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Zhi L, Chen Y, Lai KYN, Wert J, Li S, Wang X, Tang XC, Shameem M, Liu D. Lyophilization as an effective tool to develop AAV8 gene therapy products for refrigerated storage. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123564. [PMID: 37914106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has emerged as the leading gene delivery platform for treatment of monogenic disorders. Currently, for clinical and commercial products, rAAVs are typically formulated and stored below -65 °C as frozen liquid. Their long-term storage is often far from ideal because it may result in shorter drug product (DP) shelf-life compared to recombinant protein-based biologics, and also presents challenges for supply chain and inventory management. Consequently, there is great interest in developing robust lyophilized AAV DPs that are stable at 2 to 8 °C. In this study, we evaluated formulation excipients required for stable lyophilized AAV8 products including buffers, salts, cryoprotectants/lyoprotectants, surfactants, and bulking agents, and optimized the concentrations and ratios between the excipients. This led to the identification of the lead formulation that demonstrated short-term in-solution stability at 25 °C and, upon lyophilization, sufficient long-term stability at 2 to 8 °C. Our study demonstrated that, in the presence of 110 mM salts, mannitol can serve as an effective bulking agent with the appropriate formulation and lyophilization process design, and the sucrose to mannitol ratio is critical to maintain the stability and cake appearance of the lyophilized AAV8 DP. Thorough characterization of the effect of formulation components on the properties and quality of the lyophilized DP led to an optimized AAV8 lyophilized DP. This approach could be applied to streamline the future development of lyophilized AAV gene therapy products with various target transgenes and capsid serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhi
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
| | - Yao Chen
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kuan-Yu Nick Lai
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jonathan Wert
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Shuai Li
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Xiaolin Charlie Tang
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
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Cristiglio V, Sztucki M, Wu C, Shalaev E. Impact of lyoprotectors on protein-protein separation in the solid state: Neutron- and X-ray-scattering investigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022;:130101. [PMID: 35151821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyhydroxycompounds (PHC) are used as lyoprotectors to minimize aggregation of pharmaceutical proteins during freeze-drying and storage. METHODS Lysozyme/PHC mixtures with 1:1 and 1:3 (w/w) ratios are freeze-dried from either H2O or D2O solutions. Disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), monosaccharide (glucose), and sugar alcohol (sorbitol) are used in the study. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) are applied to study protein-protein interaction in the freeze-dried samples. RESULTS Protein interaction peak in the freeze-dried mixtures has been detected by both SANS (D2O-based samples only) and SAXS (both D2O- and H2O-based). In the 1:1 mixtures, protein separation distances are similar (center-of-mass distance of approx. 31 Å) between all lyoprotectors studied. Mixtures with a higher content of the disaccharides (1:3 ratio) have a higher separation distance of approx 40 Å. The higher separation could reduce protein-protein contacts and therefore be associated with less favourable aggregation conditions. In the 1:3 mixtures with glucose and sorbitol, complex SANS and SAXS/WAXS patterns are observed. The pattern for the glucose sample indicate two populations of lysozyme molecules, while the origin of multiple SAXS peaks in the lysozyme/sorbitol 1:3 mixture is uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Protein-protein separation distance is determined predominantly by the lyoprotector/protein weight ratio. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of SANS and SAXS improves understanding of mechanisms of protein stabilization by sugars in freeze-dried formulations, and provide a tool to verify hypothesis on relationship between protein/protein separation and aggregation propensity in the dried state.
