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Gómez GI, Alvear TF, Roa DA, Farias-Pasten A, Vergara SA, Mellado LA, Martinez-Araya CJ, Prieto-Villalobos J, García-Rodríguez C, Sánchez N, Sáez JC, Ortíz FC, Orellana JA. Cx43 hemichannels and panx1 channels contribute to ethanol-induced astrocyte dysfunction and damage. Biol Res 2024; 57:15. [PMID: 38576018 PMCID: PMC10996276 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol, a widely abused drug, significantly diminishes life quality, causing chronic diseases and psychiatric issues, with severe health, societal, and economic repercussions. Previously, we demonstrated that non-voluntary alcohol consumption increases the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in astrocytes from adolescent rats. However, whether ethanol directly affects astroglial hemichannels and, if so, how this impacts the function and survival of astrocytes remains to be elucidated. RESULTS Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol boost the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in mouse cortical astrocytes, resulting in the release of ATP and glutamate. The activation of these large-pore channels is dependent on Toll-like receptor 4, P2X7 receptors, IL-1β and TNF-α signaling, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Notably, the ethanol-induced opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels leads to alterations in cytokine secretion, NO production, gliotransmitter release, and astrocyte reactivity, ultimately impacting survival. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a new mechanism by which ethanol impairs astrocyte function, involving the sequential stimulation of inflammatory pathways that further increase the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels. We hypothesize that targeting astroglial hemichannels could be a promising pharmacological approach to preserve astrocyte function and synaptic plasticity during the progression of various alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo I Gómez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tanhia F Alvear
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Daniela A Roa
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Arantza Farias-Pasten
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Sergio A Vergara
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis A Mellado
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Claudio J Martinez-Araya
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan Prieto-Villalobos
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Claudia García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2360102, Chile
| | - Natalia Sánchez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2360102, Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortíz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Chacabuco 675, of. 212, Santiago, 8350347, Chile.
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile.
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Reyes-Ábalos AL, Álvarez-Zabaleta M, Olivera-Bravo S, Di Tomaso MV. Astrocyte DNA damage and response upon acute exposure to ethanol and corticosterone. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 5:1277047. [PMID: 38259729 PMCID: PMC10800529 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1277047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Astrocytes are the glial cells responsible for brain homeostasis, but if injured, they could damage neural cells even deadly. Genetic damage, DNA damage response (DDR), and its downstream cascades are dramatic events poorly studied in astrocytes. Hypothesis and methods: We propose that 1 h of 400 mmol/L ethanol and/or 1 μmol/L corticosterone exposure of cultured hippocampal astrocytes damages DNA, activating the DDR and eliciting functional changes. Immunolabeling against γH2AX (chromatin DNA damage sites), cyclin D1 (cell cycle control), nuclear (base excision repair, BER), and cytoplasmic (anti-inflammatory functions) APE1, ribosomal nucleolus proteins together with GFAP and S100β plus scanning electron microscopy studies of the astrocyte surface were carried out. Results: Data obtained indicate significant DNA damage, immediate cell cycle arrest, and BER activation. Changes in the cytoplasmic signals of cyclin D1 and APE1, nucleolus number, and membrane-attached vesicles strongly suggest a reactivity like astrocyte response without significant morphological changes. Discussion: Obtained results uncover astrocyte genome immediate vulnerability and DDR activation, plus a functional response that might in part, be signaled through extracellular vesicles, evidencing the complex influence that astrocytes may have on the CNS even upon short-term aggressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Reyes-Ábalos
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Magdalena Álvarez-Zabaleta
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - María Vittoria Di Tomaso
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Cresto N, Pillet LE, Billuart P, Rouach N. Do Astrocytes Play a Role in Intellectual Disabilities? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:518-527. [PMID: 31300246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, including those involving intellectual disability, are characterized by abnormalities in formation and functions of synaptic circuits. Traditionally, research on synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission in health and disease focused on neurons, however, a growing number of studies have highlighted the role of astrocytes in this context. Tight structural and functional interactions of astrocytes and synapses indeed play important roles in brain functions, and the repertoire of astroglial regulations of synaptic circuits is large and complex. Recently, genetic studies of intellectual disabilities have underscored potential contributions of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Here we review how alterations of astrocyte functions in disease may interfere with neuronal excitability and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory transmission during development, and contribute to intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Cresto
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neuroscience de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Laure-Elise Pillet
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neuroscience de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France; Doctoral School N°562, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neuroscience de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, 75005 Paris, France.
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Bertero A, Moretti A, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium Molds and Mycotoxins: Potential Species-Specific Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E244. [PMID: 29914090 PMCID: PMC6024576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of the main Fusarium mycotoxins, focusing on toxicological aspects in terms of species-specific effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have centered on the peculiarity of the responses to mycotoxins, demonstrating that toxicokinetics, bioavailability and the mechanisms of action of these substances vary depending on the species involved, but additional studies are needed to better understand the specific responses. The aim of this review is to summarize the toxicological responses of the main species affected by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase blocks alcohol-mediated cell death and calcium disruption in cerebellar granule neurons. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:108-112. [PMID: 29679679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol during brain development leads to the widespread neuronal death observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In comparison, the mature brain is less vulnerable to alcohol. Studies into maturation-acquired alcohol resistance uncovered a protective mechanism that reduces alcohol-induced neuronal death through nitric oxide-cGMP-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (NO-cGMP-cGK) signaling. However, the downstream processes underlying this neuroprotection remain unclear. Alcohol can disrupt levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in vulnerable neuronal populations to trigger cell death in both in vivo and in vitro models of FASD. Since cGK has been demonstrated to regulate and inhibit intracellular Ca2+ release, we examined the hypothesis that cGK confers alcohol resistance by preventing [Ca2+]i disruptions. Alcohol resistance, determined by neuronal survival after 24 h of alcohol exposure, was examined in primary cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) cultures derived from 5 to 7 day-old neonatal mice with an activator, 8-Br-cGMP, and/or an inhibitor, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, of cGK signaling. Intracellular Ca2+ responses to alcohol were measured by ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in Fura-2-loaded CGN cultures after 8-Br-cGMP treatment. Our results indicate that activating cGK with 8-Br-cGMP before alcohol administration provided neuroprotection, which the cGK inhibitor, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, blocked. Alcohol exposure elevated [Ca2+]i, whereas 8-Br-cGMP pretreatment reduced both the level of the alcohol-induced rise in [Ca2+]i as well as the number of cells that responded to alcohol by increasing [Ca2+]i. These findings associate alcohol resistance, mediated by cGK signaling, to reduction of the persistent and toxic increase in [Ca2+]i from alcohol exposure.
