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Prisco F, De Biase D, Piegari G, d'Aquino I, Lama A, Comella F, Mercogliano R, Dipineto L, Papparella S, Paciello O. Pathologic characterization of white striping myopathy in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101150. [PMID: 34049215 PMCID: PMC8167160 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
White striping (WS) is an emerging myopathy of broiler chickens characterized by white striation of muscle. Despite the recent advances, the pathomechanism underlying the WS remains elusive. The aim of this study was to characterize morphological and molecular features of WS in broiler chickens. 50 pectoralis muscles were collected from 55 days old ROSS 308 broiler chickens with a mean weight of 3.5 kg. Samples were snap frozen and analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Real-time-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of different cytokines. Histological lesions were observed in all examined animals, both with and without macroscopic evidence of WS. WS muscles showed endomysial and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages and cluster of differentiation (CD)8-positive T lymphocytes with severe myofiber atrophy, necrosis, fibrosis and replacement by adipose tissue. There was diffuse sarcoplasmic and sarcolemmal overexpression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I). The severity of the histologic lesions was positively correlated with the macroscopic degree of white striations. IL-6, IL-17 and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF) were overexpressed in severe lesions of WS. The presence of the CD8/MHC I complexes, together with the higher expression of IL-6, IL-17 and LITAF in severe degree of WS, suggest that the immune response may be involved in the progression of this myopathy and can be consistent with a hypoxia-induced inflammatory myopathy. These results help to understand the pathomechanism of WS contributing to the reduction of economic losses and improving poultry welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Ilaria d'Aquino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italia
| | - Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italia
| | - Raffaelina Mercogliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Inspection, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Avian Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia.
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Comparisons of lung and gluteus transcriptome profiles between yaks at different ages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14213. [PMID: 31578356 PMCID: PMC6775228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yak, Bos grunniens, is the only large mammal in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and has been bred to provide meat, milk, and transportation. Previous studies indicate that the immune system contributes to the yak's adaptation to high-altitude environments. In order to further investigate changes in immune function during yak development, we compared the transcriptome profiles of gluteus and lung tissues among yaks at 6, 30, 60, and 90 months of age. Analyses of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissues revealed that immune function was more activated at 6-months and less activated at 90-months than in the 30 and 60-month-old animals. DEG exploration in gluteal tissues revealed that immune functions were more highly activated at both 6 and 90-months, compared with 30 and 60-months. Immune system activation in the muscle and lung tissues of 30-month-old yaks may increase their resistance to infections, while decreased may be due to aging. Furthermore, the higher immune activation status in the gluteal tissues in 90-month-old yaks could be due to muscle injury and subsequent regeneration, which is supported by the fact that 5 unigenes related with muscle injury and 3 related to muscle regeneration displayed greater expression levels at 90-months than at 30 and 60-months. Overall, the present study highlights the important role of the immune system in yak development, which will facilitate future investigations.
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Yeşil H, Tuğlu I. The relation of oxidative stress and apoptosis to histopathologic alterations in the lungs as a result of global cerebral ischemia. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:555-568. [PMID: 31373845 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart attack and oxygen deficiency may cause necrosis in the brain and other tissues. We investigated the histopathological effects of nitric oxide (NO) on ischemia/reperfusion in lung and hippocampus using a rat brain bilateral occlusion ischemia model. Male rats were assigned to sham (SH), ischemic preconditioning (PC), global ischemia (GI) and ischemic reperfusion (IR) groups. Before ischemia was induced, blood was drawn to induce hypovolemic hypotension and for blood gas testing. After sacrifice, samples of hippocampus were harvested. Sections were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and immunostaining using primary antibodies for GFAP, S100β, iNOS, eNOS and the TUNEL method. Following ischemia, we found evidence of gliosis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus. No significant differences were detected between the SH and PC groups. In the GI and IR groups, apoptosis and necrosis were observed in the hippocampus. Lung sections were stained with H & E and Masson's trichrome (MT) and immunostained for iNOS and eNOS. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis. Interstitial edema, vascular congestion, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, perivascular edema, neutrophil infiltration and disruption of alveoli were observed after global ischemia and ischemic reperfusion. Inflammatory cells were detected in the connective tissue. The IR and GI groups exhibited significantly more apoptotic cells than the SH or PC groups. Free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), that appear following ischemia and reperfusion in the brain may also injure the lungs. Increased NO in both lung and brain tissue suggests that apoptosis in these organs can be induced by reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yeşil
- Departments of Midwifery, Celal Bayar University Manisa, Manisa, Turkey
| | - I Tuğlu
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University Manisa, Manisa, Turkey
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Cheng WJ, Liu X, Zhang L, Guo XQ, Wang FW, Zhang Y, Tian YM. Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia attenuates skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Life Sci 2019; 231:116533. [PMID: 31173783 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) against skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and to determine the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: skeletal muscle IR injury group (IR), CIHH pretreatment following IR group (IR + CIHH), and sham operation group (Sham). The skeletal muscle IR injury model was induced by the unilateral application of a tourniquet on a hind limb for 3 h and then releasing it for 24 h. CIHH pretreatment simulating a 5000-m altitude was applied 6 h per day for 28 days. The functional and morphological performance of IR-injured gastrocnemius muscle was evaluated using contraction force, H&E staining, and transmission electron microscopy. IR injury-induced CD68+ macrophage infiltration was assessed by immunofluorescence. TNFα levels in serum and muscle were measured by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. Apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression. KEY FINDINGS Acute IR injury resulted in reduced contraction tension, morphological destruction, macrophage infiltration, increased TNFα levels, and apoptosis in gastrocnemius muscle. CIHH pretreatment significantly ameliorated contraction function and morphological performance in IR-injured skeletal muscle. In addition, CIHH pretreatment resulted in marked decreases in CD68+ macrophage infiltration, TNFα levels, and apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrated that CIHH has a protective effect against acute IR injury in skeletal muscle via inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300000, China; Graduate school, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710038, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xin-Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Fu-Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yan-Ming Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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Ganesh T, Zakher E, Estrada M, Cheng HM. Assessment of microvascular dysfunction in acute limb ischemia‐reperfusion injury. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1174-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tameshwar Ganesh
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program Toronto Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Toronto Canada
| | - Eric Zakher
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program Toronto Canada
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Canada
| | - Marvin Estrada
- Lab Animal Services, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | - Hai‐Ling Margaret Cheng
