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Orlandi V, Dondero L, Turrini F, De Negri Atanasio G, Grasso F, Grasselli E, Boggia R. Green Extraction and Preliminary Biological Activity of Hydrolyzed Collagen Peptides (HCPs) Obtained from Whole Undersized Unwanted Catches ( Mugil cephalus L.). Molecules 2023; 28:7637. [PMID: 38005359 PMCID: PMC10673473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the global increase in fish consumption, the growing side-streams coming from the fish supply chain (e.g., skin, fins, tail, heads…), also including undersized or "unwanted catches", have been recently proposed as source of high-value bioactive compounds (e.g., peptides and fatty acids). In this case study, hydrolyzed collagen peptides (HCPs) were extracted from different parts of Mugil cephalus L. using environmentally friendly techniques such as ultrasounds and enzymatic treatments. Both a mixed biomass derived from the skin, fins, and tail, and a whole fish, were considered as starting biomass, simulating the unsorted processing side-streams and an undersized/unwanted catch, respectively. The extracted HCPs were purified in fractions (<3 KDa and >3 KDa) whose yields (about 5% and 0.04-0.3%, respectively) demonstrated the efficiency of the hydrolysis process. The extraction protocol proposed allowed us to also isolate the intermediate products, namely the lipids (about 8-10%) and the non-collagenous proteins (NCs, 16-23%), whose exploitation could be considered. Each sample was characterized using Sircol, UltraViolet-Spectra, and hydroxyproline assay, and the viability of their collagen fractions was tested on human endothelial cells. Significant effects were obtained at a fraction of <3 KDa, in particular at a concentration of 0.13 µg/mL. The T-scratch test was also performed, with positive results in all fractions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.O.); (F.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Dondero
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.D.); (G.D.N.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Federica Turrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.O.); (F.G.)
- National Center for the Development of New Technologies in Agriculture (Agritech), 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia De Negri Atanasio
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.D.); (G.D.N.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Federica Grasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.O.); (F.G.)
| | - Elena Grasselli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.D.); (G.D.N.A.); (E.G.)
- National Center for the Development of New Technologies in Agriculture (Agritech), 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Boggia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.O.); (F.G.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Park JYC, King A, Björk V, English BW, Fedintsev A, Ewald CY. Strategic outline of interventions targeting extracellular matrix for promoting healthy longevity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C90-C128. [PMID: 37154490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of interlinked proteins outside of cells, is an important component of the human body that helps maintain tissue architecture and cellular homeostasis. As people age, the ECM undergoes changes that can lead to age-related morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, ECM aging remains understudied in the field of geroscience. In this review, we discuss the core concepts of ECM integrity, outline the age-related challenges and subsequent pathologies and diseases, summarize diagnostic methods detecting a faulty ECM, and provide strategies targeting ECM homeostasis. To conceptualize this, we built a technology research tree to hierarchically visualize possible research sequences for studying ECM aging. This strategic framework will hopefully facilitate the development of future research on interventions to restore ECM integrity, which could potentially lead to the development of new drugs or therapeutic interventions promoting health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Cecilia Park
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Aaron King
- Foresight Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | - Bradley W English
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Collin Y Ewald
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Xu CC, Gao A, Zhang S. An investigation of left-right vocal fold symmetry in rheological and histological properties. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:E359-E364. [PMID: 30098041 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to investigate the left-right vocal fold symmetry in rheological and histological properties using a rabbit model. The other objective was to develop statistical models for the comparison of rheological properties between paired vocal folds. METHODS Viscoelastic shear properties of six pairs of vocal fold lamina propria specimens were measured over a frequency range of 1 to 250 Hz by a linear, controlled-strain, simple-shear rheometer. The rheological data of the left and right vocal folds was statistically compared using the mixed-effects model approach. Six additional rabbit larynges were histologically analyzed for left-right symmetry in distribution patterns and relative densities of major extracellular matrix constituents. RESULTS There were no significant differences in elastic shear modulus (P = 0.1069) and dynamic viscosity (P = 0.944) of the lamina propria between the two vocal folds of the same larynx. Left-right vocal fold symmetry in densities and distribution patterns of the key molecular constituents was also demonstrated in histological results. CONCLUSION By showing that the left and right vocal folds were rheologically and histologically symmetrical in rabbit, this study validated an underlying assumption made in many previous reports. Statistical models for the analysis of hierarchically correlated left-right vocal fold rheological data were also presented. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E359-E364, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet C Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Ang Gao
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Essential modification of the Sircol Collagen Assay for the accurate quantification of collagen content in complex protein solutions. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3146-51. [PMID: 20144751 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagen contains the unique imino acid hydroxyproline (HyPro), which is involved in the stabilization of this triple helical molecule. The concentration of HyPro is customarily used to calculate the total collagen content in a cell culture environment and in acid hydrolysates of normal and pathophysiological tissues. Radiolabelling, chromatographic and calorimetric assays have been developed over the years for the accurate determination of collagen content through HyPro estimation. Recently, the Sircol Collagen Assay (SCA) has been almost exclusively adopted as the fastest and simplest colorimetric method for the determination of collagen concentration in complex protein solutions. We show here that the colorimetric SCA, which is based on the binding of Sirius red (SR) to collagen, is flawed by interference of non-collagenous proteins (e.g. serum). In fact, we demonstrate that SCA in cell culture systems and tissue hydrolysates results in a dramatic overestimation of collagen content ranging from 3- to 24-fold. In order to rescue this otherwise very practical assay, we introduce a simple purification procedure that allows the removal of interfering non-collagenous proteins from culture media and tissue samples so that accurate measurements with SCA are now possible.