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Battistoni M, Mercurio S, Ficetola GF, Metruccio FC, Menegola E, Pennati R. The Ascidian Embryo Teratogenicity assay in Ciona intestinalis as a new teratological screening to test the mixture effect of the co-exposure to ethanol and fluconazole. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 57:76-85. [PMID: 29223040 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the Ascidian Embryo Teratogenicity assay (AET) as new alternative invertebrate model to test the developmental effects of the co-exposure to ethanol and fluconazole. Ciona intestinalis embryos were exposed to the azolic fungicide fluconazole, (FLUCO, 7.8-250μM), to ethanol (Eth, 0.01-0.5%) and to their mixture (0.01% Eth+FLUCO 7.8-250μM) from neurula to larval stage. At the end of the exposure period, larvae were morphologically evaluated and benchmark analysis performed by using the PROAST modelling software. Both compounds were teratogenic in a concentration-related manner, particularly affecting the pigmented organs. The co-exposure to Eth enhanced the effects of FLUCO, the additive hypothesis was not rejected by the modelling. The results demonstrated that AET could be considered a good vertebrate-free alternative model for toxicological investigation in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Battistoni
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cristiana Metruccio
- International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention (ICPS), University Hospital Luigi Sacco, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Menegola
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pennati
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Happ DF, Tasker RA. Effects of α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activation on Cell Survival in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:887-895. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Luz C, Saladino F, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:430-439. [PMID: 28720287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins include the toxic secondary metabolites fusaproliferin, enniatins, beauvericin (BEA), and moniliform. BEA is produced by some entomo- and phytopathogenic Fusarium species and occurs naturally on corn and corn-based foods and feeds infected by Fusarium spp. BEA has shown various biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal) and possesses toxic activity, including the induction of apoptosis, increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration and lead to DNA fragmentation in mammalian cell lines. Cereals food processing has an important effect on mycotoxin stability, leading to less-contaminated food compared to the raw materials. Different industrial processes have shown to be effective practices to reduce BEA contents due to thermal food processing applied, such as cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. Some studies demonstrated the capacity of lactic acid bacteria to reduce the presence of the BEA in model solution and in food chain through fermentation processes, modifying this mycotoxin in a less toxic derivate. Prebiotic and probiotic ingredient can modulate the bioaccessibility of BEA reducing the risk of intake of this minor Fusarium mycotoxin. This review summarizes the existing data on occurrence, toxicity and especially on BEA reduction strategies in food and feed such as chemical reduction, biocontrol and food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F B Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain.
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Goodlett CR, Horn KH, Zhou FC. Alcohol Teratogenesis: Mechanisms of Damage and Strategies for Intervention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:394-406. [PMID: 15956769 DOI: 10.1177/15353702-0323006-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are multiple mechanisms by which alcohol can damage the developing brain, but the type of damage induced will depend on the amount and developmental timing of exposure, along with other maternal and genetic factors. This article reviews current perspectives on how ethanol can produce neuroteratogenic effects by its interactions with molecular regulators of brain development. The current evidence suggests that alcohol produces many of its damaging effects by exerting specific actions on molecules that regulate key developmental processes (e.g., L1 cell adhesion molecule, alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase), interfering with the early development of midline serotonergic neurons and disrupting their regulatory-signaling function for other target brain structures, interfering with trophic factors that regulate neurogenesis and cell survival, or inducing excessive cell death via oxidative stress or activation of caspase-3 proteases. The current understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms suggests several strategic approaches to develop rational molecular prevention. However, the development of behavioral and biologic treatments for alcohol-affected children is crucial because it is unlikely that effective delivery of preventative interventions can realistically be achieved in ways to prevent prenatal damage in at-risk pregnancies. Toward that end, behavioral training that promotes experience-dependent neuroplasticity has been effective in a rat model of cerebellar damage induced by alcohol exposure during the period of brain development that is comparable to that of the human third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Trindade P, Hampton B, Manhães AC, Medina AE. Developmental alcohol exposure leads to a persistent change on astrocyte secretome. J Neurochem 2016; 137:730-43. [PMID: 26801685 PMCID: PMC5471499 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is the most common cause of mental disabilities in the western world. It has been quite established that acute alcohol exposure can dramatically affect astrocyte function. Because the effects of early alcohol exposure on cell physiology can persist into adulthood, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol exposure in ferrets during a period equivalent to the last months of human gestation leads to persistent changes in astrocyte secretome in vitro. Animals were treated with ethanol (3.5 g/kg) or saline between postnatal day (P)10-30. At P31, astrocyte cultures were made and cells were submitted to stable isotope labeling by amino acids. Twenty-four hour conditioned media of cells obtained from ethanol- or saline-treated animals (ET-CM or SAL-CM) were collected and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry in tandem with liquid chromatography. Here, we show that 65 out of 280 quantifiable proteins displayed significant differences comparing ET-CM to SAL-CM. Among the 59 proteins that were found to be reduced in ET-CM we observed components of the extracellular matrix such as laminin subunits α2, α4, β1, β2, and γ1 and the proteoglycans biglycan, heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2, and lumican. Proteins with trophic function such as insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, pigment epithelium-derived factor, and clusterin as well as proteins involved on modulation of proteolysis such as metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were also reduced. In contrast, pro-synaptogeneic proteins like thrombospondin-1, hevin as well as the modulator of extracelular matrix expression, angiotensinogen, were found increased in ET-CM. The analysis of interactome maps through ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that the amyloid beta A4 protein precursor, which was found reduced in ET-CM, was previously shown to interact with ten other proteins that exhibited significant changes in the ET-CM. Taken together our results strongly suggest that early exposure to teratogens such as alcohol may lead to an enduring change in astrocyte secretome. Despite efforts in prevention, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a major cause of mental disabilities. Here, we show that developmental exposure to alcohol lead to a persistent change in the pattern of proteins secreted (secretome) by astrocytes. This study is also the first mass spectrometry-based assessment of the astrocyte secretome in a gyrencephalic animal. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Trindade
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Hampton
- Protein Analysis Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre E Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Happ DF, Tasker RA. A method for objectively quantifying propidium iodide exclusion in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 269:1-5. [PMID: 27179931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) are an attractive in vitro model to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury, because the normal hippocampal architecture, function and cellular diversity are mostly preserved. The effects of exposure to excitotoxins such as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on cell viability can be determined by propidium iodide (PI) staining. NEW METHOD We describe a simple method to objectively quantify cell death in NMDA exposed slice cultures using PI that provides a standardized means of quantifying cell death in hippocampal subfields without the need to induce maximal cell death in each slice. The method employs separation of subfields using simple landmarks and densitometric quantification of PI intensity in 10 template-oriented counting fields. RESULTS We show that exposure to increasing concentrations of NMDA results in a dose-dependent increase in PI uptake. Additionally, our method facilitates the comparison of cell death in different hippocampal subfields, such as dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3. Our results show marked differences of PI uptake in the hippocampal regions with the CA1 area being most sensitive to NMDA-induced injury. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The method provides a standardized format for quantifying PI exclusion in OHSCs that can be applied to cultures of differing shapes and sizes, permits comparisons between hippocampal subfields and does not require induction of maximal cell death. CONCLUSION The method of quantifying PI uptake described herein allows for an objective, quantitative and reproducible analysis and comparison of cell death in distinct regions of OHSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise F Happ
