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Kořínková L, Pražienková V, Černá L, Karnošová A, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH in Experimental Models: The Role of Food Intake Regulating Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597583. [PMID: 33324348 PMCID: PMC7726422 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, sedentary lifestyle, and Western diet are the key factors underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common liver diseases in developed countries. In many cases, NAFLD further progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and to hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic lipotoxicity and non-liver factors, such as adipose tissue inflammation and gastrointestinal imbalances were linked to evolution of NAFLD. Nowadays, the degree of adipose tissue inflammation was shown to directly correlate with the severity of NAFLD. Consumption of higher caloric intake is increasingly emerging as a fuel of metabolic inflammation not only in obesity-related disorders but also NAFLD. However, multiple causes of NAFLD are the reason why the mechanisms of NAFLD progression to NASH are still not well understood. In this review, we explore the role of food intake regulating peptides in NAFLD and NASH mouse models. Leptin, an anorexigenic peptide, is involved in hepatic metabolism, and has an effect on NAFLD experimental models. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), another anorexigenic peptide, and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1R), represent potential therapeutic agents to prevent NAFLD progression to NASH. On the other hand, the deletion of ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, prevents age-associated hepatic steatosis in mice. Because of the increasing incidence of NAFLD and NASH worldwide, the selection of appropriate animal models is important to clarify aspects of pathogenesis and progression in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kořínková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - V. Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - L. Černá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - A. Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - B. Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - J. Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Lenka Maletínská,
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Das BK, Choukimath SM, Gadad PC. Asarone and metformin delays experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic milieu. Life Sci 2019; 230:10-18. [PMID: 31121175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The evidence suggests that the hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia of diabetes mellitus (DM) are risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM on promoting diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced HCC in male wistar rats. Further, we investigated the administration of (α)-and (β)-asarone and metformin HCl on experimentally induced diabetic-hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced by single dose of STZ (55 mg/2 ml/kg b.w. i.p.) and HCC by single dose of DEN (200 mg/ml/kg b.w. i.p.). Another group received the STZ followed by DEN two weeks later to mimic diabetic-HCC. The combined dose of (α)-and (β)-asarone (50 μg/1.5 ml/kg b.w. p.o. in the ratio of 1:1) and metformin HCl (250 mg/1.5 ml/kg b.w. p.o.) treatment was compared with the STZ + DEN group. The blood and liver samples were collected at the end of 12 and 18-weeks to study biochemical and histopathological changes in liver. KEY FINDINGS The STZ induced diabetes promoted the tumor progression due to administration of DEN. The treatment of asarones and metformin significantly reduced the levels of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, liver dysfunction markers and tumor biomarkers along with an increase in level of insulin when compared to diabetic-HCC group. Histopathological examination indicated that asarones and metformin attenuate the inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and development of spontaneous HCC. SIGNIFICANCE The STZ can be used to promote the DEN induced HCC. Treatment with (α)-and (β)-asarone attenuates the effect of STZ + DEN induced HCC akin to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrigu Kumar Das
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi), Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580 031, Karnataka, India; Off-campus Basic and Applied Sciences Research Centre of KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research at KLE College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580 031, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Choukimath
- Department of Pathology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580 031, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod C Gadad
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi), Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580 031, Karnataka, India; Off-campus Basic and Applied Sciences Research Centre of KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research at KLE College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580 031, Karnataka, India.
