vandresen-Filho S, Tasca CI. Neuroprotection Promoted by Guanosine Depends on Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Transporters Activity in Hippocampal Slices Subjected to Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:460-8. [PMID: 26858177 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) has been shown to act as a neuroprotective agent against glutamatergic excitotoxicity by increasing glutamate uptake and decreasing its release. In this study, a putative effect of GUO action on glutamate transporters activity modulation was assessed in hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of brain ischemia. Slices subjected to OGD showed increased excitatory amino acids release (measured by D-[(3)H]aspartate release) that was prevented in the presence of GUO (100 µM). The glutamate transporter blockers, DL-TBOA (10 µM), DHK (100 µM, selective inhibitor of GLT-1), and sulfasalazine (SAS, 250 µM, Xc(-) system inhibitor) decreased OGD-induced D-aspartate release. Interestingly, DHK or DL-TBOA blocked the decrease in glutamate release induced by GUO, whereas SAS did not modify the GUO effect. GUO protected hippocampal slices from cellular damage by modulation of glutamate transporters, however selective blockade of GLT-1 or Xc- system only did not affect this protective action of GUO. OGD decreased hippocampal glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and GUO recovered GS activity to control levels without altering the kinetic parameters of GS activity, thus suggesting GUO does not directly interact with GS. Additionally, the pharmacological inhibition of GS activity with methionine sulfoximine abolished the effect of GUO in reducing D-aspartate release and cellular damage evoked by OGD. Altogether, results in hippocampal slices subjected to OGD show that GUO counteracts the release of excitatory amino acids, stimulates the activity of GS, and decreases the cellular damage by modulation of glutamate transporters activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharine Dal-Cim
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Wagner C Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Thomaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Victor Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Godoy Poluceno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Lanznaster
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. .,Programa de pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Programa de pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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46
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de Oliveira ED, Schallenberger C, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Fagundes AC, Milman M, Silva MDP, Oses JP, Porciúncula LO, Portela LV, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO, Schmidt AP. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception induced by spinal administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:71-82. [PMID: 26712379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that adenine-based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. Recently, we have demonstrated that guanine-based purines may produce some antinociceptive effects against chemical and thermal pain in mice. The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of action of these purines, their general toxicity and measurements of CSF purine levels were performed. Animals received an i.t. injection of vehicle (30mN NaOH), inosine or guanine (up to 600nmol) and submitted to several pain models and behavioural paradigms. Guanine and inosine produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick, hot-plate, intraplantar (i.pl.) glutamate, i.pl. capsaicin and acetic acid pain models. Additionally, i.t. inosine inhibited the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of capsaicin and i.t. guanine reduced the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of glutamate or AMPA. Intrathecal administration of inosine (200nmol) induced an approximately 115-fold increase on CSF inosine levels. This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of extracellular guanine and inosine presenting antinociceptive effects following spinal administration. These effects seem to be related, at least partially, to the modulation of A1 adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enderson D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristhine Schallenberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aécio C Fagundes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Milman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos D P Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde e Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís V Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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47
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Purine nucleosides in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:226-42. [PMID: 26577017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, we stress the importance of the purine nucleosides, adenosine and guanosine, in protecting the nervous system, both centrally and peripherally, via activation of their receptors and intracellular signalling mechanisms. A most novel part of the review focus on the mechanisms of neuronal regeneration that are targeted by nucleosides, including a recently identified action of adenosine on axonal growth and microtubule dynamics. Discussion on the role of the purine nucleosides transversally with the most established neurotrophic factors, e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), is also focused considering the intimate relationship between some adenosine receptors, as is the case of the A2A receptors, and receptors for neurotrophins. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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48
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Bynoe MS, Viret C, Yan A, Kim DG. Adenosine receptor signaling: a key to opening the blood-brain door. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 26330053 PMCID: PMC4557218 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to outline evidence that adenosine receptor (AR) activation can modulate blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the implications for disease states and drug delivery. Barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) constitute a protective and regulatory interface between the CNS and the rest of the organism. Such barriers allow for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the CNS milieu. Among them, the BBB is a highly efficient permeability barrier that separates the brain micro-environment from the circulating blood. It is made up of tight junction-connected endothelial cells with specialized transporters to selectively control the passage of nutrients required for neural homeostasis and function, while preventing the entry of neurotoxic factors. The identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and function of CNS barriers is required for a better understanding of CNS homeostasis in both physiological and pathological settings. It has long been recognized that the endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine is a potent modulator of a large number of neurological functions. More recently, experimental studies conducted with human/mouse brain primary endothelial cells as well as with mouse models, indicate that adenosine markedly regulates BBB permeability. Extracellular adenosine, which is efficiently generated through the catabolism of ATP via the CD39/CD73 ecto-nucleotidase axis, promotes BBB permeability by signaling through A1 and A2A ARs expressed on BBB cells. In line with this hypothesis, induction of AR signaling by selective agonists efficiently augments BBB permeability in a transient manner and promotes the entry of macromolecules into the CNS. Conversely, antagonism of AR signaling blocks the entry of inflammatory cells and soluble factors into the brain. Thus, AR modulation of the BBB appears as a system susceptible to tighten as well as to permeabilize the BBB. Collectively, these findings point to AR manipulation as a pertinent avenue of research for novel strategies aiming at efficiently delivering therapeutic drugs/cells into the CNS, or at restricting the entry of inflammatory immune cells into the brain in some diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bynoe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1853, USA.