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - R Andrew Tasker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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12
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Kouzoukas DE, Li G, Takapoo M, Moninger T, Bhalla RC, Pantazis NJ. Intracellular calcium plays a critical role in the alcohol-mediated death of cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 124:323-35. [PMID: 23121601 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is a potent neuroteratogen that can trigger neuronal death in the developing brain. However, the mechanism underlying this alcohol-induced neuronal death is not fully understood. Utilizing primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), we tested the hypothesis that the alcohol-induced increase in intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)](i) causes the death of CGN. Alcohol induced a dose-dependent (200-800 mg/dL) neuronal death within 24 h. Ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging with Fura-2 revealed that alcohol causes a rapid (1-2 min), dose-dependent increase in [Ca(2+)](i), which persisted for the duration of the experiment (5 or 7 min). The alcohol-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was observed in Ca(2+) -free media, suggesting intracellular Ca(2+) release. Pre-treatment of CGN cultures with an inhibitor (2-APB) of the inositol-triphosphate receptor (IP(3) R), which regulates Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), blocked both the alcohol-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i) and the neuronal death caused by alcohol. Similarly, pre-treatment with BAPTA/AM, a Ca(2+) -chelator, also inhibited the alcohol-induced surge in [Ca(2+) ](i) and prevented neuronal death. In conclusion, alcohol disrupts [Ca(2+)](i) homeostasis in CGN by releasing Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, resulting in a sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i) may be a key determinant in the mechanism underlying alcohol-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios E Kouzoukas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zhou FC, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Goodlett CR, Liang T, McClintick JN, Edenberg HJ, Li L. Alteration of gene expression by alcohol exposure at early neurulation. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:124. [PMID: 21338521 PMCID: PMC3056799 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that alcohol exposure at early neurulation induces growth retardation, neural tube abnormalities, and alteration of DNA methylation. To explore the global gene expression changes which may underline these developmental defects, microarray analyses were performed in a whole embryo mouse culture model that allows control over alcohol and embryonic variables. RESULT Alcohol caused teratogenesis in brain, heart, forelimb, and optic vesicle; a subset of the embryos also showed cranial neural tube defects. In microarray analysis (accession number GSM9545), adopting hypothesis-driven Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) informatics and intersection analysis of two independent experiments, we found that there was a collective reduction in expression of neural specification genes (neurogenin, Sox5, Bhlhe22), neural growth factor genes [Igf1, Efemp1, Klf10 (Tieg), and Edil3], and alteration of genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, histone variants, eye and heart development. There was also a reduction of retinol binding protein 1 (Rbp1), and de novo expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 (Aldh1B1). Remarkably, four key hematopoiesis genes (glycophorin A, adducin 2, beta-2 microglobulin, and ceruloplasmin) were absent after alcohol treatment, and histone variant genes were reduced. The down-regulation of the neurospecification and the neurotrophic genes were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, the gene expression profile demonstrated distinct subgroups which corresponded with two distinct alcohol-related neural tube phenotypes: an open (ALC-NTO) and a closed neural tube (ALC-NTC). Further, the epidermal growth factor signaling pathway and histone variants were specifically altered in ALC-NTO, and a greater number of neurotrophic/growth factor genes were down-regulated in the ALC-NTO than in the ALC-NTC embryos. CONCLUSION This study revealed a set of genes vulnerable to alcohol exposure and genes that were associated with neural tube defects during early neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng C Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sarc L, Wraber B, Lipnik-Stangelj M. Ethanol and acetaldehyde disturb TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in cultured astrocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1256-65. [PMID: 21056952 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110388533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol disturbs astroglial growth and differentiation and causes functional alterations. Furthermore, many signalling molecules produced by astrocytes contribute to these processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of ethanol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, on TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in a rat cortical astrocyte primary culture. We are the first to report that both ethanol and acetaldehyde can modulate TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion from cultured astrocytes. Long-term exposure (7 days) to ethanol and acetaldehyde was more toxic than an acute (24 hours) exposure. However, both compounds showed a biphasic, hormestic effect on the IL-6 secretion after the acute as well as the long-term exposure, and the maximum stimulation was reached for 50-mM ethanol and 1-mM acetaldehyde after 7-day exposure. In contrast, both compounds reduced the TNF-alpha secretion, where the effect was concentration-dependent. The catalase inhibitor 2-amino-1,2,4 triazole significantly reduced the ethanol toxicity in the cultured astrocytes after the acute as well as the long-term exposure. In conclusion, both ethanol and acetaldehyde affect the production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in cultured astrocytes. The effect depends on the concentration of the compounds and the duration of the exposure. Acetaldehyde is a more potent toxin than ethanol, and ethanol's toxicity in the brain is at least partially due to its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Sarc
- Poison Control Centre, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010; 60:297-305. [PMID: 19789159 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of toxicity of ethanol and its first metabolite acetaldehyde in rat astrocytes through cell viability and cell proliferation. The cells were treated with different concentrations of ethanol in the presence or absence of a catalase inhibitor 2-amino-1,2,4 triazole (AMT) or with different concentrations of acetaldehyde. Cell viability was assessed using the trypan blue test. Cell proliferation was assessed after 24 hours and after seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde.We showed that both ethanol and acetaldehyde decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In proliferation studies, after seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde, we observed a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell number. The protein content study showed biphasic dose-response curves, after 24 hours and seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde. Co-incubation in the presence of AMT significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of ethanol on cell proliferation.We concluded that long-term exposure of astrocytes to ethanol is more toxic than acute exposure. Acetaldehyde is a much more potent toxin than ethanol, and at least a part of ethanol toxicity is due to ethanol's first metabolite acetaldehyde.
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Thymosin-β4 Attenuates Ethanol-induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Cerebral Cortical Astrocytes by Inhibiting Apoptosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:149-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 44:115-27. [PMID: 18940959 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This is a review of preclinical studies covering alcohol-induced brain neuronal death and loss of neurogenesis as well as abstinence-induced brain cell genesis, e.g. brain regeneration. Efforts are made to relate preclinical studies to human studies. METHODS The studies described are preclinical rat experiments using a 4-day binge ethanol treatment known to induce physical dependence to ethanol. Neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits following binge treatment mimic the mild degeneration and cognitive deficits found in humans. Various histological methods are used to follow brain regional degeneration and regeneration. RESULTS Alcohol-induced degeneration occurs due to neuronal death during alcohol intoxication. Neuronal death is related to increases in oxidative stress in brain that coincide with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative enzymes that insult brain. Degeneration is associated with increased NF-kappaB proinflammatory transcription and decreased CREB transcription. Corticolimbic brain regions are most sensitive to binge-induced degeneration and induce relearning deficits. Drugs that block oxidative stress and NF-kappaB transcription or increase CREB transcription block binge-induced neurodegeneration, inhibition of neurogenesis and proinflammatory enzyme induction. Regeneration of brain occurs during abstinence following binge ethanol treatment. Bursts of proliferating cells occur across multiple brain regions, with many new microglia across brain after months of abstinence and many new neurons in neurogenic hippocampal dentate gyrus. Brain regeneration may be important to sustain abstinence in humans. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration occurs primarily during intoxication and is related to increased oxidative stress and proinflammatory proteins that are neurotoxic. Abstinence after binge ethanol intoxication results in brain cell genesis that could contribute to the return of brain function and structure found in abstinent humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Wang LH, Yang JY, Cui W, Shin YK, Wu CF. Involvement of promyelocytic leukemia protein in the ethanol-induced apoptosis in mouse embryo fibroblasts. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1067-71. [PMID: 18591875 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene is a tumor suppressor gene associated with cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and senescence. However, the role of PML in the ethanol-induced apoptosis is not fully-known. In this study, using wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and PML null MEF cells, we found that (1) ethanol (100 mM and 200 mM) could obviously induce apoptosis of wild-type MEF cells, whereas, in PML null MEF cells, the pro-apoptotic function of ethanol was partially blocked; (2) the expression levels of phosphorylated p53 and two of its target genes, p21 and Bax, could be significantly up-regulated by ethanol (200 mM) in wild-type MEF cells in a time-dependent manner, but not in PML null MEF cells. These results indicate that PML plays an important role in ethanol-induced apoptosis, and p53-dependent apoptotic pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Anthony B, Zhou FC, Ogawa T, Goodlett CR, Ruiz J. Alcohol exposure alters cell cycle and apoptotic events during early neurulation. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43:261-73. [PMID: 18283098 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agm166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol exposure causes growth deficits, microencephaly, and neurological abnormalities. Although the effects of alcohol on developmental delay and growth-related deficits have been hypothesized, little is understood about how alcohol alters, in particular, the cyclin pathway within the cell cycle, which is critical to proliferation and apoptotic control. In this study, we examined cell cycle proteins pertinent to the G1-S phase transition and apoptosis, to determine if cell cycle misregulation can be attributed to apoptotic induction and growth defects. METHODS We examined cell cycle regulation during G1 and S-phase, and DNA fragmentation damage, using E14 dorsal root ganglia neural stem cells (DRG-NC), and cultured mouse embryos exposed to 200 and 400 mg/dl ethanol. RESULTS Alcohol-exposed DRG-NC demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in cells expressing increased cyclin D1 protein, and increased DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis, using embryos, demonstrated an overexpression of cyclin D1, D2, and E2F1, key G1 to S-phase cell cycle regulatory components, and increases in p53, linking the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation indicated reduced DNA synthesis and growth in several embryonic regions. Propidium iodide staining demonstrated decreases in DNA content and increases in DNA fragmentation in several embryonic tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that retarded growth of DRG-NC and embryos, induced by alcohol, is associated with altered expression of cell cycle and apoptotic proteins and concurrent inhibition of proliferation and increased DNA fragmentation. We suggest that alcohol induces an increase in cyclin D1 expression, premature S-phase entry, and disjointed DNA synthesis with increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Anthony
- Department of Anatomy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Jestoi M. EmergingFusarium-Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, And Moniliformin—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:21-49. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390601062021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Jestoi
- a Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Chemistry and Toxicology Unit , Mustialankatu 3, FIN-00790 , Helsinki , Finland
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D'Addario C, Ming Y, Ogren SO, Terenius L. The role of acetaldehyde in mediating effects of alcohol on expression of endogenous opioid system genes in a neuroblastoma cell line. FASEB J 2007; 22:662-70. [PMID: 17934066 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8346com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) alters neural activity through interaction with various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The endogenous opioid system seems to play a key role in the activities of EtOH, since the opioid antagonist naltrexone (ReVia) attenuates craving. We have investigated the transcriptional regulation of opioid system genes in response to EtOH exposure for up to 96 h in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed a significant decrease in the expression of opioid peptide precursors (proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin) and of the kappa opioid receptor after 48 and 72 h of EtOH exposure (10 and 40 mM). These alterations were not present when the EtOH metabolism was blocked by 4-methylpyrazole. To evaluate whether the effects evoked by EtOH were possibly due to the first product of EtOH metabolism, cells were exposed to 0.4 mM acetaldehyde. We observed the same pattern of changes for prodynorphin, proenkephalin, and the kappa opioid receptor as after 72 h exposure to EtOH. These results contribute to our understanding of EtOH action at a cellular level and provide evidence of the role of acetaldehyde in mediating some of the EtOH-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17176 Sweden.
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Villegas SN, Njaine B, Linden R, Carri NG. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) prevents ethanol (EtOH) induced B92 glial cell death by both PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:116-26. [PMID: 17113937 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuroprotective effect of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) upon alcohol-exposed B92 cultures, as well as the role of the cytoskeleton and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in this effect. Ethanol (EtOH) was added to cultures, either alone or in combination with 30 ng/ml GDNF. Exposure to EtOH (86 and 172 mM; 60 and 120 min) increased the frequency of apoptotic cells identified by nuclear DNA staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Cultures treated with GDNF showed a decrease in ethanol-induced apoptosis. A jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is activated by EtOH and their pharmacological inhibition (by SP600125) neutralized ethanol-induced apoptosis, suggesting a role for JNK in EtOH neurotoxicity. Immunocytochemically detected phospho-JNK (p-JNK) showed an unusual filamental expression, and localized together with actin stress fibers. Examination of the cytoskeleton showed that EtOH depolymerized actin filaments, inducing p-JNK dissociation and translocation to the nucleus, which suggests that released p-JNK may contribute to glial cell death after EtOH exposure. Treatment with GDNF, in turn, may neutralize the ethanol-induced cell death pathway. Either a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor (LY294002) or an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1, 2 pathways (UO126) failed to neutralize GDNF protective effects. However, the simultaneous use of both inhibitors blocked the protective effect of GDNF, suggesting a role for both signaling cascades in the GDNF protection. These findings provide further insight into the mechanism involved in ethanol-induced apoptosis and the neurotrophic protection of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nahuel Villegas
- Molecular Biology, IMBICE, Camino Belgrano y 526, CC 403, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, CCS, Bloco G, Cidade Universitaria, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kilburn BA, Chiang PJ, Wang J, Flentke GR, Smith SM, Armant DR. Rapid induction of apoptosis in gastrulating mouse embryos by ethanol and its prevention by HB-EGF. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:127-34. [PMID: 16433740 PMCID: PMC1679959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol exposure during gastrulation and early neurulation induces apoptosis within certain embryonic cell populations, leading to craniofacial and neurological defects. There is currently little information about the initial kinetics of ethanol-induced apoptosis, and interest in the ability of endogenous survival factors to moderate apoptosis is growing. Ethanol alters intracellular signaling, leading to cell death in chick embryos, suggesting that apoptosis could occur rapidly and that signaling pathways activated by survival factors might reduce apoptosis. METHODS Pregnant mice were intubated with 1, 2, or 4 g/kg ethanol on day 7.5 of embryogenesis (E7.5) 1, 3, or 6, hours before harvesting gastrulation-stage embryos. Control animals received maltose/dextran. Blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were determined by gas chromatography. E7.5 embryos isolated from untreated dams were cultured in vitro for 1 or 3 hr with 0 or 400 mg% ethanol and 0 or 5 nM heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Apoptosis was quantified using fluorescence microscopy to detect annexin V binding and DNA fragmentation [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-X nick end labeling (TUNEL)] in whole-mount or sectioned embryos. RESULTS Both annexin V binding and TUNEL were elevated (p < 0.05) in embryos exposed in utero to 1 g/kg ethanol for 3 hours, increasing linearly with time and ethanol concentration. Apoptosis increased (p < 0.05) in all germ cell layers. Mice treated with 4 g/kg sustained BAC of 400 mg% for nearly 3 hours, significantly increasing apoptosis within the first hour. Cultured embryos exposed to 400 mg% ethanol displayed 2- to 3-fold more TUNEL than vehicle-treated embryos (p < 0.05); however, exogenous HB-EGF prevented apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol rapidly produced apoptosis in gastrulation-stage embryos, consistent with induction by intracellular signaling. The ethanol-induced apoptotic pathway was blocked by the endogenous survival factor, HB-EGF. Differences in the expression of survival factors within individual embryos could be partly responsible for variations in the teratogenic effects of ethanol among offspring exposed prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - D. Randall Armant
- Reprint requests: D. Randall Armant, PhD, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine 275 East Hancock Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201-1415; Fax: 313-577-8554; E-mail:
