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Xie W, Dhinojwala A, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD. Interactions of Melanin with Electromagnetic Radiation: From Fundamentals to Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38758918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Melanin, especially integumentary melanin, interacts in numerous ways with electromagnetic radiation, leading to a set of critical functions, including radiation protection, UV-protection, pigmentary and structural color productions, and thermoregulation. By harnessing these functions, melanin and melanin-like materials can be widely applied to diverse applications with extraordinary performance. Here we provide a unified overview of the melanin family (all melanin and melanin-like materials) and their interactions with the complete electromagnetic radiation spectrum (X-ray, Gamma-ray, UV, visible, near-infrared), which until now has been absent from the literature and is needed to establish a solid fundamental base to facilitate their future investigation and development. We begin by discussing the chemistries and morphologies of both natural and artificial melanin, then the fundamentals of melanin-radiation interactions, and finally the exciting new developments in high-performance melanin-based functional materials that exploit these interactions. This Review provides both a comprehensive overview and a discussion of future perspectives for each subfield of melanin that will help direct the future development of melanin from both fundamental and applied perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
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Marieshwari BN, Prithi C, Nivetha R, Bhuvaragavan S, Sundaram J. Detection and substrate portrayal on the serum phenoloxidase activity from the grub of rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros. Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:626-636. [PMID: 37519263 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is a significant biomolecule involved in humoral defence mechanism of invertebrates. Spontaneous melanization of insect haemolymph is the major hinderance for studying PO activity, as haemolymph was collected devoid of phenylthiourea. In the study, no visible melanization was observed in crude serum from the grub of Oryctes rhinoceros up to 30 min of incubation amongst crude haemolymph, diluted haemolymph, crude serum and diluted serum that were subjected to visual observation for spontaneous melanization reaction. Accordingly, crude serum was taken for evaluating PO activity. At the same time, as PO substrates tend to auto-oxidize and provide false optical density value, tris-buffered saline devoid of any substrates were used as blank for PO assays. The ideal wavelength at which maximum PO activity occurred for each substrate, namely, tyrosine, tyramine, dopamine, L-dopa, DL-dopa, catechol, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol was determined as 407, 410, 429, 465, 403, 466, 428 and 400 nm, respectively. Additionally, time course of oxidation for each phenolic substrate by the serum PO were examined and DL-dopa was identified as the specific substrate for serum PO in the grub of O. rhinoceros. Furthermore, maximum PO activity was observed at 5 min of incubation for 10 mM of DL-dopa that was considered as optimum concentration. The ideal pH and temperature for serum PO activity was observed as 7.5 and 20°C, respectively. These results suggested that standardizing a suitable substrate is an essential prerequisite to evaluate the real PO activity of serum which might significantly fluctuate in each insect model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandran Prithi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Ramanathan Nivetha
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | | | - Janarthanan Sundaram
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
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Marieshwari BN, Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Mullainadhan P, Janarthanan S. Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:1-23. [PMID: 36472653 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for their successful establishment is having a powerful innate immune system. The most common and effective method used by insects in recognizing pathogen and non-self-substances is the melanization process among others. The key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis is the copper containing humoral defense enzyme, phenoloxidase (PO). This review focused on understanding about PO and that had been in research for nearly a century. The review elaborates about evolutionary significance of PO in arthropods, its relationship with mammalian tyrosinases, various substrates, activators and inhibitors involved in the activation of phenoloxidase cascade, as it requires an integrated system of activation that vary among insect species. The enzyme also plays a vital role in insect immunity by involving in several other immune functions like sclerotization, wound healing, opsonization, encapsulation and nodule formation. Further, gene knock down or knock out of PO genes and inhibition of PO-melanization cascade by several mechanisms can also be considered as promising future alternative to control serious pests by making them highly susceptible to any targeted attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Sruthi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Sundaram Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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Jehan C, Sabarly C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Senescence of the immune defences and reproductive trade-offs in females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19747. [PMID: 36396809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the theory of ageing, it has been assumed that ageing is associated with a decline in somatic defences, including the immune system, as a consequence of a trade-off with reproduction. While overall immunity suffers from age-related deterioration (immune senescence), the different components of the immune response appear to age differently. It is also likely that investment among the many arms of the immune system and reproduction with age is finely adjusted to the organisms' reproductive strategy. We investigated this possibility in females of Tenebrio molitor, a species of long-lived insect with reproductive strategies similar to those of long-lived mammals. We specifically tested the effects of immunological challenges imposed early or late in adult life on immune pathway activation as well as fertility early and late in life. We found complex patterns of changes in immune defences with age and age-specific immune challenges with contrasted relationships with female reproduction. While cellular and enzymatic defences showed signs of ageing, they did not trade-off with reproduction. By contrast, the induced antibacterial immune response was found to be unaffected by age and to be highly connected to female fecundity. These findings suggest that these immunological pathways have different functions with regard to female ageing in this insect species.