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program Toronto Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Toronto Canada
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Toronto Canada
- Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research Toronto Canada
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Franz A, Behringer M, Harmsen JF, Mayer C, Krauspe R, Zilkens C, Schumann M. Ischemic Preconditioning Blunts Muscle Damage Responses Induced by Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:109-115. [PMID: 28832392 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to reduce muscle damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury during surgery. Because of similarities between the pathophysiological formation of ischemia and reperfusion injury and eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), as characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca, an increased production of reactive oxygen species, and increased proinflammatory signaling, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IPC performed before eccentric exercise may also protect against EIMD. METHODS Nineteen healthy men were matched to an eccentric-only (ECC; n = 9) or eccentric proceeded by IPC group (IPC + ECC; n = 10). The exercise protocol consisted of bilateral biceps curls (3 × 10 repetitions at 80% of the concentric one-repetition maximum). In IPC + ECC, IPC was applied bilaterally at the upper arms by a tourniquet (200 mm Hg) immediately before the exercise (3 × 5 min of occlusion, separated by 5 min of reperfusion). Creatine kinase (CK), arm circumference, subjective pain (visual analog scale score), and radial displacement (tensiomyography, maximal radial displacement) were assessed before IPC, preexercise, postexercise, and 20 min, 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postexercise. RESULTS CK differed from baseline only in ECC at 48 h (P < 0.001) and 72 h (P < 0.001) postexercise. After 24, 48, and 72 h, CK was increased in ECC compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: 24 h, P = 0.004; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.001). The visual analog scale score was significantly higher in ECC at 24-72 h postexercise when compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: all P values < 0.001). The maximal radial displacement was decreased on all postexercise days in ECC (all P values < 0.001) but remained statistically unchanged in IPC + ECC (between groups: P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IPC performed before a bout of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors blunts EIMD and exercise-induced pain while maintaining the contractile properties of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Franz
- 1Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, GERMANY; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GERMANY; and 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, GERMANY
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Trujillo-Rangel WA, Castillo-Romero A, Totsuka-Sutto SE, Rodríguez-Lara SQ, García-Cobián TA, Campos-Bayardo TI, Cardona-Muñoz EG, García-Benavides L. Effect of atorvastatin on oxidative damage and inflammation in experimental hindlimb ischemia–reperfusion model. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218812664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion is defined as cellular damage after the reperfusion of ischemic tissue, and it is likely to occur in relation to various diseases and surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of atorvastatin to prevent oxidative damage and modulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines in rat hindlimb during ischemia–reperfusion injury. The animals were divided into 4 groups (ischemia–reperfusion + vehicle, ischemia–reperfusion + atorvastatin, sham, and healthy controls) with 15 rats per group. The animals were exposed to ischemia for 6 h, followed by 24 h, 7 days, and 14 days of reperfusion. Atorvastatin was administered by gavage 14 days before ischemia–reperfusion induction. We then measured the serum concentrations and mRNA transcript levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, SOD2, and CAT. Hematoxylin and eosin stain were performed for histological analyses. Animals subjected to ischemia–reperfusion showed increased serum and transcript levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 expressions with a concurrent increase in mRNA transcripts levels compared with sham and healthy controls. Groups treated with atorvastatin showed a significant CAT increase in the first 24 h, but CAT levels decreased at 7 and 14 days. SOD2 enzyme increased in serum without significant changes in mRNA expression. Histological analysis showed inflammatory infiltrate, microhemorrhages, and distortion of the tissue architecture in the first 7 days. At 14 days, the tissue showed loss and damage to myocytes. However, animals treated with atorvastatin showed few histological changes and a decrease in inflammatory cytokines. No significant changes in NO2, NO3, or 8-OHdG were observed. Atorvastatin showed a protective effect on the inflammation and tissue damage induced by ischemia–reperfusion in the hindlimb. The antioxidant effect of atorvastatin in the hindlimb is already unclear, and further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this drug in the extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonel García-Benavides
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, CUTonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, México
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Duran A, Ciloglu S, Sehirli O, Yigit A, Buyukdogan H, Duran A, Elcioğlu K, Kabasakal L. Apocynin and dimethyl sulfoxide synergistically protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat hind limb ischemia-reperfusion model. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-017-1309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Franz A, Queitsch FP, Behringer M, Mayer C, Krauspe R, Zilkens C. Blood flow restriction training as a prehabilitation concept in total knee arthroplasty: A narrative review about current preoperative interventions and the potential impact of BFR. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:53-59. [PMID: 29317069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most commonly diagnosed joint ailments and responsible for increased rates of total knee arthroplasty surgeries worldwide. Whereas the surgical approach is able to diminish the perceived knee pain of concerned patients', the postoperative recovery is often accompanied by persistent skeletal muscle dysfunctions and atrophy, which is responsible for functional deficits for up to several years. Recent findings indicate that surgery induced adverse effects on skeletal muscles are largely associated with the use of pneumatic tourniquets, wherefore several studies try to reduce tourniquet use in orthopedic surgery. However, due to comparable incidence of muscle impairment and increased surgical challenge, the most frequently applied surgical technique in TKA is still associated with the use of tourniquets. When attenuating TKA induced adverse effects, the preoperative preparation of patients by specific exercises (called prehabilitation) was able to enhance preoperative overall fitness through associated accelerated recovery. Based on patients' limited functional activity, prehabilitation techniques have to be particularly designed to allow regular adherence. The present paper is based on a narrative review of current literature, and provides a novel hypothesis by which blood flow restriction exercises (BFR) are able to improve patients' compliance to prehabilitation. BFR training is characterized by the application of low-resistance exercise with similar intensities as daily living tasks in association with a suppression of venous blood flow in an extremity, achieving significant morphological and neuromuscular adaptations in skeletal muscles. In addition, preoperative enhancements in muscle health with corresponding benefits in overall fitness, BFR induced molecular alterations could also be able to interfere with TKA induced pathological signaling. Therefore, based on the known major impact of BFR on skeletal muscle physiology, the present paper aims to illustrate the potential beneficial impact of BFR training as a prehabilitation concept to promote patients regular adherence to preoperative exercises and thus achieve an accelerated recovery and increases in patients' satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Franz
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Behringer
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Constantin Mayer
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Krauspe
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Zilkens