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Hirata H, Machado LS, Okuno CS, Brasolin A, Lopes GS, Smaili SS. Apoptotic effect of ethanol is potentiated by caffeine-induced calcium release in rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2006; 393:136-40. [PMID: 16257121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated agents that increased intracellular calcium levels and their correlation with apoptotic cell death induction. We used rat astrocytes to investigate the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca(c)2+) and apoptosis induction by drugs that mobilize Ca2+ from different sources. We observed that thapsigargin (Thap), caffeine (Caff) and FCCP which caused similar increases in Ca(c)2+ levels (30-40%), also induced similar apoptotic rates (30-35%). On the other hand, antimycin (Anti), staurosporine (STS) and ethanol (Eth) promoted higher increases in Ca(c)2+ (55-65 %) and higher apoptotic rates (55-85%). Eth induced cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with Eth plus Caff for 6, 12 and 24 h, these effects were strongly potentiated. Results suggest that there might be a correlation between Ca(c)2+ increase and the rate of apoptosis. It is possible that Eth induces cell death by activation of more than one pathway and Ca2+ might be one of the elements involved. The present work indicates that Ca2+ can potentiate death by ethanol in rat astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo SP 04044-020, Brazil
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Schatter B, Jin S, Löffelholz K, Klein J. Cross-talk between phosphatidic acid and ceramide during ethanol-induced apoptosis in astrocytes. BMC Pharmacol 2005; 5:3. [PMID: 15694004 PMCID: PMC549038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanol inhibits proliferation in astrocytes, an effect that was recently linked to the suppression of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation by phospholipase D (PLD). The present study investigates ethanol's effect on the induction of apoptosis in astrocytes and the formation of ceramide, an apoptotic signal. Evidence is presented that the formation of PA and ceramide may be reciprocally linked during ethanol exposure. Results In cultured rat cortical astrocytes, ethanol (0.3–1 %, v/v) induced nuclear fragmentation and DNA laddering indicative of apoptosis. Concomitantly, in cells prelabeled with [3H]-serine, ethanol caused a dose-dependent, biphasic increase of the [3H]-ceramide/ [3H]-sphingomyelin ratio after 1 and 18 hours of incubation. As primary alcohols such as ethanol and 1-butanol were shown to inhibit the phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated formation of PA, a mitogenic lipid messenger, we tested their effects on ceramide formation. In astrocytes prelabeled with [3H]-serine, ethanol and 1-butanol, in contrast to t-butanol, significantly increased the formation of [3H]-ceramide. Moreover, exogenous PA, added to transiently permeabilized astrocytes, suppressed ethanol-induced [3H]-ceramide formation. Vice versa, addition of C2-ceramide to astrocytes inhibited PLD activity induced by serum or phorbol ester. Conclusion We propose that the formation of ceramide in ethanol-exposed astrocytes is secondary to the disruption of phospholipase D signaling. Ethanol reduces the PA:ceramide ratio in fetal astrocytes, a mechanism which likely participates in ethanol-induced glial apoptosis during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Schatter
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shenchu Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konrad Löffelholz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chung JH, Seo JC, Kim EH, Kim KY, Lee CY, Kim KM. Protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus against ethanol-induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2004; 31:379-88. [PMID: 12943169 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) against ethanol (EtOH)-induced apoptosis of the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC was investigated via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric analysis, DNA fragmentation assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and caspase-3 assay. It was shown that cells treated with EtOH exhibit classical apoptotic features, while cells pre-treated with Acanthopanax senticosus prior to EtOH exposure showed decreased occurrence of apoptotic features. In addition, Acanthopanax senticosus pre-treatment was shown to inhibit EtOH-induced increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression and activity. These results suggest that Acanthopanax senticosus may exert a protective effect against EtOH-induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ikegami Y, Goodenough S, Inoue Y, Dodd PR, Wilce PA, Matsumoto I. Increased TUNEL positive cells in human alcoholic brains. Neurosci Lett 2003; 349:201-5. [PMID: 12951203 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-sensitive neuronal cell loss, which has been reported in the superior frontal cortex and hippocampus, may underlie the pathogenesis of subsequent cognitive deficits. In the present study, we have used the TUNEL labeling to detect the DNA damage in human alcoholic brains. Seven out of eleven alcoholics exhibited TUNEL-positive cells in both superior frontal cortex and hippocampus, which were co-localized with GFAP immunoreactivity. In contrast, almost no positive cells were detected in the non-alcoholic controls. None of the TUNEL-positive cells showed any typical morphological features of apoptosis or necrosis. TUNEL-positive cells observed in the present study may indicate DNA damage induced by ethanol-related overproduction of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ikegami
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1-Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Tajuddin NF, Orrico LA, Eriksen JL, Druse MJ. Effects of ethanol and ipsapirone on the development of midline raphe glial cells and astrocytes. Alcohol 2003; 29:157-64. [PMID: 12798971 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(03)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, results of studies from our laboratory have shown that the offspring of ethanol-fed female rats have a significant decrease in serotonin (5-HT) neurons and glia that contain S100B, an essential trophic factor for the development of 5-HT neurons. The deficiency of S100B-immunopositive glia was detected during the vulnerable period in 5-HT neuron development and in brain areas proximal to these neurons. The reductions of both 5-HT neurons and S100B-positive glia were prevented by maternal treatment with a 5-HT(1A) agonist (i.e., ipsapirone or buspirone). In the current study, we investigated whether the offspring of ethanol-fed rats had a general decrease in the density of glial cells in the brain areas that contain 5-HT neurons, and we determined whether these changes were prevented by maternal treatment with ipsapirone between gestational days (GDs) 13 and 20. We estimated the density of vimentin-positive glia of the midline raphe glial structure (MRGS) at GD 20 and postnatal day (PND) 5 and of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes proximal to the dorsal and median raphe at PNDs 5 and 19. The results of this study provide evidence that in utero ethanol exposure is associated with a reduced density of GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes proximal to the dorsal and median raphe. Maternal ipsapirone treatment significantly increased astroglial density in the dorsal raphe at PNDs 5 and 19 and in the median raphe at PND 5, such that it either prevented (dorsal raphe, PNDs 5 and 19) or blunted (median raphe, PND 5) the effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhath F Tajuddin
- Division of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Jang MH, Shin MC, Lee TH, Bahn GH, Shin HS, Lim S, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Effect of Puerariae radix on c-Fos expression in hippocampus of alcohol-intoxicated juvenile rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:37-40. [PMID: 12520169 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is known to cause substantial neuronal loss in several regions of the brain. In Oriental medicine, medications based on Puerariae radix have been known to be of efficacy in the treatment of alcohol-related problems. In the present study, the effect of the aqueous extract of Puerariae radix on the expression of c-Fos, an immediate early gene whose expression is sometimes used as a marker for stimulus-induced changes in the metabolic activity of neurons, in the hippocampus of acutely alcohol-intoxicated juvenile rats was investigated via immunohistochemistry. In the first part of the experiment, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: the control group, the alcohol-treated group, the alcohol- and 0.3 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group, the alcohol- and 3 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group, the alcohol- and 30 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group, and the alcohol- and 300 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group. In the second part of the experiment, animals were divided into four groups: the control group, the 30 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group, the alcohol-treated group, and the alcohol- and 30 mg/kg Puerariae radix-treated group. From the results, it was demonstrated that alcohol administration significantly decreases the number of Fos-positive cells in the various regions of the hippocampus, and Puerariae radix treatment inhibits the alcohol-induced suppression of the expression of Fos in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. Puerariae radix exerted no significant effect on Fos expression in the hippocampus of normal rats. The results presented in this study suggest that Puerariae radix may alleviate alcohol-induced disruption of hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoigidong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Jang MH, Shin MC, Shin HS, Kim KH, Park HJ, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Alcohol induces apoptosis in TM3 mouse Leydig cells via bax-dependent caspase-3 activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 449:39-45. [PMID: 12163104 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether ethanol induces apoptosis in Leydig cells, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, terminal deoxynuclotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 enzyme assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were performed on TM3 mouse Leydig cells. Through morphological and biochemical analyses, it was demonstrated that TM3 cells treated with ethanol at concentrations of 50 and 100 mM exhibit classical apoptotic features. In addition, it was shown that ethanol induces increases in levels of bax and caspase-3 and a decrease in bcl-2 expression. Based on the results, alcohol appears to activate specific intracellular death-related pathways leading to bax-dependant caspase-3 activation and the induction of apoptosis in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