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Mohamed MA, Ghazy AEM, Abdel Karim GS, El-khonezy MI, Abd-Elaziz AM, Ghanem MM. Defense status in larval stage of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eleftherianos I, Heryanto C, Bassal T, Zhang W, Tettamanti G, Mohamed A. Haemocyte-mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites. Immunology 2021; 164:401-432. [PMID: 34233014 PMCID: PMC8517599 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly mediated by haemocytes (e.g., phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation). In addition, melanization accompanying coagulation, clot formation and wound healing, nodulation and encapsulation processes leads to the formation of cytotoxic redox-cycling melanin precursors and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, demarcation between cellular and humoral immune reactions as two distinct categories is not straightforward. This is because many humoral factors affect haemocyte functions and haemocytes themselves are an important source of many humoral molecules. There is also a considerable overlap between cellular and humoral immune functions that span from recognition of foreign intruders to clot formation. Here, we review these immune reactions starting with the cellular mechanisms that limit haemolymph loss and participate in wound healing and clot formation and advancing to cellular functions that are critical in restricting pathogen movement and replication. This information is important because it highlights that insect cellular immunity is controlled by a multilayered system, different components of which are activated by different pathogens or during the different stages of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity LaboratoryDepartment of Biological SciencesInstitute for Biomedical SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity LaboratoryDepartment of Biological SciencesInstitute for Biomedical SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Taha Bassal
- Department of EntomologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life SciencesUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
- BAT Center‐Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro‐Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of EntomologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
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Lee B, Hsu W, Chen Y, Hsu K, Pan T. Limosilactobacillus fermentum SWP-AFFS02 Improves the Growth and Survival Rate of White Shrimp via Regulating Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota. Fermentation 2021; 7:179. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is an important species of farmed shrimp. Intestinal bacterial composition and immune activity play important roles in regulating the health condition of shrimp. Lactic acid bacteria Limosilactobacillus fermentum SWP-AFFS02 was isolated from the intestine of sea fish Rachycentron canadum, and the potential of its effect on growth, immunity, and intestinal microbiota of L. vannamei shrimp was investigated. Shrimps received feed with or without the addition of 8 log CFU/g L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02 thrice a day for 8 weeks. After 8-week treatment, weight gain, feed conversion rate, and survival rate of shrimp were greater in the L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02-feed group than in the control group. L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02 treatment increased the number of granular cells and semi-granular cells and decreased hyaline cell number when compared to the control group. L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02 promoted prophenoloxidase (PO) activity through increasing immune-associated gene expression in the hepatopancreas of shrimp. In addition, administration of feed containing L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02 regulated intestinal microbiota via decreasing the ratio of pathogenic bacteria, such as Vibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, in the intestine of shrimp. This study demonstrated that administration of L. fermentum SWP-AFFS02 effectively prevented infection of L. vannamei shrimp by regulating intestinal microbiota and enhancing immunity in shrimp to increase the growth and improve their health status, which acted as a probiotic and provided beneficial effects on shrimp.
