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Shakhawat AM, Foltz JG, Nance AB, Bhateja J, Raymond JL. Systemic pharmacological suppression of neural activity reverses learning impairment in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.05.561013. [PMID: 37873217 PMCID: PMC10592955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of associative synaptic plasticity often results in impaired rather than enhanced learning. Previously, we proposed that such learning impairments can result from saturation of the plasticity mechanism (Nguyen-Vu et al., 2017), or, more generally, from a history-dependent change in the threshold for plasticity. This hypothesis was based on experimental results from mice lacking two class I major histocompatibility molecules, MHCI H2-Kb and H2Db (MH-CI KbDb-/-), which have enhanced associative long-term depression at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum (PF-Purkinje cell LTD). Here, we extend this work by testing predictions of the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis in a second mouse line with enhanced PF-Purkinje cell LTD, the Fmr1 knockout mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mice lacking Fmr1 gene expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells (L7-Fmr1 KO) were selectively impaired on two oculomotor learning tasks in which PF-Purkinje cell LTD has been implicated, with no impairment on LTD-independent oculomotor learning tasks. Consistent with the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis, behavioral pre-training designed to reverse LTD at the PF-Purkinje cell synapses eliminated the oculomotor learning deficit in the L7-Fmr1 KO mice, as previously reported in MHCI KbDb-/-mice. In addition, diazepam treatment to suppress neural activity and thereby limit the induction of associative LTD during the pre-training period also eliminated the learning deficits in L7-Fmr1 KO mice. These results support the hypothesis that cerebellar LTD-dependent learning is governed by an experience-dependent sliding threshold for plasticity. An increased threshold for LTD in response to elevated neural activity would tend to oppose firing rate stability, but could serve to stabilize synaptic weights and recently acquired memories. The metaplasticity perspective could inform the development of new clinical approaches for addressing learning impairments in autism and other disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Md Shakhawat
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | - Jacqueline G Foltz
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | | | - Jaydev Bhateja
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
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2
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Naqeeb TH, Almulla AF, Maes M. The physio-affective phenome of major depression is strongly associated with biomarkers of astroglial and neuronal projection toxicity which in turn are associated with peripheral inflammation, insulin resistance and lowered calcium. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:300-312. [PMID: 36996718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by elevated activity of peripheral neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which may cause neuro-affective toxicity by disrupting neuronal circuits in the brain. No study has explored peripheral indicators of neuroaxis damage in MDD in relation to serum inflammatory and insulin resistance (IR) biomarkers, calcium, and the physio-affective phenome consisting of depressive, anxious, chronic fatigue, and physiosomatic symptoms. METHODS Serum levels of phosphorylated tau protein 217 (P-tau217), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR), neurofilament light chain (NF-L), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), C-reactive protein (CRP), calcium and the HOMA2-insulin resistance (IR) index were measured in 94 MDD patients and 47 controls. RESULTS 61.1 % of the variance in the physio-affective phenome (conceptualized as a factor extracted from depression, anxiety, fatigue and physiosomatic symptoms) is explained by the regression on GFAP, NF-L, P-tau2017, PDGFRβ and HOMA2-IR (all positively associated), and decreased calcium. In addition, CRP and HOMA2-IR predicted 28.9 % of the variance in the neuroaxis index. We observed significant indirect effects of CRP and calcium on the physio-affective phenome which were partly mediated by the four neuroaxis biomarkers. Annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that the enlarged GFAP, P-tau217, PDGFR, and NF-L network was enriched in glial cell and neuronal projections, the cytoskeleton and axonal transport, including a mitochondrion. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral inflammation and IR may damage the astroglial and neuronal projections thereby interfering with mitochondrial transport. This neurotoxicity, combined with inflammation, IR and lowered calcium, may, at least in part, induce the phenome of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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3
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Chen YH, Jin SY, Yang JM, Gao TM. The Memory Orchestra: Contribution of Astrocytes. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:409-424. [PMID: 36738435 PMCID: PMC10043126 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, memory research has centered on the role of neurons, which do not function in isolation. However, astrocytes play important roles in regulating neuronal recruitment and function at the local and network levels, forming the basis for information processing as well as memory formation and storage. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes in memory functions and their cellular underpinnings at multiple time points. We summarize important breakthroughs and controversies in the field as well as potential avenues to further illuminate the role of astrocytes in memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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4
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Gala DS, Titlow JS, Teodoro RO, Davis I. Far from home: the role of glial mRNA localization in synaptic plasticity. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:153-169. [PMID: 36442969 PMCID: PMC9891262 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079422.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and glia are highly polarized cells, whose distal cytoplasmic functional subdomains require specific proteins. Neurons have axonal and dendritic cytoplasmic extensions containing synapses whose plasticity is regulated efficiently by mRNA transport and localized translation. The principles behind these mechanisms are equally attractive for explaining rapid local regulation of distal glial cytoplasmic projections, independent of their cell nucleus. However, in contrast to neurons, mRNA localization has received little experimental attention in glia. Nevertheless, there are many functionally diverse glial subtypes containing extensive networks of long cytoplasmic projections with likely localized regulation that influence neurons and their synapses. Moreover, glia have many other neuron-like properties, including electrical activity, secretion of gliotransmitters and calcium signaling, influencing, for example, synaptic transmission, plasticity and axon pruning. Here, we review previous studies concerning glial transcripts with important roles in influencing synaptic plasticity, focusing on a few cases involving localized translation. We discuss a variety of important questions about mRNA transport and localized translation in glia that remain to be addressed, using cutting-edge tools already available for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Gala
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Titlow
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Rita O Teodoro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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5