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Lamaming SZ, Lamaming J, Rawi NFM, Hashim R, Kassim MHM, Hussin MH, Bustami Y, Sulaiman O, Amini MHM, Hiziroglu S. Improvements and limitation of soy protein‐based adhesive: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Zarina Lamaming
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Junidah Lamaming
- Chemical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Rokiah Hashim
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yazmin Bustami
- School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Othman Sulaiman
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | | | - Salim Hiziroglu
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
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Bolje A, Gobec S. Analytical Techniques for Structural Characterization of Proteins in Solid Pharmaceutical Forms: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040534. [PMID: 33920461 PMCID: PMC8070348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins as biopharmaceuticals have emerged as a very important class of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, they are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Their long-term stability in solid forms, which is critical for product performance, depends heavily on the retention of the native protein structure during the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process and, thereafter, in the solid state. Indeed, the biological function of proteins is directly related to the tertiary and secondary structure. Besides physical stability and biological activity, conformational stability (three-dimensional structure) is another important aspect when dealing with protein pharmaceuticals. Moreover, denaturation as loss of higher order structure is often a precursor to aggregation or chemical instability. Careful study of the physical and chemical properties of proteins in the dried state is therefore critical during biopharmaceutical drug development to deliver a final drug product with built-in quality that is safe, high-quality, efficient, and affordable for patients. This review provides an overview of common analytical techniques suitable for characterizing pharmaceutical protein powders, providing structural, and conformational information, as well as insights into dynamics. Such information can be very useful in formulation development, where selecting the best formulation for the drug can be quite a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Bolje
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
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Yang X, Su Y, Li L. Study of soybean gel induced by Lactobacillus plantarum: Protein structure and intermolecular interaction. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Krepper W, Burgstaller D, Jungbauer A, Satzer P. Mid-manufacturing storage: Antibody stability after chromatography and precipitation based capture steps. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2928. [PMID: 31622530 PMCID: PMC7187330 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of the IgG2 subclass were captured from the clarified cell culture fluid either by protein A chromatography or by polyethylene glycol precipitation. The captured intermediates were stored as neutralized eluates (protein A chromatography) or in solid form as polyethylene glycol precipitates over a period of 13 months at three temperatures, −20°C, 5°C, and room temperature to compare the capture technologies in regard of the resulting product storability. Monomer content, high molecular mass impurities product loss and changes in the composition of the charge variants were determined at six time points during the storage. At the beginning and end of the study, samples were additionally tested by differential scanning calorimetry, differential scanning fluorimetry, and circular dichroism to determine structural alterations occurring during storage. Protein A purified material was highly stable at all tested temperatures in regard of monomer content and product losses. A transient, acidic isoform was formed during the chromatography step which re‐converted to the main charged variant upon storage within a matter of days. Precipitated antibodies could be stored at −20 or 5°C for 3 months without product losses but afterwards recovery yields dropped to 65%. At room temperature, the precipitated antibody was not stable and degraded within 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walpurga Krepper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Stärtzel P. Arginine as an Excipient for Protein Freeze-Drying: A Mini Review. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:960-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Sousa F, Cruz A, Fonte P, Pinto IM, Neves-Petersen MT, Sarmento B. A new paradigm for antiangiogenic therapy through controlled release of bevacizumab from PLGA nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3736. [PMID: 28623267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have deserved a remarkable interest for more than 40 years as a vital tool for the treatment of various diseases. Still, there is a raising interest to develop advanced monoclonal antibody delivery systems able to tailor pharmacokinetics. Bevacizumab is a humanized immunoglobulin IgG1 used in antiangiogenic therapies due to its capacity to inhibit the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor. However, bevacizumab-based antiangiogenic therapy is not always effective due to poor treatment compliance associated to multiples administrations and drug resistance. In this work, we show a promising strategy of encapsulating bevacizumab to protect and deliver it, in a controlled manner, increasing the time between administrations and formulation shelf-life. Nanoencapsulation of bevacizumab represents a significant advance for selective antiangiogenic therapies since extracellular, cell surface and intracellular targets can be reached. The present study shows that bevacizumab-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles does not impair its native-like structure after encapsulation and fully retain the bioactivity, making this nanosystem a new paradigm for the improvement of angiogenic therapy.