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Climent E, Pascual M, Renau-Piqueras J, Guerri C. Ethanol exposure enhances cell death in the developing cerebral cortex: role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:213-25. [PMID: 11948666 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol during fetal development induces brain damage, causing cell loss in several brain areas and affecting synaptic connections. Because neurotrophin signaling plays an important role in neuronal survival and differentiation, we have investigated the effect of ethanol exposure on cell death in the developing cerebral cortex and whether this effect correlates with alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, expression of its receptors, TrkB, and its signaling. We report that chronic ethanol intake during gestation and lactation enhances natural cell death and induces cell necrosis, decreases BDNF levels, and increases the ratio of the truncated to full-length TrkB mRNA receptors during postnatal developing cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we provide evidence that during brain development BDNF activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1 and ERK2) and the phosphoinoside-3-kinase (PI-3-K/Akt) pathways. However, BDNF-induced cell signaling throughout the above-mentioned survival pathways is significantly reduced by ethanol exposure. These findings suggest that ethanol-induced alterations in BDNF availability and in its receptor function might impair intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell survival, growth, and differentiation, leading to enhanced natural cell death during cerebral cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Climent
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas (FVIB), Amadeo de Saboya 4, 46010-Valencia, Spain
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Jang MH, Shin MC, Chung JH, Shin HD, Kim Y, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Effects of Puerariae radix on cell proliferation and nitric oxide synthase expression in dentate gyrus of alcohol-intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:355-8. [PMID: 11949892 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, Puerariae radix had been used for the treatment of alcohol-related problems. In this study, effects of Puerariae radix on cell proliferation and nitric oxide synthase expression in the dentate gyrus of alcohol-intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated via 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Alcohol administration was shown to inhibit the numbers of both BrdU-positive and NADPH-d-positive cells, while Puerariae radix treatment was shown to increase those numbers. It is possible that nitric oxide, which might play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, is a major target of the toxic effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim YJ, Chung JH, Yim SV, Kim EH, Kim Y, Kim CJ. Protective effects of puerariaeflos against ethanol-induced apoptosis on human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 87:338-42. [PMID: 11829154 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.87.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Puerariaeflos (PF) is an oriental medical herb for alcohol abuse. To investigate whether PF possesses protective effects against ethanol (EtOH)-induced cytotoxicity in the central nervous system, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometric analysis, DNA fragmentation assay, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed on SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells. Cells treated with EtOH exhibited several apoptotic features, while those pre-treated with PF prior to EtOH exposure showed a decreased occurrence of apoptotic features. In addition, PF pre-treatment inhibited the EtOH-induced increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression. These results suggest that PF may exert protective effects against EtOH-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Jang
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Eriksen JL, Druse MJ. Potential involvement of S100B in the protective effects of a serotonin-1a agonist on ethanol-treated astrocytes. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 128:157-64. [PMID: 11412901 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, this laboratory found that the offspring of rats that consumed ethanol on a chronic basis prior to parturition exhibited a significant reduction in serotonin (5-HT) neurons and in astrocytes proximal to these neurons. This laboratory also showed that maternal treatment with a 5-HT(1A) agonist during the latter part of gestation prevented the reduction of 5-HT neurons and most of the astrocyte abnormalities. The present in vitro studies extended our prior in vivo work by examining the potential involvement of S100B with the protective effects of a 5-HT(1A) agonist, i.e., buspirone, on astrocytes. Astrocyte cultures were either maintained in chemically defined media in the presence and absence of ethanol and buspirone or in conditioned media that was generated by ethanol- and buspirone-treated astrocytes. A mouse monoclonal antibody to S100B was used to assess the potential involvement of S100B with the protective effects of buspirone. Additional in vitro studies measured the direct effects of S100B and ethanol on astrocyte proliferation. These investigations demonstrate that in vitro ethanol exposure reduces the number of astrocytes, and that treatment with the 5-HT(1A) agonist buspirone prevents the ethanol-associated reduction in astrocyte number. The protective effects of buspirone appear to be mediated by factors that are secreted by astrocytes; such factors likely include S100B. In addition, added S100B prevents an ethanol-associated reduction in [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into proliferating astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Eriksen
- Division of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Samali A, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. Current concepts in cell toxicity. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2001; Chapter 2:Unit 2.1. [PMID: 23045041 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0201s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This overview provides a basic definition of cellular death and the mechanisms that are associated with cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. It includes a description of structural changes and macromolecular degradation and the roles of signaling, mitochondria, and genetic changes in the two forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samali
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dlugos CA, Pentney RJ. Quantitative immunocytochemistry of glia in the cerebellar cortex of old ethanol-fed rats. Alcohol 2001; 23:63-9. [PMID: 11331103 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It is clear from results of studies in this laboratory that chronic ethanol consumption causes regression of the extensive Purkinje neuron (PN) dendritic arbor. There are, however, a paucity of studies on the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on glia cells that reside in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex with PN dendrites. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility that chronic ethanol consumption in old F344 rats results in gliosis within the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Ten 12-month-old, male, F344 rats received a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol for 40 weeks. Pair-fed controls (n=10) received a liquid diet in which maltose dextrins were substituted for ethanol. Chow-fed rats (n=10) served as controls for age. At the end of the treatment period, rats were euthanized and perfused through the aorta, and cerebella were prepared for immunocytochemistry. Free floating sections were stained with (1) glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody for labeling of Bergmann glial cells and fibers, (2) OX-42 antibody for labeling of microglia, and (3) 0.5% cresyl violet for estimates of molecular layer volume. Results indicate that the densities of Bergmann glial cell processes and microglia within the cerebellar molecular layer are not altered by ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dlugos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 317 Farber Hall, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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Allansson L, Khatibi S, Olsson T, Hansson E. Acute ethanol exposure induces [Ca2+]i transients, cell swelling and transformation of actin cytoskeleton in astroglial primary cultures. J Neurochem 2001; 76:472-9. [PMID: 11208910 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to 100 mM isotonic ethanol (EtOH) increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), induced cell swelling, and transformed actin cytoskeleton in astroglial primary cultures from rat cerebral cortex. Fluorometric recordings of fluo-3AM- or fura-2AM-incubated astroglial cells revealed that EtOH induced [Ca2+]i transients in a small population of the cells. Cell swelling was estimated using a new method based on three-dimensional fluorescence imaging in conjunction with image analysis and graphic visualization techniques. The method provides detailed results concerning the reformation of structural shape and specific volume alterations, as well as total proportions between the different states. Astroglial cell swelling was registered and quantified in 7 of 39 cells chosen from 12 different coverslips. EtOH also induced reversible conformational changes in filamentous actin, appearing as increases in ring formations and a more dispersed appearance of the filaments. Filamentous actin was stained with Alexa phalloidin after incubation with EtOH for varied periods. The results presented here suggest that EtOH affects astrocytes in a way that could be of physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Allansson