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Schindler P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:71-91. [PMID: 36378751 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2148657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing, often debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, whose predominant clinical manifestations are longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and optic neuritis. About 80% of the patients with an NMOSD phenotype have pathogenic autoantibodies against the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG). While therapeutic options for NMOSD have greatly expanded in recent years, well-established biomarkers for prognosis or treatment response are still lacking. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is mainly expressed in astrocytes and can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with NMOSD. AREAS COVERED Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge on GFAP as a biomarker in NMOSD. EXPERT OPINION In patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, GFAP levels are elevated in CSF and serum during acute attacks and correlate with disability, consistent with the pathophysiology of this antibody-mediated astrocytopathy. Serum GFAP levels tend to be higher in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD than in its differential diagnoses, multiple sclerosis, and myelin oligodendrocyte antibody-associated disease. Importantly, serum GFAP levels in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD during remission may be predictive of future disease activity. Serial serum GFAP measurements are emerging as a biomarker to monitor disease activity in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD and could have the potential for application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schindler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Schacke S, Kirkpatrick J, Stocksdale A, Bauer R, Hagel C, Riecken LB, Morrison H. Ezrin deficiency triggers glial fibrillary acidic protein upregulation and a distinct reactive astrocyte phenotype. Glia 2022; 70:2309-2329. [PMID: 35929192 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly being recognized as contributors to physiological brain function and behavior. Astrocytes engage in glia-synaptic interactions through peripheral astrocyte processes, thus modulating synaptic signaling, for example, by handling glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft and (re)provision to axonal terminals. Peripheral astrocyte processes are ultrafine membrane protrusions rich in the membrane-to-actin cytoskeleton linker Ezrin, an essential component of in vitro filopodia formation and in vivo peripheral astrocyte process motility. Consequently, it has been postulated that Ezrin significantly contributes to neurodevelopment as well as astrocyte functions within the adult brain. However, while Ezrin has been studied in vitro within cultured primary astrocytes, in vivo studies on the role of Ezrin in astrocytes remain to be conducted and consequences of its depletion to be studied. Here, we investigated consequences of Ezrin deletion in the mouse brain starting from early neuronal specification. While Ezrin knockout did not impact prenatal cerebral cortex development, behavioral phenotyping depicted reduced exploratory behavior. Starting with postnatal appearance of glia cells, Ezrin was verified to remain predominantly expressed in astrocytes. Proteome analysis of Ezrin deficient astrocytes revealed alterations in glutamate and ion homeostasis, metabolism and cell morphology - important processes for synaptic signal transmission. Notably, Ezrin deletion in astrocytes provoked (GFAP) glial fibrillary acidic protein upregulation - a marker of astrocyte activation and reactive astrogliosis. However, this spontaneous, reactive astrogliosis exhibited proteome changes distinct from ischemic-induced reactive astrogliosis. Moreover, in experimental ischemic stroke, Ezrin knockout mice displayed reduced infarct volume, indicating a protective effect of the Ezrin deletion-induced changes and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schacke
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Amy Stocksdale
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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7
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Kim H, Lee EJ, Lim YM, Kim KK. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Blood as a Disease Biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865730. [PMID: 35370870 PMCID: PMC8968934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a type III intermediate filament protein found in astrocytes in the brain. Damaged astrocytes release GFAP into cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, GFAP levels in these body fluids may reflect the disease state of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), which includes astrocytopathy, characterized by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 located on astrocytes. Recently, single-molecule array technology that can detect these synaptic proteins in blood, even in the subfemtomolar range, has been developed. Emerging evidence suggests that GFAP protein is a strong biomarker candidate for NMOSD. This mini-review provides basic information about GFAP protein and innovative clinical data that show the potential clinical value of blood GFAP levels as a biomarker for NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the discovery of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by Lawrence Eng and colleagues. Now recognized as a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins, it has become a subject for study in fields as diverse as structural biology, cell biology, gene expression, basic neuroscience, clinical genetics and gene therapy. This review covers each of these areas, presenting an overview of current understanding and controversies regarding GFAP with the goal of stimulating continued study of this fascinating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Michael Brenner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham
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9
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Durkee C, Kofuji P, Navarrete M, Araque A. Astrocyte and neuron cooperation in long-term depression. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:837-848. [PMID: 34334233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic transmission known as synaptic plasticity are fundamental processes in brain function and are recognized as the cellular basis of learning and memory. While the neuronal mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity have been largely identified, the involvement of astrocytes in these processes has been less recognized. However, astrocytes are emerging as important cells that regulate synaptic function by interacting with neurons at tripartite synapses. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that astrocytes are necessary elements in long-term synaptic depression (LTD). We highlight the mechanistic heterogeneity of astrocyte contribution to this form of synaptic plasticity and propose that astrocytes are integral participants in LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Durkee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Kelly E, Escamilla CO, Tsai PT. Cerebellar Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Deriving Mechanistic Insights from an Internal Model Framework. Neuroscience 2021; 462:274-287. [PMID: 33253824 PMCID: PMC8076058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders; however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying disordered behavior in ASD remain poorly understood. Notably, individuals with ASD have demonstrated difficulties generating implicitly derived behavioral predictions and adaptations. Although many brain regions are involved in these processes, the cerebellum contributes an outsized role to these behavioral functions. Consistent with this prominent role, cerebellar dysfunction has been increasingly implicated in ASD. In this review, we will utilize the foundational, theoretical contributions of the late neuroscientist Masao Ito to establish an internal model framework for the cerebellar contribution to ASD-relevant behavioral predictions and adaptations. Additionally, we will also explore and then apply his key experimental contributions towards an improved, mechanistic understanding of the contribution of cerebellar dysfunction to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyza Kelly
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Peter T Tsai
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Radial Glial Cells: New Views on Old Questions. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2512-2524. [PMID: 33725233 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGC) are at the center of brain development in vertebrates, acting as progenitors for neurons and macroglia (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) and as guides for migration of neurons from the ventricular surface to their final positions in the brain. These cells originate from neuroepithelial cells (NEC) from which they inherit their epithelial features and polarized morphology, with processes extending from the ventricular to the pial surface of the embryonic cerebrum. We have learnt a great deal since the first descriptions of these cells at the end of the nineteenth century. However, there are still questions regarding how and when NEC transform into RGC or about the function of intermediate filaments such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in RGCs and their dynamics during neurogenesis. For example, it is not clear why RGCs in primates, including humans, express GFAP at the onset of cortical neurogenesis while in rodents it is expressed when it is essentially complete. Based on an ultrastructural analysis of GFAP expression and cell morphology of dividing progenitors in the developing neocortex of the macaque monkey, we show that RGCs become the main progenitor in the developing cerebrum by the start of neurogenesis, as all dividing cells show glial features such as GFAP expression and lack of tight junctions. Also, our data suggest that RGCs retract their apical process during mitosis. We discuss our findings in the context of the role and molecular characteristics of RGCs in the vertebrate brain, their differences with NECs and their dynamic behavior during the process of neurogenesis.