| | - Christophe Viret
- INSERM U1111-CIRI, CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1 and ENS Lyon, 69365, Lyon, France.
| | - Angela Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1853, USA.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1853, USA.
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49
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Garcia-Esparcia P, Hernández-Ortega K, Ansoleaga B, Carmona M, Ferrer I. Purine metabolism gene deregulation in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:926-40. [PMID: 25597950 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore alterations in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in purine metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains as purines are the core of the DNA, RNA, nucleosides and nucleotides which participate in a wide variety of crucial metabolic pathways. METHODS Analysis of mRNA using real-time quantitative PCR of 22 genes involved in purine metabolism in the substantia nigra, putamen and cerebral cortex area 8 in PD at different stages of disease progression, and localization of selected purine metabolism-related enzymes with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Reduced expression of adenylate kinase 2 (AKA2), AK3, AK4, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1), ENTPD3, nonmetastatic cells 3, nucleoside-diphosphatese kinase 3 (NME1), NME7 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 1 (PNP1) mRNA in the substantia nigra at stages 3-6; up-regulation of ADA mRNA in the frontal cortex area 8 at stages 3-4 and of AK1, AK5, NME4, NME5, NME6, 5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), PNP1 and prune homolog Drosophila at stages 5-6. There is no modification in the expression of these genes in the putamen at stages 3-5. CONCLUSIONS Gene down-regulation in the substantia nigra may be interpreted as a consequence of dopaminergic cell death as ENTPD3, NME1, NME7, AK1 and PNP1 are mainly expressed in neurons. Yet ENTPD1 and NT5E, also down-regulated in the substantia nigra, are expressed in astrocytes, probably pericytes and microglia, respectively. In contrast, gene up-regulation in the frontal cortex area 8 at advanced stages of the disease suggests a primary manifestation or a compensation of altered purine metabolism in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karina Hernández-Ortega
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Ansoleaga
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Eguchi R, Akao S, Otsuguro KI, Yamaguchi S, Ito S. Different mechanisms of extracellular adenosine accumulation by reduction of the external Ca(2+) concentration and inhibition of adenosine metabolism in spinal astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 128:47-53. [PMID: 26003082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. Astrocytes mainly participate in adenosine production, and extracellular adenosine accumulates under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Inhibition of intracellular adenosine metabolism and reduction of the external Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]e) participate in adenosine accumulation, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying extracellular adenosine accumulation in cultured rat spinal astrocytes. The combination of adenosine kinase and deaminase (ADK/ADA) inhibition and a reduced [Ca(2+)]e increased the extracellular adenosine level. ADK/ADA inhibitors increased the level of extracellular adenosine but not of adenine nucleotides, which was suppressed by inhibition of equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 2. Unlike ADK/ADA inhibition, a reduced [Ca(2+)]e increased the extracellular level not only of adenosine but also of ATP. This adenosine increase was enhanced by ENT2 inhibition, and suppressed by sodium polyoxotungstate (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase inhibitor). Gap junction inhibitors suppressed the increases in adenosine and adenine nucleotide levels by reduction of [Ca(2+)]e. These results indicate that extracellular adenosine accumulation by ADK/ADA inhibition is due to the adenosine release via ENT2, while that by reduction of [Ca(2+)]e is due to breakdown of ATP released via gap junction hemichannels, after which ENT2 incorporates adenosine into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Eguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sanae Akao
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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