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Lee A, Jang S, Lee S, Park HK, Kim IY, Ahn R, Seok JH, Lee KR. Comparative analysis of salivary cortisol measurements using different assay methods in relation to serum-free cortisol measurement. Pract Lab Med 2024; 40:e00393. [PMID: 38645932 PMCID: PMC11026831 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2024.e00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Salivary cortisol reflects the biologically active form of serum cortisol, offering a noninvasive evaluation method for the diurnal rhythm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. While liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is known for its specificity, immunoassays (IA) are commonly used because of their simplicity. This study aimed to assess the performance of salivary cortisol measurement using both IA and LC-MS/MS in comparison to serum-free cortisol measurement. Methods Assay results for 188 saliva and 94 serum samples from 47 participants were analyzed. Salivary samples collected at different time points were analyzed using IA and LC-MS/MS. Serum samples were analyzed for cortisol, cortisol-binding globulin, and free cortisol. The statistical analyses included correlations and method comparisons. Results The diurnal salivary cortisol profiles exhibited a comparable circadian rhythm pattern; however, the concentrations measured using IA were consistently higher than those measured using LC-MS/MS. The correlation analysis revealed robust associations among salivary cortisol (IA), salivary cortisol (LC-MS/MS), and serum-free cortisol levels (LC-MS/MS). However, the method comparison revealed a systematic bias between IA and LC-MS/MS in salivary cortisol measurement. Conclusions This study contributes to the ongoing debate on assay techniques by affirming the suitability of IA and LC-MS/MS for salivary cortisol measurement to assess dynamic changes in HPA axis activity. The identified systematic bias emphasizes the importance of selecting methods based on specific research or clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yong-In, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooah Jang
- Research Institute of Minds.AI, Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoo Lee
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., Yong-In, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yong-In, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Kim
- Research Institute of Minds.AI, Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryunsup Ahn
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hormone Analysis Center, Minds.AI, Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Seok
- Research Institute of Minds.AI, Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ryul Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yong-In, Republic of Korea
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., Yong-In, Republic of Korea
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2
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Bäcklund N, Brattsand G, Lundstedt S, Aardal E, Bartuseviciene I, Berinder K, Höybye C, Burman P, Edén Engström B, Isaksson A, Blomgren A, Ragnarsson O, Rüetschi U, Wahlberg J, Olsson T, Dahlqvist P. Salivary cortisol and cortisone in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome - a comparison of six different analytical methods. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1780-1791. [PMID: 37013440 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary cortisol and cortisone at late night and after dexamethasone suppression test (DST) are increasingly used for screening of Cushing's syndrome (CS). We aimed to establish reference intervals for salivary cortisol and cortisone with three liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques and for salivary cortisol with three immunoassays (IAs), and evaluate their diagnostic accuracy for CS. METHODS Salivary samples at 08:00 h, 23:00 h and 08:00 h after a 1-mg DST were collected from a reference population (n=155) and patients with CS (n=22). Sample aliquots were analyzed by three LC-MS/MS and three IA methods. After establishing reference intervals, the upper reference limit (URL) for each method was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity for CS. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by comparing ROC curves. RESULTS URLs for salivary cortisol at 23:00 h were similar for the LC-MS/MS methods (3.4-3.9 nmol/L), but varied between IAs: Roche (5.8 nmol/L), Salimetrics (4.3 nmol/L), Cisbio (21.6 nmol/L). Corresponding URLs after DST were 0.7-1.0, and 2.4, 4.0 and 5.4 nmol/L, respectively. Salivary cortisone URLs were 13.5-16.6 nmol/L at 23:00 h and 3.0-3.5 nmol/L at 08:00 h after DST. All methods had ROC AUCs ≥0.96. CONCLUSIONS We present robust reference intervals for salivary cortisol and cortisone at 08:00 h, 23:00 h and 08:00 h after DST for several clinically used methods. The similarities between LC-MS/MS methods allows for direct comparison of absolute values. Diagnostic accuracy for CS was high for all salivary cortisol and cortisone LC-MS/MS methods and salivary cortisol IAs evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäcklund
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Elisabeth Aardal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inga Bartuseviciene
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Berinder
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Höybye
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Burman
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Britt Edén Engström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Mineral Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomgren
