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Tagore M, Hergenreder E, Perlee SC, Cruz NM, Menocal L, Suresh S, Chan E, Baron M, Melendez S, Dave A, Chatila WK, Nsengimana J, Koche RP, Hollmann TJ, Ideker T, Studer L, Schietinger A, White RM. GABA Regulates Electrical Activity and Tumor Initiation in Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2270-2291. [PMID: 37553760 PMCID: PMC10551668 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenes can initiate tumors only in certain cellular contexts, which is referred to as oncogenic competence. In melanoma, whether cells in the microenvironment can endow such competence remains unclear. Using a combination of zebrafish transgenesis coupled with human tissues, we demonstrate that GABAergic signaling between keratinocytes and melanocytes promotes melanoma initiation by BRAFV600E. GABA is synthesized in melanoma cells, which then acts on GABA-A receptors in keratinocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrates specialized cell-cell junctions between keratinocytes and melanoma cells, and multielectrode array analysis shows that GABA acts to inhibit electrical activity in melanoma/keratinocyte cocultures. Genetic and pharmacologic perturbation of GABA synthesis abrogates melanoma initiation in vivo. These data suggest that GABAergic signaling across the skin microenvironment regulates the ability of oncogenes to initiate melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows evidence of GABA-mediated regulation of electrical activity between melanoma cells and keratinocytes, providing a new mechanism by which the microenvironment promotes tumor initiation. This provides insights into the role of the skin microenvironment in early melanomas while identifying GABA as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma. See related commentary by Ceol, p. 2128. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 2109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohita Tagore
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emiliano Hergenreder
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah C. Perlee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nelly M. Cruz
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laura Menocal
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Shruthy Suresh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric Chan
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maayan Baron
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie Melendez
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Asim Dave
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Walid K. Chatila
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeremie Nsengimana
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Travis J. Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Trey Ideker
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard M. White
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Baron M, Tagore M, Wall P, Zheng F, Barkley D, Yanai I, Yang J, Kiuru M, White RM, Ideker T. Desmosome mutations impact the tumor microenvironment to promote melanoma proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558457. [PMID: 37786690 PMCID: PMC10541613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are transmembrane protein complexes that contribute to cell-cell adhesion in epithelia and other tissues. Here, we report the discovery of frequent genetic alterations in the desmosome in human cancers, with the strongest signal seen in cutaneous melanoma where desmosomes are mutated in over 70% of cases. In primary but not metastatic melanoma biopsies, the burden of coding mutations on desmosome genes associates with a strong reduction in desmosome gene expression. Analysis by spatial transcriptomics suggests that these expression decreases occur in keratinocytes in the microenvironment rather than in primary melanoma tumor cells. In further support of a microenvironmental origin, we find that loss-of-function knockdowns of the desmosome in keratinocytes yield markedly increased proliferation of adjacent melanocytes in keratinocyte/melanocyte co-cultures. Thus, gradual accumulation of desmosome mutations in neighboring cells may prime melanocytes for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mohita Tagore
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Patrick Wall
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Dalia Barkley
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Depts. of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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3
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Baess SC, Burkhart AK, Cappello S, Graband A, Seré K, Zenke M, Niemann C, Iden S. Lrig1- and Wnt-dependent niches dictate segregation of resident immune cells and melanocytes in murine tail epidermis. Development 2022; 149:275959. [PMID: 35815643 PMCID: PMC9382897 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The barrier-forming, self-renewing mammalian epidermis comprises keratinocytes, pigment-producing melanocytes and resident immune cells as first-line host defense. In murine tail skin, interfollicular epidermis patterns into pigmented ‘scale’ and hypopigmented ‘interscale’ epidermis. Why and how mature melanocytes accumulate in scale epidermis is unresolved. Here, we delineate a cellular hierarchy among epidermal cell types that determines skin patterning. Already during postnatal development, melanocytes co-segregate with newly forming scale compartments. Intriguingly, this process coincides with partitioning of both Langerhans cells and dendritic epidermal T cells to interscale epidermis, suggesting functional segregation of pigmentation and immune surveillance. Analysis of non-pigmented mice and of mice lacking melanocytes or resident immune cells revealed that immunocyte patterning is melanocyte and melanin independent and, vice versa, immune cells do not control melanocyte localization. Instead, genetically enforced progressive scale fusion upon Lrig1 deletion showed that melanocytes and immune cells dynamically follow epithelial scale:interscale patterns. Importantly, disrupting Wnt-Lef1 function in keratinocytes caused melanocyte mislocalization to interscale epidermis, implicating canonical Wnt signaling in organizing the pigmentation pattern. Together, this work uncovers cellular and molecular principles underlying the compartmentalization of tissue functions in skin. Summary: Pigmentation and immune surveillance functions in murine tail skin are spatially segregated by Lrig1- and Wnt-Lef1-dependent keratinocyte lineages that control the partitioning of melanocytes and tissue-resident immune cells into distinct epidermal niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C. Baess
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 1 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 2 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University 3 , Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Burkhart
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University 3 , Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Sabrina Cappello
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University 3 , Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Annika Graband
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 1 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 2 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University 3 , Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering 4 , Department of Cell Biology , , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- RWTH Aachen University Medical School 4 , Department of Cell Biology , , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University 5 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering 4 , Department of Cell Biology , , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- RWTH Aachen University Medical School 4 , Department of Cell Biology , , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University 5 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 2 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Center of Biochemistry 6 , Faculty of Medicine , , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- University Hospital Cologne 6 , Faculty of Medicine , , 50931 Cologne , Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 1 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 2 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University 3 , Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
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4
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Sahut-Barnola I, Lefrancois-Martinez AM, Dufour D, Jean-Marie BOTTO, Kamilaris C, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA, Val P, Martinez A. Steroidogenic factor-1 lineage origin of skin lesions in Carney complex syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2949-2957.e9. [PMID: 35568059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carney complex (CNC) is a rare familial multi-neoplastic syndrome predisposing to endocrine and non-endocrine tumors due to inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A leading to perturbations of the cAMP protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Skin lesions are the most common manifestation of CNC, including lentigines, blue nevi and cutaneous myxomas, in unusual locations such as oral and genital mucosa. Unlike endocrine disorders, the pathogenesis of skin lesions remains unexplained. Here, we show that embryonic invalidation of the Prkar1a gene in Steroidogenic Factor-1-expressing cells, leads to the development of familial skin pigmentation alterations reminiscent of those in patients. Immunohistological and molecular analyses coupled with genetic monitoring of recombinant cell lineages in mouse skin, suggest that familial lentiginosis and myxomas occurs in skin areas specifically enriched in dermal melanocytes. In lentigines and blue nevi-prone areas from mutant mice and patients, Prkar1a/PRKAR1A invalidation occurs in a subset of dermal fibroblasts capable of inducing, under the influence of PKA signaling, the production of pro-melanogenic EDN3 and HGF signals. Our model strongly suggests that the origin of the typical CNC cutaneous lesions is the result of non-cell-autonomous pro-melanogenic activity of a dermal fibroblast population sharing a community of origin with SF-1 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damien Dufour
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont-Auvergne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Val
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont-Auvergne, France
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5