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Aggarwal C, Paul S, Nain V, Tripathi V, Paul B, Aslam Khan M. Comparative response of Spodoptera litura challenged per os with Serratia marcescens strains differing in virulence. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107562. [PMID: 33652013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Host plays an important role in influencing virulence of a pathogen and efficacy of a biopesticide. The present study was aimed to characterize the possible factors present in Spodoptera litura that influenced pathogenecity of orally ingested S. marcescens strains, differing in their virulence. Fifth instar larvae of S. litura responded differently as challenged by two Serratia marcescens strains, SEN (virulent strain, LC50 7.02 103 cfu/ml) and ICC-4 (non-virulent strain, LC50 1.19 1012 cfu/ml). Considerable increase in activity of lytic enzymes protease and phospholipase was recorded in the gut and hemolymph of larvae fed on diet supplemented with S. marcescens strain ICC-4 as compared to the larvae treated with S. marcescens strain SEN. However, a significant up-regulation of antioxidative enzymes SOD (in foregut and midgut), CAT (in the midgut) and GST (in the foregut and hemolymph) was recorded in larvae fed on diet treated with the virulent S. marcescens strain SEN in comparison to larvae fed on diet treated with the non-virulent S. marcescens strain ICC-4. Activity of defense related enzymes lysozyme and phenoloxidase activity were also higher in the hemolymph of larvae fed with diet treated with S. marcescens strain SEN as compared to hemolymph of S. marcescens strain ICC-4 treated larvae. More number of over-expressed proteins was observed in the gut and hemolymph of S. marcescens strains ICC-4 and SEN treated larvae, respectively. Identification of the selected differentially expressed proteins indicated induction of proteins involved in insect innate immune response (Immunoglobulin I-set domain, Apolipophorin III, leucine rich repeat and Titin) in S. marcescens strain SEN treated larvae. Over-expression of two proteins, actin related protein and mt DNA helicase, were noted in S. marcescens treated larvae with very high levels observed in the non-virulent strain. Up-regulation of homeobox protein was noted only in S. marcescens strain ICC-4 challenged larvae. This study indicated that ingestion of non-virulent S. marcescens strain ICC-4 induced strong immune response in insect gut while there was weak response to the virulent S. marcescens strain SEN which probably resulted in difference in their virulence.
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Jeyachandran S, Chandrabose S, Singh SK, Baskaralingam V, Park K, Kwak I. Characterization and structural analysis of prophenoloxidase in mud crab Scylla serrata and discovering novel chemical inhibitors through virtual screening. Struct Chem 2020; 31:1563-1584. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Huang Y, Ren Q. Research progress in innate immunity of freshwater crustaceans. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 104:103569. [PMID: 31830502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates lack adaptive immunity and innate immunity plays important roles in combating foreign invasive pathogens. Freshwater crustaceans, which are invertebrates, depend completely on their innate immune system. In recent years, many immune-related molecules in freshwater crustaceans, as well as their functions, have been identified. Three main immune signaling pathways, namely, Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), and Janus kinase-signal transducer activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways, were found in freshwater crustaceans. A series of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll receptors, lectins, lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein, scavenger receptors, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules, and thioester-containing proteins, were reported. Prophenoloxidase activation system and antimicrobial peptide synthesis are two important immune effector systems. These components are involved in the innate immunity of freshwater crustaceans, and they function in the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. This review mainly summarizes innate immune signaling pathways, PRRs, and effector molecules in freshwater crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China; Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Jiangsu Shuixian Industrial Company Limited, 40 Tonghu Road, Baoying, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225800, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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Abstract
Background:
Pigment melanin has primarily a photo defensive role in human skin, its
unnecessary production and irregular distribution can cause uneven skin tone ultimately results in
hyper pigmentation. Melanin biosynthesis is initiated by tyrosine oxidation through tyrosinase, the
key enzyme for melanogenesis. Not only in humans, tyrosinase is also widely distributed in plants
and liable for browning of vegetables and fruits. Search for the inhibitors of tyrosinase have been
an important target to facilitate development of therapies for the prevention of hyperpigmentary
disorders and an undesired browning of vegetables and fruits.
Methods:
Different natural and synthetic chemical compounds have been tested as potential tyrosinase
inhibitors, but the mechanism of inhibition is not known, and the quest for information regarding
interaction between tyrosinase and its inhibitors is one of the recent areas of research. Computer
based methods hence are useful to overcome such issues. Successful utilization of in silico tools
like molecular docking simulations make it possible to interpret the tyrosinase and its inhibitor’s
intermolecular interactions and helps in identification and development of new and potent tyrosinase
inhibitors.
Results:
The present review has pointed out the prominent role of computer aided approaches for
the explication of promising tyrosinase inhibitors with a focus on molecular docking approach.
Highlighting certain examples of natural compounds whose antityrosinase effects has been evaluated
using computational simulations.
