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Gill KS, Fernandes P, O'Donovan TR, McKenna SL, Doddakula KK, Power DG, Soden DM, Forde PF. Glycolysis inhibition as a cancer treatment and its role in an anti-tumour immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:87-105. [PMID: 27373814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is the main source of energy supply in cancer cells that use this metabolic pathway for ATP generation. Altered energy metabolism is a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the "hallmarks of cancer". The immune system can prevent tumour growth by eliminating cancer cells but this editing process ultimately results in poorly immunogenic cells remaining allowing for unchallenged tumour growth. In this review we look at the glycolysis pathway as a target for cancer treatments. We also examine the interplay between the glycolysis modulation and the immune response as an anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheshwant S Gill
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philana Fernandes
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tracey R O'Donovan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L McKenna
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Derek G Power
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medical Oncology, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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2
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Lee S, Park YH, Chung JS, Yoo YD. Romo1 and the NF-κB pathway are involved in oxidative stress-induced tumor cell invasion. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2021-8. [PMID: 25673177 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important contributors to tumor cell invasion. ROS enhanced by reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (Romo1) expression has been reported to increase invasive potential and constitutive activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we investigated whether constitutive NF-κB activation due to Romo1 expression is associated with breast cancer tumor cell invasion. In this study, we show that oxidative stress-induced invasion is mediated by Romo1 expression. The Romo1-induced increase of invasive activity was blocked by an inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK). These results demonstrate that tumor cell invasion in response to oxidative stress is associated with Romo1 expression and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Romo1 is therefore a promising therapeutic target for diseases characterized by NF-κB deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136‑705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136‑705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sil Chung
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136‑705, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Do Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136‑705, Republic of Korea
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3
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Rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory complex I inhibitor, ameliorates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Guikema JEJ, Schrader CE, Brodsky MH, Linehan EK, Richards A, El Falaky N, Li DH, Sluss HK, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Stavnezer J. p53 represses class switch recombination to IgG2a through its antioxidant function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6177-87. [PMID: 20483782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ig class switch recombination (CSR) occurs in activated mature B cells, and causes an exchange of the IgM isotype for IgG, IgE, or IgA isotypes, which increases the effectiveness of the humoral immune response. DNA ds breaks in recombining switch (S) regions, where CSR occurs, are required for recombination. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase initiates DNA ds break formation by deamination of cytosines in S regions. This reaction requires reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates, such as hydroxyl radicals. In this study we show that the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine inhibits CSR. We also demonstrate that IFN-gamma treatment, which is used to induce IgG2a switching, increases intracellular ROS levels, and activates p53 in switching B cells, and show that p53 inhibits IgG2a class switching through its antioxidant-regulating function. Finally, we show that p53 inhibits DNA breaks and mutations in S regions in B cells undergoing CSR, suggesting that p53 inhibits the activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E J Guikema
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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5
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Kelly M, Trudel S, Brouillard F, Bouillaud F, Colas J, Nguyen-Khoa T, Ollero M, Edelman A, Fritsch J. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator inhibitors CFTR(inh)-172 and GlyH-101 target mitochondrial functions, independently of chloride channel inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:60-9. [PMID: 20051483 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly potent and selective cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane regulator (CFTR) inhibitors have been identified by high-throughput screening: the thiazolidinone CFTR(inh)-172 [3-[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)methylene]- 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone] and the glycine hydrazide GlyH-101 [N-(2-naphthalenyl)-((3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene)glycine hydrazide]. Inhibition of the CFTR chloride channel by these compounds has been suggested to be of pharmacological interest in the treatment of secretory diarrheas and polycystic kidney disease. In addition, functional inhibition of CFTR by CFTR(inh)-172 has been proposed to be sufficient to mimic the CF inflammatory profile. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the two compounds on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential in several cell lines: the CFTR-deficient human lung epithelial IB3-1 (expressing the heterozygous F508del/W1282X mutation), the isogenic CFTR-corrected C38, and HeLa and A549 as non-CFTR-expressing controls. Both inhibitors were able to induce a rapid increase in ROS levels and depolarize mitochondria in the four cell types, suggesting that these effects are independent of CFTR inhibition. In HeLa cells, these events were associated with a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption, with GlyH-101 demonstrating a higher potency than CFTR(inh)-172. The impact of CFTR inhibitors on inflammatory parameters was also tested in HeLa cells. CFTR(inh)-172, but not GlyH-101, induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). CFTR(inh)-172 slightly decreased interleukin-8 secretion, whereas GlyH-101 induced a slight increase. These results support the conclusion that CFTR inhibitors may exert nonspecific effects regarding ROS production, mitochondrial failure, and activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, independently of CFTR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Kelly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U845, Centre de Recherche Croissance and Signalization, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, Paris, France