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Herraiz C, Martínez-Vicente I, Maresca V. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:748-761. [PMID: 33884776 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R), when stimulated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a driver of eumelanogenesis. Brown/black eumelanin is an effective filter against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is a scavenger of free radicals. Several polymorphic variants of MC1R are frequent in red-head people. These polymorphisms reduce the ability of MC1R to promote eumelanogenesis after its activation and spontaneous pheomelanogenesis take place. Since pheomelanin can act as an endogenous photosensitizer, people carrying MC1R polymorphisms are more susceptible to skin cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the biology of MC1R beyond its ability to drive eumelanogenesis. We analyze its capacity to cope with oxidative insult and consequent DNA damage. We describe its ability to transduce through different pathways. We start from the canonical pathway, the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway mainly involved in promoting eumelanogenesis, and protection from oxidative damage, and we then move on to describe more recent knowledge concerning ERK pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway/AKT, and α-MSH/Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) connection. We describe MC1R polymorphic variants associated with melanoma risk which represent an open window of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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6
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Villavicencio KM, Ahmed N, Harris ML, Singh KK. Mitochondrial DNA-depleter mouse as a model to study human pigmentary skin disorders. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:179-187. [PMID: 33448673 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation abnormalities are reported in the spectrum of phenotypes associated with aging and in patients with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS). Yet, a relevant animal model that mimics these effects and would allow us to evaluate the detrimental aspects of mtDNA depletion on melanocyte function has not been described. Here, we characterize the pigmentary changes observed in the ears of a mtDNA-depleter mouse, which phenotypically includes accentuation of the peri-adnexal pseudonetwork, patchy hyper- and hypopigmentation, and reticular pigmentation. Histologically, these mice show increased epidermal pigmentation with patchy distribution, along with increased and highly dendritic melanocytes. These mtDNA-depleter mice mimic aspects of the cutaneous, pigmentary changes observed in humans with age-related senile lentigines as well as MDS. We suggest that this mouse model can serve as a novel resource for future interrogations of how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to pigmentary skin disorders. The mtDNA-depleter mouse model also serves as a useful tool to identify novel agents capable of treating pigmentary changes associated with age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Melissa L Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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7
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Mi J, Feng Y, Wen J, Su Y, Xu L, Zu T, Liu C, Fisher DE, Wu X. A ROCK inhibitor promotes keratinocyte survival and paracrine secretion, enhancing establishment of primary human melanocytes and melanocyte–keratinocyte co‐cultures. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:16-29. [PMID: 31386789 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
| | - Yiqun Su
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
- Department of Stomatology Liaocheng People's Hospital Liaocheng China
| | - Tingjian Zu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
| | - David E. Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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8
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Qiu W, Chuong CM, Lei M. Regulation of melanocyte stem cells in the pigmentation of skin and its appendages: Biological patterning and therapeutic potentials. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:395-405. [PMID: 30537004 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin evolves essential appendages and indispensable types of cells that synergistically insulate the body from environmental insults. Residing in the specific regions in the skin such as epidermis, dermis and hair follicle, melanocytes perform an array of vital functions including defending the ultraviolet radiation and diversifying animal appearance. As one of the adult stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle bulge niche can proliferate, differentiate and keep quiescence to control and coordinate tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration. In synchrony with hair follicle stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles undergo cyclic activation, degeneration and resting phases, to pigment the hairs and to preserve the stem cells. Disorder of melanocytes results in severe skin problems such as canities, vitiligo and even melanoma. Here, we compare and summarize recent discoveries about melanocyte in the skin, particularly in the hair follicle. A better understanding of the physiological and pathological regulation of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cell behaviours will help to guide the clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Almeida Scalvino S, Chapelle A, Hajem N, Lati E, Gasser P, Choulot JC, Michel L, Hocquaux M, Loing E, Attia J, Wdzieczak-Bakala J. Efficacy of an agonist of α-MSH, the palmitoyl tetrapeptide-20, in hair pigmentation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:516-524. [PMID: 30222197 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hair greying (i.e., canities) is a component of chronological ageing and occurs regardless of gender or ethnicity. Canities is directly linked to the loss of melanin and increase in oxidative stress in the hair follicle and shaft. To promote hair pigmentation and reduce the hair greying process, an agonist of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a biomimetic peptide (palmitoyl tetrapeptide-20; PTP20) was developed. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of the designed peptide on hair greying. METHODS Effect of the PTP20 on the enzymatic activity of catalase and the production of H2 O2 by Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells (HFDPC) was evaluated. Influence of PTP20 on the expression of melanocortin receptor-1 (MC1-R) and the production of melanin were investigated. Enzymatic activity of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) after treatment with PTP20 was also determined. Ex vivo studies using human micro-dissected hairs allowed to visualize the effect of PTP20 on the expression in hair follicle of catalase, TRP-1, TRP-2, Melan-A, ASIP, and MC1-R. These investigations were completed by a clinical study on 15 human male volunteers suffering from premature canities. RESULTS The in vitro and ex vivo studies revealed the capacity of the examined PTP20 peptide to enhance the expression of catalase and to decrease (30%) the intracellular level of H2 O2 . Moreover, PTP20 was shown to activate in vitro and ex vivo the melanogenesis process. In fact, an increase in the production of melanin was shown to be correlated with elevated expression of MC1-R, TRP-1, and Melan-A, and with the reduction in ASIP expression. A modulation on TRP-2 was also observed. The pivotal role of MC1-R was confirmed on protein expression analysed on volunteer's plucked hairs after 3 months of the daily application of lotion containing 10 ppm of PTP20 peptide. CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrate the ability of the biomimetic PTP20 peptide to preserve the function of follicular melanocytes. The present results suggest potential cosmetic application of this newly designed agonist of α-MSH to promote hair pigmentation and thus, reduce the hair greying process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Chapelle
- ICSN, UPR2301 CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N Hajem
- Ales Groupe, 95871, Bezons, France
| | - E Lati
- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | - P Gasser
- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | | | - L Michel
- Inserm UMR976, 75475, Paris, France
| | - M Hocquaux
- IFF-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31036, Toulouse, France
| | - E Loing
- IFF-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, G1V4W2, Québec, Canada
| | - J Attia
- IFF-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31036, Toulouse, France
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10
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Chitsazan A, Ferguson B, Ram R, Mukhopadhyay P, Handoko HY, Gabrielli B, Soyer PH, Morahan G, Walker GJ. A mutation in theCdongene potentiates congenital nevus development mediated by NRASQ61K. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:459-64. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Chitsazan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston QLD Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland (UQ); Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Blake Ferguson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Ramesh Ram
- Centre for Diabetes Research; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research; Perth WA Australia
| | | | | | - Brian Gabrielli
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland (UQ); Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Peter H Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre; UQ School of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research; Perth WA Australia
| | - Graeme J. Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston QLD Australia
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11
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Platelet-derived growth factor regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in a differentiation-stage-specific manner. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:200-9. [PMID: 27289338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many kinds of keratinocyte-derived factors are known to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes, it is not well defined whether dermis-derived factors work in a similar way. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify whether dermal factors are involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes. METHODS Human epidermal melanoblasts were cultured serially in a serum-free growth medium. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) was supplemented to the medium, and the effects on the proliferation of melanoblasts/melanocytes and the differentiation of melanocytes were studied. RESULTS PDGF-BB stimulated the proliferation of melanoblasts cultured in melanoblast-proliferation medium, but inhibited the proliferation of melanocytes cultured in melanocyte-proliferation medium. By contrast, PDGF-BB stimulated the differentiation, dendritogenesis, and melanogenesis of melanocytes through the stimulation of tyrosinase activity and the expressions of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDGF-BB regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in a differentiation-stage-specific manner. PDGF-BB seems to be one of the dermal factors that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes.