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Küçükebe ÖB, Özzeybek D, Abdullayev R, Ustaoğlu A, Tekmen I, Küme T. Efeito de dexmedetomidina sobre lesão pulmonar aguda em modelo experimental de isquemia‐reperfusão. Braz J Anesthesiol 2017; 67:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Zhang D, Wang D, Pipinos II, Muelleman RL, Li YL. Dexamethasone promotes long-term functional recovery of neuromuscular junction in a murine model of tourniquet-induced ischaemia-reperfusion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:453-464. [PMID: 27306588 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tourniquet-induced ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion cause serious ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated whether dexamethasone (Dex) promotes long-term functional recovery of the NMJ and skeletal muscle in tourniquet-induced hindlimb IR. METHODS Unilateral hindlimb of C57/BL6 mice was subjected to 3 h of ischaemia following 6 weeks of reperfusion (6-wk IR). Dex treatment began on the day of IR induction and lasted for different periods. Sciatic nerve-stimulated gastrocnemius muscle contraction was detected in situ. Function of the NMJ was measured in situ using electrophysiological recording of the miniature endplate potential (mEPP) and endplate potential (EPP). Western blot was used to detect protein expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in gastrocnemius muscles. RESULTS Gastrocnemius muscle contraction in mice with 6-wk IR was about 60% of normal skeletal muscle contraction recorded in age-matched sham mice. The amplitude of the mEPP and EPP was lower in mice with 6-wk IR, compared to sham mice. Dex treatment for 1 or 3 days did not restore the function of the NMJ and improve gastrocnemius muscle contraction in mice with 6-wk IR. Dex treatment for 1 week exerted a maximum effect on improving the function of the NMJ and skeletal muscle, with the effect of Dex gradually lessening with prolonged Dex treatment. There are no significant differences in protein expression of nAChR-α1 and nAChR-β1 subunits in the gastrocnemius muscle among all groups. CONCLUSION Dex promotes repair of the NMJ and subsequently restores skeletal muscle contractile function in tourniquet-induced 6-wk IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - D. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - I. I. Pipinos
- Department of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - R. L. Muelleman
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - Y.-L. Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
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Tsunoda K, Sonohata M, Kugisaki H, Someya S, Honke H, Komine M, Izumi M, Ide S, Mawatari M. The Effect of Air Tourniquet on Interleukin-6 Levels in Total Knee Arthroplasty. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:20-28. [PMID: 28217217 PMCID: PMC5301297 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Air tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle injury increases the concentrations of some cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma. However, the effect of an air tourniquet on the IL-6 concentrations after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is unclear. We therefore investigated the impact of tourniquet-induced ischemia and reperfusion injury in TKA using the IL-6 level as an index. Methods: Ten patients with primary knee osteoarthrosis who underwent unilateral TKA without an air tourniquet were recruited (Non-tourniquet group). We also selected 10 age- and sex-matched control patients who underwent unilateral TKA with an air tourniquet (Tourniquet group). Venous blood samples were obtained at 3 points; before surgery, 24 h after surgery, and 7 days after surgery. The following factors were compared between the two groups; IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), the mean white blood cell (WBC) counts, and the maximum daily body temperatures. Results: The IL-6 level at 24 h after surgery was significantly higher than that at any other point (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the WBC count, the body temperature, or the CRP, CPK, or IL-6 levels of the two groups at any of the time points. Conclusion: The effect of ischemia and reperfusion due to the use of an air tourniquet on increasing the IL-6 level was much smaller than that induced by surgical stress in TKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsunoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Motoki Sonohata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hajime Kugisaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Someya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Honke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Komine
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Izumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shuya Ide
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mawatari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Effect of dexmedetomidine on acute lung injury in experimental ischemia-reperfusion model. Braz J Anesthesiol 2016; 67:139-146. [PMID: 28236861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the consequences of tourniquet application for extremity surgery. The aim of the study was to establish the effect of dexmedetomidine on the acute lung injury following lower extremity experimental ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. METHODS Twenty-eight Wistar-Albino breed Rats were recruited after Ethics Committee approval and allocated into 4 groups, each with 7 subjects. Group 1 (SHAM) received only anesthesia. Group 2 (IR) had experienced 3h of ischemia and 3h of reperfusion using left lower extremity tourniquet after anesthesia application. Groups 3 (D-50) and 4 (D-100) had undergone the same procedures as in the Group 2, except for receiving 50 and 100mg·kg-1, respectively, dexmedetomidine intraperitoneally 1h before the tourniquet release. Blood samples were obtained for the analysis of tumor necrosing factor-α and interleukin-6. Pulmonary tissue samples were obtained for histological analysis. RESULTS No significant difference regarding blood tumor necrosing factor-α and interleukin-6 values was found among the groups, whereas pulmonary tissue injury scores revealed significant difference. Histological scores obtained from the Group 2 were significantly higher from those in the Groups 1, 3 and 4 with p-values 0.001 for each comparison. Moreover, Group 1 scores were found to be significantly lower than those in the Groups 3 and 4 with p-values 0.001 and 0.011, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the Groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine is effective in reduction of the experimental ischemia-reperfusion induced pulmonary tissue injury in rats, formed by extremity tourniquet application.
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Tumor necrosis factor-α expression in rat models of intimal hyperplasia. Int J Angiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01616406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Rodrigues SF, Granger DN. Role of blood cells in ischaemia-reperfusion induced endothelial barrier failure. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:291-9. [PMID: 20299333 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) elicits an acute inflammatory response that is characterized by the recruitment of inflammatory cells, oxidative stress, and endothelial barrier failure. Over the past three decades, much progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the inflammatory response and microvascular dysfunction associated with I/R. This review is focused on the role of leucocytes (neutrophils and T-lymphocytes) and platelets, and their activation products, as mediators of I/R-induced endothelial barrier failure. The contributions of cytokines, chemokines, and oxidative stress to I/R-induced barrier dysfunction are also discussed. It concludes with an analysis of how risk factors for cardiovascular disease, i.e. hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and obesity, influence the vascular permeability response to I/R. Areas of uncertainty and controversy in this field of investigation are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Rodrigues
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Lin CH, Wang PW, Pan TL, Bazylak G, Liu EKW, Wei FC. Proteomic profiling of oxidative stress in human victims of traffic-related injuries after lower limb revascularization and indication for secondary amputation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:784-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tzioupis C, Cox G, Giannoudis PV. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremity: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mporth.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clementsen T, Reikerås O. Cytokine patterns after tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischaemia reperfusion in total knee replacement. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2007; 68:154-9. [PMID: 17963155 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701528587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extremity surgery performed under tourniquet control causes one of the most common forms of skeletal muscle ischaemia-reperfusion injury in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the systemic and local inflammatory response after tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing total knee replacement. It was our hypothesis that local inflammatory responses in a surgical wound under tourniquet-induced ischaemia cause an excessive overflow of cytokines to the systemic circulation in the reperfusion phase. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood was sampled before and after surgery in nine patients given total knee replacement. Samples from ischaemic and non-ischaemic limbs and from drained blood were analysed for pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Surgery induced significant increases of IL-6 (p = 0.007) in the non-ischaemic (systemic) limb and in drained blood (p = 0.032), with highest levels 4 h after operation. The increased IL-6 in the ischaemic limb was non-significant. IL-1 beta was not detectable under surgery, from either the traumatized limb or from the non-traumatized limb, nor were TNFalpha and IL-10 significantly influenced by surgery. CONCLUSIONS Knee replacement trauma performed under ischaemia, is associated with modest systemic inflammatory reactions with no spillover of increased IL-6 from the traumatized area in the reperfusion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Clementsen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Luo D, Luo Y, He Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Li X, Dobrucki WL, Sinusas AJ, Sessa WC, Min W. Differential functions of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 signaling in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1886-98. [PMID: 17071609 PMCID: PMC1780200 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) acts via its two receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 to elicit distinct signaling pathways in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Here we used a femoral artery ligation model to demonstrate that TNFR1-knockout (KO) mice had enhanced, whereas TNFR2-KO had reduced, capacity in clinical recovery, limb perfusion, and ischemic reserve capacity compared with the wild-type mice. Consistently, ischemia-initiated collateral growth (arteriogenesis) in the upper limb and capillary formation and vessel maturation (angiogenesis) in the lower limb were enhanced in TNFR1-KO but were reduced in TNFR2-KO mice. Furthermore, our results suggest that vascular proliferation, but not infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, accounted for the phenotypic differences between the TNFR1-KO and TNFR2-KO mice. In wild-type animals TNFR2 protein in vascular endothelium was highly up-regulated in response to ischemia, leading to increased TNFR2-specific signaling as determined by the formation TNFR2-TRAF2 complex and activation of TNFR2-specific kinase Bmx/Etk. In isolated murine ECs, activation of TNFR2 induced nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression, EC survival, and migration. In contrast, activation of TNFR1 caused inhibition of EC migration and EC apoptosis. These data demonstrate that TNFR1 and TNFR2 play differential roles in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis, partly because of their opposite effects on EC survival and migration.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arteries/embryology
- Blood Vessels
- Cattle
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Hindlimb/cytology
- Hindlimb/pathology
- Humans
- Ischemia/chemically induced
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Organogenesis
- Perfusion
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhong Luo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, BCMM 454, 295 Congress Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is an inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by macrophages. It is a unique protein with contradictive properties; it has the ability to induce cellular death by apoptosis and oncosis, but can also induce cellular regeneration and growth. Genetic polymorphisms in TNFA have been associated with poor outcome in some surgical patients and this may provide a useful tool to screen for high-risk patients. Manipulating TNF-alpha levels in vivo may influence the progression of several pathological conditions. TNF-alpha has anti-cancer properties and has been used to treat cancer patients. Treatment with anti-TNF-alpha drugs and antibodies has been successful in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, but disappointing in the management of patients with sepsis. This review article focuses on the biological activities, genetic polymorphism of TNFA and the role of TNF-alpha and anti-TNF-alpha treatments, based on animal experiments and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizan A Khalil
- School of Surgery and Pathology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Olguner C, Koca U, Kar A, Karci A, Işlekel H, Canyilmaz M, Mavioĝlu O, Kizildaĝ S, Unlü G, Elar Z. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates the lipid peroxidation and remote lung injury in the rat model of unilateral lower limb ischemia reperfusion. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:150-5. [PMID: 16430534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion of the skeletal muscle tissue may cause remote lung injury. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on the lung during unilateral lower limb ischemia reperfusion (IR). METHODS Four groups of rats were used in this study: (i) the sham group (sham, n = 6) served as time controls, they remained anesthetized for the whole duration of the study; (ii) the ischemia and reperfusion group (IR, n = 10) underwent 4 h of left lower limb ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion; (iii) the ischemic preconditioning group (IP, n = 10), the left lower limbs of rats were exposed to three cycles of IP (10 min of ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion); and (iv) the ischemic preconditioning plus ischemia reperfusion group (IP/IR, n = 10) underwent IP followed by IR as in the IP and IR groups. Plasma and tissue samples were taken at the end of the study period for determination of lung tissue myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte count (PMNL), histological lung injury score and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level. RESULTS PMNL count and MPO activity in the lung tissue, and plasma TBARS level were higher in the IR group compared with other groups while there were no differences between the sham and the IP and between the sham and the IP/IR groups. Histological lung injury score was higher in the IR group than in the IP/IR and sham groups. The plasma TBARS level in the IP group was significantly lower than in the IP/IR group. CONCLUSION IP pretreatment reduces lipid peroxidation and lung injury caused by lower limb IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olguner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Duru S, Koca U, Oztekin S, Olguner C, Kar A, Coker C, Ulukuş C, Taşcł C, Elar Z. Antithrombin III pretreatment reduces neutrophil recruitment into the lung and skeletal muscle tissues in the rat model of bilateral lower limb ischemia and reperfusion: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1142-8. [PMID: 16095456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-inflammatory action of Antithrombin III (AT III) is still not well understood in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of AT III on remote lung and local skeletal muscle tissue injury in a rat model of bilateral lower limb I/R model. METHODS Bilateral lower limb ischemia and reperfusion were produced by means of tourniquets occlusions and releases, respectively. Three groups of rats were used in this controlled study: sham group (sham, n=3) underwent 5 h of anesthesia only; control group (I/R, n=7) underwent 3 h of bilateral lower limb ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion; and AT III pretreated group (I/R-AT III, n=6) underwent the same procedure as the control group, but also received i.v. 250 U kg-1 AT III 30 min before ischemia induction under midazolam and fentanyl anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Lung and muscle tissue accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were assessed by measuring tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Histopathological changes in tissues were assessed by PMN counts in the lung, and muscle tissues and by histological lung injury score. Plasma 6-keto prostaglandin F(1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay technique. Myeloperoxidase activity could not be detected in the muscle tissues of all groups. The lung and muscle tissue PMN counts in the I/R group were significantly higher compared with the I/R-AT III group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Data from the present study provides some evidence that AT III pretreatment attenuates remote lung and local skeletal muscle tissue injury caused by lower limb I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duru