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12
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Chatterjee P, Pedrini S, Stoops E, Goozee K, Villemagne VL, Asih PR, Verberk IMW, Dave P, Taddei K, Sohrabi HR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Teunissen CE, Vanderstichele HM, Martins RN. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 33431793 PMCID: PMC7801513 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic cytoskeletal protein, can be measured in blood samples, and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, plasma GFAP has not been investigated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD, based on brain amyloid-β (Aβ) load. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out for plasma GFAP and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, a blood-based marker associated with brain Aβ load, in participants (65-90 years) categorised into low (Aβ-, n = 63) and high (Aβ+, n = 33) brain Aβ load groups via Aβ positron emission tomography. Plasma GFAP, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-40 were measured using the Single molecule array (Simoa) platform. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher (p < 0.00001), and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios were significantly lower (p < 0.005), in Aβ+ participants compared to Aβ- participants, adjusted for covariates age, sex, and apolipoprotein E-ε4 carriage. A receiver operating characteristic curve based on a logistic regression of the same covariates, the base model, distinguished Aβ+ from Aβ- (area under the curve, AUC = 0.78), but was outperformed when plasma GFAP was added to the base model (AUC = 0.91) and further improved with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio (AUC = 0.92). The current findings demonstrate that plasma GFAP levels are elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD. These observations suggest that astrocytic damage or activation begins from the pre-symptomatic stage of AD and is associated with brain Aβ load. Observations from the present study highlight the potential of plasma GFAP to contribute to a diagnostic blood biomarker panel (along with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios) for cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Chatterjee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Goozee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- grid.410678.cDepartment of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Prita R. Asih
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Inge M. W. Verberk
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Preeti Dave
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA Australia
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom ,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ralph N. Martins
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
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13
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Sjöqvist M, Antfolk D, Suarez-Rodriguez F, Sahlgren C. From structural resilience to cell specification - Intermediate filaments as regulators of cell fate. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21182. [PMID: 33205514 PMCID: PMC7839487 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades intermediate filaments (IFs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular signaling events, ascribing IFs with functions beyond the structural support they provide. The organ and developmental stage‐specific expression of IFs regulate cell differentiation within developing or remodeling tissues. Lack of IFs causes perturbed stem cell differentiation in vasculature, intestine, nervous system, and mammary gland, in transgenic mouse models. The aberrant cell fate decisions are caused by deregulation of different stem cell signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, and TGFβ. Mutations in genes coding for IFs cause an array of different diseases, many related to stem cell dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IFs interact with and regulate the activity, localization and function of different signaling proteins in stem cells, and how the assembly state and PTM profile of IFs may affect these processes. Identifying when, where and how IFs and cell signaling congregate, will expand our understanding of IF‐linked stem cell dysfunction during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sjöqvist
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Freddy Suarez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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14
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Kishimoto Y, Hirono M, Atarashi R, Sakaguchi S, Yoshioka T, Katamine S, Kirino Y. Impairment of cerebellar long-term depression and GABAergic transmission in prion protein deficient mice ectopically expressing PrPLP/Dpl. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15900. [PMID: 32985542 PMCID: PMC7522223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC) knockout mice, named as the “Ngsk” strain (Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice), show late-onset cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration because of ectopic overexpression of PrPC-like protein (PrPLP/Dpl). Our previous study indicated that the mutant mice also exhibited alterations in cerebellum-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning, even at a young age (16 weeks of age) when neurological changes had not occurred. Thus, this electrophysiological study was designed to examine the synaptic function of the cerebellar cortex in juvenile Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice. We showed that Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice exhibited normal paired-pulse facilitation but impaired long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission at synapses between parallel fibres and PCs. GABAA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded from PCs were also weakened in Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice (7–8-week-old) exhibited abnormalities in delay eyeblink conditioning. Our findings suggest that these alterations in both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission to PCs caused deficits in delay eyeblink conditioning of Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice. Therefore, the Ngsk Prnp0/0 mouse model can contribute to study underlying mechanisms for impairments of synaptic transmission and neural plasticity, and cognitive deficits in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.
| | - Moritoshi Hirono
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoshioka
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Katamine
- Center for International Collaborative Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kirino
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
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15
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Kongsui R, Sriraksa N, Thongrong S. The Neuroprotective Effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Extract on LPS-Induced Neuronal Cell Loss and Astroglial Activation within the Hippocampus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4259316. [PMID: 32596307 PMCID: PMC7273477 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4259316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been recognized to induce neuroinflammation which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of Zingiber cassumunar (Z. cassumunar) or Phlai (in Thai) against LPS-induced neuronal cell loss and the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of astrocytes in the hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered with Z. cassumunar extract at various doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days before a single injection of LPS (250 μg/kg/i.p.). The results indicated that LPS-treated animals exhibited neuronal cell loss and the activation of astrocytes and also increased proinflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 1β in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with Z. cassumunar markedly reduced neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. In addition, Z. cassumunar extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW significantly suppressed the inflammatory response by reducing the expression of GFAP and IL-1ß in the hippocampus. Therefore, the results suggested that Z. cassumunar extract might be valuable as a neuroprotective agent in neuroinflammation-induced brain damage. However, further investigations are essential to validate the possible active ingredients and mechanisms of its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaniporn Kongsui
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Napatr Sriraksa
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Sitthisak Thongrong
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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16
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Brezzo G, Simpson J, Ameen-Ali KE, Berwick J, Martin C. Acute effects of systemic inflammation upon the neuro-glial-vascular unit and cerebrovascular function. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100074. [PMID: 32685933 PMCID: PMC7357601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain health relies on a tightly regulated system known as neurovascular coupling whereby the cellular constituents of the neuro-glial-vascular unit (NGVU) regulate cerebral haemodynamics in accordance with brain metabolic demand. Disruption of neurovascular coupling impairs brain health and is associated with the development of a number for neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease. The NGVU is also a key site of action for neuroinflammatory responses and contributes to the transition of systemic inflammation to neuroinflammatory processes. Thus, systemic inflammatory challenges may cause a shift in NGVU operation towards prioritising neuroinflammatory action and thus altering neurovascular coupling and resultant cerebrovascular changes. To investigate this, rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 mg/kg) to induce a systemic inflammatory response, or vehicle, and brain haemodynamic responses to sensory and non-sensory (hypercapnia) stimuli were assessed in vivo using optical imaging techniques. Following imaging, animals were perfused and their brains extracted to histologically characterise components of the NGVU to determine the association between underlying cellular changes and in vivo blood flow regulation. LPS-treated animals showed changes in haemodynamic function and cerebrovascular dynamics 6 hours after LPS administration. Histological assessment identified a significant increase in astrogliosis, microgliosis and endothelial activation in LPS-treated animals. Our data shows that an acutely induced systemic inflammatory response is able to rapidly alter in vivo haemodynamic function and is associated with significant changes in the cellular constituents of the NGVU. We suggest that these effects are initially mediated by endothelial cells, which are directly exposed to the circulating inflammatory stimulus and have been implicated in regulating functional hyperaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Brezzo
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK
| | - Julie Simpson
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Kamar E. Ameen-Ali
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK
| | - Jason Berwick
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK
| | - Chris Martin
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK
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17