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6
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Zmijewski JW, Lorne E, Zhao X, Tsuruta Y, Sha Y, Liu G, Siegal GP, Abraham E. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I regulates neutrophil activation and severity of lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:168-79. [PMID: 18436790 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200710-1602oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondria have important roles in intracellular energy generation, modulation of apoptosis, and redox-dependent intracellular signaling. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, including activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, there is only limited information concerning the role of mitochondrially derived ROS in modulating cellular activation and tissue injury associated with acute inflammatory processes. OBJECTIVES To examine involvement of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I on LPS-mediated NF-kappaB activation in neutrophils and neutrophil-dependent acute lung injury. METHODS Neutrophils incubated with rotenone or metformin were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine the effects of mitochondrial complex I inhibition on intracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species, NF-kappaB activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Acute lung injury was produced by intratracheal injection of LPS into control, metformin, or rotenone-treated mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inhibition of complex I with either rotenone or the antihyperglycemic agent metformin was associated with increased intracellular levels of both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, as well as inhibition of LPS-induced I kappaB-alpha degradation, NF-kappaB nuclear accumulation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Treatment of LPS-exposed mice with rotenone or metformin resulted in inhibition of complex I in the lungs, as well as diminished severity of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that mitochondrial complex I plays an important role in modulating Toll-like receptor 4-mediated neutrophil activation and suggest that metformin, as well as other agents that inhibit mitochondrial complex I, may be useful in the prevention or treatment of acute inflammatory processes in which activated neutrophils play a major role, such as acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1530 Third Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Huang X, Cang H, Gao F, Yamamoto T, Osaki T, Yi J. The endogenous reactive oxygen species promote NF-kappaB activation by targeting on activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:963-71. [PMID: 17729113 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701445045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could stimulate or inhibit NF-kappaB pathways. However, most results have been obtained on the basis of the exogenous ROS and the molecular target of ROS in NF-kappaB signalling pathways has remained unclear. Here, the oral squamous carcinoma (OSC) cells, with a mild difference in the endogenous ROS level, were used to investigate how slight fluctuation of the endogenous ROS regulates NF-kappaB activation. This study demonstrates that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a critical target of the endogenous ROS in NF-kappaB pathways. The results indicate that ROS may function as a physiological signalling modulator on NF-kappaB signalling cascades through its ability to facilitate the activity of NIK and subsequent NF-kappaB transactivation. In addition, the data are useful to explain why the altered intracellular microenvironment related to redox state may influence biological behaviours of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry of China for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Samudio I, Konopleva M, Pelicano H, Huang P, Frolova O, Bornmann W, Ying Y, Evans R, Contractor R, Andreeff M. A Novel Mechanism of Action of Methyl-2-cyano-3,12 Dioxoolean-1,9 Diene-28-oate: Direct Permeabilization of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane to Inhibit Electron Transport and Induce Apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1182-93. [PMID: 16410408 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.018051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-2-cyano-3,12 dioxoolean-1,9 diene-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a synthetic oleanolic acid derivative that displays antitumorigenic and anti-inflammatory activities, and we have previously reported that this agent potently activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in leukemia cells. In this study, we demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by CDDO-Me is mediated by direct permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which results in the rapid depletion of mitochondrial glutathione (GSXm), loss of cardiolipin, and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. More importantly, we demonstrate that in addition to activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, the mitochondrial effects of CDDO-Me may mediate its anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the generation of superoxide anion (O2*). It is noteworthy that CDDO-Me did not increase the generation of O2* and pretreatment of leukemia cells with CDDO-Me prevented the increase of this reactive oxygen species elicited by inhibition of complex I or III in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. CDDO-Me, but not other inhibitors of respiration, induced a time- and dose-dependent, cyclosporin A-independent permeability transition (PT) of isolated mitochondria that was sensitive to sulfhydryl antioxidants but not to EDTA. PT induced by CDDO-Me and Ca2+ was accompanied by loss of GSXm, suggesting that the increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane facilitates the loss of this antioxidant. Finally, transmission electron microscopy revealed that CDDO-Me rapidly induced caspase-independent mitochondrial swelling and loss of inner membrane structure before the release of cytochrome c. Taken together, our results indicate that CDDO-Me is a novel mitochondriotoxic agent that induces apoptosis and inhibits mitochondrial electron transport via perturbations in inner mitochondrial membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Samudio