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Pompermayer K, Souza DG, Lara GG, Silveira KD, Cassali GD, Andrade AA, Bonjardim CA, Passaglio KT, Assreuy J, Cunha FQ, Vieira MAR, Teixeira MM. The ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1785-96. [PMID: 15840025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a complex neutrophil-mediated syndrome. Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are involved in neutrophil migration in vivo. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of glibenclamide, a K(ATP) channel blocker, in renal I/R injury in rats. METHODS The left kidney of the rats was excised through a flank incision and ischemia was performed in the contralateral kidney by total interruption of renal artery flow for 45 minutes. Renal perfusion was reestablished, and the kidney and lungs were removed for analysis of vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, and content of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-10] 4 and 24 hours later. Renal function was assessed by measuring creatinine, Na(+), and K(+) levels in the plasma and by determination of creatinine clearance. Drugs were administered subcutaneously after the onset of ischemia. RESULTS Reperfusion of the ischemic kidney induced local (kidney) and remote (lung) inflammatory injury and marked renal dysfunction. Glibenclamide (20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the reperfusion-associated increase in vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, increase in TNF-alpha levels and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation. These inhibitory effects were noticed in the kidney and lungs. Moreover, glibenclamide markedly ameliorated the renal dysfunction at 4 and 24 hours. CONCLUSION Treatment with glibenclamide is associated with inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and amelioration of renal dysfunction following renal I/R. Glibenclamide may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of renal I/R injury, such as after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pompermayer
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Odland R, Schmidt AH, Hunter B, Kidder L, Bechtold JE, Linzie BM, Pedowitz RA, Hargens AR. Use of tissue ultrafiltration for treatment of compartment syndrome: a pilot study using porcine hindlimbs. J Orthop Trauma 2005; 19:267-75. [PMID: 15795576 DOI: 10.1097/01.bot.0000155308.20133.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the efficacy of compartment syndrome ultrafiltration for the treatment of acute compartment syndrome in an animal model. Our hypothesis is the removal of interstitial fluid will result in a reduction of intramuscular pressure compared with untreated controls in a model of bilateral induced compartment syndrome. DESIGN Controlled experimental model. SETTING Animal research facility. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Three pairs of porcine hindlimbs. INTERVENTION Acute compartment syndrome was created in the pig hindlimb by infusion of saline to maintain the intramuscular pressure 30 mm Hg greater than the animal's mean arterial pressure for 8 hours. After a 2-hour reperfusion interval, ultrafiltration (removal of fluid through 1 mm diameter porous catheters, connected to -500 mm Hg suction) was commenced in 1 limb only and continued for 9.5 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intramuscular pressure, ultrafiltrate volume, ultrafiltrate and serum levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, histologic measurement of extracellular and intracellular edema, as well as the degree of cellular necrosis. RESULTS Intramuscular pressure tended to be lower on the treated side at the end of the treatment period [treated leg: 9.3 +/- 4.0 mm Hg (+/- SE), control leg: 19.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, P = 0.03]. Analysis of ultrafiltrate fluid showed that levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were elevated compared with serum levels. Creatine kinase levels in serum were measured at 4150 +/- 780 U/L, whereas ultrafiltrate levels of creatine kinase were 28,700 +/- 17,700 U/L (+/- SE) (P = 0.1). Lactate dehydrogenase was measured at 1950 +/- 180 U/L in serum, but markedly elevated in ultrafiltrate [160,000 +/- 88,900 U/L (+/- SE), P = 0.05]. Quantification of cellular and interstitial dimensions showed no difference in control and experimental limbs. Quantification of the degree of muscle necrosis revealed 6.1 +/- 2.7% necrosis in the treated limb compared to 11.3 +/- 1.6% necrosis in the control group (P = 0.02, df = 2, 1-tailed paired t test). CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of tissue ultrafiltration for reduction of intramuscular pressure in this porcine model. Further studies are underway. Compartment syndrome ultrafiltration may be useful prophylactically in patients at risk for acute compartment syndrome. Sampling of interstitial fluid and frequent measurement of intramuscular pressure may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of acute compartment syndrome, whereas the reduction of tissue pressure by compartment syndrome ultrafiltration may prevent acute compartment syndrome from occurring. Additionally, compartment syndrome ultrafiltration will not hinder the ability of clinicians to use the clinical examination and pressure monitoring as the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Odland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
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Ege T, Us MH, Sungun M, Duran E. Cytokine response in lower extremity ischaemia/reperfusion. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:124-31. [PMID: 15080015 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the local and systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced during acute lower extremity ischaemia and following reperfusion in 19 patients undergoing thromboembolectomy of the femoral artery. Blood samples were taken from the femoral vein (local response) and radial artery (systemic response) in the ischaemic (baseline) phase, and 2, 12 and 24 h post-reperfusion. Associated lung injury was measured by the alveolar-arterial (A-a) oxygen gradient and post-reperfusion femoral vein plasma concentrations of creatinine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase were also measured. Local and systemic concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor and IL-6 (but not IL-1 beta) increased significantly after reperfusion. IL-8 concentration increased significantly in the radial artery. The high and progressively increasing concentration of IL-6 in the femoral vein suggests local production. The parallel increase in creatinine kinase concentration and A-a oxygen gradient indicates that IL-6 plays an important role in acute arterial occlusion and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ege
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Trakya University, Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey
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Halici M, Narin F, Turk CY, Saraymen R, Baykan A, Kabak S. The Effect of Melatonin on Plasma Oxidant-Antioxidant Skeletal Muscle Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:500-6. [PMID: 15458282 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of melatonin administration on skeletal muscle ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) by assessing plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (GSSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations. Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 32) were randomized into four groups: group 1 served as time controls; group 2 were the test animals; group 3 received melatonin (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally prior to the induction of ischaemia; and group 4 received melatonin (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally prior to the reperfusion period. Administration of melatonin prior to reperfusion significantly decreased the elevated MDA concentration caused by IRI, and significantly elevated GSSH concentrations, which had been reduced by IRI. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury significantly increased activities of GPX, SOD and MPO, and melatonin administration reversed this effect. In conclusion, a pharmacological dose of melatonin showed significant protective effects against IRI by decreasing lipid peroxidation, MPO, SOD and GPX enzyme activities and regulating glutathione content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halici
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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El-Sawy T, Miura M, Fairchild R. Early T cell response to allografts occurring prior to alloantigen priming up-regulates innate-mediated inflammation and graft necrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:147-57. [PMID: 15215170 PMCID: PMC1618530 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The early inflammatory response within organ allografts is initiated by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and promotes subsequent alloantigen-primed T cell recruitment into and rejection of the graft. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated tissue damage is a primary component of the early inflammation in allograft rejection. We sought to compare and elucidate the mechanism of early PMN infiltration into cardiac isografts and allografts. Despite identical production of PMN attractant chemokines, PMN infiltration following reperfusion into syngeneic and allogeneic grafts was not equivalent. PMN infiltration into isografts peaked at 9 to 12 hours post-transplant and quickly resolved. In contrast, PMN infiltration into allografts continued to elevated levels, peaking at 24 hours post-reperfusion. This amplified PMN infiltration into allografts did not resolve until 72 hours post-reperfusion and was accompanied by marked parenchymal necrosis. This early innate inflammatory response was regulated by IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells present in the recipient before detectable alloantigen T cell priming. Co-culture with CD62L(low) CD8+ T cells, but not CD62L(high) CD8+ or CD62L(low) CD4+ T cells, harvested from naïve animals induced allogeneic endothelial cells to express IFN-gamma-dependent chemokines. These data demonstrate CD8+ T cell-mediated attack on the vascular endothelium of allografts within hours following organ reperfusion that amplifies innate immune-mediated intra-graft inflammation and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Sawy