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De Zeeuw CI, Canto CB. Sleep deprivation directly following eyeblink-conditioning impairs memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 170:107165. [PMID: 31953233 PMCID: PMC7184677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The relation between sleep and different forms of memory formation continues to be a relevant topic in our daily life. Sleep has been found to affect cerebellum-dependent procedural memory formation, but it remains to be elucidated to what extent the level of sleep deprivation directly after motor training also influences our ability to store and retrieve memories. Here, we studied the effect of disturbed sleep in mice during two different time-windows, one covering the first four hours following eyeblink conditioning (EBC) and another window following the next period of four hours. Compared to control mice with sleep ad libitum, the percentage of conditioned responses and their amplitude were impaired when mice were deprived of sleep directly after conditioning. This impairment was still significant when the learned EBC responses were extinguished and later reacquired. However, consolidation of eyeblink responses was not affected when mice were deprived later than four hours after acquisition, not even when tested during a different day-night cycle for control. Moreover, mice that slept longer directly following EBC showed a tendency for more conditioned responses. Our data indicate that consolidation of motor memories can benefit from sleep directly following memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrin B Canto
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Jones JR, Kong L, Hanna MG, Hoffman B, Krencik R, Bradley R, Hagemann T, Choi J, Doers M, Dubovis M, Sherafat MA, Bhattacharyya A, Kendziorski C, Audhya A, Messing A, Zhang SC. Mutations in GFAP Disrupt the Distribution and Function of Organelles in Human Astrocytes. Cell Rep 2019; 25:947-958.e4. [PMID: 30355500 PMCID: PMC6275075 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
How mutations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) cause Alexander disease (AxD) remains elusive. We generated iPSCs from two AxD patients and corrected the GFAP mutations to examine the effects of mutant GFAP on human astrocytes. AxD astrocytes displayed GFAP aggregates, recapitulating the pathological hallmark of AxD. RNA sequencing implicated the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle regulation, and cellular metabolism. Corroborating this analysis, we observed enlarged and heterogeneous morphology coupled with perinuclear localization of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in AxD astrocytes. Functionally, AxD astrocytes showed impaired extracellular ATP release, which is responsible for attenuated calcium wave propagation. These results reveal that AxD-causing mutations in GFAP disrupt intracellular vesicle regulation and impair astrocyte secretion, resulting in astrocyte dysfunction and AxD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Jones
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Linghai Kong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brianna Hoffman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert Krencik
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert Bradley
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tracy Hagemann
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jeea Choi
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew Doers
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Marina Dubovis
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | | | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anjon Audhya
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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19
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Matta SM, Hill-Yardin EL, Crack PJ. The influence of neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:75-90. [PMID: 31029798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviours. The clinical presentation of ASD is highly variable and diagnosis is based on the presence of impaired social communication and repetitive and/or restricted behaviours. Although the precise pathophysiologies underlying ASD are unclear, growing evidence supports a role for dysregulated neuroinflammation. The potential involvement of microglia and astrocytes reactive to inflammatory stimuli in ASD has generated much interest due to their varied roles including in mounting an immune response and regulating synaptic function. Increased numbers of reactive microglial and astrocytes in both ASD postmortem tissue and animal models have been reported. Whether dysregulation of glial subtypes exacerbates alterations in neural connectivity in the brain of autistic patients is not well explored. A role for the gut-brain axis involving microbial-immune-neuronal cross talk is also a growing area of neuroinflammation research. Greater understanding of these interactions under patho/physiological conditions and the identification of consistent immune profile abnormalities can potentially lead to more reliable diagnostic measures and treatments in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Matta
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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20
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mGluR1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells is essential for the formation but not expression of associative eyeblink memory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7353. [PMID: 31089195 PMCID: PMC6517439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical eyeblink conditioning is a representative associative motor learning that requires both the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN). Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) is richly expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex. Global mGluR1 knock-out (KO) mice show a significantly lower percentage of conditioned response (CR%) than wild-type mice in eyeblink conditioning, and the impaired CR% is restored by the introduction of mGluR1 in PCs. However, the specific roles of mGluR1 in major memory processes, including formation, storage and expression have not yet been defined. We thus examined the role of mGluR1 in these processes of eyeblink conditioning, using mGluR1 conditional KO (cKO) mice harboring a selective and reversible expression of mGluR1 in PCs. We have found that eyeblink memory is not latently formed in the absence of mGluR1 in adult mouse PCs. However, once acquired, eyeblink memory is expressed even after the depletion of mGluR1 in PCs. We thus conclude that mGluR1 in PCs is indispensable for the formation of eyeblink memory, while it is not required for the expression of CR.
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21
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Abbink MR, van Deijk ALF, Heine VM, Verheijen MH, Korosi A. The involvement of astrocytes in early-life adversity induced programming of the brain. Glia 2019; 67:1637-1653. [PMID: 31038797 PMCID: PMC6767561 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early‐life adversity (ELA) in the form of stress, inflammation, or malnutrition, can increase the risk of developing psychopathology or cognitive problems in adulthood. The neurobiological substrates underlying this process remain unclear. While neuronal dysfunction and microglial contribution have been studied in this context, only recently the role of astrocytes in early‐life programming of the brain has been appreciated. Astrocytes serve many basic roles for brain functioning (e.g., synaptogenesis, glutamate recycling), and are unique in their capacity of sensing and integrating environmental signals, as they are the first cells to encounter signals from the blood, including hormonal changes (e.g., glucocorticoids), immune signals, and nutritional information. Integration of these signals is especially important during early development, and therefore we propose that astrocytes contribute to ELA induced changes in the brain by sensing and integrating environmental signals and by modulating neuronal development and function. Studies in rodents have already shown that ELA can impact astrocytes on the short and long term, however, a critical review of these results is currently lacking. Here, we will discuss the developmental trajectory of astrocytes, their ability to integrate stress, immune, and nutritional signals from the early environment, and we will review how different types of early adversity impact astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maralinde R Abbink
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Lieke F van Deijk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Heysieattalab S, Lee KH, Liu Y, Wang Y, Foy MR, Bi X, Baudry M. Impaired cerebellar plasticity and eye-blink conditioning in calpain-1 knock-out mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:106995. [PMID: 30735788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are involved in the regulation of several signaling pathways and neuronal functions in the brain. Our recent studies indicate that calpain-1 is required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity, including long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in field CA1. However, little is known regarding the contributions of calpain-1 to cerebellar synaptic plasticity. Low frequency stimulation (LFS, 5 Hz, 5 min)-induced LTP at parallel fibers to Purkinje cell synapses was markedly impaired in cerebellar slices from calpain-1 knock-out (KO) mice. Application of a selective calpain-2 inhibitor enhanced LFS-induced LTP in both wild-type (WT) and calpain-1 KO mice. Three protocols were used to induce LTD at these synapses: LFS (1 Hz, 15 min), perfusion with high potassium and glutamate (K-Glu) or dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a mGluR1 agonist. All three forms of LTD were impaired in calpain-1 KO mice. DHPG application stimulated calpain-1 but not calpain-2 in cerebellar slices, and DHPG-induced LTD impairment was reversed by application of a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, okadaic acid. As in hippocampus, BDNF induced calpain-1 activation and PH domain and Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase 1/suprachiasmatic nucleus oscillatory protein (PHLPP1/SCOP) degradation followed by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, as well as calpain-2 activation leading to degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) in cerebellar slices. The role of calpain-1 in associative learning was evaluated in the delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC). Calpain-1 KO mice exhibited significant learning impairment in EBC during the first 2 days of acquisition training. However, after 5 days of training, the percentage of conditioned responses (CRs) between calpain-1 KO and WT mice was identical. Both calpain-1 KO and WT mice exhibited typical extinction patterns. Our results indicate that calpain-1 plays critical roles in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity and associative learning in both hippocampus and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomaayeh Heysieattalab
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ka-Hung Lee
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Yubin Wang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Michael R Foy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, United States
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Michel Baudry
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States.
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23
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Insufficient glutamine synthetase activity during synaptogenesis causes spatial memory impairment in adult mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:252. [PMID: 30670758 PMCID: PMC6342969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses constitute a major excitatory neurotransmission system and are regulated by glutamate/glutamine (Gln) cycling between neurons and astrocytes. Gln synthetase (GS) produced by astrocytes plays an important role in maintaining the cycle. However, the significance of GS during synaptogenesis has not been clarified. GS activity and expression significantly increase from postnatal day (PD) 7 to 21, and GS is expressed prior to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and is more abundant than GFAP throughout synaptogenesis. These observations suggest that GS plays an important role in synaptogenesis. We investigated this by inhibiting GS activity in neonatal mice and assessed the consequences in adult animals. Lower expression levels of GS and GFAP were found in the CA3 region of the hippocampus but not in the CA1 region. Moreover, synaptic puncta and glutamatergic neurotransmission were also decreased in CA3. Behaviorally, mice with inhibited GS during synaptogenesis showed spatial memory-related impairment as adults. These results suggest that postnatal GS activity is important for glutamatergic synapse development in CA3.