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Unit 448, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Hongpaisan J, Winters CA, Andrews SB. Strong calcium entry activates mitochondrial superoxide generation, upregulating kinase signaling in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10878-87. [PMID: 15574738 PMCID: PMC6730216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3278-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Large increases in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) activate several kinases that are important for neuronal plasticity, including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase A (PKA), and protein kinase C (PKC). Because it is also known, mainly in non-neuronal systems, that superoxide radicals (O2-) activate these (and other) kinases and because O2- generation by mitochondria is in part [Ca2+]i dependent, we examined in hippocampal neurons the relationship between Ca2+ entry, O2- production, and kinase activity. We found that, after large stimulus-induced [Ca2+]i increases, O2- selectively produced by mitochondria near plasmalemmal sites of Ca2+ entry acts as a modulator to upregulate the two kinases, namely, CaMKII and PKA, whose activities are directly or indirectly phosphorylation dependent. The common mechanism involves O2- inhibition of inactivating protein phosphatases. Conversely, because small [Ca2+]i increases do not promote mitochondrial respiration and O2- generation, weak stimuli favor enhanced phosphatase activity, which therefore leads to suppressed kinase activity. Enhanced O2- production also promoted PKC activity but by a phosphatase-independent pathway. These results suggest that Ca2+-dependent upregulation of mitochondrial O2- production may be a general mechanism for linking Ca2+ entry to enhanced kinase activity and therefore to synaptic plasticity. This mechanism also represents yet another way that mitochondria, acting as calcium sensors, can play a role in neuronal signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Hongpaisan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4062, USA
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Suliman HB, Welty-Wolf KE, Carraway MS, Schwartz DA, Hollingsworth JW, Piantadosi CA. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates mitochondrial DNA damage and biogenic responses after heat-inactivated E. coli. FASEB J 2005; 19:1531-3. [PMID: 15994412 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3500fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An important site of cellular damage in bacterial sepsis is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which we proposed is caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by activation of signaling through specific toll-like receptors (TLR). In wild-type (Wt) mice injected with heat-inactivated E. coli, hepatic TLR4 and TLR2 proteins were up-regulated with TLR-dependent increases in transcript levels for tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6, nitric oxide synthase-II (iNOS), and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2). The accompanying stress significantly depleted hepatic mtDNA despite eight- and fourfold increases in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) expression, respectively. The identical E. coli dose generated significantly less TNF-alpha, NO, and Nox2 in TLR4-/- and TLR2/4-/- but not in TLR2-/- mice. TLR4-/- and TLR2/4-/- compared with Wt mice were protected from mtDNA oxidation but showed no Tfam up-regulation and little copy number restoration. A critical role in the mtDNA damage was determined for TLR4-mediated iNOS transcription through the MyD88 pathway. In Wt mice, mtDNA depletion was avoided by selective iNOS blockade, and residual mtDNA loss was linked to NF-kappaB-dependent TNF-alpha expression. These data disclose the dual role of TLR4 in mtDNA damage and compensatory mitochondrial biogenic responses after innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Haddad JJ. Hypoxia and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases: gene transcription and the assessment of potential pharmacologic therapeutic interventions. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1249-85. [PMID: 15313426 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is an environmental/developmental signal that regulates cellular energetics, growth, and differentiation processes. Despite its central role in nearly all higher life processes, the molecular mechanisms for sensing oxygen levels and the pathways involved in transducing this information are still being elucidated. Altering gene expression is the most fundamental and effective way for a cell to respond to extracellular signals and/or changes in its microenvironment. During development, the expression of specific sets of genes is regulated spatially (by position/morphogenetic gradients) and temporally, presumably via the sensing of molecular oxygen available within the microenvironment. Regulation of signaling responses is governed by transcription factors that bind to control regions (consensus sequences) of target genes and alter their expression in response to specific signals. Complex signal transduction during hypoxia (deficiency of oxygen in inspired gases or in arterial blood and/or in tissues) involves the coupling of ligand-receptor interactions to many intracellular events. These events basically include phosphorylations by tyrosine kinases and/or serine/threonine kinases, such as those of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), a superfamily of kinases responsive to stress nonhomeostatic conditions. Protein phosphorylations imposed during hypoxia change enzyme activities and protein conformations, and the eventual outcome is rather complex, comprising of an alteration in cellular activity and changes in the programming of genes expressed within the responding cells. These molecular changes serve as signals that are crucial for cell survival under contingent conditions imposed during hypoxia. This review correlates current concepts of hypoxic sensing pathways with hypoxia-related phosphorylation mechanisms mediated by MAPKs via the genetic and pharmacologic regulation/manipulation of specific transcription factors and related cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kondoh H, Lleonart ME, Gil J, Wang J, Degan P, Peters G, Martinez D, Carnero A, Beach D. Glycolytic Enzymes Can Modulate Cellular Life Span. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.177.65.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An unbiased screen for genes that can immortalize mouse embryonic fibroblasts identified the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM). A 2-fold increase in PGM activity enhances glycolytic flux, allows indefinite proliferation, and renders cells resistant to ras-induced arrest. Glucosephosphate isomerase, another glycolytic enzyme, displays similar activity and, conversely, depletion of PGM or glucosephosphate isomerase with short interfering RNA triggers premature senescence. Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts and mouse embryonic stem cells display higher glycolytic flux and more resistance to oxidative damage than senescent cells. Because wild-type p53 down-regulates PGM, mutation of p53 can facilitate immortalization via effects on PGM levels and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kondoh
- 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London and
- 2Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesus Gil
- 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London and
- 2Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Wang
- 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London and
| | - Paolo Degan
- 3Mutagenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute-Genova, Genoa, Italy; and
| | - Gordon Peters
- 2Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dolores Martinez
- 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London and
| | - Amancio Carnero
- 4Experimental Therapeutics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones, Oncologicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Beach
- 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London and
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Ben-Abraham R, Shapira I, Szold A, Weinbroum AA. Attenuation of liver ischemia-reperfusion-induced atrial dysfunction by external pacing but not by isoproterenol. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 82:9-15. [PMID: 15052300 DOI: 10.1139/y03-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischemia–reperfusion detrimentally affects myocardial function by initially interfering with the rate of contraction. We investigated the usefulness of isoproterenol versus external electrical pacing in attenuating secondary functional damage of isolated Wistar rat atria. Atrial strips (n = 10/group) were bathed within oxygenated Krebs–Henseleit solution that exited from isolated livers that had been either perfused normally (controls) or underwent no flow (ischemia) for 2 h. In addition to one noninterventional ischemia-exposed strip group, a second group was externally paced at a fixed rate (55 pulses·min–1, 6 V) and a third "ischemia" group was treated with isoproterenol (0.1 mM), both interventions commencing upon the strips' exposure to the hepatic effluents. Control strips displayed unaltered contraction rate and systolic-generated tension during the 2-h exposure. Nontreated strips exposed to ischemic reperfusate experienced bradycardia compared with baseline values (7 ± 2 vs. 50 ± 12 beats·min–1, p < 0.05), followed <1-min later by a fall in the generated tension (11 ± 4 vs. 20 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05). The paced-ischemic strips displayed unaltered rate and force of contraction, whereas the addition of isoproterenol did not prevent deterioration in the rate and force of contraction (8 ± 3 beats·min–1, 12 ± 4 mmHg, respectively; p < 0.05 vs. baseline control ischemia-paced strips). Thus, external electrical pacing prevented liver ischemia–reperfusion-induced atrial strips' bradycardia and loss of contractility, while isoproterenol did not.Key words: ischemia, reperfusion, liver, atrium, dysfunction, isoproterenol, pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ben-Abraham
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical School, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
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14
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Filosto M, Tonin P, Vattemi G, Savio C, Rizzuto N, Tomelleri G. Transcription factors c-Jun/activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in oxidative stress response in mitochondrial diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 29:52-9. [PMID: 12581340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2003.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxygen free radical (ROS) generation with consequent oxidative stress and cellular damage. Recently, activation of the cellular antioxidant system and apoptosis were demonstrated in skeletal muscle fibres from patients with mitochondrial diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of ROS generation, is a chemical inducer of gene expression able to activate apoptosis and to promote the antioxidant response through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we evaluated the expression of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in muscle biopsies from patients with mitochondrial disease. In addition, we examined the expression of factors involved in their activation, such as NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) and phosphorylated Jun-N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). Most fibres with respiratory chain dysfunction displayed nuclear staining for activated c-Jun/AP-1, but not for NF-kappaB. The same fibres reacted for p-JNK. Only some ragged red fibres immunoreacted for NIK. These data suggest that AP-1 is involved in the oxidative stress response in muscle fibres from patients with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filosto
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy
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15
