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Joachim E, Barakat R, Lew B, Kim KK, Ko C, Choi H. Single intranasal administration of 17β-estradiol loaded gelatin nanoparticles confers neuroprotection in the post-ischemic brain. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102246. [PMID: 32590106 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Globally, ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and adult disability. Previous efforts to repair damaged brain tissue following ischemic events have been hindered by the relative isolation of the central nervous system. We have developed a gelatin nanoparticle-mediated intranasal drug delivery system as an efficient, non-invasive method for delivering 17β-estradiol (E2) specifically to the brain, enhancing neuroprotection, and limiting systemic side effects. Young adult male C57BL/6 J mice subjected to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were administered intranasal preparations of E2-GNPs, water soluble E2, or saline as control 1 h after reperfusion. Following intranasal administration of 500 ng E2-GNPs, brain E2 content rose by 5.24 fold (P<0.0001) after 30 min and remained elevated by 2.5 fold at 2 h (P<0.05). The 100 ng dose of E2-GNPs reduced mean infarct volume by 54.3% (P<0.05, n=4) in comparison to saline treated controls, demonstrating our intranasal delivery system's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Joachim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Benjamin Lew
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyekyoon Kevin Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Hyungsoo Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Caira MR. Cyclodextrin Inclusion of Medicinal Compounds for Enhancement of their Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2357-2370. [PMID: 31648636 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their wide structural diversity and unique complexing properties, cyclodextrins (CDs) find manifold applications in drug discovery and development. The focus of this mini-review is on their uses as 'enabling excipients' both in the context of early drug discovery and in subsequent optimisation of drug performance. Features highlighted here include descriptions of the structures of CDs, synthetic derivatisation to fine-tune their properties, the nature of inclusion complexation of drugs within the CD cavity, methodology for the study of free and complexed hosts in the solid state and in solution, the inherent pharmacological activity of several CDs and its utility, novel CD-based drug delivery systems, and the role of CDs in drug discovery and optimisation. Illustrative examples are generally based on research reported during the last two decades. Application of CDs to the optimisation of the performance of established drugs is commonplace, but there are many opportunities for the intervention of CDs during the early stages of drug discovery, which could guide the selection of suitable candidates for development, thereby contributing to reducing the attrition rate of new molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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3
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Vurgun N, Nitz M. Highly Functionalized β-Cyclodextrins by Solid-Supported Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:4459-4467. [PMID: 29389050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using covalent capture, a high yielding selective mono-functionalization of heptakis-[6-deoxy-6-(2-aminoethylsulfanyl)]-β-CD with a 5-mercaptopentyl functional group has been achieved. Here, we demonstrate the immobilization of the mono-thiol functionalized β-CD on PEGA resin via a disulfide bond, enabling solid-phase elaboration of the remaining six primary amines. To showcase the potential of this method, the amines were elaborated to tripeptides through standard Fmoc-peptide chemistry. A small library of CD-tripeptide conjugates was generated which, when reduced from the solid support, could be tagged at the released thiol with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore. The resulting library of sensors showed potential for the differential sensing of various bile salts. The described methodology provides a rapid and versatile route to synthesize highly functionalized libraries of CD derivatives that may be tailored towards applications in sensing, catalysis, and multivalent displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Vurgun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Lartia R, Jankowski CK, Arseneau S. On the synthesis of cyclodextrin-peptide conjugates by the Huisgen reaction. J Pept Sci 2017; 22:511-6. [PMID: 27443976 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A,D-substituted cyclodextrin (CDX) substituted on their primary rim side are ideal scaffolds for the macromolecular assembly and formation of templated structures. Their substitution can be achieved through various reactions. However, the use of the well-known Huisgen reaction in this context is under-reported. We present here results of the synthesis of model conjugates formed between CDX and representative peptides by click chemistry. Notably, bis-conjugation of peptides onto a unique scaffold promotes α-helix formation. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Lartia
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 570 rue de la chimie, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sébastien Arseneau
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
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5
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Shi MW, Stewart SG, Sobolev AN, Dittrich B, Schirmeister T, Luger P, Hesse M, Chen Y, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Grabowsky S. Approaching an experimental electron density model of the biologically active
trans
‐epoxysuccinyl amide group—Substituent effects vs. crystal packing. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming W. Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie Johannes‐Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL USA
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
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6