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Hackl EV, Khutoryanskiy VV, Ermolina I. Hydrogels based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate as a delivery system for proteins: Interactions with lysozyme. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V. Hackl
- Leicester School of Pharmacy; De Montfort University; Leicester United Kingdom
| | | | - Irina Ermolina
- Leicester School of Pharmacy; De Montfort University; Leicester United Kingdom
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Goshima H, Forney-Stevens KM, Liu M, Qian KK, Tyagi M, Cicerone MT, Pikal MJ. Addition of Monovalent Electrolytes to Improve Storage Stability of Freeze-Dried Protein Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:530-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Veverka M, Murányi A, Bakoš D, Kochan J, Jorík V, Omastová M. Arabinogalactan:β-glucan as novel biodegradable carriers for recombinant human thrombin. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2015; 27:202-17. [PMID: 26708010 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of incorporating thrombin in arabinogalactan (AG)/β-glucan (BG)-based carriers. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Results, especially deconvoluted XRPD patterns indicated creation of new phases and potential complex formation. Results also highlighted that the AG carrier leads to higher residual thrombin-specific activity, while the in vivo haemostatic effect was enhanced when insoluble BG was present in the matrix. Our results confirm that thrombin can be successfully added to the carriers and that these materials are promising alternatives to standard vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Veverka
- a R&D Department , EUROFINS Bel/Novamann Ltd. , Nové Zámky , Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Murányi
- b Department of Galenical Development , hameln rds a.s. , Modra , Slovak Republic.,c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Galenic Pharmacy , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Bakoš
- d Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak Technical University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Kochan
- e Department of Pharmacology , hameln rds a.s. , Modra , Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Jorík
- d Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak Technical University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Omastová
- f Polymer Institute , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
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Stärtzel P, Gieseler H, Gieseler M, Abdul-Fattah AM, Adler M, Mahler HC, Goldbach P. Freeze-Drying of l -Arginine/Sucrose-Based Protein Formulations, Part 2: Optimization of Formulation Design and Freeze-Drying Process Conditions for an l -Arginine Chloride-Based Protein Formulation System. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4241-4256. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile tool to investigate the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution. The intrinsically low extinction coefficient of the amide I mode, the main structure-related oscillator, together with the high infrared absorptivity of aqueous media, requires that proteins are studied at high concentrations (>10 mg L(-1)). This may represent a challenge in the study of aggregation-prone proteins and peptides, and questions the significance of structural data obtained for proteins physiologically existing at much lower concentrations. Here we describe the development of a simple experimental approach that increases the detection limit of protein structure analysis by infrared spectroscopy. Our approach relies on custom-made filters to isolate the amide I region (1700-1600 cm(-1)) from irrelevant spectral regions. The sensitivity of the instrument is then increased by background attenuation, an approach consisting in the use of a neutral density filter, such as a non-scattering metal grid, to attentuate the intensity of the background spectrum. When the filters and grid are combined, a 2.4-fold improvement in the noise level can be obtained. We have successfully tested this approach using a highly diluted solution of pyruvate kinase in deuterated medium (0.2% w/v), and found that it provides spectra of a quality comparable to those recorded with a 10-fold higher protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Baldassarre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cruz-Angeles J, Martínez LM, Videa M. Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to the study of thermally induced changes in secondary structure of protein molecules in solid state. Biopolymers 2015; 103:574-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cruz-Angeles
- Department of Chemistry and School of Engineering and Sciences; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Campus Monterrey Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L. México C.P. 64849
| | - Luz María Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and School of Engineering and Sciences; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Campus Monterrey Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L. México C.P. 64849
| | - Marcelo Videa
- Department of Chemistry and School of Engineering and Sciences; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Campus Monterrey Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L. México C.P. 64849