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Bilal HM, Riaz F, Munir K, Saqib A, Sarwar MR. Histological changes in the liver of diabetic rats: A review of pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus. COGENT MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2016.1275415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Munir
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Anum Saqib
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rehan Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Khidr BM, El-Sokkary GH, Saleh SM. Study on morphological changes induced by aspartame on liver of normal and diabetic male albino rats. Histol Histopathol 2017. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tsukita S, Yamada T, Takahashi K, Munakata Y, Hosaka S, Takahashi H, Gao J, Shirai Y, Kodama S, Asai Y, Sugisawa T, Chiba Y, Kaneko K, Uno K, Sawada S, Imai J, Katagiri H. MicroRNAs 106b and 222 Improve Hyperglycemia in a Mouse Model of Insulin-Deficient Diabetes via Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:163-172. [PMID: 27974246 PMCID: PMC5233820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major symptoms of diabetes mellitus manifest, once pancreatic β-cell numbers have become inadequate. Although natural regeneration of β-cells after injury is very limited, bone marrow (BM) transplantation (BMT) promotes their regeneration through undetermined mechanism(s) involving inter-cellular (BM cell-to-β-cell) crosstalk. We found that two microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to BMT-induced β-cell regeneration. Screening murine miRNAs in serum exosomes after BMT revealed 42 miRNAs to be increased. Two of these miRNAs (miR-106b-5p and miR-222-3p) were shown to be secreted by BM cells and increased in pancreatic islet cells after BMT. Treatment with the corresponding anti-miRNAs inhibited BMT-induced β-cell regeneration. Furthermore, intravenous administration of the corresponding miRNA mimics promoted post-injury β-cell proliferation through Cip/Kip family down-regulation, thereby ameliorating hyperglycemia in mice with insulin-deficient diabetes. Thus, these identified miRNAs may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for diabetes. BMT regenerates β-cells in mice with STZ-induced diabetes and increases miR-106b and miR-222 in serum exosomes and islets. Inhibition with anti-miRs against these miRs suppresses BMT-induced β-cell regeneration. Injection of miR-106b and miR-222 mimics promotes β-cell proliferation and improves hyperglycemia in STZ-treated mice.
Regeneration of pancreatic β-cells is a promising therapeutic strategy not only for type 1 diabetes but also for certain forms of type 2 diabetes. However, natural regeneration of β-cells hardly ever occurs. Interestingly, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been shown to promote β-cell regeneration through an undetermined mechanism(s). In this study, we found that two microRNAs (miR-106b/-222) contribute to BMT-induced β-cell proliferation. Inhibition of miR-106b/-222 using specific anti-miRNAs significantly suppressed BMT-induced β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, intravenously administered miR-106b/222 promoted β-cell proliferation, thereby ameliorating hyperglycemia in mice with insulin-deficient diabetes. Thus, these identified miRNAs may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Tsukita
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hosaka
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironobu Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junhong Gao
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Tohoku University Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugisawa
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yumiko Chiba
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Japan
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Idris-Khodja N, Ouerd S, Mian MOR, Gornitsky J, Barhoumi T, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Endothelin-1 Overexpression Exaggerates Diabetes-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Altering Oxidative Stress. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:1245-1251. [PMID: 27465439 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased endothelin (ET)-1 expression causes endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Plasma ET-1 is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. Since endothelial dysfunction often precedes vascular complications in diabetes, we hypothesized that overexpression of ET-1 in the endothelium would exaggerate diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin treatment (55mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 5 days in 6-week-old male wild type (WT) mice and in mice overexpressing human ET-1 restricted to the endothelium (eET-1). Mice were studied 14 weeks later. Small mesenteric artery (MA) endothelial function and vascular remodeling by pressurized myography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by dihydroethidium staining and mRNA expression by reverse transcription/quantitative PCR were determined. RESULTS Endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine of MA were reduced 24% by diabetes in WT ( P < 0.05), and further decreased by 12% in eET-1 ( P < 0.05). Diabetes decreased MA media/lumen in WT and eET-1 ( P < 0.05), whereas ET-1 overexpression increased MA media/lumen similarly in diabetic and nondiabetic WT mice ( P < 0.05). Vascular ROS production was increased 2-fold by diabetes in WT ( P < 0.05) and further augmented 1.7-fold in eET-1 ( P < 0.05). Diabetes reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, Nos3 ) expression in eET-1 by 31% ( P < 0.05) but not in WT. Induction of diabetes caused a 52% ( P < 0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase 1 ( Sod1 ) and a 32% ( P < 0.05) increase in Sod2 expression in WT but not in eET-1. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of ET-1 exaggerates diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. This may be caused by decrease in eNOS expression, increase in vascular oxidative stress, and decrease in antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Idris-Khodja
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Sofiane Ouerd
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Muhammad Oneeb Rehman Mian
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Jordan Gornitsky