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rüetschi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Wahlberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Kang SH, Lee HA, Lee E, Kim M, Kim I. Histone deacetylase inhibition, but not a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcription by an activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ). Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:995-1003. [PMID: 27362706 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in the mineralocorticoid receptor (MRS 810L ) leads to early-onset hypertension, which is markedly exacerbated during pregnancy. The mutation causes progesterone and even the MR antagonist spironolactone to become potent agonists. Thus, it is hard to control hypertension in patients harbouring this mutation. We hypothesized that histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi), but not the MR antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcriptional activity of activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ). We established HEK293T cells overexpressing wild-type MR (MRWT ) or MRS 810L and determined their transcriptional activities by luciferase assay. Expression of MR target genes was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Treatment with aldosterone increased the expression of MR target genes as well as the transcriptional activities in HEK293T cells transfected either with MRWT or MRS 810L . Treatment with either spironolactone or progesterone also increased the expression of MR target genes as well as transcriptional activity, but only in HEK293T cells transfected with MRS 810L . Spironolactone abolished the promoter activity stimulated by aldosterone in HEK293T cells transfected with MRWT . Treatment with HDAC inhibitors attenuated the transcriptional activity as well as the expression of MR target genes induced by aldosterone, spironolactone, or progesterone whether HEK293T cells were transfected with either MRWT or MRS 810L . These results indicate that HDACi, but not an MR antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcriptional activity of an activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hae-Ahm Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunjo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Inkyeom Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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4
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Huyet J, Pinon GM, Fay MR, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Fagart J. Structural determinants of ligand binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:187-95. [PMID: 21820032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first and critical step in the mechanism of aldosterone action is its binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Over the last 40 years, numerous studies have attempted to determine the structural determinants of ligand-binding to MR. An initial set of data showed that hsp90 is bound to the receptor via specific regions and maintains it in a ligand-binding competent state. Site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies guided by a 3D model of the MR ligand-binding domain (LBD) made it possible to identify the residues responsible for the high affinity and selectivity for aldosterone, and to characterize the mechanisms of MR activation and inactivation. The recent determination of the X-ray crystal structures of the LBD of the wild-type MR and MR(S810L), which is responsible for a familial form of hypertension, has made it possible to elucidate the peculiar mechanism of activation of MR(S810L) and established a clear structure/activity relationship for steroidal and non-steroidal MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Huyet
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, Paris, France
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5
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Viengchareun S, Kamenicky P, Teixeira M, Butlen D, Meduri G, Blanchard-Gutton N, Kurschat C, Lanel A, Martinerie L, Sztal-Mazer S, Blot-Chabaud M, Ferrary E, Cherradi N, Lombès M. Osmotic stress regulates mineralocorticoid receptor expression in a novel aldosterone-sensitive cortical collecting duct cell line. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1948-62. [PMID: 19846540 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone effects are mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a transcription factor highly expressed in the distal nephron. Given that MR expression level constitutes a key element controlling hormone responsiveness, there is much interest in elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing MR expression. To investigate whether hyper- or hypotonicity could affect MR abundance, we established by targeted oncogenesis a novel immortalized cortical collecting duct (CCD) cell line and examined the impact of osmotic stress on MR expression. KC3AC1 cells form domes, exhibit a high transepithelial resistance, express 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and functional endogenous MR, which mediates aldosterone-stimulated Na(+) reabsorption through the epithelial sodium channel activation. MR expression is tightly regulated by osmotic stress. Hypertonic conditions induce expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein, an osmoregulatory transcription factor capable of binding tonicity-responsive enhancer response elements located in MR regulatory sequences. Surprisingly, hypertonicity leads to a severe reduction in MR transcript and protein levels. This is accompanied by a concomitant tonicity-induced expression of Tis11b, a mRNA-destabilizing protein that, by binding to the AU-rich sequences of the 3'-untranslated region of MR mRNA, may favor hypertonicity-dependent degradation of labile MR transcripts. In sharp contrast, hypotonicity causes a strong increase in MR transcript and protein levels. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that optimal adaptation of CCD cells to changes in extracellular fluid composition is accompanied by drastic modification in MR abundance via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Osmotic stress-regulated MR expression may represent an important molecular determinant for cell-specific MR action, most notably in renal failure, hypertension, or mineralocorticoid resistance.