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Stärtzel P, Gieseler H, Gieseler M, Abdul-Fattah AM, Adler M, Mahler HC, Goldbach P. Freeze Drying of l -Arginine/Sucrose-Based Protein Formulations, Part I: Influence of Formulation and Arginine Counter Ion on the Critical Formulation Temperature, Product Performance and Protein Stability. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2345-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ulrichs T, Drotleff AM, Ternes W. Determination of heat-induced changes in the protein secondary structure of reconstituted livetins (water-soluble proteins from hen’s egg yolk) by FTIR. Food Chem 2015; 172:909-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for the structural characterization of insoluble protein assemblies, as it allows to obtain information on the protein secondary structures and on their intermolecular interactions. The protocols for FTIR spectroscopy and microspectroscopy measurements in transmission and attenuated total reflection modes will be presented and illustrated in the following examples: bacterial inclusion bodies, self-assembling peptides, thermal aggregates, and amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy,
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Telikepalli S, Kumru OS, Kim JH, Joshi SB, O'Berry KB, Blake-Haskins AW, Perkins MD, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Characterization of the physical stability of a lyophilized IgG1 mAb after accelerated shipping-like stress. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:495-507. [PMID: 25522000 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Upon exposure to shaking stress, an IgG1 mAb formulation in both the liquid and lyophilized state formed subvisible particles. Because freeze-drying was expected to minimize protein physical instability under these conditions, the extent and nature of aggregate formation in the lyophilized preparation were examined using a variety of particle characterization techniques. The effects of formulation variables such as residual moisture content, reconstitution rate, and reconstitution medium were also examined. Upon reconstitution of shake-stressed lyophilized mAb, differences in protein particle size and number were observed by microflow digital imaging, with the reconstitution medium having the largest impact. Shake stress had minor effects on the structure of protein within the particles as shown by SDS-PAGE and FTIR analysis. The lyophilized mAb was shake stressed to different extents and stored for 3 months at different temperatures. Both extent of cake collapse and storage temperature affected the physical stability of the shake-stressed lyophilized mAb upon subsequent storage. These findings demonstrate that physical degradation upon shaking of a lyophilized IgG1 mAb formulation includes not only cake breakage, but also results in an increase in subvisible particles and turbidity upon reconstitution. The shake-induced cake breakage of the lyophilized IgG1 mAb formulation also resulted in decreased physical stability upon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalli Telikepalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
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Lewis EN, Qi W, Kidder LH, Amin S, Kenyon SM, Blake S. Combined dynamic light scattering and Raman spectroscopy approach for characterizing the aggregation of therapeutic proteins. Molecules 2014; 19:20888-905. [PMID: 25514228 PMCID: PMC6271152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the physicochemical properties of protein therapeutics and their aggregates is critical for developing formulations that enhance product efficacy, stability, safety and manufacturability. Analytical challenges are compounded for materials: (1) that are formulated at high concentration, (2) that are formulated with a variety of excipients, and (3) that are available only in small volumes. In this article, a new instrument is described that measures protein secondary and tertiary structure, as well as molecular size, over a range of concentrations and formulation conditions of low volume samples. Specifically, characterization of colloidal and conformational stability is obtained through a combination of two well-established analytical techniques: dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. As the data for these two analytical modalities are collected on the same sample at the same time, the technique enables direct correlation between them, in addition to the more straightforward benefit of minimizing sample usage by providing multiple analytical measurements on the same aliquot non-destructively. The ability to differentiate between unfolding and aggregation that the combination of these techniques provides enables insights into underlying protein aggregation mechanisms. The article will report on mechanistic insights for aggregation that have been obtained from the application of this technique to the characterization of lysozyme, which was evaluated as a function of concentration and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Neil Lewis
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
| | - Wei Qi
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
| | - Linda H Kidder
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
| | - Samiul Amin
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
| | - Stacy M Kenyon
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
| | - Steven Blake
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., 7221 Lee Deforest Drive, Suite 300, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
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Abstract
Intrinsic chemical instability and physical instability of therapeutic proteins require appropriate formulations and processes to ensure their efficacy and safety. Recent concerns on possible immunogenicity of the structurally altered protein molecules emphasize relevance of the product quality. Advances in the protein and material researches enable rational design of the aqueous solution and solid protein formulations. This chapter describes the basic process to develop the formulations and choice of excipients that protect the proteins from various stresses during the manufacturing and storage.