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Elbe H, Esrefoglu M, Vardi N, Taslidere E, Ozerol E, Tanbek K. Melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol attenuates oxidative hepatocellular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 34:859-68. [PMID: 26286521 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114559993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, effects of melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol on hepatocellular injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes were aimed to be investigated by histological and biochemical methods. Thirty-five male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups, namely, control, diabetes (STZ 45 mg/kg/single dose/intraperitoneally (ip)), diabetes + melatonin (10 mg/kg/30 days/ip), diabetes + quercetin (25 mg/kg/30 days/ip) and diabetes + resveratrol (10 mg/kg/30 days/ip). Initial and final blood glucose levels and body weights (BWs) were measured. At the end of the experimentation, following routine tissue processing procedure, sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H-E), periodic acid Schiff and Masson's trichrome. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were examined. The diabetic rats had significantly higher blood glucose levels than those of control rats (p = 0.0001). Mean BWs of diabetic rats were significantly decreased when compared with the control rats (p = 0.0013). Histopathological alterations including cellular glycogen depletion, congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, inflammation and fibrosis were detected in diabetes group. On the other hand, histopathological changes markedly reduced in all of the treatment groups (p = 0.001). Mean tissue MDA level was increased but mean tissue CAT and SOD activities and GSH levels were decreased in the diabetes group. Melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol administered diabetic rats showed an increase in CAT activities and GSH levels and a decrease in MDA levels (p < 0.05, for all). Melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol administrations markedly reduced hepatocellular injury in STZ-induced experimental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elbe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, MUGLA SITKI KOÇMAN UNIVERSITY, MUGLA, TURKEY
| | - M Esrefoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Vardi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Taslidere
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Ozerol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - K Tanbek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Lucchesi AN, Cassettari LL, Spadella CT. Alloxan-induced diabetes causes morphological and ultrastructural changes in rat liver that resemble the natural history of chronic fatty liver disease in humans. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:494578. [PMID: 25789328 PMCID: PMC4350960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/494578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the long-term effects of alloxan-induced diabetes in rat liver. METHODS Thirty nondiabetic control rats (NC) and 30 untreated diabetic (UD) rats were divided into three subgroups sacrificed after 6, 14, or 26 weeks. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed. Fresh liver weight and its relationship with body weight were obtained, and liver tissue was analyzed. RESULTS UD rats showed sustained hyperglycemia, high glycosylated hemoglobin, and low plasma insulin. High serum levels of AST and ALT were observed in UD rats after 2 weeks, but only ALT remained elevated throughout the experiment. Fresh liver weight was equal between NC and UD rats, but the fresh liver weight/body weight ratio was significantly higher in UD rats after 14 and 26 weeks. UD rats showed liver morphological changes characterized by hepatic sinusoidal enlargement and micro- and macrovesicular hepatocyte fatty degeneration with progressive liver structure loss, steatohepatitis, and periportal fibrosis. Ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes, such as a decrease in the number of intracytoplasmic organelles and degeneration of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei, were also observed. CONCLUSION Alloxan-induced diabetes triggered liver morphological and ultrastructural changes that closely resembled human disease, ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Natália Lucchesi
- Graduate Program in General Basis of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - César Tadeu Spadella
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- *César Tadeu Spadella:
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Brouwers B, Pruniau VPEG, Cauwelier EJG, Schuit F, Lerut E, Ectors N, Declercq J, Creemers JWM. Phlorizin pretreatment reduces acute renal toxicity in a mouse model for diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27200-27207. [PMID: 23940028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used as diabetogenic agent in animal models for diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, it is also directly cytotoxic to kidneys, making it difficult to distinguish between DN-related and STZ-induced nephropathy. Therefore, an improved protocol to generate mice for DN studies, with a quick and robust achievement of the diabetic state, without direct kidney toxicity is required. To investigate the mechanism leading to STZ-induced nephropathy, kidney damage was induced with a high dose of STZ. This resulted in delayed gastric emptying, at least partially caused by impaired desacyl ghrelin clearance. STZ uptake in the kidneys is to a large extent mediated by the sodium/glucose cotransporters (Sglts) because the Sglt inhibitor phlorizin could reduce STZ uptake in the kidneys. Consequently, the direct toxic effects in the kidney and the gastric dilatation were resolved without interfering with the β-cell toxicity. Furthermore, pancreatic STZ uptake was increased, hereby decreasing the threshold for β-cell toxicity, allowing for single low non-nephrotoxic STZ doses (70 mg/kg). In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the mechanism of STZ toxicity in kidneys and suggests a more efficient regime to induce DN with little or no toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
| | | | | | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven
| | - Evelyne Lerut
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine Ectors
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics.