Conclusion:
The investigation of new and potent inhibitors of tyrosinase using computational
chemistry and bioinformatics will ultimately help millions of peoples to get rid of hyperpigmentary
disorders as well as browning of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Parveen
- Department of Biotechnology and Zoology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal 462001, India
| | - Sharique Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Zoology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal 462001, India
| | - Ayesha Sharique Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Zoology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal 462001, India
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Ghayas S, Ali Masood M, Parveen R, Aquib M, Farooq MA, Banerjee P, Sambhare S, Bavi R. 3D QSAR pharmacophore-based virtual screening for the identification of potential inhibitors of tyrosinase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2916-2927. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1647287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ghayas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M. Ali Masood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashida Parveen
- Department of Pharmacy, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Md Aquib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P R China
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P R China
| | - Parikshit Banerjee
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Susmit Sambhare
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohit Bavi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, China Gulou District
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Zhang HH, Luo MJ, Zhang QW, Cai PM, Idrees A, Ji QE, Yang JQ, Chen JH. Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:236-247. [PMID: 29929571 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 from Zeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that the ZtPPO1 transcripts were highly expressed during larval-prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of the ZtPPO1 transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. An in vitro inhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO in Z. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression of ZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of the ZtPPO1 gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth of Z. tau and that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - M-J Luo
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-W Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - P-M Cai
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - A Idrees
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-E Ji
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-Q Yang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-H Chen
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
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Baruah GS, Sarma HK, Bardoloi S, Bora D. Purification and characterization of phenoloxidase from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): Effects of certain biological components and chemical agents on enzyme activity. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2019; 100:e21531. [PMID: 30588648 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a dimeric phenoloxidase (PO) from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased (pebrine infected) larvae of Antheraea assamensis Helfer was extracted and purified. The protein was subjected to purification using Sephacryl S-100 and CM Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme comprised of two subunits of ~76.8 and 76 kDa that showed PO activity in 6 mM l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 8 mM catechol but not in hydroquinone. Optimum temperature for PO activity was 30°C in l-DOPA and 37°C in catechol. Optimum pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.0 in L-DOPA and 7.0-7.2 in catechol. Specific activity of the purified PO from healthy larvae was 53.9 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 50.77 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Specific activity of PO from diseased larvae was 30.0 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 28.55 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Purification fold was 3.27-4.21 for healthy and 2.38-2.56 for diseased fractions. The enzyme showed the Michaelis constant (Km ) of 2.46-2.85 mM for healthy and diseased fractions in L-DOPA. In catechol Km of 9.23-17.71 mM was observed. Peptidoglycan was the best activator of purified PO from both healthy and diseased fractions. Interactions between controls and activators appeared statistically significant (F = 767.5; df = 3; P < 0.0001). Na+ , K+ , and Cu2+ increased, whereas Ca2+ , Zn2+ , Mg2+ , and Co2+ decreased PO activity. The overall interactions appeared highly significant (F = 217.0; df = 27; P < 0.0001). Kojic acid, dithiothreitol, thiourea, phenylthiourea, carbendazim, N-bromosuccinimide, N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and diethyldithiocarbamate inhibited PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sarma Baruah
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Sunayan Bardoloi
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | - Dipsikha Bora
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Dorrah MA, Mohamed AA, Shaurub ESH. Immunosuppressive effects of the limonoid azadirachtin, insights on a nongenotoxic stress botanical, in flesh flies. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 153:55-66. [PMID: 30744897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin (Aza) is a well-known insect growth disruptor of plant origin. Although its actions on insects have been extensively studied; fragmentary reports are available from the immunological point of view. Therefore, in the present study, total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC), nodulation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, immune-reactive lysozymes and inducible nitric oxide (NO) were assessed, as measures of immune responses, in Sarcophaga argyrostoma 3rd instars challenged individually with M. luteus or Aza, or in combination with both compared to the control larvae. THC was significantly declined after 12 h and 24 h of treatment with Aza. DHC varied considerably; in particular, plasmatocytes were significantly decreased after 36 h and 48 h of treatment with Aza; whereas granulocytes were significantly increased. Nodulation was significantly increased with the increase of time after all treatments. Challenging with M. luteus significantly increased the activity of PO in hemocytes and plasma; whereas such activity was significantly decreased after treatment with Aza or combined Aza and M. luteus. Treatment with Aza or M. luteus alone or in couple significantly increased lysozyme activity of fat body, hemocytes and plasma. However, challenging with M. luteus significantly increased NO concentration in the same tissues. A hypothetical model of Aza as a potential mutagen is presented. However, no genotoxic effect was observed through tracking apoptosis-associated changes in Aza-treated hemocytes via flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection. Our study suggests that the integration of Aza, as an eco-friendly pesticide, with bacterial biopesticides may be a successful approach for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza A Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed H Shaurub
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt.