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Scumpia PO, Sarcia PJ, Kelly KM, DeMarco VG, Skimming JW. Hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats. Chest 2004; 125:1483-91. [PMID: 15078762 DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.4.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE s: The impairment of cardiac contractility during endotoxemia involves induction of nitric oxide formation through a cascade of events initiated by overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines. We previously showed that hypothermia attenuates endotoxin-induced overexpression of nitric oxide in rat lungs. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that hypothermia protects against endotoxin-induced myocardial inflammation by changing the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting myeloperoxidase, an indicator of neutrophil activity, and inhibiting nitric oxide-mediated protein damage. DESIGN Rats were randomized to treatment with either hypothermia (n = 6; 18 to 24 degrees C) or normothermia (n = 6; 36 to 38 degrees C). Endotoxin (15 mg/kg) was administered intravascularly to anesthetized animals, and heart tissue was harvested 150 min later. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we found that hypothermia induced myocardial expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, while decreasing concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and growth-related oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (rat homolog of IL-8). Electromobility shift assay revealed that hypothermia inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays revealed that hypothermia attenuated the endotoxin-induced overexpression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) messenger RNA and iNOS protein, respectively. Hypothermia also attenuated nitric oxide-mediated myocardial protein damage, as determined by a nitrotyrosine ELISA. Myocardial myeloperoxidase content, an indicator of neutrophil accumulation and oxidative activity, was also inhibited by hypothermia in endotoxemic rats. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that hypothermia induces an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, inhibits neutrophil aggregation, and inhibits the formation of nitric oxide during endotoxemia in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Berkan O, Göl MK, Içağasioğlu S, Cetnkaya O, Yildiz E, Doğan K, Günay I. Sialic Acid is a Marker of Lung Injury Following Lower Extremities Ischemia/Reperfusion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 27:553-8. [PMID: 15079783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tests whether sialic acid is a mediator of the lung injury following lower extremity ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Design. Prospective randomised study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into four groups: group 1, aorta was exposed but not clamped; group 2, aorta clamped for 3 h, followed by 1 h of reperfusion; group 3, 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline administrated before the aorta was clamped; and group 4, 1 mg/kg dexametasone administrated before the aorta was clamped. Serial arterial blood samples for blood gas, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and total SA (TSA) assay were obtained. The lungs were removed and histologically examined for evidence of injury. RESULTS Groups 2, 3, and 4 had significantly higher peak serum TSA concentrations compared with groups 1 (group 1 vs. 2, p=0.001; group 1 vs. 3, p=0.002; group 1 vs. 4, p=0.001). Group 3 had lower peak serum TSA concentration. Groups 2 and 4 had significantly higher peak serum TNF-alpha concentrations (p=0.0001) compared with groups 1 and 3. Group 3 had lower peak serum TNF-alpha concentration. Lower TSA and TNF-alpha levels are associated with lesser degrees of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS TSA and TNF appear during events that lead to lung injury following lower extremity I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Berkan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Turkey
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31
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Woodruff TM, Arumugam TV, Shiels IA, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Taylor SM. Protective effects of a potent c5a receptor antagonist on experimental acute limb ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res 2004; 116:81-90. [PMID: 14732352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The capacity of a potent C5a receptor antagonist to inhibit various parameters of local and remote organ injury following lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats was investigated. METHODS Rats were subjected to 2 h bilateral hindlimb ischemia and 4 h reperfusion. Drug-treated rats received AcF-[OPdChaWR] (1 mg/kg) iv either 10 min before ischemia or 10 min prior to reperfusion, or orally (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to ischemia. Levels of circulating creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), and calcium (Ca(++)) and potassium (K(+)) ions were determined. Other parameters measured included urinary protein levels, muscle edema, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations in the lung, liver, and muscle along with liver homogenate tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations.L RESULTS: imb I/R injury was characterized by significant elevations of CK, LDH, ALT, AST, creatinine, BUN, proteinuria, PMNs, serum K(+), muscle edema, organ MPO, and liver homogenate TNF-alpha concentrations, but a significant reduction in serum Ca(2+) concentrations. When rats were treated with AcF-[OPdChaWR], there were significant improvements in all these parameters. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a pivotal role for C5a in inducing local and remote organ injury and suggest a possible new drug therapeutic category for preventing anticipated tissue injury associated with I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Bonheur JA, Albadawi H, Patton GM, Watkins MT. A noninvasive murine model of hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2004; 116:55-63. [PMID: 14732349 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes a novel murine method of the Controlled Tension Tourniquet (CTT). The CTT applies a measured circumferential tension to hind limbs using a tourniquet attached to digital strain gauges, and is useful for investigating hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were subjected to 1, 3, or 6 h of unilateral hind limb ischemia followed by either 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Blood flow in the ischemic, reperfused, and contralateral limbs was monitored using a Laser Doppler Imager. Edema in the IR limbs was documented by changes in the wet weight to dry weight ratio. Myeloperoxidase and tetrazolium based mitochondrial activity assays indicated neutrophil infiltration and tissue viability, respectively. RESULTS During reperfusion following 1, 4, or 6 h, flow stabilized at 100%, 53%, and 23% of baseline levels, respectively. Edema was present all in IR limbs after 4 h of reperfusion, but increased with the duration of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion neutrophil infiltration was equivalent in all IR limbs after all intervals of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion, tissue viability after 1 h of ischemia was equivalent to sham or contralateral limbs. At 3 or 6 h of ischemia and 24 h reperfusion decreased tissue viability to 40% of sham and contralateral limbs. CONCLUSIONS The CTT provides a reproducible, noninvasive model of acute limb ischemia, which reflects the biochemical indices of microvascular injury, inflammation and flow characteristic of reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bonheur
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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33
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Wilmoth JG, Schultz GS, Antonelli PJ. Tympanic Membrane Metalloproteinase Inflammatory Response. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129:647-54. [PMID: 14663430 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59980301388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in tympanic membranes (TM) is stimulated by host tumor necrosis factor-± (TNF-±) and bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), which may play a role in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.
STUDY DESIGN: Gerbil TMs (n = 48) were cultured in the presence of either TNF-± or LPS. Quantitative analysis of TNF-± and MMPs was performed on both the homogenized TMs and the culture media supernatant.