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24
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Shi J, Zhang X, Ni J, Wei M, Li T, Zhou B, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang P, Tian J, Wang Y. The influence of GAPT extraction on synapse loss of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice via adjusting Bcl-2/Bax balance. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2018; 4:724-736. [PMID: 30581978 PMCID: PMC6295930 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The degeneration of memory-focused synapses play important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, while it is not well known how β amyloid interferes neuron apoptosis and how a herbal combination GAPT influence synapse loss and neuronal apoptosis pathways of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Methods Three-month and six-month APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were used. Spatial and memory ability were measured by Morris Water Maze, Neuron and synapse number were assessed by electron microscope; Aβ, Bcl-2/Bax were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results APP/PS1 mice not only had increased Aβ accumulation, impaired memory performance, less synapse number, and much more necrosed neurons, but also had significant reduction in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. However, GAPT and donepezil showed improved memory performance, less Aβ accumulation, increased neuron and synapse number, as well as restored balance of Bcl-2/Bax. Discussion GAPT may improve cognitive functions via both reducing Aβ deposition and restoring Bcl-2/Bax balance of neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingnian Ni
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqing Wei
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingling Zhou
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiawei Liu
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhou Tian
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Interactions between astrocytes and the reward-attention circuit: A model for attention focusing in the presence of nicotine. COGN SYST RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Chen H, Hu Y, Xie K, Chen Y, Wang H, Bian Y, Wang Y, Dong A, Yu Y. Effect of autophagy on allodynia, hyperalgesia and astrocyte activation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2009-2019. [PMID: 30015858 PMCID: PMC6108883 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary damage or dysfunction of the nervous system may cause or initiate neuropathic pain. However, it has been difficult to establish an effective treatment for neuropathic pain, as the mechanisms responsible for its pathology remain largely unknown. Autophagy is closely associated with the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathic injury and cancer, among others. The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and discuss the effects of autophagy on allodynia, hyperalgesia and astrocyte activation in neuropathic pain. A neuropathic pain model was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. Inducers and inhibitors of autophagy and lysosomes were used to assess autophagy, allodynia, hyperalgesia and astrocyte activity. Neuropathic pain was found to induce an increase in the levels of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3II and Beclin 1 and, and in those of the lysosomal proteins, lysosomal-associated membrane protein type 2 (LAMP2) and Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7), whereas p62 levels were found to decrease from day 1 to 14 following CCI. The autophagy inducer, rapamycin, further increased the LC3II, Beclin 1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) and Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7) expression levels, and decreased the p62 expression levels, which were accompanied by alleviation of allodynia, hyperalgesia and astrocyte activation in the rats subjected to CCI; the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, reversed these effects. The use of the lysosomal inhibitors, bafilomycin and chloroquine, resulted in the accumulation of LC3II and Beclin 1, a decrease in the levels of LAMP2 and RAB7, and the exacerbation of allodynia, hyperalgesia and astrocyte activation in rats with neuropathic pain. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that neuropathic pain activates autophagy, which alleviates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and suppresses astrocyte activity. Therefore, neuropathic pain induced by CCI in rats appears to be mediated via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yajiao Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Huixing Wang
- Pain Management Center, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yingxue Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Aili Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Geminiani A, Casellato C, Antonietti A, D’Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. A Multiple-Plasticity Spiking Neural Network Embedded in a Closed-Loop Control System to Model Cerebellar Pathologies. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1750017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor control and cerebellar disorders compromise adaptation and learning of motor responses. However, the link between alterations at network level and cerebellar dysfunction is still unclear. In principle, this understanding would benefit of the development of an artificial system embedding the salient neuronal and plastic properties of the cerebellum and operating in closed-loop. To this aim, we have exploited a realistic spiking computational model of the cerebellum to analyze the network correlates of cerebellar impairment. The model was modified to reproduce three different damages of the cerebellar cortex: (i) a loss of the main output neurons (Purkinje Cells), (ii) a lesion to the main cerebellar afferents (Mossy Fibers), and (iii) a damage to a major mechanism of synaptic plasticity (Long Term Depression). The modified network models were challenged with an Eye-Blink Classical Conditioning test, a standard learning paradigm used to evaluate cerebellar impairment, in which the outcome was compared to reference results obtained in human or animal experiments. In all cases, the model reproduced the partial and delayed conditioning typical of the pathologies, indicating that an intact cerebellar cortex functionality is required to accelerate learning by transferring acquired information to the cerebellar nuclei. Interestingly, depending on the type of lesion, the redistribution of synaptic plasticity and response timing varied greatly generating specific adaptation patterns. Thus, not only the present work extends the generalization capabilities of the cerebellar spiking model to pathological cases, but also predicts how changes at the neuronal level are distributed across the network, making it usable to infer cerebellar circuit alterations occurring in cerebellar pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto Neurologico, IRCCS Fondazione C. Mondino Via, Mondino 2, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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28
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Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. Glial Cells in the Genesis and Regulation of Circadian Rhythms. Front Physiol 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29483880 PMCID: PMC5816069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are biological oscillations with a period of ~24 h. These rhythms are orchestrated by a circadian timekeeper in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the circadian "master clock," which exactly adjusts clock outputs to solar time via photic synchronization. At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are generated by the interaction of positive and negative feedback loops of transcriptional and translational processes of the so-called "clock genes." A large number of clock genes encode numerous proteins that regulate their own transcription and that of other genes, collectively known as "clock-controlled genes." In addition to the sleep/wake cycle, many cellular processes are regulated by circadian rhythms, including synaptic plasticity in which an exquisite interplay between neurons and glial cells takes place. In particular, there is compelling evidence suggesting that glial cells participate in and regulate synaptic plasticity in a circadian fashion, possibly representing the missing cellular and physiological link between circadian rhythms with learning and cognition processes. Here we review recent studies in support of this hypothesis, focusing on the interplay between glial cells, synaptic plasticity, and circadian rhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donají Chi-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Soluciones para un México Verde S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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29
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Abstract
Ski is an evolutionarily conserved protein and widely participates in the regulation of various pathological and physiological processes such as wound healing, liver regeneration, development of the embryonic nervous system, muscle differentiation, and progression of many kinds of tumors. However, the distribution and function of Ski in central nervous system lesion and disease remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of Ski in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats. Western Blot analysis indicated that Ski was expressed in both normal and injured spinal cord, and showed a significant upregulation after SCI compared with the sham group. Double-labeled immunofluorescence staining showed that Ski was significantly expressed in astrocytes, but not in the neurons. Western Blot analyses of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and BBB scores were carried out and correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between them. In addition, the relative expression level of Ski was also positively correlated with the relative expression level of GFAP. Moreover, the conspicuous co-expression band of Ski and GFAP at the lesion border was found in the results of immunofluorescence staining combined with the pattern of glial scar formation reflected by H&E staining; in addition, it was found that Ski was also highly associated with glial scar. On the basis of our data, we speculated that Ski might play an important role in the process of reactive astrogliosis after SCI and our study might provide a basis for further study on the detailed role of Ski in astrocytes.