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Hajihashemi Z, Nasirpour A, Scher J, Desobry S. Interactions among lactose, β-lactoglobulin and starch in co-lyophilized mixtures as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51:3376-82. [PMID: 26396334 PMCID: PMC4571200 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Processing and storage change food powders containing a large quantity of lactose due to lactose crystallization and interactions among components. Model food systems were prepared by co-lyophilization of lactose, β-lactoglobulin (BLG), and gelatinized starch. A mixture design was used to define the percentage of each mixture component to simulate a wide range of food powders. Interactions among lactose, BLG and starch were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) at different relative humidities (RH), before and after 3 months storage. Results showed the presence of hydrogen bonds among these components. Moreover, interactions or formation of hydrogen bonds among lactose, starch and BLG preserved BLG against freezing and freeze-drying shocks. Lactose crystallization could be identified by comparing infrared spectra of amorphous and crystallized lactose at O - H and C - H stretching vibration bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hajihashemi
- />College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 Iran
| | - Ali Nasirpour
- />College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 Iran
| | - Joël Scher
- />ENSAIA-INPL, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 av. de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre lés Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Desobry
- />ENSAIA-INPL, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 av. de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre lés Nancy, France
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Trnka H, Palou A, Panouillot PE, Kauppinen A, Toiviainen M, Grohganz H, Alcalà M, Juuti M, Ketolainen J, Rantanen J. Near‐Infrared Imaging for High‐Throughput Screening of Moisture Induced Changes in Freeze‐Dried Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2839-2846. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Devineni D, Gonschorek C, Cicerone MT, Xu Y, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Storage stability of keratinocyte growth factor-2 in lyophilized formulations: effects of formulation physical properties and protein fraction at the solid-air interface. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:332-41. [PMID: 24859390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilized formulations of keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) were prepared with a range of disaccharide (sucrose or trehalose) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) mass ratios. Protein degradation was assessed as a function of time of storage of the dried formulations at 40, 50 and 60°C. Lyophilized and stored samples were rehydrated, and protein degradation was quantified by measuring loss of monomeric protein with size exclusion chromatography and by determining chemical degradation in the soluble fraction with reverse-phase chromatography. The secondary structure of the protein in the lyophilized formulations was studied with infrared spectroscopy. The magnitudes of degradation were compared the key physical properties of the formulations including retention of protein native secondary structure, glass transition temperature (Tg), inverse mean square displacements 〈u(2)〉(-1) for hydrogen atoms (fast β relaxation), and the relaxation time τ(β), which correlates with relaxation due to fast Johari-Goldstein motions in the glass (Xu et al., 2013) [1]. In addition, specific surface areas of the lyophilized formulations were determined by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analysis of krypton adsorption isotherms and used to estimate the fraction of the KGF-2 molecules residing at the solid-air interface. KGF-2 degradation rates were highest in formulations wherein the protein's structure was most perturbed, and wherein β relaxations were fastest, but the dominant factor governing KGF-2 degradation in freeze-dried formulations was the fraction of the protein found at the glass solid-air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Devineni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Marcus T Cicerone
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yemin Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Xu Y, Grobelny P, Von Allmen A, Knudson K, Pikal M, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Protein quantity on the air-solid interface determines degradation rates of human growth hormone in lyophilized samples. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1356-66. [PMID: 24623139 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) was lyophilized with various glass-forming stabilizers, employing cycles that incorporated various freezing and annealing procedures to manipulate glass formation kinetics, associated relaxation processes, and glass-specific surface areas (SSAs). The secondary structure in the cake was monitored by infrared and in reconstituted samples by circular dichroism. The rhGH concentrations on the surface of lyophilized powders were determined from electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Glass transition temperature (Tg ), SSAs, and water contents were determined immediately after lyophilization. Lyophilized samples were incubated at 323 K for 16 weeks, and the resulting extents of rhGH aggregation, oxidation, and deamidation were determined after rehydration. Water contents and Tg were independent of lyophilization process parameters. Compared with samples lyophilized after rapid freezing, rhGH in samples that had been annealed in frozen solids prior to drying, or annealed in glassy solids after secondary drying retained more native-like protein secondary structure, had a smaller fraction of the protein on the surface of the cake, and exhibited lower levels of degradation during incubation. A simple kinetic model suggested that the differences in the extent of rhGH degradation during storage in the dried state between different formulations and processing methods could largely be ascribed to the associated levels of rhGH at the solid-air interface after lyophilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemin Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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27
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Faghihi H, Vatanara A, Najafabadi AR, Ramezani V, Gilani K. The use of amino acids to prepare physically and conformationally stable spray-dried IgG with enhanced aerosol performance. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:163-71. [PMID: 24614584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of various amino acids on the molecular and thermodynamic stability of IgG (immune globulin G) as well as its aerosol performance. The antibody was spray-dried in the presence of different amino acids (leucine, phenylalanine, cysteine, glycine, lysine and arginine) using 20% and 50% (w/w) amino acid. SEC-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and IR-spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the stability of spray-dried IgG. The in-vitro aerosol performance of the well-stabilized formulations was subsequently assessed. IgG containing phenylalanine at 20 and 50% w/w produced the lowest content of aggregated antibody (1.35 ± 0.24%) and (1.12 ± 0.15%). The application of phenylalanine and cysteine at 50% (w/w) demonstrated the best storage stability (2 month at 45°C) with a rate constant of 0.006/month and enhanced fine particle fractions of 62.43 ± 0.34% and 70.51 ± 0.23%, respectively. Samples containing 50% arginine exhibited significantly perturbed conformation and, consequently, the highest aggregation rate constant of 0.019/month following storage. These results indicate that phenylalanine and cysteine serve as efficacious amino acids for the preparation of IgG dry powder with regard to stability and aerodynamic properties.