RESULTS: Levels of TNF-± and MMPs did not increase significantly in TMs with exposure to inflammatory mediators. TNF-± levels in supernatant were elevated ( P < 0.007) with more concentrated LPS exposure. Supernatant levels of MMP2 were increased ( P < 0.007) at most concentrations of LPS and TNF-±.
CONCLUSION: Cultured TMs expressed MMPs in response to bacterial and host inflammatory mediators. These findings support a link between inflammation and the secretion of potentially destructive MMPs in the TM, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Wilmoth
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0264, USA
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Shelley O, Murphy T, Paterson H, Mannick JA, Lederer JA. Interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems is required to survive sepsis and control inflammation after injury. Shock 2003; 20:123-9. [PMID: 12865655 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000079426.52617.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Substantial clinical and laboratory research has revealed that major injury causes abnormalities in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, the relative importance of each of these systems in the immune dysfunction after injury is poorly understood and difficult to establish by clinical studies alone. Rag1 (-/-) C57BL/6 mice (Rag1), which lack an adoptive immune system, and immune-sufficient wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice underwent 25% total body surface area burn injury or sham injury under anesthesia and were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) at day 10 postinjury, a time of high CLP mortality in this model. To test the effect of adaptive immune deficiency on inflammatory cytokine production after injury, adaptive cell-depleted splenocytes from sham and burn WT and Rag1 mice were stimulated with LPS, and TNF-alpha and IL-6 production were assayed at days 1 and 7 postinjury. Intracellular expression of TNFalpha and IL-6 by F4/80 macrophages was also assessed on day 7 by intracellular cytokine staining. Finally, Rag1 animals were reconstituted with WT splenocytes, and the effect of such reconstitution on CLP survival and cytokine production was determined. Survival of sham WT animals after CLP was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than survival of burn WT and Rag1 sham and burn animals, all of which had equivalently low survival. Reconstitution of Rag1 animals with WT splenocytes restored CLP survival to WT sham levels. Splenocytes from Rag1 burn mice showed significantly augmented cytokine production when compared with WT burn mice on day 7 (P < 0.05). Reconstitution of Rag1 mice with WT splenocytes at the time of injury returned cytokine production to WT levels. Intracellular cytokine expression in F4/80 macrophages was increased to a similar degree after burn, but not sham burn injury in Rag1, reconstituted Rag1 and WT animals. These studies demonstrate that the adaptive immune system is necessary for protection from polymicrobial sepsis and plays a significant role in regulating the inflammatory response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odhran Shelley
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kielar ML, Jeyarajah DR, Zhou XJ, Lu CY. Docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates murine ischemic acute renal failure and prevents increases in mRNA abundance for both TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:389-96. [PMID: 12538739 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000045047.44107.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that intraperitoneal injections of DHA (all cis 4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexaenoic acid C22: n-3) bound to bovine serum albumin ameliorate murine acute renal failure (ARF) induced by temporary occlusion of the renal artery. Three micromoles of DHA decreased serum creatinine (Scr) from 2.3 mg/dl to 1.1 mg/dl 24 h after reperfusion (n = 15; P < 0.05). Scr of the treated animals were significantly lower than controls throughout a 7-d time course. Although lower doses of DHA were less effective, higher doses were not more effective. Ribonuclease (RNase) protection assays showed that ischemia increased mRNA abundance for TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at 24 h. This increase was prevented by DHA administration. Because TNF-alpha and iNOS contribute to renal ischemic injury, their inhibition may contribute to DHA's salutary effect. In addition, the data may have therapeutic implications, because the DHA improves ARF even when administered at 4 h after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Kielar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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36
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Sugano M, Koyanagi M, Tsuchida K, Hata T, Makino N. In vivo gene transfer of soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 alleviates myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2002; 16:1421-2. [PMID: 12205034 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0894fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the major independent form of cardiomyocyte cell death in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). TNF-alpha release early in the course of AMI contributes to myocardial injury, and TNF-alpha induces apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 (sTNFR1) is an antagonist to TNF-alpha. However, the effect of sTNFR1 on AMI remains unclear. Here we report that direct injection of an sTNFR1 expression plasmid DNA to the myocardium reduces infarct size in experimental rat AMI. Treatment with sTNFR1 expression plasmid DNA reduced the TNF-alpha bioactivity in the myocardium and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that the anti-TNF-alpha therapy by sTNFR1 can be a new strategy for treatment of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular and Clinical Gerontology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita, 874-0838, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
Due to their fundamental involvement in the pathogenesis of many diseases, cytokines constitute key targets for biotherapeutic approaches. The discovery that soluble forms of cytokine receptors are involved in the endogenous regulation of cytokine activity has prompted substantial interest in their potential application as immunotherapeutic agents. As such, soluble cytokine receptors have many advantages, including specificity, low immunogenicity and high affinity. Potential disadvantages, such as low avidity and short in vivo half-lifes, have been addressed by the use of genetically-designed receptors, hybrid proteins or chemical modifications. The ability of many soluble cytokine receptors to inhibit the binding and biological activity of their ligands makes them very specific cytokine antagonists. Several pharmaceutical companies have generated a number of therapeutic agents based on soluble cytokine receptors and many of them are undergoing clinical trials. The most advanced in terms of clinical development is etanercept (Enbrel, Immunex), a fusion protein between soluble TNF receptor Type II and the Fc region of human IgG1. This TNF-alpha; antagonist was the first soluble cytokine receptor to receive approval for use in humans. In general, most agents based on soluble cytokine receptors have been safe, well-tolerated and have shown only minor side effects in the majority of patients. Soluble cytokine receptors constitute a new generation of therapeutic agents with tremendous potential for applications in a wide variety of human diseases. Two current areas of research are the identification of their most promising applications and characterisation of their long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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38
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Sugano M, Tsuchida K, Tomita H, Makino N. Increased proliferation of endothelial cells with overexpression of soluble TNF-alpha receptor I gene. Atherosclerosis 2002; 162:77-84. [PMID: 11947900 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can overcome a potential anti-angiogenic effect of TNF-alpha by inhibiting endothelial apoptosis induced by this cytokine. Soluble TNF-alpha receptor I (sTNFRI) is an extracellular domain of TNFRI and antagonizes the activity of TNF-alpha. Here we report that sTNFRI is able to stimulate the growth of endothelial cells not by antagonizing TNF-alpha. Exogenously added recombinant human sTNFRI stimulated significantly more cell growth of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) with a low dose (50-200 pg/ml) compared with smooth muscle cells. In contrast, monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha did not stimulate growth of human HUVEC. The sTNFRI expression plasmid (pcDNA3.1 plasmid) was introduced into the cell culture using OPTI-MEM, lipofectin and transferrin. Growth of HUVEC transfected with sTNFRI vector also increased significantly compared with those transfected with control vector. HUVEC transfected with sTNFRI vector increased the extracellular domain of TNFRI mRNA levels, but did not affect the intracellular domain of TNFRI mRNA levels. Accumulation of sTNFRI significantly increased in conditioned medium from HUVEC transfected with sTNFRI vector compared with those transfected with control vector. HUVEC transfected with sTNFRI vector not only increased sTNFRI but also prevented shedding of sTNFRI from TNFRI. The TNF-alpha -induced internucleosomic fragmentation was also significantly prevented in HUVEC transfected with sTNFRI vector compared with those transfected with control vector. These results suggest that instead of growth factors such as VEGF, local transfection of the sTNFRI gene may have potential therapeutic value in vascular diseases in which TNF-alpha is also usually highly expressed.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/drug effects
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugano
- Department of Bioclimatology and Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan.