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l-tyrosine induces melanocyte differentiation in novel pink-eyed dilution castaneus mouse mutant showing age-related pigmentation. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:203-11. [PMID: 26475433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mouse pink-eyed dilution (oculocutaneous albinism II; p/Oca2(p)) locus is known to control tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and melanosome development in melanocytes. Pink-eyed dilution castaneus (p(cas)/Oca2(p-cas)) is a novel mutant allele on mouse chromosome 7 that arose spontaneously in Indonesian wild mice, Mus musculus castaneus. Mice homozygous for Oca2(p-cas) usually exhibit pink eyes and beige-colored coat on nonagouti C57BL/6 (B6) background. Recently, a novel spontaneous mutation occurred in the progeny between this mutant and B6 mice. The eyes of this novel mutant progressively become black from pink and the coat becomes dark gray from beige with aging. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify whatever differences exist in melanocyte proliferation and differentiation between the ordinary (pink-eyed) and novel (black-eyed) mutant using serum-free primary culture system. METHODS The characteristics of melanocyte proliferation and differentiation were investigated by serum-free primary culture system using melanocyte-proliferation medium (MDMD). RESULTS The proliferation of melanoblasts in MDMD did not differ between the two mice. However, when the epidermal cell suspensions were cultured with MDMD supplemented with l-tyrosine (Tyr), the differentiation of black-eyed melanocytes was greatly induced in a concentration-dependent manner compared with pink-eyed melanocytes. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1) was greatly induced or stimulated both in pink-eyed and black-eyed melanocytes, whereas the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) was stimulated only in black-eyed melanocytes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the age-related coat darkening in black-eyed mutant may be caused by the increased ability of melanocyte differentiation dependent on l-Tyr through the upregulation of tyrosinase, Tyrp1, and Mitf. This mutant mouse may be useful for animal model to clarify the mechanisms of age-related pigmentation in human skin, such as melasma and solar lentigines.
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Endou M, Aoki H, Kobayashi T, Kunisada T. Prevention of hair graying by factors that promote the growth and differentiation of melanocytes. J Dermatol 2015; 41:716-23. [PMID: 25099157 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal melanocyte precursors migrate into developing hair follicles to form the melanocyte stem cell system required to supply pigmented melanocytes necessary for hair pigmentation in repetitive hair cycles. Hair graying is caused by irreversible defects in the self-renewal and/or development of follicular melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles. To investigate the mechanism(s) of hair graying during the normal aging process, we established a hair graying model in mice by repeatedly plucking or shaving trunk hairs. We repeatedly plucked or shaved trunk hairs to induce and accelerate the hair graying and counted the gray hairs. By using this functional model of hair graying in mice, we assessed the effects of genes known to affect melanocyte development, such as Kitl, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and endotheline 3 (ET3). After increasing the total numbers of cumulative hair cycles by plucking or shaving, we observed a significant increase in the gray hair of C57BL/6 mice. Kitl expression in the skin was the most effective for preventing hair graying and a significant effect was also confirmed for HGF and ET3 expression. The repeated hair plucking or shaving led to hair graying without any genetic lesion. Kitl is a more effective factor for prevention of hair graying than HGF or ET3. Our simple model of hair graying may provide a basic tool for screening the molecules or reagents preventing the progression of hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Endou
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Conditional Deletion of Kit in Melanocytes: White Spotting Phenotype Is Cell Autonomous. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1829-1838. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Maeda S, Ueda K, Yamana H, Tashiro-Yamaji J, Ibata M, Mikura A, Okada M, Yasuda E, Shibayama Y, Yoshino M, Kubota T, Yoshida R. Blood supply--susceptible formation of melanin pigment in hair bulb melanocytes of mice. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2015; 3:e328. [PMID: 25878939 PMCID: PMC4387150 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic skin grafts onto C57BL/6 mice are rejected, and the rejected skin is replaced by surrounding skin with black hair. In contrast, syngeneic skin grafts are tolerated, and gray hair grows on the grafts. METHODS To explore the mechanism of gray hair growing on the tolerated skin grafts, we prepared full-thickness skin (2-cm square) autografts, 2 (2 cm + 2 cm) horizontal or vertical parallel incisions, and U-shaped (2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm) flaps with or without pedicle vessels. The grafts, incisions, and flaps were fixed by suturing with string and protected by a transparent bandage. On day 14 after the operation, the bandages were removed to observe the color of the hair growing on the skin. RESULTS Skin autografts from wild-type or hepatocyte growth factor-transgenic (Tg) C57BL/6 mice survived with gray hair, whereas those from steel factor (Kitl)-Tg C57BL/6 mice survived with black hair. In addition, U-shaped flaps lacking both of the 2 main feeding vessels of wild-type mice had gray hair at the tip of the flaps. Light microscopy after staining with hematoxylin and eosin or dihydroxyphenylalanine showed that the formation of melanin pigment in the follicles, but not in the interadnexal skin, was susceptible to the blood supply. CONCLUSIONS Melanin pigment formation in the hair bulb melanocytes appeared to be susceptible to the blood supply, and melanocytosis was promoted in the follicles and in the epidermis of Kitl-Tg C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Maeda
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Koichi Ueda
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamana
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Junko Tashiro-Yamaji
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Minenori Ibata
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ayako Mikura
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masashi Okada
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Emi Yasuda
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yuro Shibayama
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Miya Yoshino
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kubota
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Yoshida
- From the Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Weiner L, Fu W, Chirico WJ, Brissette JL. Skin as a living coloring book: how epithelial cells create patterns of pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1014-31. [PMID: 25104547 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pigmentation of mammalian skin and hair develops through the interaction of two basic cell types - pigment donors and recipients. The pigment donors are melanocytes, which produce and distribute melanin through specialized structures. The pigment recipients are epithelial cells, which acquire melanin and put it to use, collectively yielding the pigmentation visible to the eye. This review will focus on the pigment recipients, the historically less understood cell type. These end-users of pigment are now known to exert a specialized control over the patterning of pigmentation, as they identify themselves as melanocyte targets, recruit pigment donors, and stimulate the transfer of melanin. As such, this review will discuss the evidence that the skin is like a coloring book: the pigment recipients create a 'picture,' a blueprint for pigmentation, which is colorless initially but outlines where pigment should be placed. Melanocytes then melanize the recipients and 'color in' the picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Weiner