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Abstract
One of the most versatile methods for monitoring the structure of proteins, either in solution or in the solid state, is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Also known as mid-range infrared, which covers the frequency range from 4000 to 400 cm(-1), this wavelength region includes bands that arise from three conformationally sensitive vibrations within the peptide backbone (amide I, II and III). Of these vibrations, amide I is the most widely used and can provide information on secondary structure composition and structural stability. One of the advantages of infrared spectroscopy is that it can be used with proteins that are either in solution or in the solid state. The use of infrared to monitor protein structure and stability is summarized herein. In addition, specialized infrared methods are presented, such as techniques for the study of membrane proteins and oriented samples. In addition, there is a growing body of literature on the use of infrared to follow reaction kinetics and ligand binding in proteins, as well as a number of infrared studies on protein dynamics. Finally, the potential for using near-infrared spectroscopy to study protein structure is introduced.
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Kaler A, Jain S, Banerjee UC. Green and rapid synthesis of anticancerous silver nanoparticles by Saccharomyces boulardii and insight into mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:872940. [PMID: 24298556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/872940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly developing field of nanobiotechnology dealing with metallic nanoparticle (MNP) synthesis is primarily lacking control over size, shape, dispersity, yield, and reaction time. Present work describes an ecofriendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by cell free extract (CFE) of Saccharomyces boulardii. Parameters such as culture age (stationary phase growth), cell mass concentration (400 mg/mL), temperature (35°C), and reaction time (4 h), have been optimized to exercise a control over the yield of nanoparticles and their properties. Nanoparticle (NP) formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental composition by EDX (energy dispersive X-rays) analysis, and size and shape by transmission electron microscopy. Synthesized nanoparticles had the size range of 3–10 nm with high negative zeta potential (−31 mV) indicating excellent stability. Role of proteins/peptides in NP formation and their stability were also elucidated. Finally, anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles as compared to silver ions was determined on breast cancer cell lines.
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Abstract
Local side-chain interactions in lyophilized protein formulations were mapped using solid-state photolytic labeling-mass spectrometry (ssPL-MS). Photoactive amino acid analogues (PAAs) were used as probes and either added to the lyophilized matrix or incorporated within the amino acid sequence of a peptide. In the first approach, apomyoglobin was lyophilized with sucrose and varying concentrations of photoleucine (L-2-amino-4,4'-azipentanoic acid; pLeu). The lyophilized solid was irradiated at 365 nm to initiate photolabeling. The rate and extent of labeling were measured using electrospray ionization/high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ESI-HPLC-MS), with labeling reaching a plateau at ~30 min, forming up to six labeled populations. Bottom-up MS/MS analysis was able to provide peptide-level resolution of the location of pLeu. ssPL-MS was also able to detect differences in side-chain environment between sucrose and guanidine hydrochloride formulations. In the second approach, peptide GCG (1-8)* containing p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (pBpA) in the amino acid sequence was lyophilized with various excipients and irradiated. Peptide-peptide and peptide-excipient adducts were detected using MS. Top-down MS/MS on the peptide dimer provided amino acid-level resolution regarding interactions and the cross-linking partner for pBpA in the solid state. The results show that ssPL-MS can provide high-resolution information about protein interactions in the lyophilized environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya K Iyer
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47901, United States
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31
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Al-Hussein A, Gieseler H. Investigation of Histidine Stabilizing Effects on LDH During Freeze-Drying. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:813-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Jeong SH. Analytical methods and formulation factors to enhance protein stability in solution. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1871-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Davis JM, Zhang N, Payne RW, Murphy BM, Abdul-Fattah AM, Matsuura JE, Herman AC, Manning MC. Stability of lyophilized sucrose formulations of an IgG1: subvisible particle formation. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:883-96. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.705295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Al-Hussein A, Gieseler H. The Effect of Mannitol Crystallization in Mannitol–Sucrose systems on LDH Stability during Freeze-Drying. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2534-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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35