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Higuchi M, Manna SK, Sasaki R, Aggarwal BB. Regulation of the activation of nuclear factor kappaB by mitochondrial respiratory function: evidence for the reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:945-55. [PMID: 12573143 DOI: 10.1089/152308602762197489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory function regulates the redox status of cells, which, in turn, can control the activation of transcription factors. However, how mitochondria accomplish this modulation is not completely understood. Using the human myelogenous leukemia cells ML-1a, respiration-deficient clone 19 derived from ML-1a, and reconstituted clones, we demonstrated the role of respiratory function in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 was observed in clone 19, but not in ML-1a, and the constitutive activation observed in clone 19 was completely inhibited in reconstituted clones that have functional mitochondria. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 observed in ML-1a was greatly reduced in clone 19. These results indicate that mitochondrial respiratory function regulates TNF-induced and constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. We investigated the roles of reactive oxygen species in NF-kappaB activation. Generation of superoxide detected by hydroethidine, but not hydrogen peroxide detected by dehydrorhodamine 123, was transiently increased by TNF in both of the cells. The antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, reduced TNF-induced, but not the constitutive, NF-kappaB activation. These results indicate that the increase in superoxide generation might be involved in TNF-induced, but not in constitutive, NF-kappaB activation. Our results thus demonstrate the involvement of mitochondrial respiratory function in the activation of reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent pathways for NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Haddad JJ. Antioxidant and prooxidant mechanisms in the regulation of redox(y)-sensitive transcription factors. Cell Signal 2002; 14:879-97. [PMID: 12220615 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A progressive rise of oxidative stress due to the altered reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis appears to be one of the hallmarks of the processes that regulate gene transcription in physiology and pathophysiology. Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species serve as signaling messengers for the evolution and perpetuation of the inflammatory process that is often associated with the condition of oxidative stress, which involves genetic regulation. Changes in the pattern of gene expression through ROS/RNS-sensitive regulatory transcription factors are crucial components of the machinery that determines cellular responses to oxidative/redox conditions. Transcription factors that are directly influenced by reactive species and pro-inflammatory signals include nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Here, I describe the basic components of the intracellular oxidative/redox control machinery and its crucial regulation of oxygen- and redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and HIF-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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Stoetzer OJ, Pogrebniak A, Pelka-Fleischer R, Hasmann M, Hiddemann W, Nuessler V. Modulation of apoptosis by mitochondrial uncouplers: apoptosis-delaying features despite intrinsic cytotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:471-83. [PMID: 11853698 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of mitochondrial electron transport and opening of the so-called mitochondrial permeability transition pores (PTPs) are early events in apoptotic cell death and may be caused by the uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidation and phosphorylation, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). We investigated the cellular toxicity of FCCP in HL60 and CCRF-CEM cells alone or in combination with the known apoptosis inducers such as inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases staurosporine (Sts) and protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine. FCCP induced apoptotic cell death in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and we were able to demonstrate an appearance of caspase-3-dependent PARP cleavage fragments with Western blot and the appearance of large (15-50 kb) DNA fragments using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. After 2 hr of incubation with Che or Sts more than half of the cells had died by apoptosis. We observed a statistically significant delay in Sts- and Che-induced apoptotic cell death in CCRF-CEM cells when the cells were preincubated with FCCP but not with zVAD-FMK: about 50% more cells survived after pre-treatment with FCCP, as compared to 1 hr treatment with Che alone (P<0.05), and 25% more cells were alive after 6 hr of treatment, as compared to 6 hr exposure to Sts alone (P<0.05). The protective effect of FCCP was, however, transient and lasted only 6 hr. Treatment with aurintricarboxylic acid completely prevented Che- and Sts-induced apoptotic cell death in CCRF-CEM and HL60 cells. Incubation with Che resulted in a drop in the intracellular ATP content, predominantly distinctive in HL60, and in NAD(+) content in CCRF-CEM cells. Both ATP and NAD(+) drop were prevented with ATA, but not with FCCP or zVAD. Our data suggest that treatment with uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation can induce apoptotic cell death in haematopoietic cell lines. However, when used in combination with serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors FCCP can even prevent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Stoetzer
- Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are produced by all aerobic cells and are widely believed to play a pivotal role in aging as well as a number of degenerative diseases. The consequences of the generation of oxidants in cells does not appear to be limited to promotion of deleterious effects. Alterations in oxidative metabolism have long been known to occur during differentiation and development. Experimental perturbations in cellular redox state have been shown to exert a strong impact on these processes. The discovery of specific genes and pathways affected by oxidants led to the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species serve as subcellular messengers in gene regulatory and signal transduction pathways. Additionally, antioxidants can activate numerous genes and pathways. The burgeoning growth in the number of pathways shown to be dependent on oxidation or antioxidation has accelerated during the last decade. In the discussion presented here, we provide a tabular summary of many of the redox effects on gene expression and signaling pathways that are currently known to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Allen
- Lankenau Medical Research Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Wynnewood, PA 19106, USA
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