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Ruiz García Y, Zelenka J, Pabon YV, Iyer A, Buděšínský M, Kraus T, Smith CIE, Madder A. Cyclodextrin-peptide conjugates for sequence specific DNA binding. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:5273-8. [PMID: 25857557 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic models of bZIP transcription factors have been developed with the capability of specific DNA recognition. Our design is based on the CuAAC mediated conjugation of basic region Leucine Zipper peptides to different derivatives of α, β and γ-cyclodextrins equipped with azide functionalities. Thorough optimization of reaction conditions allowed convergent and simultaneous conjugation of two long unprotected cationic peptides to cyclodextrin-bis azide derivatives. The resulting constructs were shown to specifically recognize their cognate DNA sequence with nM affinities. In comparison with previously developed TF models, the derivatives described here combine the enhanced DNA binding capabilities with an easy and convergent synthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Ruiz García
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Kordopati GG, Tselios TV, Kellici T, Merzel F, Mavromoustakos T, Grdadolnik SG, Tsivgoulis GM. A novel synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue coupled with modified β-cyclodextrin: insight into its intramolecular interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:159-68. [PMID: 25450179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclodextrins (CDs) in combination with therapeutic proteins and other bioactive compounds have been proposed as candidates that show enhanced chemical and enzymatic stability, better absorption, slower plasma clearance and improved dose-response curves or immunogenicity. As a result, an important number of therapeutic complexes between cyclodextrins and bioactive compounds capable to control several diseases have been developed. RESULTS In this article, the synthesis and the structural study of a conjugate between a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue, related to the treatment of hormone dependent cancer and fertility, and modified β-cyclodextrin residue are presented. The results show that both the phenyl group of tyrosine (Tyr) as well as the indole group of tryptophan (Trp) can be encapsulated inside the cyclodextrin cavity. Solution NMR experiments provide evidence that these interactions take place intramolecularly and not intermolecularly. CONCLUSIONS The study of a LHRH analogue conjugated with modified β-cyclodextrin via high field NMR and MD experiments revealed the existence of intramolecular interactions that could lead to an improved drug delivery. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE NMR in combination with MD simulation is of great value for a successful rational design of peptide-cyclodextrin conjugates showing stability against enzymatic proteolysis and a better pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tahsin Kellici
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Franci Merzel
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Simona Golic Grdadolnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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8
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Liu C, Zhang Z, Liu X, Ni X, Li J. Gelatin-based hydrogels with β-cyclodextrin as a dual functional component for enhanced drug loading and controlled release. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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New glycoside derivatives of carnosine and analogs resistant to carnosinase hydrolysis: Synthesis and characterization of their copper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Salmaso S, Bersani S, Scomparin A, Mastrotto F, Caliceti P. Supramolecular Bioconjugates for Protein and Small Drug Delivery. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Kim HY, Sohn J, Wijewickrama GT, Edirisinghe P, Gherezghiher T, Hemachandra M, Lu PY, Chandrasena RE, Molloy ME, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ. Click synthesis of estradiol-cyclodextrin conjugates as cell compartment selective estrogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:809-21. [PMID: 20031420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) is a well known drug carrier and excipient for enhancing aqueous solubility. CDs themselves are anticipated to have low membrane permeability because of relatively high hydrophilicity and molecular weight. CD derivatization with 17-beta estradiol (E(2)) was explored extensively using a number of different click chemistries and the cell membrane permeability of synthetic CD-E(2) conjugate was explored by cell reporter assays and confocal fluorescence microscopy. In simile with reported dendrimer-E(2) conjugates, CD-E(2) was found to be a stable, extranuclear receptor selective estrogen that penetrated into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeong Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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12
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Bertolla C, Rolin S, Evrard B, Pochet L, Masereel B. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new targeted drug carrier system: β-Cyclodextrin coupled to oxytocin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1855-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Béni S, Szakács Z, Csernák O, Barcza L, Noszál B. Cyclodextrin/imatinib complexation: Binding mode and charge dependent stabilities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 30:167-74. [PMID: 17145172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-guest interactions in various protonation forms of the anticancer drug imatinib with beta-cyclodextrin (CD) and randomly methylated beta-CD (RAMEB) have been investigated using techniques of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR), phase solubility, pH-potentiometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Phase-solubility analysis showed A(L)-type diagram with beta-CD, which suggested the formation of 1:1 inclusion complexes. The 1:1 stoichiometry was confirmed by potentiometry in aqueous solution and by ESI-MS in the gas phase. Charge-specific stability constants of the neutral, mono-, di-, and tricationic forms of imatinib were determined for both the beta-CD and RAMEB. Stability of the beta-CD complexes shows an unexpected minimum at the monoprotonated form, while a stepwise decrease with increasing guest charge was observed for RAMEB. The 1:1 complex stoichiometry and stability constants of selected imatinib protonation species were verified by (1)H NMR titrations. Two-dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) experiments were carried out to identify the interacting host-guest moieties. The observed ROESY cross-peaks indicated spatial proximities between several aromatic hydrogens of imatinib and beta-CD protons, revealing that the inclusion occurs by accommodation of the benzamide ring of imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Béni