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6
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Groyer G, Eychenne B, Girard C, Rajkowski K, Schumacher M, Cadepond F. Expression and functional state of the corticosteroid receptors and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in Schwann cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4339-50. [PMID: 16763064 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of steroid receptors in mediating the reported effects of steroids on Schwann cell (SC) myelination and growth, we determined mRNA contents and transcriptional activities of the corticosteroid (glucocorticosteroid and mineralocorticosteroid) receptors (GR and MR) and sex steroid (progesterone, androgen, and estrogen alpha and beta) receptors in rat SC cultured under proliferative (in the presence of insulin and forskolin, which induces a high intracellular cAMP content) and quiescent conditions. We found no or very low expression and activity of the sex steroid receptors, as shown by mRNA concentrations determined with real-time PCR and transcriptional activities using transient expression of reporter plasmids in SC. These data and binding studies in SC lines demonstrated that the levels of the sex steroid receptors were the limiting factors. GR was clearly expressed (approximately 8000 sequences/ng total RNA) and functional. No significant modification in GR mRNA levels was observed, but an increase in transcriptional efficiency was recorded in proliferating cells compared with quiescent cells. MR was also significantly expressed at the mRNA level (approximately 450 sequences/ng total RNA) under the two culture conditions. No MR transcriptional activity was observed in SC, but a low specific binding of aldosterone was detected in SC lines. 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), an enzyme that inactivates glucocorticoids, was strongly expressed and active in quiescent SC, although in proliferating cells, HSD2 exhibited a strong decrease in activity and mRNA concentration. These data support a physiological role for HSD2 regulation of glucocorticosteroid concentrations in nerve SC.
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MESH Headings
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/genetics
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Schwann Cells/chemistry
- Schwann Cells/cytology
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/cytology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Groyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 788, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and University Paris-Sud 11, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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7
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Fukushima K, Funayama Y, Yonezawa H, Takahashi K, Haneda S, Suzuki T, Sasano H, Naito H, Shibata C, Krozowski ZS, Sasaki I. Aldosterone enhances 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in colonic epithelial cells in vivo. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:850-7. [PMID: 16109662 DOI: 10.1080/00365520510015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE [corrected] 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) metabolizes glucocorticoids, thus enabling aldosterone to bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of epithelial 11beta-HSD2 expression in the gut. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a sodium-depleted diet or subjected to continuous aldosterone infusion for 4 weeks. Plasma aldosterone and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Expression of 11beta-HSD2 in colonic epithelia was evaluated by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry. T84 and Caco2 cells were stimulated with aldosterone, dexamethasone and AVP alone or in combination, and 11beta-HSD2 mRNA was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Sodium-depleted and aldosterone-infused rats showed an increase of plasma aldosterone and AVP. Both treatments resulted in induction of 11beta-HSD2 in the colonic epithelia at mRNA and protein levels. Positive immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of the surface epithelia in control rats. In contrast, epithelial cells in the crypt also showed immunoreactivity for 11beta-HSD2 in the proximal colon of dietary sodium-depleted and aldosterone-infused rats. Induction of 11beta-HSD2 mRNA was observed when T84 cells were stimulated with corticosteroids plus AVP. CONCLUSIONS Aldosterone has a pivotal role by increasing expression of 11beta-HSD2 in epithelial cells of the colon. AVP may act as a synergistic hormone in aldosterone-mediated 11beta-HSD2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Fukushima
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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8
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Rashid S, Lewis GF. The mechanisms of differential glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid action in the brain and peripheral tissues. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:401-9. [PMID: 15820768 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2002] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are key categories of adrenocorticosteroid hormones that mediate distinct physiological responses. While the primary role of aldosterone, the major mineralocorticoid, is in regulating sodium homeostasis, the major role of the glucocorticoids is mediating the catabolic response to stress. Over the past two decades, these adrenocorticosteroid hormones have been the subject of considerable attention due to the paradox that despite exerting greatly different physiological effects, they act through very closely related receptors and a common DNA response element. This review will examine the research focused on the mechanisms of selective adrenocorticosteroid action. In general, it has been demonstrated that differential adrenocorticosteroid action is mediated at pre-receptor, receptor, and post-receptor levels, depending on the target tissue and physiological environment. The marked neuroendocrine pathophysiologies resulting from perturbations in this complex system make it imperative that further research into mechanisms of coordination of the three levels of adrenocorticosteroid control be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Fagart J, Seguin C, Pinon GM, Rafestin-Oblin ME. The Met852 Residue Is a Key Organizer of the Ligand-Binding Cavity of the Human Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1714-22. [PMID: 15716462 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirolactones harboring various C7 substituents are aldosterone antagonists, and some of them are used in the treatment of essential