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Abstract
Most patients with cardiac disease have diastolic dysfunction which is characterized by impaired diastolic filling and/or abnormal diastolic relaxation. The trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) used routinely during open-heart surgical procedures has exceptional resolution that may permit the identification and grading of diastolic dysfunction. The goal of this study was to determine which echocardiography (ECHO) parameters can best describe diastolic dysfunction due to myocardial remodeling and fibrosis. Baseline transthoracic ECHO was performed on 3-month-old C57BL/6J female mice followed by administration of isoproterenol (2 microg/g/d) for 6 days. On day 7, transthoracic ECHO was performed to determine the change of left ventricular (LV) inflow parameters due to isoproterenol-mediated cardiac remodeling. The mid-LV region was stained with picrosirius red to quantify myocardial fibrosis and demonstrated a 5-fold increase in cardiac fibrosis (p = 0.002). LV mass was increased by 36% (p = 0.0016). Mitral valve flow Doppler peak velocities E and A were measured from a 4-chamber view. The E/A ratio did not change, but the E deceleration time, velocity time integral of the E-A complex (E-A VTI), E/E-A VTI ratio, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and diastolic time all significantly increased. The corresponding tissue Doppler parameter, Ea/Aa ratio, decreased by 25% (p = 0.035). The left atrial dimension and the ECHO index of left atrial pressure (E/Ea) significantly increased (p < 0.02). These data suggest that, with a long-axis and a 4-chamber view, the clinician can adequately determine diastolic function in the open-heart surgical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schumacher
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Hahn MS, Kobler JB, Zeitels SM, Langer R. Quantitative and comparative studies of the vocal fold extracellular matrix II: collagen. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006; 115:225-32. [PMID: 16572613 DOI: 10.1177/000348940611500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the collagen content and turnover in the midmembranous vocal fold laminae propriae (LPs) of humans, dogs, pigs, and ferrets. METHODS The LP collagen levels were assessed by quantifying tissue hydroxyproline. Quantitative histology allowed evaluation of the collagen content in specific LP regions. Several collagen types and two markers of collagen turnover were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Collagen made up 43.4% +/- 2.6% of human LP total protein (TP), with men having approximately 30% higher collagen content than women (p < .024). The collagen levels in pigs (52.6% +/- 1.9% of TP) and ferrets (29.8% +/- 3.7% of TP), but not that in dogs (45.3% +/- 1.2% of TP), varied significantly from that in humans (pigs, p < .016; ferrets, p < .011). Quantitative histology indicated marked interspecies differences in total collagen distribution. Collagen types I, III, and IV were detected in the LP, and spatially complex staining patterns were observed for the two markers of collagen turnover studied. CONCLUSIONS The collagen content of the human LP is approximately 60% to 70% of that of human dermis. Although canine LP collagen levels are most similar to those of humans, quantitative histology indicates that the collagen distribution of the human LP is best matched by the porcine LP. Collagen types I and III seem to be the dominant LP collagens. Spatial variations in collagen turnover appear to exist that may contribute to normal LP physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Chiwata T, Aragane K, Fujinami K, Kojima K, Ishibashi S, Yamada N, Kusunoki J. Direct effect of an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, F-1394, on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor double knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:1005-12. [PMID: 11487509 PMCID: PMC1572866 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzyme is thought to be responsible for foam cell formation and the subsequent progression of atherosclerosis. The apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor double knockout (apoE/LDLr-DKO) mouse is an animal model that develops severe hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Here we have examined the effect of oral administration of an ACAT inhibitor, F-1394, on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLr-DKO mice fed a regular chow diet. In en face analysis, a dose of 10, 30, or 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) F-1394 for 10 weeks reduced the extent of lesions visible in the aorta by 24, 28 and 38%, respectively, as detected by staining with oil red O, without affecting serum cholesterol level in these mice. At the highest dose 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) of F-1394, the reduction was statistically significant. For quantitative analysis of the cellular and non-cellular components comprising the lesions at the aortic sinus, the effects of an oral dose of 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) F-1394 for 15 weeks were studied. There was a significant reduction (31.9%) in the oil-red O-stained area in cross-sections of the aortic sinus. In addition, the neointimal area, as well as levels of ACAT-1 protein tended to be decreased (15.2 and 25.8%, respectively, not significant). However, the areas containing macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and collagen were not affected by F-1394. In vitro, F-1394 attenuated foam cell formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. These results indicate that ACAT may be primarily responsible for lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, and that its inhibition diminishes the lipid deposition via a direct effect on macrophages in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Chiwata