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1092 Budapest, Hogyes E.u.9., Hungary
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update covering the period 1999-2000. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:595-662. [PMID: 16642463 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and continues coverage of the field from the previous review published in 1999 (D. J. Harvey, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, 1999, Mass Spectrom Rev, 18:349-451) for the period 1999-2000. As MALDI mass spectrometry is acquiring the status of a mature technique in this field, there has been a greater emphasis on applications rather than to method development as opposed to the previous review. The present review covers applications to plant-derived carbohydrates, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, mucins, glycosaminoglycans, bacterial glycolipids, glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids and related compounds, and glycosides. Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry to the study of enzymes acting on carbohydrates (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) and to the synthesis of carbohydrates, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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15
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16
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Verhelst SHL, Bogyo M. Solid-phase synthesis of double-headed epoxysuccinyl activity-based probes for selective targeting of papain family cysteine proteases. Chembiochem 2006; 6:824-7. [PMID: 15776409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Štern I, Schaschke N, Moroder L, Turk D. Crystal structure of NS-134 in complex with bovine cathepsin B: a two-headed epoxysuccinyl inhibitor extends along the entire active-site cleft. Biochem J 2004; 381:511-7. [PMID: 15084146 PMCID: PMC1133859 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the inhibitor NS-134 in complex with bovine cathepsin B reveals that functional groups attached to both sides of the epoxysuccinyl reactive group bind to the part of active-site cleft as predicted. The -Leu-Pro-OH side binds to the primed binding sites interacting with the His110 and His111 residues with its C-terminal carboxy group, whereas the -Leu-Gly-Meu (-Leu-Gly-Gly-OMe) part (Meu, methoxycarbonylmethyl) binds along the non-primed binding sites. Comparison with the propeptide structures of cathepsins revealed that the binding of the latter part is least similar to the procathepsin B structure; this result, together with the two-residue shift in positioning of the Leu-Gly-Gly part, suggests that the propeptide structures of the cognate enzymes may not be the best starting point for the design of reverse binding inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Štern
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Josef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Norbert Schaschke
- †Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luis Moroder
- †Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dušan Turk
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Josef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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18
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Leung-Toung R, Wodzinska J, Li W, Lowrie J, Kukreja R, Desilets D, Karimian K, Tam TF. 1,2,4-thiadiazole: a novel Cathepsin B inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:5529-37. [PMID: 14642597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of Cathepsin B inhibitors has been developed with a 1,2,4-thiadiazole heterocycle as the thiol trapping pharmacophore. Several compounds with different dipeptide recognition sequence (i.e., P1'-P2'=Leu-Pro-OH or P2-P1=Cbz-Phe-Ala) at the C5 position and with different substituents (i.e., OMe, Ph, or COOH) at the C3 position of the 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activities. The substituted thiadiazoles 3a-h inhibit Cat B in a time dependent, irreversible manner. A mechanism based on active-site directed inactivation of the enzyme by disulfide bond formation between the active site cysteine thiol and the sulfur atom of the heterocycle is proposed. Compound 3a (K(i)=2.6 microM, k(i)K(i)=5630 M(-1)s(-1)) with a C3 methoxy moiety and a Leu-Pro-OH dipeptide recognition sequence, is found to be the most potent inhibitor in this series. The enhanced inhibitory potency of 3a is a consequence of its increased enzyme binding affinity (lower K(i)) rather than its increased intrinsic reactivity (higher k(i)). In addition, 3a is inactive against Cathepsin S, is a poor inhibitor of Cathepsin H and is >100-fold more selective for Cat B over papain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Leung-Toung
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Apotex Research, Inc, 400 Ormont Drive, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9L 1N9
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19
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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20
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Schaschke N, Deluca D, Assfalg-Machleidt I, Höhneke C, Sommerhoff CP, Machleidt W. Epoxysuccinyl peptide-derived cathepsin B inhibitors: modulating membrane permeability by conjugation with the C-terminal heptapeptide segment of penetratin. Biol Chem 2002; 383:849-52. [PMID: 12108551 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Besides its physiological role in lysosomal protein breakdown, extralysosomal cathepsin B has recently been implicated in apoptotic cell death. Highly specific irreversible cathepsin B inhibitors that are readily cell-permeant should be useful tools to elucidate the effects of cathepsin B in the cytosol. We have covalently functionalised the poorly cell-permeant epoxysuccinyl-based cathepsin B inhibitor [R-Gly-Gly-Leu-(2S,3S)-tEps-Leu-Pro-OH; R=OMe] with the C-terminal heptapeptide segment of penetratin (R=epsilonAhx-Arg-Arg-Nle-Lys-Trp-Lys-Lys-NH2). The high inhibitory potency and selectivity for cathepsin B versus cathepsin L of the parent compound was not affected by the conjugation with the penetratin heptapeptide. The conjugate was shown to efficiently penetrate into MCF-7 cells as an active inhibitor, thereby circumventing an intracellular activation step that is required by other inhibitors, such as the prodrug-like epoxysuccinyl peptides E64d and CA074Me.