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Zhang S, Wang H, Yu J, Jiang F, Yue X, Liu B. Identification of a gene encoding microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and its association with shell color in the clam Meretrix petechialis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 225:75-83. [PMID: 30031885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of melanocyte development through the direct transcriptional control of related genes, e.g., the phenoloxidase gene. In this study, an MITF gene, MpMITF2, was identified in the clam Meretrix petechialis. The full-length cDNA of MpMITF2 was 2026 bp, and the molecular mass of the predicted protein was 42.6 kDa. A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain was detected in the deduced protein sequence, which can bind the E-box motif within the promoter of the downstream genes. The mRNA of MpMITF2 was more highly expressed in the mantle compared to the other four tissues. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the mRNA expression of MpMITF2 among three clam strains with different shell colors. The protein level of MpMITF2 was also different among these strains. These results implied that MpMITF2 was associated with shell color formation in the clam M. petechialis. When the mRNA expression of MpMITF2 was knocked down, the new shell showed discontinuous pigment distribution, suggesting that the reduced expression of MpMITF2 influenced pigment synthesis. A gene encoding phenoloxidase (MpPO) was identified as related to the shell color of the clam and was also a putative downstream gene of MITF. Both the mRNA and protein levels of MpPO decreased significantly at 12 h post-MpMITF-suppression, suggesting that MpMITF2 is required for the expression of MpPO. Our results indicate the close relationships among MpMITF2, MpPO and shell color. This study implicates the role of MITF in shell color formation in the clam M. petechialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
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Gao H. Predicting tyrosinase inhibition by 3D QSAR pharmacophore models and designing potential tyrosinase inhibitors from Traditional Chinese medicine database. Phytomedicine 2018; 38:145-157. [PMID: 29425647 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase plays a key role in the formation of skin melanin. The excessive accumulation of skin melanin will cause the serious aesthetic problems for human beings. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To find the potent tyrosinase inhibitors using computational simulation from TCM Database@Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN Inhibitors of tyrosinase have been thought as potential drugs for the decrease of melanin synthesis in the process of pigmentation. To develop new tyrosinase inhibitors, we performed a virtual screening from Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Druglike Databases using the best 3D QSAR pharmacophore model as a 3D search query. METHODS A total of 109 compounds were obtained after filtering by Lipinski's rule of five. Finally, 148 compounds (22 from training set, 17 from test set, 109 from TCM and Druglike databases) were selected for further docking studies. De Novo Evolution designed the top 10 candidates from the docking results. RESULTS Hypo1 was selected as the best quantitative pharmacophore model, because Hypo1 has characters of the highest cost difference (353.773), the lowest RMS (1.985), the lowest Error (121.440), and the best correlation coefficient (0.933). By the analysis of interaction amino acids in the top 10 hits including two controls, HIS42, HIS60, HIS204, HIS208, ARG209 and VAL218 are identified as the key binding site residues, ARG209 and VAL218 are the critical residues for the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase. This finding is consistent with the results from literatures. CONCLUSION De Novo Evolution study suggested Tyrosinase_1*_Evo_4, Tyrosinase_23*_Evo_7, magnolone.cdx_15_Evo_4, compound_2.cdx_2_Evo_2, Compound_B_Evo_5, Compound_C_Evo_9, Compound_D_Evo_6 and malabaricone_C.cdx_3_Evo_10 as the potential tyrosinase inhibitor candidates. De Novo Evolution study also suggested compound_2.cdx_2_Evo_2 as the most potential tyrosinase inhibitor candidate. A total of ten novel leading compounds were identified to have the favorable interaction with tyrosinase by the docking analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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18
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Barek H, Sugumaran M, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Insect cuticular melanins are distinctly different from those of mammalian epidermal melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:384-392. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Barek
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Boston; Boston MA USA
| | - Manickam Sugumaran
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Boston; Boston MA USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- School of health Sciences; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
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Whitten MMA, Coates CJ. Re-evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:386-401. [PMID: 28378380 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and innate immunity. Traditional views of insect immunity detail the storage of pro-phenoloxidases inside specialized blood cells (hemocytes) and their release upon recognition of foreign bodies. Activated phenoloxidases convert monophenols into reactive quinones in a two-step enzymatic reaction, and until recently, the mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylation remained a mystery. Herein, we present our interpretations of these enzyme-substrate complexes. The resultant melanins are deposited onto the surface of microbes to immobilize, agglutinate, and suffocate them. Phenoloxidase activity and melanin production are not limited to the blood (hemolymph) or cuticle, as recent evidence points to more diverse, sophisticated interactions in the gut and with the resident symbionts. This review offers insight into the somewhat neglected areas of insect melanogenesis research, particularly in innate immunity, its role in beneficial insects such as pollinators, the functional versatility of phenoloxidases, and the limitations of common experimental approaches that may impede progress inadvertently.