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Hirobe T, Eguchi-Kasai K, Sugaya K, Murakami M. Effects of low-dose heavy ions on embryonic development in mice and on melanocyte differentiation in the epidermis and hair bulb. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:409-418. [PMID: 23230241 PMCID: PMC3650742 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of prenatal low-dose irradiation with heavy ions on embryonic development in mice and on melanocyte differentiation are not well understood. We performed whole-body irradiation of pregnant C57BL/10J mice at embryonic Day 9 (E9) with a single dose of γ-rays, silicon, argon or iron ions. The number of living embryos and embryonic body weight at E18 decreased after exposure to heavy ions at high doses. Malformations such as small eyes and limb anomalies were observed in heavy-ion-treated embryos, but not in γ-ray-treated embryos. The frequency of abnormally curved tails was increased by exposure to γ-rays and argon and iron ions even at a dose of 0.1 Gy (P < 0.05). In contrast, a dose-dependent decrease in the number of epidermal melanoblasts/melanocytes and hair bulb melanocytes was observed after 0.1 Gy irradiation with γ-rays or heavy ions (P < 0.01). The decrease in the number of dorsal hair bulb melanocytes, dorsal and ventral epidermal melanoblasts/melanocytes and ventral hair bulb melanocytes was not necessarily correlated with the linear energy transfer of the radiation tested. Moreover, the effects of heavy ions were larger on the ventral skin than on the dorsal skin, indicating that the sensitivity of melanocytes to heavy ions differs between the dorsal and ventral skin. Taken together, these results suggest that the effects of the low-dose heavy ions differ between cell types and tissues, and the effects on the prenatal development of mice and melanocyte development are not necessarily greater than those of γ-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- The Fukushima Reconstruction Aid Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Hirobe T, Hasegawa K, Furuya R, Fujiwara R, Sato K. Effects of fibroblast-derived factors on the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in culture. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:45-57. [PMID: 23726358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although keratinocyte-derived factors are known to promote the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes, it is not fully understood whether fibroblast-derived factors work in a similar way. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify whether fibroblast-derived factors are involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes with or without keratinocytes using serum-free culture system. METHODS Human epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes were cultured in a serum-free growth medium supplemented with fibroblast-derived factors such as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) with or without keratinocytes, and the effects of KGF on the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes were studied. RESULTS KGF stimulated the proliferation of melanoblasts in the presence of dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transferrin (Tf), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Although KGF stimulated the differentiation, melanogenesis, and dendritogenesis in the presence of DBcAMP, Tf, and ET-1 without keratinocytes, KGF required the presence of keratinocytes for the stimulation of melanocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fibroblast-derived KGF stimulates the proliferation of human melanoblasts in synergy with cAMP, bFGF, Tf, and ET-1, the differentiation of melanocytes in synergy with cAMP, Tf, and ET-1, and the proliferation of melanocytes in synergy with cAMP, Tf, ET-1, and undefined keratinocyte-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Fukushima Restoration Support Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Larue L, de Vuyst F, Delmas V. Modeling melanoblast development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1067-79. [PMID: 22915137 PMCID: PMC11113344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoblasts are a particular type of cell that displays extensive cellular proliferation during development to contribute to the skin. There are only a few melanoblast founders, initially located just dorsal to the neural tube, and they sequentially colonize the dermis, epidermis, and hair follicles. In each compartment, melanoblasts are exposed to a wide variety of developmental cues that regulate their expansion. The colonization of the dermis and epidermis by melanoblasts involves substantial proliferation to generate thousands of cells or more from a few founders within a week of development. This review addresses the cellular and molecular events occurring during melanoblast development. We focus on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control melanoblast proliferation. We also present a robust mathematical model for estimating the doubling-time of dermal and epidermal melanoblasts for all coat color phenotypes from black to white.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Hirobe T, Terunuma E. Reduced Proliferative and Differentiative Activity of Mouse Pink-Eyed Dilution Melanoblasts is Related to Apoptosis. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:725-32. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yoshino M, Okuyama K, Murata A, Tomura M, Hayashi SI. CCR7-independent transport of skin antigens occurs in the dermis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1459-67. [PMID: 22622847 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, skin DCs migrate to regional LNs transporting self-antigens (self-Ags). The transport of self-Ags is considered to be critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance. Although the chemokine receptor CCR7 potently induces the migration of skin DCs to regional LNs, Ccr7(-/-) (Ccr7-KO) mice do not show skin auto-immune diseases. To resolve this inconsistency, we examined Ccr7-KO epidermis- or dermis-hyperpigmented transgenic (Tg) mice, in which the transport of skin self-Ags is traceable by melanin granules (MGs). Under CCR7-deficient conditions, the transport of epidermal MGs to regional LNs was impaired at 7 weeks of age. However, epidermal MGs could be transported when they had accumulated in the dermis. Ccr7-KO-dermis-pigmented Tg mice confirmed the presence of CCR7-independent transport from the dermis. Compared with WT-dermis-pigmented Tg mice, the amount of transported melanin and number of MG-laden CD11c(+) cells were both approximately 40% of the WT levels, while the number of MG-laden CD205(+) or CD207(+) cells decreased to about 10% in skin regional LNs of Ccr7-KO-dermis-pigmented Tg mice. Cell sorting highlighted the involvement of CD11c(+) cells in the CCR7-independent transport. Here, we show that CCR7-independent transport of skin self-Ags occurs in the dermis. This system might contribute to the continuous transport of self-Ags, and maintain peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Yoshino
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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Baxter LL, Pavan WJ. The etiology and molecular genetics of human pigmentation disorders. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:379-92. [PMID: 23799582 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation, defined as the placement of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes for coloration, is distinctive because the location, amount, and type of pigmentation provides a visual manifestation of genetic heterogeneity in pathways regulating the pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. The scope of this genetic heterogeneity in humans ranges from normal to pathological pigmentation phenotypes. Clinically, normal human pigmentation encompasses a variety of skin and hair color as well as punctate pigmentation such as melanocytic nevi (moles) or ephelides (freckles), while abnormal human pigmentation exhibits markedly reduced or increased pigment levels, known as hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, respectively. Elucidation of the molecular genetics underlying pigmentation has revealed genes important for melanocyte development and function. Furthermore, many pigmentation disorders show additional defects in cells other than melanocytes, and identification of the genetic insults in these disorders has revealed pleiotropic genes, where a single gene is required for various functions in different cell types. Thus, unravelling the genetics of easily visualized pigmentation disorders has identified molecular similarities between melanocytes and less visible cell types/tissues, arising from a common developmental origin and/or shared genetic regulatory pathways. Herein we discuss notable human pigmentation disorders and their associated genetic alterations, focusing on the fact that the developmental genetics of pigmentation abnormalities are instructive for understanding normal pathways governing development and function of melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hirobe T. Stimulation of the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells by ferrous ferric chloride from a distance. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:987-95. [PMID: 21720002 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferrous ferric chloride (FFC) is a distinct form of aqueous iron composed of a complex of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride that participates in both oxidation and reduction reactions, and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. However, it is not known whether FFC can stimulate their proliferation and differentiation without being added into culture media or painted on the skin. This study aims to clarify whether FFC can stimulate their proliferation and differentiation from a distance without being added to culture media. In this study, FFC-containing skin lotions were painted under the culture dishes (1 mm away from cells) or on the top of the covers of 1 to 5 polystyrene culture dishes (1 to 5 cm away) and tested for their proliferation- and differentiation-stimulating effects. FFC lotions stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts from a distance of 1 mm to 1 cm. However, FFC lotions failed to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes from distances of 2 to 5 cm. Results using Teflon covers were similar to those of polystyrene covers. Moreover, the effects of FFC lotions painted on the top of the Teflon covers were completely lost by lead disks. These results suggest that FFC can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells from a distance of 1 cm without being added into culture media through physical factors rather than chemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4–9–1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263–8555, Japan.