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30
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The Role of Mammalian Glial Cells in Circadian Rhythm Regulation. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:8140737. [PMID: 29435373 PMCID: PMC5757113 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are biological oscillations with a period of about 24 hours. These rhythms are maintained by an innate genetically determined time-keeping system called the circadian clock. A large number of the proteins involved in the regulation of this clock are transcription factors controlling rhythmic transcription of so-called clock-controlled genes, which participate in a plethora of physiological functions in the organism. In the brain, several areas, besides the suprachiasmatic nucleus, harbor functional clocks characterized by a well-defined time pattern of clock gene expression. This expression rhythm is not restricted to neurons but is also present in glia, suggesting that these cells are involved in circadian rhythmicity. However, only certain glial cells fulfill the criteria to be called glial clocks, namely, to display molecular oscillators based on the canonical clock protein PERIOD, which depends on the suprachiasmatic nucleus for their synchronization. In this contribution, we summarize the current information about activity of the clock genes in glial cells, their potential role as oscillators as well as clinical implications.
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31
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Heiney SA, Ohmae S, Kim OA, Medina JF. Single-Unit Extracellular Recording from the Cerebellum During Eyeblink Conditioning in Head-Fixed Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 134:39-71. [PMID: 31156292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7549-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a method for performing in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings and optogenetics during an associative, cerebellum-dependent learning task in head-fixed mice. The method uses a cylindrical treadmill system that reduces stress in the mice by allowing them to walk freely, yet it provides enough stability to maintain single-unit isolation of neurons for tens of minutes to hours. Using this system, we have investigated sensorimotor coding in the cerebellum while mice perform learned skilled movements.
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32
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Busolini FI, Rosales GJ, Filippa VP, Mohamed FH. A Seasonal and Age-Related Study of Interstitial Cells in the Pineal Gland of Male Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017. [PMID: 28622452 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland of viscacha exhibits histophysiological variations throughout the year, with periods of maximal activity in winter and minimal activity in summer. The aim of this work is to analyze the interstitial cells (IC) in the pineal gland of male viscachas in relation to season and age. The S-100 protein, glio-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin were detected in adult and immature animals by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Double-IHC was also performed. The S-100 protein was localized within both, IC nucleus and cytoplasm. GFAP was present only in the cytoplasm. Vimentin was expressed in some IC, besides endothelial cells, and perivascular spaces. In the adult males, the morphometric parameters analyzed for the S-100 protein and GFAP exhibited seasonal variations with higher values of immunopositive area percentage in winter and lower values in summer, whereas the immature ones showed the lowest values for all the adult animals studied. Colocalization of S-100 protein and GFAP was observed. The IC exhibited differential expression for the proteins studied, supporting the hypothesis of the neuroectodermal origin. The IC generate an intraglandular communication network, suggesting its participation in the glandular activity regulation processes. The results of double-IHC might indicate the presence of IC in different functional stages, probably related to the needs of the cellular microenvironment. The morphometric variations in the proteins analyzed between immature and adult viscachas probed to be more salient in the latter, suggesting a direct relationship between the expression of the S-100 protein and GFAP, and animal age. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1847-1857, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ivan Busolini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Judith Rosales
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palmira Filippa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 5700 San Luis, Argentina.,Histologia, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Fabian Heber Mohamed
- Histologia, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
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33
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Nguyen-Vu TB, Zhao GQ, Lahiri S, Kimpo RR, Lee H, Ganguli S, Shatz CJ, Raymond JL. A saturation hypothesis to explain both enhanced and impaired learning with enhanced plasticity. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28234229 PMCID: PMC5386593 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Across many studies, animals with enhanced synaptic plasticity exhibit either enhanced or impaired learning, raising a conceptual puzzle: how enhanced plasticity can yield opposite learning outcomes? Here, we show that the recent history of experience can determine whether mice with enhanced plasticity exhibit enhanced or impaired learning in response to the same training. Mice with enhanced cerebellar LTD, due to double knockout (DKO) of MHCI H2-Kb/H2-Db (KbDb−/−), exhibited oculomotor learning deficits. However, the same mice exhibited enhanced learning after appropriate pre-training. Theoretical analysis revealed that synapses with history-dependent learning rules could recapitulate the data, and suggested that saturation may be a key factor limiting the ability of enhanced plasticity to enhance learning. Optogenetic stimulation designed to saturate LTD produced the same impairment in WT as observed in DKO mice. Overall, our results suggest that the recent history of activity and the threshold for synaptic plasticity conspire to effect divergent learning outcomes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20147.001 All animals can learn from their experiences. One of the main ideas for how learning occurs is that it involves changes in the strength of the connections between neurons, known as synapses. The ability of synapses to become stronger or weaker is referred to as synaptic plasticity. High levels of synaptic plasticity are generally thought to be good for learning, while low levels of synaptic plasticity make learning more difficult. Nevertheless, studies have also reported that high levels of synaptic plasticity can sometimes impair learning. To explain these mixed results, Nguyen-Vu, Zhao, Lahiri et al. studied mice that had been genetically modified to show greater synaptic plasticity than normal mice. The same individual mutant animals were sometimes less able to learn an eye-movement task than unmodified mice, and at other times better able to learn exactly the same task. The main factor that determined how well the mice could learn was what the mice had experienced shortly before they began the training. Nguyen-Vu et al. propose that some experiences change the strength of synapses so much that they temporarily prevent those synapses from undergoing any further changes. Animals with these “saturated” synapses will struggle to learn a new task, even if their brains are normally capable of high levels of synaptic plasticity. Notably, even normal activity appears to be able to put the synapses of the mutant mice into a saturated state, whereas this saturation would only occur in normal mice under a restricted set of circumstances. Consistent with this idea, Nguyen-Vu et al. showed that a specific type of pre-training that desaturates synapses improved the ability of the modified mice to learn the eye-movement task. Conversely, a different procedure that is known to saturate synapses impaired the learning ability of the unmodified mice. A future challenge is to test these predictions experimentally by measuring changes in synaptic plasticity directly, both in brain slices and in living animals. The results could ultimately help to develop treatments that improve the ability to learn and so could provide benefits to a wide range of individuals, including people who have suffered a brain injury or stroke. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20147.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Td Barbara Nguyen-Vu
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Grace Q Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Subhaneil Lahiri
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Rhea R Kimpo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hanmi Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Carla J Shatz
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. Clock Genes in Glia Cells: A Rhythmic History. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/5/1759091416670766. [PMID: 27666286 PMCID: PMC5037500 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416670766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are periodic patterns in biological processes that allow the organisms to anticipate changes in the environment. These rhythms are driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock in vertebrates. At a molecular level, circadian rhythms are regulated by the so-called clock genes, which oscillate in a periodic manner. The protein products of clock genes are transcription factors that control their own and other genes’ transcription, collectively known as “clock-controlled genes.” Several brain regions other than the SCN express circadian rhythms of clock genes, including the amygdala, the olfactory bulb, the retina, and the cerebellum. Glia cells in these structures are expected to participate in rhythmicity. However, only certain types of glia cells may be called “glial clocks,” since they express PER-based circadian oscillators, which depend of the SCN for their synchronization. This contribution summarizes the current information about clock genes in glia cells, their plausible role as oscillators and their medical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donají Chi-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México Soluciones para un México Verde, S.A de C.V., Santa Fé Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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35