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21
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Arima H, Kihara F, Hirayama F, Uekama K. Enhancement of gene expression by polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugates with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:476-84. [PMID: 11459450 DOI: 10.1021/bc000111n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the transfection efficiency of nonviral vector, we synthesized the starburst polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugates with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins (CDE conjugates), expecting the synergistic effect of dendrimer and cyclodextrins (CyDs). The (1)H NMR spectroscopic data indicated that alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CyDs are covalently bound to dendrimer in a molar ratio of 1:1. The agarose gel electrophoretic studies revealed that CDE conjugates formed the complexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) and protected the degradation of pDNA by DNase I in the same manner as dendrimer. CDE conjugates showed a potent luciferase gene expression, especially in the dendrimer conjugate with alpha-CyD (alpha-CDE conjugate) which provided the greatest transfection activity (approximately 100 times higher than those of dendrimer alone and of the physical mixture of dendrimer and alpha-CyD) in NIH3T3 and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the gene transfer activity of alpha-CDE conjugate was superior to that of Lipofectin. The enhancing gene transfer effect of alpha-CDE conjugate may be attributable to not only increasing the cellular association, but also changing the intracellular trafficking of pDNA. These findings suggest that alpha-CDE conjugate could be a new preferable nonviral vector of pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Schaschke N, Matschiner G, Zettl F, Marquardt U, Bergner A, Bode W, Sommerhoff CP, Moroder L. Bivalent inhibition of human beta-tryptase. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:313-27. [PMID: 11325588 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human beta-tryptase is a mast cell specific trypsin-like serine protease that is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of diverse allergic and inflammatory disorders like asthma and psoriasis. The recently resolved crystal structure revealed that the enzymatically active tetramer consists of four quasi-identical monomers. The spatial display of the four identical active sites represents an ideal basis for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors. RESULTS Based on modeling experiments homobivalent inhibitors were constructed using (i) 6A,6D-dideoxy-6A,6D-diamino-beta-cyclodextrin as a rigid template to bridge the space between the two pairs of identical active sites and (ii) 3-(aminomethyl)benzene as a headgroup to occupy the arginine/lysine specific S1 subsites. A comparative analysis of the inhibitory potencies of synthetic constructs that differ in size and type of the spacer between headgroup and template revealed that the construct contained two 3-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonyl-glycine groups linked to the 6A,6D-diamino groups of beta-cyclodextrin as an almost ideal bivalent inhibitor with a cooperativity factor of 1.9 vs. the ideal value of 2. The bivalent binding mode is supported by the inhibitor/tetramer ratio of 2:1 required for inactivation of tryptase and by X-ray analysis of the inhibitor/tryptase complex. CONCLUSION The results obtained with the rigid cyclodextrin template underlined the importance of a minimal loss of conformational entropy in bivalent binding, but also showed the limitations imposed by such rigid core molecules in terms of optimal occupancy of binding sites and thus of enthalpic strains in bidentate binding modes. The main advantage of bivalent inhibitors is their high selectivity for the target enzyme that can be achieved utilizing the principle of multivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schaschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Schaschke N, Assfalg-Machleidt I, Lassleben T, Sommerhoff CP, Moroder L, Machleidt W. Epoxysuccinyl peptide-derived affinity labels for cathepsin B. FEBS Lett 2000; 482:91-6. [PMID: 11018529 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular cysteine proteases, in particular cathepsin B, have been implicated in a variety of pathological processes. Selectively targeting labels of this enzyme are important tools to gain more detailed understanding of its specific roles. Starting from our recently developed irreversible epoxysuccinyl-based inhibitor (R-Gly-Gly-Leu-(2S,3S)-tEps-Leu-Pro-OH, R=OMe), we have synthesized two affinity labels, R=NH-(CH(2))(6)-NH-rhodamine B and R=NH-(CH(2))(6)-NH-biotin. Using MCF-7 cells, the labeled inhibitors were shown to be virtually non-cell-permeant. Moreover, affinity blot analysis with the biotinylated inhibitor allowed a highly sensitive and selective non-radioactive detection of active cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schaschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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