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D'antonio J, Murphy BM, Manning MC, Al-azzam WA. Comparability of Protein Therapeutics: Quantitative Comparison of Second-Derivative Amide I Infrared Spectra. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2025-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Patois E, Larmour I, Bell S, Palais C, Capelle M, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Ultraviolet Resonance Raman spectroscopy used to study formulations of salmon calcitonin, a starch–peptide conjugate and TGF-β3. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:392-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Auge KB, Blake-Haskins AW, Devine S, Rizvi S, Li YM, Hesselberg M, Orvisky E, Affleck RP, Spitznagel TM, Perkins MD. Demonstrating the Stability of Albinterferon Alfa-2b in the Presence of Silicone Oil. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5100-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Carbonaro M, Maselli P, Nucara A. Relationship between digestibility and secondary structure of raw and thermally treated legume proteins: a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic study. Amino Acids 2012; 43:911-21. [PMID: 22102054 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structure of proteins in legumes, cereals, milk products and chicken meat was studied by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy in the region of the amide I band. Major secondary structure components ( β-sheets, random coil, α-helix, turns), together with the low- and high-frequency side contributions, were resolved and related to the in vitro digestibility behaviour of the different foods. A strong inverse correlation between the relative spectral weights of the β-sheet structures and in vitro protein digestibility values was measured. Structural modifications in legume proteins induced by autoclaving were monitored by the changes in the amide I spectra. The results indicate that the β-sheet structures of raw legume proteins and the intermolecular β-sheet aggregates, arising upon heating, are primary factors in adversely affecting the digestibility.
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39
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Murphy BM, Zhang N, Payne RW, Davis JM, Abdul-Fattah AM, Matsuura JE, Herman AC, Manning MC. Structure, stability, and mobility of a lyophilized IgG1 monoclonal antibody as determined using second-derivative infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:81-91. [PMID: 21918984 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many aspects of stabilization of lyophilized proteins. Of these various factors, retention of native structure, having sufficient amount of stabilizer to embed the protein within an amorphous matrix, and dampening β-relaxations have been shown to be critical in optimizing protein stability during storage. In this study, an IgG1 was lyophilized with varying amounts of sucrose. In some formulations, a small amount of sorbitol was added as a plasticizer. The structure of the protein in dried state was monitored using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The IR spectra indicated increasing retention of the native structure, which correlated with stability as indicated by size-exclusion chromatography as well as micro-flow imaging. Maximal stability was achieved with a 2:1 mass ratio of sucrose to protein, which is more than that would be expected based on earlier studies. Analysis of both high and low frequency bands associated with intramolecular β-sheet structure provides additional information on the structure of antibodies in the solid state. Finally, there is a correlation between the bandwidth of the β-sheet bands and the enthalpy of relaxation, suggesting that amide I bands can provide some indication of the degree of coupling to the sugar matrix, as well as structural heterogeneity of the protein.
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40
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Staub A, Zurlino D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Analysis of peptides and proteins using sub-2 μm fully porous and sub 3-μm shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8903-14. [PMID: 21831381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of sub-2 μm totally porous particles and sub-3 μm shell particles for peptide and protein analysis. Specific analytical strategies must be developed for these biomolecules as their importance in the pharmaceutical industry increases and as their structural complexity involves some issues when classical LC conditions are employed. Attention was paid on comparing these different columns in various LC conditions (different temperatures, gradient times, and mobile phase flow rates). The comparison of the different supports was assessed considering columns characteristics (quality of packing, silanol activity, pore size, totally porous or shell particles). In this article, peptides were first analyzed with both column technologies. Similar results to those achieved with low molecular weight compounds were obtained (peak capacity >100 for t(grad) around 3 min and columns dimensions of 2.1 mm id × 50 mm), but specific conditions were required (elevated temperature and the use of a volatile ion-pairing reagent, namely TFA). For peptide analysis following tryptic digestion, the goal was to improve peak capacity and resolution because of the large number of generated peptides. For this purpose, longer columns packed with porous sub-2 μm or shell sub-3 μm particles (i.e., 150 mm) and gradient times (i.e., up to 30 min) were tested. On the other hand, proteins in their intact forms have higher molecular weights (MW>5000 Da) and a tertiary structure, thus requiring different conditions in terms of stationary phase hydrophobicity (C(4)vs. C(18)) and pore size (300 vs. 120 Å). In addition, there were issues with adsorption onto the LC system and/or the column itself. This study showed that proteins with MWs lower than 40,000 Da required chromatographic conditions close to those employed for peptide analysis. For larger proteins, a C(4) 300 Å stationary phase gave the best results, confirming theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Staub