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Crilly KS, Benyhe S, Kiss Z. Promitogenic effects of ethanol, methanol, and ethanolamine in insulin-treated fibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1391-8. [PMID: 11008133 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent potentiating effect of ethanol (EtOH) on insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis was studied with a focus on the possible site of EtOH action and the ability of other alcohols to elicit similar promitogenic effects. In serum-starved (27 hr) NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, 200-300 mM methanol (MeOH) and 0.1-1.5 mM ethanolamine (Etn), but not 3- to 9-carbon normal alcohols, enhanced the effect of insulin on DNA synthesis to varying extents. The promitogenic effects of EtOH and MeOH, but not that of Etn, required the presence of 15-25 microM zinc. The potentiating effects of Etn were enhanced by 5 mM choline (Cho) and inhibited by 1-3 mM hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), an inhibitor of Cho transporter and Cho kinase. In the presence of 15 microM zinc, 40 mM EtOH, which had no effect on its own, inhibited the potentiating effects of Cho and enhanced the inhibitory effects of HC-3 on synergistic stimulation of DNA synthesis by Etn and insulin. On the other hand, both Cho and HC-3 partially inhibited the promitogenic effect of 80 mM EtOH in the presence of 25 microM zinc. After a 10-min incubation, EtOH decreased the amount of cell-associated [(14)C]Cho in the absence but not in the presence of HC-3. After a 40-min incubation, Cho (5 mM) partially inhibited the cellular uptake as well as the metabolism of [(14)C]Etn. Whereas after the 40-min incubation 80 mM EtOH had no effects on Etn metabolism, in the absence of Cho it decreased the amount of cell-associated [(14)C]Etn. However, EtOH had no detectable effects on cell association of [(14)C]Etn after the 10-min incubation. The results suggest that in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts EtOH is a remarkably specific promitogen, and that it may act via a cell membrane site(s), also regulated by Cho (agonist) and HC-3 (antagonist), which can influence membrane binding and the promitogenic activity of Etn.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Crilly
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Huang JS, Crilly KS, Kiss Z. Ethanol enhances the stimulatory effects of lysophosphatidic acid on DNA synthesis but not cell proliferation in human and mouse fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 381:328-34. [PMID: 11032423 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a constituent of serum, is a positive regulator of cell growth, while ethanol (EtOH) has been shown to exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on mitogenesis. In this work, we examined possible interactions between the effects of EtOH and LPA on DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, activating phosphorylation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) activity. In fibroblasts derived from human or mouse embryo or the skin of healthy human subjects, LPA (1-20 microM) and EtOH (40-80 mM) synergistically stimulated DNA synthesis in a zinc-dependent manner. Nevertheless, EtOH did not modify the stimulatory effect of LPA on the proliferation of human embryonal fibroblasts. In the presence of zinc, EtOH did not affect LPA-induced activating phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPKs, although an inhibitor of MAPK kinase inhibited the combined effects of LPA and EtOH on DNA synthesis. In contrast, in the presence of zinc, EtOH enhanced the stimulatory effect of LPA on p70 S6K activity. The results indicate that in human fibroblasts, in the presence of zinc, EtOH enhances the stimulatory effects of LPA on DNA synthesis, but not on cell proliferation, by a mechanism probably involving activation of p70 S6K.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Huang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA
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Crilly KS, Kiss Z. Ethanol has multiple effects on DNA synthesis in fibroblasts depending on the presence of secreted growth regulators and zinc as well as the level of protein kinase C activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 381:127-34. [PMID: 11019828 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we showed that in serum-starved (27 h), washed mouse fibroblasts and other cell lines 40-80 mM concentrations of ethanol (EtOH) potentiate, in a zinc (Zn2+)-dependent manner, the combined stimulatory effects of calcium (Ca2+) and insulin (Ins) on DNA synthesis. We now report that the promitogenic EtOH effects require removal of the used medium at least 6 h prior to treatments with EtOH, Zn2+, and Ins. If serum-starved (27 h) cells were continuously incubated for another 18-h period without replacing the medium, a secreted cellular factor moderately enhanced the mitogenic effect of Ins and simultaneously blocked the potentiating effect of EtOH on DNA synthesis measured during the last hour of treatments. However, the presence of Ca2+ (2.8 mM) plus Zn2+ (25 microM) or 25-300 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) during the serum starvation period partially restored the promitogenic effect of EtOH. The PMA effect was blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X added for the second (18 h) period. Even at 300 nM, PMA failed to fully downregulate PKC-alpha, the major PKC isoform, over a 28-h period, suggesting that an activated PKC enzyme was involved in the restoration of EtOH effect. When EtOH (40-80 mM) was added for the entire serum starvation period and the incubations were continued for 18 h without removing the medium, EtOH inhibited both the combined actions of Ins and cellular factor as well as the promoting effect of newly added EtOH on Ins-dependent DNA synthesis. Coaddition of Zn2+ and PMA with EtOH prevented these inhibitory effects of EtOH. The results indicate that in mouse fibroblasts EtOH can both enhance and inhibit Ins-dependent DNA synthesis depending on the timing of EtOH treatment as well as the presence of Zn2+, cellular factors, and activators of the PKC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Crilly
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA
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Eriksen JL, Gillespie RA, Druse MJ. Effects of in utero ethanol exposure and maternal treatment with a 5-HT(1A) agonist on S100B-containing glial cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 121:133-43. [PMID: 10876026 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory previously showed that in utero ethanol exposure severely impairs the development of the cell bodies and projections of serotonin (5-HT) neurons, and that maternal treatment with a 5-HT(1A) agonist prevents many of these abnormalities. Others demonstrated that stimulation of fetal astroglial 5-HT(1A) receptors increases production and release of S100B, a glial trophic factor that is essential for the development of 5-HT neurons. The present study investigated a potential mechanism by which ethanol hinders development of 5-HT neurons, and by which maternal 5-HT(1A) agonist treatment prevents this damage. This study tested the hypothesis that in utero ethanol exposure reduces the number of S100B immunopositive glia and that maternal 5-HT(1A) agonist treatment prevents ethanol-associated changes in S100B. To test our hypothesis, we determined the effects of in utero ethanol exposure and maternal treatments with the 5-HT(1A) agonists ipsapirone and buspirone on S100B immunopositive glial cells. On gestation day 20 (G20), S100B immunopositive cells were quantified in the midline raphe glial structure (MRGS), a large transient structure that contains substantial numbers of S100B-positive glial cells and that spans the dorsal raphe, median raphe, and B9 complex of 5-HT neurons. S100B immunopositive glial cells were also determined in an area proximal to the dorsal raphe in postnatal day 2 (PN2) rats. In utero ethanol exposure significantly reduced S100B immunopositive glial cells in the MRGS at G20 and in the dorsal raphe at PN2. In addition, treatment of pregnant rats with a 5-HT(1A) agonist between G13 and G20 prevented the ethanol-associated reduction in S100B immunopositive glial cells. These studies demonstrated that part of ethanol's damaging effects on developing 5-HT neurons is mediated by a reduction of S100B and that some of the protective effects of maternal 5-HT(1A) agonist treatment are related to the actions of these drugs on glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Eriksen
- The Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, 60153, Maywood, IL, USA
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McAlhany RE, West JR, Miranda RC. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) prevents ethanol-induced apoptosis and JUN kinase phosphorylation. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 119:209-16. [PMID: 10675770 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol exposure during neural development leads to substantial neuronal loss in multiple brain regions. Our previous research indicated that exogenous glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) attenuated ethanol-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Additionally, ethanol decreased GDNF release suggesting that ethanol disrupts GDNF-signaling pathways. The present experiments utilized a homogeneous GDNF-responsive neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) to test the hypothesis that exogenous GDNF could attenuate ethanol-induced cell loss by suppressing cytotoxic signaling pathways and cell suicide. We measured two independently regulated markers of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and the externalization of phosphatidylserine to the outer cell membrane leaflet. Ethanol induced a dose-related increase in both apoptosis and necrosis. Lower concentrations of ethanol (34 and 68 mM) specifically increased DNA fragmentation, while all concentrations (up to 137 mM) increased phosphatidylserine translocation, suggesting that ethanol induction of apoptosis is not a unitary process. Furthermore, only higher concentrations of ethanol (103 and 137 mM) induced necrosis. Additionally, ethanol specifically induced phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal-kinase (JNK), a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase selectively associated with apoptosis. In contrast, ethanol did not alter the phosphorylation of another MAP kinase, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) that mediate cell survival. Thus, ethanol activated specific intracellular cell death-associated pathways and induced cell death. GDNF, in turn, prevented both ethanol-induced apoptosis and the activation of the death-associated JNK cascade. Therefore, GDNF may regulate multiple pathways to prevent ethanol-induced cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E McAlhany