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
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Dekel Y, Glucksam Y, Elron-Gross I, Margalit R. Insights into modeling streptozotocin-induced diabetes in ICR mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:55-60. [PMID: 19165193 DOI: 10.1038/laban0209-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in ICR mice is often used to model diabetes mellitus and its complications, as well as other pathologies. In studies of diabetes progression and effects of newly developed treatments, experimental results may be difficult to interpret because blood glucose levels (BGLs) of untreated diabetic control animals tend to decline substantially during typical experimental time spans of 8-11 h. To address this problem, the authors examined several experimental conditions that might affect BGL stability, including STZ dose, initial mouse weight, fasting regimen and light:dark cycle. The authors found that diabetes severity was dependent on initial mouse weight and that weight loss after diabetes induction was less severe in heavier mice. Furthermore, a dose of 150 mg STZ per kg body weight was sufficient to induce stabilized acute diabetes without causing many complications. Finally, BGL could be stabilized in diabetic mice that were not treated with insulin by avoiding pre-fasting before an 8-h experiment and by allowing mice limited access to food during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Dekel
- Department of Biochemistry, The George W. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Miyamoto A, Takeshita M, Pan-Hou H, Fujimori H. Hepatic changes in adenine nucleotide levels and adenosine 3'-monophosphate forming enzyme in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:209-17. [PMID: 18544912 DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the pathophysiological significance of adenosine 3'-monophosphate (3'-AMP) forming enzyme in mice, the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) on the enzyme activities and adenine nucleotide levels in the ICR mice (4-week-old) liver was examined. After 2 weeks, treatment with a single dosage of STZ (100, 150 or 200 mg/kg i.p.) induced a dose-dependent hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia but had no effect on serum alanine aminotransferase activity, indicating that STZ generated type 1 diabetes without hepatitis. In the diabetic liver, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and ATP levels decreased, and the microsomal CYP2E1 activity increased. Changes of these biological activities might disrupt the cellular homeostatic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The activities of 3'-AMP forming enzyme, one of the ribonucleases, in hepatic homogenates were not altered. However, in the STZ 200 mg/kg group, the cytosolic forming enzyme activities were enhanced, and inversely, the mitochondrial activity was reduced significantly, indicating that the decrease in the mitochondrial activity may be accelerated by development of diabetes due to the decrease in the antioxidant defense system and/or increase in ROS production. With the decrease in the 3'-AMP forming enzyme activity, the levels of 3'-AMP, a P-site inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, in mitochondrial were significantly reduced. These results obtained suggested that change in the mitochondrial 3'-AMP forming enzyme activity might reflect the pathophysiological change of mitochondrial function with the development of diabetes. Our results also suggested that change in cytosolic enzyme activity might serve as a new biomarker of oxidative stress because significant negative correlation between the activities of cytosolic 3'-AMP forming enzyme and SOD was found in the early stage of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Miyamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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Kume E, Aruga C, Takahashi K, Miwa S, Dekura E, Itoh M, Ishizuka Y, Fujimura H, Toriumi W, Doi K. Morphological and gene expression analysis in mouse primary cultured hepatocytes exposed to streptozotocin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:245-53. [PMID: 15816353 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (SZ) is known to exert toxic effects not only on pancreatic islet beta cells but also on other organs including the liver. For analyzing direct effects of SZ on hepatocytes, we performed morphological analysis and DNA microarray analysis on mouse primary cultured hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were taken from non-treated Crj:CD-1(ICR) mice. The primary cultured hepatocytes were treated with SZ at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mM. After the treatment for about 6 or 24h, cell survival assay using tetrazolium salt (WST-1), light microscopic/electron microscopic analysis and gene expression analysis were performed. For the gene expression analysis, target (labeled cRNA) prepared from total RNA of the hepatocytes was hybridized to the GeneChip Murine Genome U74A V.2 (Affymetrix). The signal intensity calculation and scaling were performed using Microarray Suite Software Ver 5.0. IC50 of the cell survival assay was around 62 mM at 6 h exposure and 7 mM at 24 h exposure. Marked chromatin margination was observed in nuclei of the hepatocytes treated with SZ at concentrations of 3 or 10mM. Gene expression analysis revealed similar expression changes to those of in vivo, i.e. up-regulation in cell proliferation/ apoptosis related genes, and down-regulation of lipid metabolism related genes. These results potently supported the hypothesis that many of the hepatic alteration including histopathological and gene expression changes are induced by direct effect of SZ rather than by the secondary effect of the hyperglycemia or hypoinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kume
- Exploratory Toxicology and DMPK Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335, Japan.