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Evison SEF, Gallagher JD, Thompson JJW, Siva-Jothy MT, Armitage SAO. Cuticular colour reflects underlying architecture and is affected by a limiting resource. J Insect Physiol 2017; 98:7-13. [PMID: 27856219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Central to the basis of ecological immunology are the ideas of costs and trade-offs between immunity and life history traits. As a physical barrier, the insect cuticle provides a key resistance trait, and Tenebrio molitor shows phenotypic variation in cuticular colour that correlates with resistance to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Here we first examined whether there is a relationship between cuticular colour variation and two aspects of cuticular architecture that we hypothesised may influence resistance to fungal invasion through the cuticle: its thickness and its porosity. Second, we tested the hypothesis that tyrosine, a semi-essential amino acid required for immune defence and cuticular melanisation and sclerotisation, can act as a limiting resource by supplementing the larval diet and subsequently examining adult cuticular colouration and thickness. We found that stock beetles and beetles artificially selected for extremes of cuticular colour had thicker less porous cuticles when they were darker, and thinner more porous cuticles when they were lighter, showing that colour co-varies with two architectural cuticular features. Experimental supplementation of the larval diet with tyrosine led to the development of darker adult cuticle and affected thickness in a sex-specific manner. However, it did not affect two immune traits. The results of this study provide a mechanism for maintenance of cuticular colour variation in this species of beetle; darker cuticles are thicker, but their production is potentially limited by resource constraints and differential investments in resistance mechanisms between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E F Evison
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Joe D Gallagher
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - John J W Thompson
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Michael T Siva-Jothy
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Sophie A O Armitage
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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Kadej A, Kuczer M, Czarniewska E, Urbański A, Rosiński G, Kowalik-Jankowska T. High stability and biological activity of the copper(II) complexes of alloferon 1 analogues containing tryptophan. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:147-161. [PMID: 27453534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) complex formation processes between the alloferon 1 (Allo1) (HGVSGHGQHGVHG) analogues where the tryptophan residue is introducing in the place His residue H1W, H6W, H9W and H12W have been studied by potentiometric, UV-visible, CD and EPR spectroscopic, and MS methods. For all analogues of alloferon 1 complex speciation have been obtained for a 1:1 metal-to-ligand molar ratio and 2:1 of H1W because of precipitation at higher (2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) ratios. At physiological pH7.4 and a 1:1 metal-to-ligand molar ratio the tryptophan analogues of alloferon 1 form the CuH-1L and/or CuH-2L complexes with the 4N binding mode. The introduction of tryptophan in place of histidine residues changes the distribution diagram of the complexes formed with the change of pH and their stability constants compared to the respective substituted alanine analogues of alloferon 1. The CuH-1L, CuH-2L and CuH-3L complexes of the tryptophan analogues are more stable from 1 to 5 log units in comparison to those of the alanine analogues. This stabilization of the complexes may result from cation(Cu(II))-π and indole/imidazole ring interactions. The induction of apoptosis in vivo, in Tenebrio molitor cells by the ligands and their copper(II) complexes at pH7.4 was studied. The biological results show that copper(II) ions in vivo did not cause any apparent apoptotic features. The most active were the H12W peptide and Cu(II)-H12W complex formed at pH7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kadej