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Hirobe T, Eguchi-Kasai K, Sugaya K, Murakami M. Effects of low-dose γ-rays on the embryonic development of mouse melanoblasts and melanocytes in the epidermis and hair bulbs. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:389-96. [PMID: 21627448 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-dose γ-rays on the embryonic development of animal cells are not well studied. The mouse melanocyte is a good model to study the effects of low-dose γ-rays on the development of animal cells, as it possesses visible pigment (melanin) as a differentiation marker. The aim of this study is to investigate in detail the effects of low-dose γ-rays on embryonic development of mouse melanoblasts and melanocytes in the epidermis and hair bulbs at cellular level. Pregnant females of C57BL/10J mice at nine days of gestation were whole-body irradiated with a single acute dose of γrays (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 Gy), and the effects of γ-rays were studied by scoring changes in the development of epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes, hair follicles, and hair bulb melanocytes at 18 days in gestation. The number of epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes, hair follicles, and hair bulb melanocytes in the dorsal and ventral skins was markedly decreased even at 0.1 Gy-treated embryos (P < 0.001), and gradually decreased as dose increased. The effects on the ventral skin were greater than those on the dorsal skin. The dramatic reduction in the number of melanocytes compared to melanoblasts was observed in the ventral skin, but not in the dorsal skin. These results suggest that low-dose γ-rays provoke the death of melanoblasts and melanocytes, or inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of melanoblasts and melanocytes, even at the low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, lnage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Coat colors are determined by melanin (eumelanin and pheomelanin). Melanin is synthesized in melanocytes and accumulates in special organelles, melanosomes, which upon maturation are transferred to keratinocytes. Melanocytes differentiate from undifferentiated precursors, called melanoblasts, which are derived from neural crest cells. Melanoblast/melanocyte proliferation and differentiation are regulated by the tissue environment, especially by keratinocytes, which synthesize endothelins, steel factor, hepatocyte growth factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Melanocyte differentiation is also stimulated by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone; in the mouse, however, this hormone is likely carried through the bloodstream and not produced locally in the skin. Melanoblast migration, proliferation and differentiation are also regulated by many coat color genes otherwise known for their ability to regulate melanosome formation and maturation, pigment type switching and melanosome distribution and transfer. Thus, melanocyte proliferation and differentiation are not only regulated by genes encoding typical growth factors and their receptors but also by genes classically known for their role in pigment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Blue nevi are a subset of melanocytic proliferations containing cells reminiscent of the embryonal neural crest–derived dendritic melanocytic precursors. They are common specimens in a general pathology practice, but some of their rare variants may pose diagnostic difficulty. Recent molecular studies provide new insights into genetics of blue nevi.
Objective.—To critically review clinical and histologic features of blue nevi with emphasis on diagnostic problems and rare variants, as well as to provide an update on the pathogenesis of blue nevi.
Data Sources.—Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the authors.
Conclusions.—Challenging areas in diagnosis of blue nevi include recognition of amelanotic, desmoplastic, atypical, and malignant variants of blue nevus. Recent data show that mutations in genes responsible for common nevi or melanomas such as BRAF, NRAS, or c-kit are rare in blue nevi. Benign and malignant blue nevi harbor frequent mutations in the Gαq class of G-protein α subunits, Gnaq and Gna11 proteins.
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Hirobe T, Eguchi-Kasai K, Sugaya K, Murakami M. Effects of low-dose heavy ions on the postnatal development of mice and the yield of white spots in the mid-ventrum and tail-tips. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:278-286. [PMID: 21343674 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Effects of prenatal low-dose irradiations of heavy ions on the postnatal development of mice and of melanocytes have not been well studied. Pregnant females of C57BL/10J mice were irradiated whole-body at 9 days of gestation with a single acute dose of γ-rays, silicon (Si, 57 keV/µm), argon (Ar, 100 keV/µm) and iron (Fe, 220 keV/µm) ions. The effects were studied by scoring changes in the postnatal development of mice as well as in the pigmentation of cutaneous coats and tail-tips of their offspring 22 days after birth. The survival to day 22 decreased from the offspring exposed to 0.4 Gy of argon and iron ions and to 0.75 Gy of silicon ions. White spots were found in the mid-ventrum and tail-tips of irradiated offspring. The frequency and size of the white spots in the mid-ventrum in mice exposed to silicon, argon and iron ions were greater than those of γ-rays. Even in the low dose (0.1 Gy), γ-rays and heavy ions increased the frequency of the ventral spots. The RBE estimated by the frequency of the ventral spots was 2.3 (Si), 3.1 (Ar) and 4.5 (Fe). These results suggest that prenatal exposure to heavy ions possesses a greater effect on the postnatal development of mice as well as melanocyte development than does exposure to γ-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba.