hypertension. They bind to the human mineralocorticoid receptor and render it transcriptionally inactive. Structural analysis using a three-dimensional homology model of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor has revealed that the Met852 residue of the ligand-binding cavity faces the C7 substituent of spirolactones. We therefore tested the binding capacities of C7-substituted spirolactones in an in vitro system expressing either the mutant receptor, in which Met852 was replaced by alanine, or the wild-type receptor. The M852A mutation had almost no effect on the binding of C7-substituted spirolactones to mineralocorticoid receptor but dramatically reduced the capacity of the receptor to bind steroids with no C7 substituent (aldosterone, cortisol, deoxycorticosterone, and canrenone). cis-trans Cotransfection assays revealed that two spirolactones characterized by having a propyl group [7 alpha-propyl-17 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-preg-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone (RU26752)] or a thioacetyl group (spironolactone) at the C7 position acquired agonist properties when bound to the mutant receptor. In contrast, mexrenone and eplerenone, both of which harbor an acetyl group at the C7 position, retained antagonist properties when bound to the mutant receptor. Overall, these findings indicate that Met852 acts as an organizer residue that plays two major roles: 1) it allows steroids with no substituent at the C7 position to be accommodated within the ligand-binding cavity; and 2) it is involved in the steric hindrance that prevents C7-substituted spirolactones from folding the receptor in its active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fagart
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U478, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 02, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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10
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Kerstens MN, van der Kleij FGH, Boonstra AH, Sluiter WJ, van der Molen JC, Navis G, Dullaart RPF. Angiotensin administration stimulates renal 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in healthy men. Kidney Int 2004; 65:2065-70. [PMID: 15149319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether acute administration of angiotensin modulates the activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD), the intracellular enzyme catalyzing the interconversion between the hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone. METHODS Twenty-one male healthy subjects were examined after 1 week of a low- and high-salt diet (50 and 200 mmol/day, respectively). Separate infusions of angiotensin I (Ang I) and II (Ang II) were administered, both at rates of 4 and 8 ng/kg/min. The ratios of tetrahydrocortisol + allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone (THF + allo-THF/THE) and of free cortisol/free cortisone (UFF/UFE) in urine were measured as indices of overall 11 beta HSD set point and activity of renal 11 beta HSD type 2, respectively. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by constant infusion of (125)I-iothalamate. RESULTS Ang I and Ang II infusion dose-dependently increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and plasma aldosterone, and decreased plasma renin activity (PRA) and GFR at both diets. Ang I and Ang II infusion resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the excretion of UFF, UFE, and of the UFF/UFE ratio at both diets, without changing the urinary (THF + allo-THF)/THE ratio. Salt restriction did not affect these 11 beta HSD variables, but was accompanied by a decrease in UFF and UFE excretion. CONCLUSION This study suggests that acute angiotensin administration stimulates the activity of 11 beta HSD type 2 in human kidney. Angiotensin might therefore exert a dual effect on the mineralocorticoid receptor (i.e., an indirect agonistic effect by increasing aldosterone availability and a direct or indirect antagonistic effect by stimulation of renal 11 beta HSD type 2 activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel N Kerstens
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Fagart J, Pinon GM, Rafestin-Oblin ME. [Agonists and antagonists of mineralocorticoids. The relation between structure and activity]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2004; 53:154-7. [PMID: 15291173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2004.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of aldosterone and its links with the mineralocorticoids receptor (MR) are described. The physiologic importance of the MR structure is emphasized, in relation with the preferential activation of the receptor by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fagart
- Inserm 478, faculté de médecine Xavier-Bichat, 16, rue Henri-Huchard, 75780 Paris cedex 18, France
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12
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Pinon GM, Fagart J, Souque A, Auzou G, Vandewalle A, Rafestin-Oblin ME. Identification of steroid ligands able to inactivate the mineralocorticoid receptor harboring the S810L mutation responsible for a severe form of hypertension. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 217:181-8. [PMID: 15134816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of steroid ligands to inactivate the human mineralocorticoid receptor (MR(WT)) has been shown to be due to their inability to contact Asn770, a residue of the H3 helix involved in stabilizing contacts with the H11-H12 loop region. However, all steroid ligands that display antagonist properties when bound to MR(WT), have been shown to activate a mutant receptor (MR(L810)) associated with a severe form of hypertension. Biochemical studies revealed that S810L mutation induces a change in the receptor conformation and increases the steroid-receptor complexes stability. From a three-dimensional model of the MR ligand-binding domain, it is likely that the S810L mutation causes a steric hindrance between the side chains of Leu810 (H5) and Gln776 (H3) that provokes a bending of the H3 helix. As a consequence, the positioning of MR(WT) antagonists within the ligand-binding cavity is modified in such a way that they can activate the mutant MR(L810). The results from biochemical studies also revealed that 5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 4,9-androstadiene-3,17-dione and RU486, unable to bind MR(WT), acted as potent MR(L810) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Maurice Pinon
- INSERM 478, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, B.P. 416, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75870 Paris Cedex 18, France
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