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Kume E, Aruga C, Ishizuka Y, Takahashi K, Miwa S, Itoh M, Fujimura H, Toriumi W, Kitamura K, Doi K. Gene expression profiling in streptozotocin treated mouse liver using DNA microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:235-44. [PMID: 15816352 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (SZ) is known to exert toxic effects not only on pancreatic islet beta cells but also on other organs including liver. For analyzing changes in genes expression associated with SZ toxicity, we performed DNA microarray analyses on the liver obtained from SZ-treated mice. Eight-week-old male ICR mice were treated i.p. with 200 mg/kg of SZ, and the blood and liver were taken at 6, 24 and 48 h after the treatment. Labeled cRNA prepared from total RNA of the liver was hybridized to the GeneChip Murine Genome U74A V.2 (Affymetrix). The number of the probe sets, which were clearly up-regulated or down-regulated, were over 100 at 6 and 24h after the SZ-treatment, and it decreased at 48 h after the treatment. Many of the up-regulated genes were categorized into cell cycle/apoptosis related genes, immune/allergy related genes and stress response/xenobiotic metabolism related genes. On the other hand, genes related to glucose, lipid and protein metabolisms were down-regulated. These changes started prior to the elevation of the serum glucose levels, indicating the direct action of SZ on the liver rather than the secondary effect of diabetes. This may be related with the previously reported hepatic changes such as lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling and inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation observed before the development of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kume
- Exploratory Toxicology and DMPK Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335, Japan.
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Thakran S, Siddiqui MR, Baquer NZ. Trigonella foenum graecum seed powder protects against histopathological abnormalities in tissues of diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 266:151-9. [PMID: 15646037 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049153.14295.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trigonella foenum graecum is a well-known hypoglycemic agent used in traditional Indian medicines. It was previously reported that oral administration of its seed powder for 3 weeks to alloxan diabetic rats stabilized glucose homeostasis and free radical metabolism in liver and kidney. In the present study, we further investigated the effects of 3 weeks alloxan induced diabetes on the histological structure and function of liver and kidney and the protective effect of T. foenum graecum seed powder (TSP) oral administration to the diabetic rats utilizing enzyme analysis and light and transmission electron microscopy. The activity of the enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase was significantly higher whereas the activity of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme was significantly lower in liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Histopathological studies showed liver degenerative and early nephropathic changes in diabetic rats. Ultrastructure of the diabetic liver revealed a reduction in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria in the hepatocytes. TSP treatment to the diabetic rats effectively prevented the alteration in the activities of the two enzymes and partially prevented the structural abnormalities thus suggesting a protective effect of TSP on the liver and kidney of the diabetic rats. The role of TSP in reversing the diabetic state at the cellular level besides the metabolic normalization further proves its potential as an antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakran
- Hormone and Drug Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Kume E, Fujimura H, Matsuki N, Ito M, Aruga C, Toriumi W, Kitamura K, Doi K. Hepatic changes in the acute phase of streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetes in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 55:467-80. [PMID: 15384252 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have reported the streptozotocin (SZ)-induced hepatic lesions in the subacute phase (4 to 12 weeks after the treatment), which are characterized by appearance of oncocytic hepatocytes, cytomegalic hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia. In this study, we focused on the acute phase (6 to 48 hours after the treatment) of the SZ-induced hepatic lesions of mice to clarify the onset of the hepatic alterations, especially before the induction of hyperglycemia. Livers were taken from 8-week-old Crj:CD-1 (ICR) male mice at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the 200 mg/kg b.w. of SZ-injection. SZ-induced hyperglycemia was noted at 36 and 48 hours after the treatment, but the hepatic changes including lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling, peroxisome proliferation and inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation occurred before the elevation of the serum glucose levels. The present findings indicate the direct effects of SZ on hepatocytes rather than the secondary effects of diabetes, and certain correlations between the hepatocytic changes in the acute phase and those in the subacute one. In addition, ulcer and submucosal edema of the gallbladder were observed at 36 or 48 hours after the SZ-treatment, which can be a novel finding in SZ-treated animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kume
- Exploratory Toxicology and DMPK Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