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Lee JY, Kim EH, Kim KH, Kang HY, Lee ES, Kim YC. Acquired bilateral naevus of Ota-like macules: an immunohistological analysis of dermal melanogenic paracrine cytokine networks. Br J Dermatol 2010; 164:580-5. [PMID: 20874786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired bilateral naevus of Ota-like macules (ABNOM) is similar to melasma with regard to their clinical features, including female predominance, acquired onset, and predominant involvement of the malar area. The similar clinical features suggest the possibility of a shared pathogenesis. Dermal factors including vascularity and melanogenic paracrine networks such as the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit pathway have recently been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of melasma. However, the role of dermal factors in ABNOM remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To provide a novel view on the pathogenesis of ABNOM, we studied the expression of melanogenic paracrine cytokines such as SCF/c-kit, and assessed dermal vascularity. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with ABNOM and 20 patients with melasma were enrolled in this study. Skin samples were obtained from lesional and perilesional normal skin. Immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS Solar elastosis was slightly more intense in the lesional skin of ABNOM. In contrast to dermal pigmentation and melanocytes, the amounts of epidermal pigmentation and melanocytes were not increased in the lesional skin of patients with ABNOM. The expression of dermal SCF and c-kit was increased; however, the expression of epidermal SCF and c-kit and dermal factor VIII-related antigen was not increased in the lesional skin of ABNOM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the increased expression of the SCF/c-kit pathway between dermal fibroblasts and dermal melanocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ABNOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Korea
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Aoki H, Hara A, Motohashi T, Osawa M, Kunisada T. Functionally distinct melanocyte populations revealed by reconstitution of hair follicles in mice. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:125-35. [PMID: 21054816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle reconstitution analysis was used to test the contribution of melanocytes or their precursors to regenerated hair follicles. In this study, we first confirmed the process of chimeric hair follicle regeneration by both hair keratinocytes and follicular melanocytes. Then, as first suggested from the differential growth requirements of epidermal skin melanocytes and non-cutaneous or dermal melanocytes, we confirmed the inability of the latter to be involved as follicular melanocytes to regenerate hair follicles during the hair reconstitution assay. This clear functional discrimination between non-cutaneous or dermal melanocytes and epidermal melanocytes suggests the presence of two different melanocyte cell lineages, a finding that might be important in the pathogenesis of melanocyte-related diseases and melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
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Ernfors P. Cellular origin and developmental mechanisms during the formation of skin melanocytes. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1397-407. [PMID: 20211169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest (NC), which are transient multipotent cells arising by delamination from the developing dorsal neural tube. During recent years, signaling systems and molecular mechanisms of melanocyte development have been studied in detail, but the exact diversification of the NC into melanocytes and how they migrate, expand and disperse in the skin have not been fully understood. The recent finding that Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) of the growing nerve represents a stem cell niche from which various cell types, including Schwann cells, endoneural fibroblasts and melanocytes arise has exposed new knowledge on the cellular basis for melanocyte development. This opens for the identification of new factors and reinterpretation of old data on cell fate instructive, proliferative, survival and cell homing factors participating in melanocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ernfors
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mascarenhas JB, Littlejohn EL, Wolsky RJ, Young KP, Nelson M, Salgia R, Lang D. PAX3 and SOX10 activate MET receptor expression in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:225-37. [PMID: 20067553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a cancer with a poorly understood molecular pathobiology. We find the transcription factors PAX3, SOX10, MITF, and the tyrosine kinase receptor MET expressed in melanoma cell lines and primary tumors. Analysis for MET expression in primary tumor specimens showed 27/40 (68%) of the samples displayed an increased expression of MET, and this expression was highly correlated with parallel expression of PAX3, SOX10, and MITF. PAX3 and MITF bind to elements in the MET promoter independently, without evidence of either synergistic activation or inhibition. SOX10 does not directly activate the MET gene alone, but can synergistically activate MET expression with either PAX3 or MITF. In melanoma cells, there was evidence of two pathways for PAX3 mediated MET induction: (i) direct activation of the gene, and (ii) indirect regulation through MITF. SK-MEL23 melanoma cells have both of these pathways intact, while SK-MEL28 melanoma cells only have the first pathway. In summary, we find that PAX3, SOX10 and MITF play an active role in melanoma cells by regulating the MET gene. In consequence, MET promotes the melanoma cancer phenotype by promoting migration, invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Mascarenhas
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
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Abstract
Recent progress in the analysis of genetic alterations in melanoma has identified recurrent mutations that result in the activation of critical signaling pathways promoting growth and survival of tumors cells. Alterations in the RAS-RAF-MAP kinase and PI3-kinase signaling pathways are commonly altered in melanoma. Mutations in BRAF, NRAS, KIT, and GNAQ occur in a mutually exclusive pattern and lead to MAP-kinase activation. Loss of PTEN function, primarily by deletion, is the most common known genetic alteration in the PI3-kinase cascade, and is commonly associated with BRAF mutations (Curtin et al., N Engl J Med 353:2135-2147, 2005; Tsao et al., Cancer Res 60:1800-1804, 2000, J Investig Dermatol 122:337-341, 2004). The growth advantage conveyed by the constitutive activation of these pathways leads to positive selection of cells that have acquired the mutations and in many instances leads to critical dependency of the cancer cells on their activation. This creates opportunities for therapeutic interventions targeted at signaling components within these pathways that are amenable for pharmacological inhibition. This concept follows the paradigm established by the landmark discovery that inhibition of the fusion kinase BCR-ABL can be used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (Druker et al., N Engl J Med 344:1031-037, 2001). The review will focus primarily on kinases involved in signaling that are currently being evaluated for therapeutic intervention in melanoma.
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Life cycle of human melanocytes is regulated by endothelin-1 and stem cell factor in synergy with cyclic AMP and basic fibroblast growth factor. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 57:123-31. [PMID: 20045284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the function of human melanocytes is well characterized at cellular and molecular levels, the mechanism of the regulation of the life cycle (proliferation, differentiation, and cell death) of human melanocytes is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE This study aims to clarify what factors are involved in regulating the life cycle of human melanocytes using serum-free culture system. METHODS Human epidermal melanocytes were cultured in a serum-free growth medium supplemented with several kinds of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones and the effects of these factors on the life cycle of melanocytes were investigated in detail. RESULTS Of the factors tested, endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulated the proliferation of melanoblasts and melanocytes in the presence of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-elevating factor such as dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) and of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). ET-1 also stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in the presence of DBcAMP. Moreover, stem cell factor (SCF) stimulated the proliferation of melanoblasts and melanocytes synergistically with ET-1. The removal of ET-1 and SCF from the culture medium greatly inhibited the proliferation of melanocytes followed by apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the life cycle of human melanocytes is regulated by ET-1 and SCF in synergy with cAMP and bFGF.