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Xia M, Abazyan S, Jouroukhin Y, Pletnikov M. Behavioral sequelae of astrocyte dysfunction: focus on animal models of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:72-82. [PMID: 25468180 PMCID: PMC4439390 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate multiple processes in the brain ranging from trophic support of developing neurons to modulation of synaptic neurotransmission and neuroinflammation in adulthood. It is, therefore, understandable that pathogenesis and pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders involve astrocyte dysfunctions. Until recently, there has been the paucity of experimental approaches to studying the roles of astrocytes in behavioral disease. A new generation of in vivo models allows us to advance our understanding of the roles of astrocytes in psychiatric disorders. This review will evaluate the recent studies that focus on the contribution of astrocyte dysfunction to behavioral alterations pertinent to schizophrenia and will propose the possible solutions of the limitations of the existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Preclinical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi Province, China,Chinese Medicine College, Hubei University for Nationalities, ENSHI, 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sofya Abazyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
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36
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Motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A unified framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:727-740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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37
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Chrobak AA, Soltys Z. Bergmann Glia, Long-Term Depression, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1156-1166. [PMID: 26809583 PMCID: PMC5310553 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bergmann glia (BG), a specific type of radial astrocytes in the cerebellum, play a variety of vital functions in the development of this structure. However, the possible role of BG in the development of abnormalities observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seems to be underestimated. One of the most consistent findings observed in ASD patients is loss of Purkinje cells (PCs). Such a defect may be caused by dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis, which is maintained mainly by BG. Moreover, these glial cells are involved in long-term depression (LTD), a form of plasticity which can additionally subserve neuroprotective functions. The aim of presented review is to summarize the current knowledge about interactions which occur between PC and BG, with special emphasis on those which are relevant to the survival and proper functioning of cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Andrzej Chrobak
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland. .,Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika St. 21A, Cracow, 31-501, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
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38
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Zhang Q, Goto H, Akiyoshi-Nishimura S, Prosselkov P, Sano C, Matsukawa H, Yaguchi K, Nakashiba T, Itohara S. Diversification of behavior and postsynaptic properties by netrin-G presynaptic adhesion family proteins. Mol Brain 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26746425 PMCID: PMC4706652 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate-specific neuronal genes are expected to play a critical role in the diversification and evolution of higher brain functions. Among them, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored netrin-G subfamily members in the UNC6/netrin family are unique in their differential expression patterns in many neuronal circuits, and differential binding ability to their cognate homologous post-synaptic receptors. RESULTS To gain insight into the roles of these genes in higher brain functions, we performed comprehensive behavioral batteries using netrin-G knockout mice. We found that two netrin-G paralogs that recently diverged in evolution, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 (gene symbols: Ntng1 and Ntng2, respectively), were responsible for complementary behavioral functions. Netrin-G2, but not netrin-G1, encoded demanding sensorimotor functions. Both paralogs were responsible for complex vertebrate-specific cognitive functions and fine-scale regulation of basic adaptive behaviors conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, such as spatial reference and working memory, attention, impulsivity and anxiety etc. Remarkably, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 encoded a genetic "division of labor" in behavioral regulation, selectively mediating different tasks or even different details of the same task. At the cellular level, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 differentially regulated the sub-synaptic localization of their cognate receptors and differentiated the properties of postsynaptic scaffold proteins in complementary neural pathways. CONCLUSIONS Pre-synaptic netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 diversify the complexity of vertebrate behaviors and differentially regulate post-synaptic properties. Our findings constitute the first genetic analysis of the behavioral and synaptic diversification roles of a vertebrate GPI protein and presynaptic adhesion molecule family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Goto
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Akiyoshi-Nishimura
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Pavel Prosselkov
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Chie Sano
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsukawa
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kunio Yaguchi
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Nakashiba
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Abstract
This chapter reviews the past research toward identifying the brain circuit and its computation underlying the associative memory in eyeblink classical conditioning. In the standard delay eyeblink conditioning paradigm, the conditioned stimulus (CS) and eyeblink-eliciting unconditioned stimulus (US) converge in the cerebellar cortex and interpositus nucleus (IPN) through the pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus. Repeated pairings of CS and US modify synaptic weights in the cerebellar cortex and IPN, enabling IPN neurons to activate the red nucleus and generate the conditioned response (CR). In a variant of the standard paradigm, trace eyeblink conditioning, the CS and US are separated by a brief stimulus-free trace interval. Acquisition in trace eyeblink conditioning depends on several forebrain regions, including the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex as well as the cerebellar-brainstem circuit. Details of computations taking place in these regions remain unclear; however, recent evidence supports a view that the forebrain encodes a temporal sequence of the CS, trace interval, and US in a specific environmental context and signals the cerebellar-brainstem circuit to execute the CR when the US is likely to occur. Together, delay eyeblink conditioning represents one of the most successful cases of understanding the neural substrates of long-term memory in mammals, while trace eyeblink conditioning demonstrates its utility for uncovering detailed computations in the whole brain network underlying long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
- Department of Psychology, Cell and Systems Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada.
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Peña-Ortega F, Rivera-Angulo AJ, Lorea-Hernández JJ. Pharmacological Tools to Study the Role of Astrocytes in Neural Network Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:47-66. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Hu C, Zhang LB, Chen H, Xiong Y, Hu B. Neurosubstrates and mechanisms underlying the extinction of associative motor memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Histological and immunohistochemical changes in cerebellum of chick embryos after exposure to neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Ben Haim L, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Ceyzériat K, Escartin C. Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:278. [PMID: 26283915 PMCID: PMC4522610 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play crucial roles in the brain and are involved in the neuroinflammatory response. They become reactive in response to virtually all pathological situations in the brain such as axotomy, ischemia, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Astrocyte reactivity was originally characterized by morphological changes (hypertrophy, remodeling of processes) and the overexpression of the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, it is unclear how the normal supportive functions of astrocytes are altered by their reactive state. In ND, in which neuronal dysfunction and astrocyte reactivity take place over several years or decades, the issue is even more complex and highly debated, with several conflicting reports published recently. In this review, we discuss studies addressing the contribution of reactive astrocytes to ND. We describe the molecular triggers leading to astrocyte reactivity during ND, examine how some key astrocyte functions may be enhanced or altered during the disease process, and discuss how astrocyte reactivity may globally affect ND progression. Finally we will consider the anticipated developments in this important field. With this review, we aim to show that the detailed study of reactive astrocytes may open new perspectives for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ben Haim
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria-Angeles Carrillo-de Sauvage
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Pilot Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:413098. [PMID: 26265793 PMCID: PMC4525756 DOI: 10.1155/2015/413098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), would benefit from the identification of reliable biomarkers that could serve as disease subtype-specific and stage-specific indicators for the development and monitoring of treatments. We analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of tau, α-synuclein, DJ-1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteins previously associated with neurodegenerative processes, in patients with the autosomal dominant SCA1, SCA2, and SCA6, and the sporadic disease multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type (MSA-C), compared with age-matched controls. We estimated disease severity using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). Most proteins measured trended higher in disease versus control group yet did not reach statistical significance. We found the levels of tau in both SCA2 and MSA-C patients were significantly higher than control. We found that α-synuclein levels were lower with higher SARA scores in SCA1 and tau levels were higher with greater SARA in MSA-C, although this final correlation did not reach statistical significance after post hoc correction. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to improve the power of these studies and validate the use of CSF biomarkers in SCA and MSA-C.