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Welt K, Weiss J, Martin R, Dettmer D, Hermsdorf T, Asayama K, Meister S, Fitzl G. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and biochemical investigations of the rat liver exposed to experimental diabetes und acute hypoxia with and without application of Ginkgo extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 55:331-45. [PMID: 15088635 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes by i.p. bolus injection of streptozotocin at 60 mg per kg bodyweight over four months and additional acute respiratory hypoxia (20 min. duration, 5% oxygen v/v), and also the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on Wistar rat liver under these experimental conditions. Diabetic and additional hypoxic alterations in histology and ultrastructure were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis, collagen was investigated by immunohistochemistry, and some biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were determined. Diabetes caused an increase in the size of the hepatocytes and their nuclei with a decrease in nucleus-to-plasma ratio and glycogen content. Connective tissue was variably increased in individual cases as shown by routine histological staining. EGb did not influence these data. Ultrastructural morphometry revealed a significant reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and a significant increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) through diabetes, an increase under EGb protection, with no significant alteration under hypoxia. The volume fraction of mitochondria was significantly increased after induction of diabetes but less increased in the protected group. Additional hypoxia reduced this parameter. The mean cross-section area of mitochondria was significantly elevated in all diabetic groups compared to controls. Volume density of mitochondrial cristae was significantly diminished in all diabetic groups; EGb could only improve this parameter in the diabetic-hypoxic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Welt
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Traverso N, Menini S, Odetti P, Pronzato MA, Cottalasso D, Marinari UM. Lipoperoxidation in hepatic subcellular compartments of diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:538-47. [PMID: 10218642 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that an accumulation of lipoperoxidative aldehydes malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) takes place in liver mitochondria during aging. The existence and role of an increased extra- and intra-cellular oxidative stress in diabetes, an aging-accelerating disease, is currently under discussion. This report offers evidence that lipoperoxidative aldehydes accumulate in liver microsomes and mitochondria at a higher rate in spontaneously diabetic BB/WOR rats than in control non-diabetic animals (HNE content, diabetes vs. control: microsomes 80.6+/-19.9 vs. 25.75+/-3.6 pmol/mg prot, p = .024; mitochondria 77.4+/-15.4 vs. 26.5+/-3.5 pmol/mg prot, p = .0103). Liver subcellular fractions from diabetic rats, when exposed to the peroxidative stimulus ADP/Fe, developed more lipoperoxidative aldehydes than those from non diabetic rats (HNE amount, diabetes vs. control: microsomes 3.60+/-0.37 vs. 2.33+/-0.22 nmol/mg prot, p = .014; mitochondria 3.62+/-0.26 vs. 2.30+/-0.17 nmol/mg prot, p = .0009). Liver subcellular fractions of diabetic rats developed more fluorescent chromolipids related to HNE-phospholipid adducts, either after in vitro peroxidation (microsomes: p = .0045; mitochondria: p = .0023) or by exposure to exogenous HNE (microsomes: p = .049; mitochondria: p = .0338). This higher susceptibility of diabetic liver membranes to the non-enzymatic attack of HNE may be due to an altered phospholipid composition. Moreover, a decreased activity of the HNE-metabolizing systems can be involved: diabetic liver mitochondria and microsomes were unable to consume exogenous HNE at the same rate as non-diabetic membranes; the difference was already significant after 5' incubation (microsomes p<.001; mitochondria p<.001). These data show an increased oxidative stress inside the hepatocytes of diabetic rats; the impairment of the HNE-metabolizing systems can play a key role in the maintenance and propagation of the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Traverso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
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Doi K, Yamanouchi J, Kume E, Yasoshima A. Morphologic changes in hepatocyte nuclei of streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1997; 49:295-9. [PMID: 9314067 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(97)80041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphological examinations were carried out on hepatocyte nuclei of streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetic mice. The area of hepatocyte nuclei in diabetic mice was about two times larger than that in control mice, and the incidence of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 3.4 +/- 0.2% in diabetic mice and 0% in control mice, respectively. Although the incidence of binuclear hepatocytes was not significantly different between diabetic (14.5 +/- 4.6%) and control mice (16.4 +/- 4.4%), the morphology of the nuclei of binuclear hepatocytes was apparently different between diabetic and control mice. Namely, the nuclei of binuclear hepatocytes of control mice were round and identical in ultrastructural appearance, and they did not differ from those of mononuclear diploid hepatocytes. On the other hand, the nuclei of binuclear hepatocytes of diabetic mice were not identical in distribution pattern of chromatin granules, and they frequently varied in size and showed irregular contours.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Doi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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