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35
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Aoki H, Yamada Y, Hara A, Kunisada T. Two distinct types of mouse melanocyte: differential signaling requirement for the maintenance of non-cutaneous and dermal versus epidermal melanocytes. Development 2009; 136:2511-21. [PMID: 19553284 DOI: 10.1242/dev.037168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the thoroughly investigated melanocyte population in the hair follicle of the epidermis, the growth and differentiation requirements of the melanocytes in the eye, harderian gland and inner ear - the so-called non-cutaneous melanocytes - remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of the factors that regulate melanocyte development on the stem cells or the precursors of these non-cutaneous melanocytes. In general, a reduction in KIT receptor tyrosine kinase signaling leads to disordered melanocyte development. However, melanocytes in the eye, ear and harderian gland were revealed to be less sensitive to KIT signaling than cutaneous melanocytes. Instead, melanocytes in the eye and harderian gland were stimulated more effectively by endothelin 3 (ET3) or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signals than by KIT signaling, and the precursors of these melanocytes expressed the lowest amount of KIT. The growth and differentiation of these non-cutaneous melanocytes were specifically inhibited by antagonists for ET3 and HGF. In transgenic mice induced to express ET3 or HGF in their skin and epithelial tissues from human cytokeratin 14 promoters, the survival and differentiation of non-cutaneous and dermal melanocytes, but not epidermal melanocytes, were enhanced, apparently irrespective of KIT signaling. These results provide a molecular basis for the clear discrimination between non-cutaneous or dermal melanocytes and epidermal melanocytes, a difference that might be important in the pathogenesis of melanocyte-related diseases and melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
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Hirobe T. Ferrous Ferric Chloride Stimulates the Skin Cell Function and Hair Growth in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1347-53. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University
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37
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Hirobe T. Ferrous Ferric Chloride Stimulates the Proliferation of Human Skin Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Fibroblasts in Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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38
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Hirobe T. Ferrous Ferric Chloride Induces the Differentiation of Cultured Mouse Epidermal Melanocytes Additionally with Herbal Medicines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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40
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Inoue-Narita T, Hamada K, Sasaki T, Hatakeyama S, Fujita S, Kawahara K, Sasaki M, Kishimoto H, Eguchi S, Kojima I, Beermann F, Kimura T, Osawa M, Itami S, Mak TW, Nakano T, Manabe M, Suzuki A. Pten deficiency in melanocytes results in resistance to hair graying and susceptibility to carcinogen-induced melanomagenesis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5760-8. [PMID: 18632629 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene inactivated in numerous sporadic cancers, including melanomas. To analyze Pten functions in melanocytes, we used the Cre-loxP system to delete Pten specifically in murine pigment-producing cells and generated DctCrePten(flox/flox) mice. Half of DctCrePten(flox/flox) mice died shortly after birth with enlargements of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Melanocytes were increased in the dermis of perinatal DctCrePten(flox/flox) mice. When the mutants were subjected to repeated depilations, melanocyte stem cells in the bulge of the hair follicle resisted exhaustion and the mice were protected against hair graying. Although spontaneous melanomas did not form in DctCrePten(flox/flox) mice, large nevi and melanomas developed after carcinogen exposure. DctCrePten(flox/flox) melanocytes were increased in size and exhibited heightened activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, increased expression of Bcl-2, and decreased expression of p27(Kip1). Our results show that Pten is important for the maintenance of melanocyte stem cells and the suppression of melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Inoue-Narita
- Department of Dermatology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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41
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Yajima I, Larue L. The location of heart melanocytes is specified and the level of pigmentation in the heart may correlate with coat color. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:471-6. [PMID: 18627529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are mainly found in the skin and more rarely in other parts of the body, including the heart. We analyzed the localization of heart melanocytes and their levels of pigmentation in a series of mutant mice presenting different numbers of melanocytes and pigmentation in the skin. We found that melanocytes were localized in the valves (mitral, tricuspid, and aortic) and septa (ventricular and atrial). Moreover, the numbers of melanocytes in the heart appears to reflect that of the skin. Mice having a high or low level of pigmented cells and/or melanin in valves and septa have similar lifespan. In this respect, melanocytes found in the valves and septa of the heart are probably not essential in a healthy and non-stressful environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yajima
- Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, UMR 146 CNRS, Institut Curie, Orsay Cedex, France
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42
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Garcia RJ, Ittah A, Mirabal S, Figueroa J, Lopez L, Glick AB, Kos L. Endothelin 3 Induces Skin Pigmentation in a Keratin-Driven Inducible Mouse Model. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:131-42. [PMID: 17611578 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin 3 (Edn3) encodes a ligand important to developing neural crest cells and is allelic to the spontaneous mouse mutation occurring at the lethal spotting (ls) locus. Edn3(ls/ls) mutants exhibit a spotted phenotype due to reduced numbers of neural crest-derived melanocyte precursors in the skin. In this study, we show that when Edn3 is driven by the keratin 5 promoter and thereby placed proximal to melanocyte lineage cells, adult mice manifest pigmented skin harboring dermal melanocytes. Using a tetracycline inducible system, we show that the postnatal expression of Edn3 is required to maintain these dermal melanocytes, and that early expression of the Edn3 transgene is important to the onset of the hyperpigmentation phenotype. Crosses into Edn3(ls/ls) mutants demonstrate that the Edn3 transgene expression does not fully compensate for the endogenous expression pattern. Crosses into tyrosine kinase receptor Kit(Wv) mutants indicate that Edn3 can partially compensate for Kit's role in early development. Crosses into A(y) mutant mice considerably darkened their yellow coat color suggesting a previously unreported role for endothelin signaling in pigment switching. These results demonstrate that exogenous Edn3 affects both precursors and differentiated melanocytes, leading to a phenotype with characteristics similar to the human skin condition dermal melanocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman J Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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43
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Hirobe T, Abe H, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Kawa Y, Soma Y, Mizoguchi M. Excess tyrosine rescues the reduced activity of proliferation and differentiation of cultured recessive yellow melanocytes derived from neonatal mouse epidermis. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:315-30. [PMID: 17532540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine recessive yellow (Mc1r(e)) is a loss-of-function mutation in the receptor for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, melanocortin receptor 1 (Mc1r) and produces yellow coats by inducing pheomelanin synthesis in hair follicular melanocytes. However, it is not known whether the Mc1r(e) mutation affects the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes. In this study, the proliferation and differentiation of recessive yellow epidermal melanocytes cultured in dibutyryl cyclic AMP-supplemented serum-free medium were investigated in detail. The melanocytes produced mainly eumelanin in this culture system. The proliferation of recessive yellow melanocytes was decreased compared with that of wild-type at the e-locus, black melanocytes. The differentiation of melanocytes was also delayed and inhibited in recessive yellow mice. Tyrosinase (TYR) activity and TYR-related protein 1 (TRP1) and TRP2 (dopachrome tautomerase, DCT) expressions were decreased and, in addition, the maturation of stage IV melanosomes was inhibited. Excess l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) added to the culture media rescued the reduced activity of proliferation of melanocytes. l-Tyr also stimulated TYR activity and TRP1 and TRP2 expressions as well as the maturation of stage IV melanosomes and pigmentation. These results suggest that the Mc1r(e) mutation affects the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes and l-Tyr rescues the reduced proliferative and differentiative activities by stimulating TYR activity and TRP1 and TRP2 expressions as well as melanosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Hirobe T, Ootaka H. Interleukin-1α Stimulates the Differentiation of Melanocytes but Inhibits the Proliferation of Melanoblasts from Neonatal Mouse Epidermis. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:959-70. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li G, Satyamoorthy K, Herlyn M. Dynamics of cell interactions and communications during melanoma development. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2007; 13:62-70. [PMID: 12097238 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma development not only involves genetic and epigenetic changes that take place within the cell, but also involves processes determined collectively by micro-environmental factors, including cell-cell interactions and communications. During the transition from normal cells to benign and malignant lesions, and subsequently to metastatic cancer, stepwise changes in intercellular communications provide tumor cells with the ability to overcome cell-cell adhesion and micro-environmental controls from the host and to invade surrounding tissues and disperse to distant locations. Cadherins are major cell-cell adhesion molecules involved in the development and maintenance of skin. E-cadherin expressed in normal melanocytes mediates growth and invasion control by keratinocytes. Progressive loss of E-cadherin and gain of N-cadherin during melanoma development not only free melanoma cells from control by keratinocytes, but also provide new adhesion properties, resulting in switched partnerships with fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. The cadherin subtype switching also dictates gap junctional specificity in melanocytic cells during tumor development. This selective intercellular communication may contribute to the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration of melanocytic cells in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Abnormal up-regulation of the immunoglobin repeat-containing cell adhesion molecules Mel-CAM and L1-CAM potentiates invasion and migration of melanoma. Thus, abnormal expression of intercellular adhesion receptors and dysregulated intercellular communication underlies melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Metcalfe AD, Ferguson MW. Tissue engineering of replacement skin: the crossroads of biomaterials, wound healing, embryonic development, stem cells and regeneration. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:413-37. [PMID: 17251138 PMCID: PMC2373411 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapies combating acute and chronic skin wounds are likely to be brought about using our knowledge of regenerative medicine coupled with appropriately tissue-engineered skin substitutes. At the present time, there are no models of an artificial skin that completely replicate normal uninjured skin. Natural biopolymers such as collagen and fibronectin have been investigated as potential sources of biomaterial to which cells can attach. The first generation of degradable polymers used in tissue engineering were adapted from other surgical uses and have drawbacks in terms of mechanical and degradation properties. This has led to the development of synthetic degradable gels primarily as a way to deliver cells and/or molecules in situ, the so-called smart matrix technology. Tissue or organ repair is usually accompanied by fibrotic reactions that result in the production of a scar. Certain mammalian tissues, however, have a capacity for complete regeneration without scarring; good examples include embryonic or foetal skin and the ear of the MRL/MpJ mouse. Investigations of these model systems reveal that in order to achieve such complete regeneration, the inflammatory response is altered such that the extent of fibrosis and scarring is diminished. From studies on the limited examples of mammalian regeneration, it may also be possible to exploit such models to further clarify the regenerative process. The challenge is to identify the factors and cytokines expressed during regeneration and incorporate them to create a smart matrix for use in a skin equivalent. Recent advances in the use of DNA microarray and proteomic technology are likely to aid the identification of such molecules. This, coupled with recent advances in non-viral gene delivery and stem cell technologies, may also contribute to novel approaches that would generate a skin replacement whose materials technology was based not only upon intelligent design, but also upon the molecules involved in the process of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W.J Ferguson
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester3.239 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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47
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Schaffer JV, Chang MW, Kovich OI, Kamino H, Orlow SJ. Pigmented plexiform neurofibroma: Distinction from a large congenital melanocytic nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:862-8. [PMID: 17280739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The substantial clinical and histologic overlap between neurotized congenital melanocytic nevi and the subset of plexiform neurofibromas with hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis of the overlying skin (pigmented neurofibroma) has led to considerable confusion in the literature. A dark-brown, hypertrichotic plaque covered much of the right lower aspect of the trunk of a 1-year-old girl with a diffuse and plexiform neurofibroma in the same area, numerous café-au-lait macules, and intertriginous freckling. The latter findings were diagnostic of neurofibromatosis-1, which was further supported by the presence of unidentified bright objects on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Histologic examination of the hyperpigmented plaque revealed melanocytic hyperplasia at the dermoepidermal junction and a proliferation of rounded, pigmented melanocytes dispersed individually and in occasional small nests in the papillary dermis and scattered within underlying neurofibromatous tissue. Immunohistochemical staining with A103 (Melan-A/MART-1) and PNL2 confirmed the melanocytic differentiation of the pigmented cells, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein and Leu-7 were detected only within plexiform areas and slender neuroid spindle cells. This case draws attention to the pigmented neurofibroma as a distinct clinicopathologic entity resulting from proliferation of melanocytes and neurosustentacular cells in the setting of neurofibromatosis-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Schaffer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA.
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Saito H, Yoshida T, Yamazaki H, Suzuki N. Conditional N-rasG12V expression promotes manifestations of neurofibromatosis in a mouse model. Oncogene 2007; 26:4714-9. [PMID: 17237809 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2) result from mutations and inactivation of neurofibromin and merlin genes, respectively, which negatively regulate Ras pathways. To evaluate the contribution of N-Ras activity to the development of NF, we generated a novel transgenic mouse expressing oncogenic N-ras specifically in central nerve cells, neural crest-derived cells and lens epithelial cells. Soon after birth, the mouse skin showed hyperpigmentation of the epidermis and melanin-laden macrophages in the dermis, as observed in the café-au-lait spots of human cases. At 3 months of age, all the mice had neurofibromas in the skin and neurofibroma-like tumors with structure similar to Wagner-Meissner bodies in the adrenal medulla. At 4 months of age, all the mice developed subcapsular cataract. In the 5th month, some developed protruding dermal neurofibromas involving subcutaneous fat. However, plexiform neurofibroma, schwannoma, astrocytoma and pheochromocytoma were not observed in the mice, suggesting a requirement for signal(s) other than the activated N-Ras pathway to induce these tumors. Thus, the activated N-Ras signal may be a main pathway for the development of the disease phenotypes characteristic of NF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Department of Animal Genomics, Functional Genomics Institute, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Hirobe T. Ferrous Ferric Chloride Stimulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Cultured Keratinocytes and Melanocytes in the Epidermis of Neonatal Mouse Skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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Hirobe T, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Kawa Y, Soma Y, Mizoguchi M. The slaty mutation affects eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in mouse melanocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:537-49. [PMID: 16584806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The slaty (Dct(slt)) mutation is known to reduce the activity of dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) in melanocytes. However, it is unknown whether the reduced DCT activity leads to a defect in the proliferation and differentiation of mouse melanocytes. To address this point, the proliferation and differentiation of neonatal melanocytes from Dct(slt)/Dct(slt) congenic mice in serum-free primary culture were investigated in detail. The proliferation of slaty epidermal melanoblasts/melanocytes in culture did not differ from that of wild-type mice. However, the differentiation was greatly inhibited. Tyrosinase (TYR) activity detected by dopa reaction as well as staining of DCT in slaty melanocytes was greatly reduced. The content of eumelanin in cultured slaty melanocytes was reduced, whereas the content of pheomelanin in media derived from cultured 7.5-day-old slaty melanocytes was greatly increased. The contents of eumelanin and pheomelanin in the neonatal slaty epidermis and dermis were reduced, except that the pheomelanin content in 3.5-day-old dermis was increased. These results suggest that the slaty mutation affects both eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in developmental stage-specific and skin site-specific manners, and, in addition, the gene controls the differentiation of melanocytes via the regulation of activity of TYR in addition to its own DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Hazards Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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