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45
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Moustafa AA. On the relationship among different motor processes: a computational modeling approach. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:34. [PMID: 25852532 PMCID: PMC4364174 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kamphuis W, Kooijman L, Orre M, Stassen O, Pekny M, Hol EM. GFAP and vimentin deficiency alters gene expression in astrocytes and microglia in wild-type mice and changes the transcriptional response of reactive glia in mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2015; 63:1036-56. [PMID: 25731615 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes with an increased expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Vimentin (VIM) surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The functional consequences of this upregulation are unclear. To identify molecular pathways coupled to IF regulation in reactive astrocytes, and to study the interaction with microglia, we examined WT and APPswe/PS1dE9 (AD) mice lacking either GFAP, or both VIM and GFAP, and determined the transcriptome of cortical astrocytes and microglia from 15- to 18-month-old mice. Genes involved in lysosomal degradation (including several cathepsins) and in inflammatory response (including Cxcl5, Tlr6, Tnf, Il1b) exhibited a higher AD-induced increase when GFAP, or VIM and GFAP, were absent. The expression of Aqp4 and Gja1 displayed the same pattern. The downregulation of neuronal support genes in astrocytes from AD mice was absent in GFAP/VIM null mice. In contrast, the absence of IFs did not affect the transcriptional alterations induced by AD in microglia, nor was the cortical plaque load altered. Visualizing astrocyte morphology in GFAP-eGFP mice showed no clear structural differences in GFAP/VIM null mice, but did show diminished interaction of astrocyte processes with plaques. Microglial proliferation increased similarly in all AD groups. In conclusion, absence of GFAP, or both GFAP and VIM, alters AD-induced changes in gene expression profile of astrocytes, showing a compensation of the decrease of neuronal support genes and a trend for a slightly higher inflammatory expression profile. However, this has no consequences for the development of plaque load, microglial proliferation, or microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Kamphuis
- Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Synaptic Plasticity & Behavior, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Casellato C, Antonietti A, Garrido JA, Ferrigno G, D'Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. Distributed cerebellar plasticity implements generalized multiple-scale memory components in real-robot sensorimotor tasks. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 25762922 PMCID: PMC4340181 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor learning and it acts as a predictive controller. Modeling it and embedding it into sensorimotor tasks allows us to create functional links between plasticity mechanisms, neural circuits and behavioral learning. Moreover, if applied to real-time control of a neurorobot, the cerebellar model has to deal with a real noisy and changing environment, thus showing its robustness and effectiveness in learning. A biologically inspired cerebellar model with distributed plasticity, both at cortical and nuclear sites, has been used. Two cerebellum-mediated paradigms have been designed: an associative Pavlovian task and a vestibulo-ocular reflex, with multiple sessions of acquisition and extinction and with different stimuli and perturbation patterns. The cerebellar controller succeeded to generate conditioned responses and finely tuned eye movement compensation, thus reproducing human-like behaviors. Through a productive plasticity transfer from cortical to nuclear sites, the distributed cerebellar controller showed in both tasks the capability to optimize learning on multiple time-scales, to store motor memory and to effectively adapt to dynamic ranges of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Casellato
- NeuroEngineering And Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NeuroEngineering And Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino Pavia, Italy
| | - Jesus A Garrido
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino Pavia, Italy ; Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Ferrigno
- NeuroEngineering And Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino Pavia, Italy ; Department Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NeuroEngineering And Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy
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Casellato C, Antonietti A, Garrido JA, Carrillo RR, Luque NR, Ros E, Pedrocchi A, D'Angelo E. Adaptive robotic control driven by a versatile spiking cerebellar network. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112265. [PMID: 25390365 PMCID: PMC4229206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in a large number of different neural processes, especially in associative learning and in fine motor control. To develop a comprehensive theory of sensorimotor learning and control, it is crucial to determine the neural basis of coding and plasticity embedded into the cerebellar neural circuit and how they are translated into behavioral outcomes in learning paradigms. Learning has to be inferred from the interaction of an embodied system with its real environment, and the same cerebellar principles derived from cell physiology have to be able to drive a variety of tasks of different nature, calling for complex timing and movement patterns. We have coupled a realistic cerebellar spiking neural network (SNN) with a real robot and challenged it in multiple diverse sensorimotor tasks. Encoding and decoding strategies based on neuronal firing rates were applied. Adaptive motor control protocols with acquisition and extinction phases have been designed and tested, including an associative Pavlovian task (Eye blinking classical conditioning), a vestibulo-ocular task and a perturbed arm reaching task operating in closed-loop. The SNN processed in real-time mossy fiber inputs as arbitrary contextual signals, irrespective of whether they conveyed a tone, a vestibular stimulus or the position of a limb. A bidirectional long-term plasticity rule implemented at parallel fibers-Purkinje cell synapses modulated the output activity in the deep cerebellar nuclei. In all tasks, the neurorobot learned to adjust timing and gain of the motor responses by tuning its output discharge. It succeeded in reproducing how human biological systems acquire, extinguish and express knowledge of a noisy and changing world. By varying stimuli and perturbations patterns, real-time control robustness and generalizability were validated. The implicit spiking dynamics of the cerebellar model fulfill timing, prediction and learning functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Casellato
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy; Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jesus A Garrido
- Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Richard R Carrillo
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingegnerías Informática y de Telecomunicación, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Niceto R Luque
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingegnerías Informática y de Telecomunicación, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ros
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingegnerías Informática y de Telecomunicación, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cerebellar learning are reviewed with an emphasis on old arguments and new perspectives on eyeblink conditioning. Eyeblink conditioning has been used for decades a model system for elucidating cerebellar learning mechanisms. The standard model of the mechanisms underlying eyeblink conditioning is that there two synaptic plasticity processes within the cerebellum that are necessary for acquisition of the conditioned response: (1) long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses and (2) long-term potentiation (LTP) at mossy fiber-interpositus nucleus synapses. Additional Purkinje cell plasticity mechanisms may also contribute to eyeblink conditioning including LTP, excitability, and entrainment of deep nucleus activity. Recent analyses of the sensory input pathways necessary for eyeblink conditioning indicate that the cerebellum regulates its inputs to facilitate learning and maintain plasticity. Cerebellar learning during eyeblink conditioning is therefore a dynamic interactive process which maximizes responding to significant stimuli and suppresses responding to irrelevant or redundant stimuli. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
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