- Central Research Laboratories, Fujirebio Incorporation, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Aragane
- Central Research Laboratories, Fujirebio Incorporation, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Fujinami
- Central Research Laboratories, Fujirebio Incorporation, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Kazuhiro Kojima
- Central Research Laboratories, Fujirebio Incorporation, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamada
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Atherosclerosis, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jun Kusunoki
- Central Research Laboratories, Fujirebio Incorporation, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
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Shiomi M, Ito T, Hirouchi Y, Enomoto M. Fibromuscular cap composition is important for the stability of established atherosclerotic plaques in mature WHHL rabbits treated with statins. Atherosclerosis 2001; 157:75-84. [PMID: 11427206 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between plaque vulnerability and fibromuscular cap composition using hydrophilic pravastatin and lipophilic fluvastatin. WHHL rabbits aged 10 months were given pravastatin (50 mg/kg) or fluvastatin (20 mg/kg) for 52 weeks. The atherosclerotic lesions were immunohistochemically or conventionally stained and the components were analyzed with a color image analyzer. Compared with the control group, the plasma cholesterol levels were decreased by about 25% in both statin groups. Pravastatin decreased the lipid components (macrophages+extracellular lipids) in whole aortic plaques by 34% and the fibrous caps of coronary plaques by 55%. Fluvastatin decreased the fibromuscular components (smooth muscle cells+collagen fibers) in whole aortic plaques and in the fibromuscular caps of the aortic and coronary plaques. In the pravastatin group, the vulnerability index, the ratio of (lipid components)/(fibromuscular components), was decreased in whole aortic plaques by 28% and in the fibromuscular caps of coronary lesions by 61%, while the indexes were increased in the fluvastatin group. The incidence of vulnerable plaques was decreased by 74% in the coronary plaques of the pravastatin group. Our results suggest that the stability of atheromatous plaques was improved due to a decrease of the lipid components and vulnerability index of the fibromuscular cap by pravastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shiomi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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Abstract
A video-microdensitometry method was used to quantify collagen on a pixel by pixel basis at specific locations within atherosclerotic lesions, induced by feeding New Zealand White rabbits a declining cholesterol diet. Probability mapping (done previously) showed the lesions occurred in predictable locations so the age of any one area of a lesion could be estimated. The oldest part of the lesion was on the lateral lip of the flow divider as lesions always developed there first. Serial sections through three lesions showed the distribution of collagen within the plaque. The measurement of all the lesions showed that early lesions had low collagen levels: 3-6% for the intercostals and 8-11% for the renals. Collagen increased consistently with time on the diet to 11-15%, for the intercostal and approximately 17% for the renal. The aorto-renal lesions were more severe; thicker and with a higher percentage of collagen. The greatest collagen content was on the lateral lip of the flow dividers, where controls had intimal thickening. No fibrous caps were seen. This study shows conclusively that collagen is not evenly distributed in lesions, but develops progressively in specific locations of fatty plaques with the duration of cholesterol feeding. Intimal thickening predisposes to early collagen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kratky
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Nielsen LF, Moe D, Kirkeby S, Garbarsch C. Sirius red and acid fuchsin staining mechanisms. Biotech Histochem 1998; 73:71-7. [PMID: 9605621 DOI: 10.3109/10520299809140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the staining mechanism of acid fuchsin and Sirius red. Acid (poly-glutamic acid), neutral (poly-hydroxyproline) and basic (poly-arginine, poly-histidine, poly-lysine) poly-amino acids, collagen types I, II and III, and arginine- and lysine-containing histones were used as test substances applied to nitrocellulose membranes as dot blots. Five micrometer sections of granulation tissue on slides were tested in parallel. Some dots and sections were treated with chloramine-T before staining with acid fuchsin and Sirius red and some with 1 M NaOH after staining. The acid and neutral poly-amino acids were not stained, but the basic amino acids polylysine and poly-arginine, poly-amino acids containing these basic amino acids and the histones and the collagens exhibited intense staining. Oxidative deamination by chloramine-T abolished the staining and 1 M NaOH removed the staining except in the case of poly-arginine. Tissue sections treated in the same way showed a considerable decrease in staining after oxidative deamination with chloramine-T; in particular, the staining of the smaller fibers was abolished. The staining was totally removed by destaining with 1 M NaOH. Therefore, acid fuchsin and Sirius red are not selectively bound to collagen; they are also bound to other proteins containing basic amino acids, and staining to a large extent is influenced by electrostatic forces. The staining seems not to be selective for collagen, and one must account for this when quantitative conclusions are drawn from collagen methods using these stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Denmark.
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