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Abstract
The effect of acetaldehyde on astrocytes have been investigated because not only do they play an important role in brain maturation but also recent reports have shown their delayed proliferation following both 'in vivo' and 'in vitro' ethanol exposure. Biochemical parameters related to apoptotic and necrotic processes were examined in primary cultures of rat astrocytes exposed for 4 days to acetaldehyde generated from ethanol by co-cultured alcohol dehydrogenase-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Acetaldehyde levels in the culture media attained concentrations of approximately 450 microM. To study ethanol effects, alcohol oxidation was inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole (an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase). Acetaldehyde but not ethanol increased intracellular calcium levels by 155%. Moreover, significant DNA fragmentation was detected using a random oligonucleotide primed synthesis assay, by flow cytometry and when using agar gel electrophoresis. Transglutaminase activity was elevated in the cells treated with acetaldehyde but when acetaldehyde formation was inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole the enzyme activity was unaffected. Nitrate levels in the culture media were unchanged. Additionally, microscopic examination of cell nuclei revealed chromatin condensation in astrocytes exposed to acetaldehyde. It can be concluded, that in 'in vitro' acetaldehyde exposed rat astrocytes apoptotic pathways are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holownia
- Medical Academy of Bialystok, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Ludwik Zamenhof Children's Hospital, J. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland
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Huang JS, Mukherjee JJ, Kiss Z. Ethanol potentiates the mitogenic effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate by a zinc- and calcium-dependent mechanism in fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 366:131-8. [PMID: 10334873 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mouse embryo NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, ethanol (60-80 mM) was found to enhance the stimulatory effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Well-detectable potentiating effects of ethanol on S1P-induced mitogenesis required the presence of calcium (>1 mM) and zinc (20-40 microM) in the incubation medium. The amphibian tetrapeptide bombesin, which is known to mobilize intracellular calcium in fibroblasts, had no effect alone, but it approximately doubled the combined stimulatory effects of ethanol and S1P on DNA synthesis. The synergistic mitogenic effects of ethanol and S1P were also slightly enhanced, rather than inhibited, by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (5 mM). Of the various growth regulatory enzymes examined, ethanol detectably enhanced the stimulatory effects of S1P on the phosphosphorylation (activation) of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, but not of p38 MAP kinase. Cotreatment of fibroblasts with ethanol for 10 min also enhanced the stimulatory effects of S1P on the activities of c-Raf-1 kinase and p70 S6 kinase, but neither S1P nor ethanol had effects on phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and Akt/PKB kinase activities. Ethanol-plus-S1P-induced DNA synthesis was partially inhibited by both PD 98059 (50 microM) and rapamycin (10 nM), inhibitors of p42/p44 MAP kinase kinase and mTOR/p70 S6 kinases, respectively. The results indicate that in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, ethanol can enhance the mitogenic effects of S1P by a zinc- and calcium-dependent mechanism involving both the rapamycin-sensitive p70 S6 kinase-dependent and the c-Raf-1/MAP kinase-dependent growth regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Huang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue Northeast, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, USA
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Leach RE, Rout UK, Schultz JF, Saunders DE, Armant DR. Ethanol Elevates c-Myc Levels in Cultured Mouse Preimplantation Embryos. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mukherjee JJ, Huang JS, Getman C, Kiss Z. Bombesin promotes synergistic stimulation of DNA synthesis by ethanol and insulin in fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 362:183-9. [PMID: 9917343 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and several other cellular systems, ethanol (50-80 mM) was previously shown to greatly enhance the mitogenic effects of insulin particularly in the presence of zinc. Here we report that in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts the combined stimulatory effects of ethanol and insulin on DNA synthesis can be further increased by bombesin both in the absence and presence of zinc. Bombesin also enhanced insulin-plus-ethanol-induced DNA synthesis in mouse Swiss 3T3 and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, but in these cells bombesin was effective only in the presence of zinc. In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, the potentiating effects of ethanol on insulin-induced DNA synthesis by the zinc-dependent and bombesin-dependent mechanisms were additive. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), prevented the comitogenic effect of ethanol in the presence of bombesin but not in the presence of zinc. Furthermore, bombesin, but not ethanol, was found to enhance the stimulatory effect of insulin on PI3K activity. Rapamycin, an indirect inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase actions, inhibited the comitogenic effects of ethanol in the presence of both zinc and bombesin. However, only ethanol, but not bombesin, enhanced the stimulatory effect of insulin on p70 S6 kinase activity; this effect of ethanol was zinc-dependent. Neither ethanol nor bombesin enhanced the stimulatory effects of insulin on the phosphorylation (activation) of p38/p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases. The results suggest that in mouse fibroblasts maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis by physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol occurs if both PI3K and p70 S6 kinase are activated. These data suggest a mechanism by which ethanol may affect growth in affected human tissues during its tumor promoting actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mukherjee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, 55912, USA
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Catlin MC, Guizzetti M, Costa LG. Effects of ethanol on calcium homeostasis in the nervous system: implications for astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 1999; 19:1-24. [PMID: 10321969 DOI: 10.1007/bf02741375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a major health concern, with neurotoxicity occurring after both in utero exposure and adult alcohol abuse. Despite a large amount of research, the mechanism(s) underlying the neurotoxicity of ethanol remain unknown. One of the cellular aspects that has been investigated in relationship to the neuroteratogenicity and neurotoxicity of ethanol is the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Studies in neuronal cells and other cells have shown that ethanol can alter intracellular calcium levels and affect voltage and receptor-operated calcium channels, as well as G protein-mediated calcium responses. Despite increasing evidence of the important roles of glial cells in the nervous systems, few studies exist on the potential effects of ethanol on calcium homeostasis in these cells. This brief review discusses a number of reported effects of alcohol on calcium responses that may be relevant to astrocytes' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Catlin
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA
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HOLOWNIA A, MESKAR A, MENEZ JF, LEDIG M, BRASZKO JJ. The effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on microsomal and mitochondrial membrane fatty acid profiles in cultured rat astroglia. Addict Biol 1998; 3:271-9. [PMID: 26734921 DOI: 10.1080/13556219872083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that free radical damage may be involved in ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in cultured neural cells. Since changes in oxidative metabolism and the resulting lipid peroxidation readily modify biological membranes and alter cell functions we studied the effect of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on rat astroglial fatty acids profiles in the most common lipid classes of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes, i.e. phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Rat astroglial cells were grown for 1 week in the presence of 50 m M or 100 m M ethanol. To examine acetaldehyde effects we used a 4-day co-culture model consisting of astroglial cells and alcohol dehydrogenase-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Acetaldehyde produced by these cells reached 172 mu M and 265 mu M, respectively, for ethanol concentrations of 10 and 20 m M. Mitochondrial and microsomal membranes were prepared by differential centrifugation, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were separated using thin layer chromatography and fatty acid quantitation was performed by GLC. Neither ethanol nor acetaldehyde changed the mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine profiles of total saturated, mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, some significant alterations in particular fatty acids appeared especially after acetaldehyde but also after the highest ethanol dose. In microsomal phosphatidylcholine monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly increased after both, ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid was found to be especially affected by both ethanol and acetaldehyde. Similar decreases were observed in adrenic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the groups treated with ethanol. In microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine, ethanol and acetaldehyde decreased monounsaturated and some polyunsaturated fatty acids. These data support the role of peroxidative processes in cultured rat astroglia exposed to ethanol and point to the role of acetaldehyde in this mechanism.
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