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Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Rowlands TE, Hardy SC, Gough MJ. Skeletal muscle ischaemia-reperfusion injury: further characterisation of a rodent model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 22:523-7. [PMID: 11735201 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2001.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postischaemic damage in skeletal muscle may be reflected in changes to microvascular blood flow, vascular permeability, and subsequent tissue viability. Previous preclinical studies have not addressed all these parameters, and have not used periods of ischaemia and reperfusion relevant to the clinical setting. This study aimed to develop an animal model hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion to simulate acute lower limb ischaemia. METHODS A rodent model of hindlimb tourniquet-induced ischaemia-reperfusion was employed. Gastrocnemius muscle blood flow (GMBF; radio-labelled microspheres), oedema (GMO; using a wet:dry ratio method) and viability (GMV; histochemistry and computerised planimetry) were quantified. RESULTS 6 h ischaemia per seresulted in neither muscle oedema nor loss of viability, but these changes were apparent following 4 h reperfusion. Early reperfusion at 10 min demonstrated low reflow, with GMBF improving at 120 min before declining sharply at 240 min. CONCLUSION Prolonged hindlimb ischaemia followed by reperfusion in this rodent model caused significant reductions in gastrocnemius muscle blood flow, associated with muscle oedema and necrosis. These three parameters have not been previously reported together in the same model. This reproducible model could be used in the evaluation of potential therapeutic intervention strategies aimed at ameliorating skeletal muscle reperfusion injury.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mannick
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss a possible role of the endothelium in sepsis. DATA SOURCES Studies published in biomedical journals and our own experimental results. STUDY SELECTION Studies on endothelial mechanisms in the context of sepsis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Changes in endothelial cells on activation by inflammatory stimuli are reviewed briefly; potential mechanisms that lead to endothelial damage during sepsis are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The endothelium is a key organ involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Dysfunction of or injury to the endothelium may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure and should be discriminated from activation resulting from stimulation with inflammatory stimuli. Identification of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to endothelial dysfunction or damage is likely to provide novel targets for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hack
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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42
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Köksoy C, Kuzu MA, Kuzu I, Ergün H, Gürhan I. Role of tumour necrosis factor in lung injury caused by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion. Br J Surg 2001; 88:464-8. [PMID: 11260117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the well known inflammatory effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF), the mechanism of TNF-mediated lung injury following ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) is still unclear. In this study, the role of TNF in the development of acute lung injury following intestinal I/R was investigated. METHODS Male Wistar rats underwent either sham operation (n = 10), 1 h of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion (I/R, n = 10), or pretreatment with anti-TNF polyclonal antibody 2 mg/kg and I/R (n = 6). Lung injury was evaluated by Evans blue dye concentration, immunohistochemical staining and morphometric analysis. Intestinal injury was assessed by Evans blue dye concentration and histological examination. RESULTS Intestinal I/R resulted in lung injury characterized by an increase in Evans blue dye concentration, neutrophil sequestration, and obvious staining for expression of pulmonary CD11b and CD18. Pretreatment of animals with anti-TNF antibody led to a reduction in the sequestration of neutrophils, and a decrease in expression of pulmonary intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and CD18. Anti-TNF antibody pretreatment also reduced the intestinal microvascular injury but not histological grade after intestinal I/R. CONCLUSION Treatment with an anti-TNF antibody resulted in a significant attenuation of lung injury following intestinal I/R. The data indicate that TNF is an important trigger for upregulation of pulmonary endothelial and neutrophil adhesion molecules after intestinal I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Köksoy
- Department of Surgery, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Spencer MJ, Marino MW, Winckler WM. Altered pathological progression of diaphragm and quadriceps muscle in TNF-deficient, dystrophin-deficient mice. Neuromuscul Disord 2000; 10:612-9. [PMID: 11053690 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a role for T cells in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using the mdx mouse and have shown that T cell killing of dystrophic muscle can occur through perforin-dependent and perforin-independent mechanisms. In this investigation, we explore the possibility that one perforin-independent mechanism utilized by the T cells is cytokine-based killing, specifically by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We tested this hypothesis by generating mice that are TNF-deficient and dystrophin-deficient (TNF-/mdx). Body mass and muscle mass of the TNF-/mdx mice were significantly less than TNF+/mdx mice at 8 weeks of age. Creatine kinase levels and overall muscle strength were unchanged. Histopathology measurements showed different results in the diaphragm and quadriceps muscles. These data suggest that removal of TNF in vivo in dystrophic mice has differential effects on diaphragm and quadriceps suggesting that TNF is an unfavorable target for immunotherapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1606, USA.
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44
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Sugano M, Tsuchida K, Makino N. High-density lipoproteins protect endothelial cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:872-6. [PMID: 10860844 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels have been shown to be inversely correlated with coronary heart disease, but the mechanisms of the direct protective effect of HDL on endothelial cells are not fully understood. The apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by cytokines and/or oxidized low-density lipoproteins, etc. may provide a mechanistic clue to the "response-to-injury" hypothesis of atherogenesis. Here we report that HDL prevent the apoptosis of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) via an inhibition of CPP32-like protease activity. The incubation of HUVECs with TNF-alpha significantly increased the CPP32-like protease activity, and induced apoptosis. Preincubation of HUVECs with HDL before incubation with TNF-alpha significantly suppressed the increase in the CPP32-like protease activity, preventing apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that HDL prevent the suicide pathway leading to apoptosis of endothelial cells by decreasing the CPP32-like protease activity and that HDL thus play a protective role against the "response-to-injury" hypothesis of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugano
- Department of Bioclimatology and Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
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