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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41
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Jiang Y, Li C, Nguyen X, Muzammil S, Towers E, Gabrielson J, Narhi L. Qualification of FTIR spectroscopic method for protein secondary structural analysis. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4631-41. [PMID: 21713773 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is widely used to study protein secondary structure both in solution and in the solid state. The FTIR spectroscopic method has also been employed as a characterization method by the biopharmaceutical industry to determine the higher order structure of protein therapeutics, and to determine if any changes in protein conformation have occurred as a result of changes to process, formulation, manufacture, and storage conditions. The results of these studies are often included in regulatory filings; when comparability is assessed, the comparison is often qualitative. To demonstrate that the method can be quantitative, and is suitable for these intended purposes, the precision and sensitivity of the FTIR method were evaluated. The results show that FTIR spectroscopic analysis is reproducible with suitable method precision, that is, spectral similarity of replicate measurements is greater than 90%. The method can detect secondary structural changes caused by pH and denaturant. The sensitivity of the method in detecting structural changes depends on the extent of the changes and their impact on the resulting spectral similarity and characteristic FTIR bands. The results of these assessments are described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jiang
- Formulation and Analytical Resources Department, Product and Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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42
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Ohtake S, Wang YJ. Trehalose: Current Use and Future Applications. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2020-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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Heljo VP, Jouppila K, Hatanpää T, Juppo AM. The Use of Disaccharides in Inhibiting Enzymatic Activity Loss and Secondary Structure Changes in Freeze-Dried β-Galactosidase during Storage. Pharm Res 2010; 28:540-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schersch K, Betz O, Garidel P, Muehlau S, Bassarab S, Winter G. Systematic investigation of the effect of lyophilizate collapse on pharmaceutically relevant proteins I: Stability after freeze‐drying. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2256-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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Wang B, Cicerone MT, Aso Y, Pikal MJ. The Impact of Thermal Treatment on the Stability of Freeze-Dried Amorphous Pharmaceuticals: II. Aggregation in an IgG1 Fusion Protein. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:683-700. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Vonhoff S, Condliffe J, Schiffter H. Implementation of an FTIR calibration curve for fast and objective determination of changes in protein secondary structure during formulation development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Wang B, Tchessalov S, Cicerone MT, Warne NW, Pikal MJ. Impact of sucrose level on storage stability of proteins in freeze-dried solids: II. Correlation of aggregation rate with protein structure and molecular mobility. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3145-66. [PMID: 19067392 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of sucrose level on storage stability of dried proteins and thus better understand the mechanism of protein stabilization by disaccharides in lyophilized protein products. Five proteins were freeze dried with different amounts of sucrose, and protein aggregation was quantified using Size Exclusion Chromatography. Protein secondary structure was monitored by FTIR. The global mobility was studied using Thermal Activity Monitor (TAM), and fast local dynamics with a timescale of nanoseconds was characterized by neutron backscattering. The density of the protein formulations was measured with a gas pycnometer. The physical stability of the proteins increased monotonically with an increasing content of sucrose over the entire range of compositions studied. Both FTIR structure and structural relaxation time from TAM achieved maxima at about 1:1 mass ratio for most proteins studied. Therefore, protein stabilization by sugar cannot be completely explained by global dynamics and FTIR structure throughout the whole range of compositions. On the other hand, both the fast local mobility and free volume obtained from density decreased monotonically with an increased level of sucrose in the formulations, and thus the local dynamics and free volume correlate well with protein storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, USA
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48
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49
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Wang B, Tchessalov S, Warne NW, Pikal MJ. Impact of sucrose level on storage stability of proteins in freeze-dried solids: I. correlation of protein–sugar interaction with native structure preservation. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3131-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Meyer JD, Nayar R, Manning MC. Impact of bulking agents on the stability of a lyophilized monoclonal antibody. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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