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Kuczer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czarniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; Department of Systematic Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Liu P, Shu C, Liu L, Huang Q, Peng Y. Design and synthesis of thiourea derivatives with sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1866-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jin MH, Zhao XL, Li GY, Che XZ, Liu ZG, Xue CB. Molecular Characterization and Bioinformatics Analysis of a Prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) in Plutella xylostella. Int J Insect Sci 2016; 8:1-8. [PMID: 26966394 PMCID: PMC4783117 DOI: 10.4137/ijis.s36246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important enzyme in insect life, which is involved in important physical functions, such as defensive encapsulation and melanization of foreign organisms and wound healing. In this study, we obtained a cDNA sequence of 2838 bp with 2049 open reading frames encoding 682 amino acids. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA has high homology with the known PPO1 sequences of other lepidopterous insects. There were three conserved regions, including the two copper-binding sites characteristic of arthropod PPOs. The whole PxPPO1 DNA was also obtained with 7202 bp when the five fragments were stitched together and the overlapping sequences were deleted. The PxPPO1 DNA consists of 11 introns and 12 exons, and the homology is 99.9% when the exons are compared with the above cDNA. Moreover, the gene expression levels were also determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR; the results indicated that PxPPO1 transcripts in the eggs and the fourth instar larvae were more abundant, followed by the second and the third instar larvae, prepupae, and pupa.
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Chai WM, Wang R, Wei MK, Zou ZR, Deng RG, Liu WS, Peng YY. Proanthocyanidins Extracted from Rhododendron pulchrum Leaves as Source of Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Structure, Activity, and Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145483. [PMID: 26713623 PMCID: PMC4700988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the structure, anti-tyrosinase activity, and mechanism of proanthocyanidins extracted from Rhododendron pulchrum leaves. Results obtained from mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) revealed that proanthocyanidins were complex mixtures of procyanidins, prodelphinidins, propelargonidins, and their derivatives, among which procyanidins were the main components. The anti-tyrosinase analysis results indicated that the mixtures were reversible and mixed competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. Interactions between proanthocyanidins with substrate (L-tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and with copper ions were the important molecular mechanisms for explaining their efficient inhibition. This research would provide scientific evidence for the use of R. pulchrum leaf proanthocyanidins as new novel tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WMC); (YYP)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Kun Wei
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zou
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Gen Deng
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Sheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WMC); (YYP)
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Lu WX, Yue D, Hai ZJ, Daihua W, Yi ZM, Fu WC, Rong Z. Cloning, expression, and characterization of prophenoloxidase from Antheraea pernyi. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2015; 88:45-63. [PMID: 25521627 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prophenoloxidase (PPO) is an essential enzyme in insect innate immunity because of its role in humoral defense. In this study, we have cloned a full-length cDNA of Antheraea pernyi prophenoloxidase (ApPPO) with an open-reading frame encoding 683 amino acids, and the deduced amino acid sequence of ApPPO exhibited a high similarity with those of lepidoptera. The expression of ApPPO was inducible so that the mRNA level was significantly upregulated in the microbial challenged tissues, including fat body, hemocytes, and midgut. To better investigate the enzymatic and immunological properties of ApPPO, recombinant ApPPO (rApPPO) was produced in Escherichia coli. Several functional verification experiments were performed after studying the enzymatic properties. It was found that rApPPO could be stimulated by the microbial challenged larvae hemolymph and then killed bacteria in the radial diffusion assay. Furthermore, rApPPO also induced the transcription of cecropins after injected into the larvae 24 h later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xia Lu
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China; Benxi Institute of Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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Bai PP, Xie YF, Shen GM, Wei DD, Wang JJ. Phenoloxidase and its zymogen are required for the larval-pupal transition in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Insect Physiol 2014; 71:137-146. [PMID: 25450426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidases (POs) play a key role in melanin production, are involved in invertebrate immune mechanisms, and are considered important enzymes in the insect development process. In the present study, we report the developmental stage and tissue-specific expression patterns of BdPPO1 and PO activity from Bactrocera dorsalis. The results showed that the activity of PO and its zymogen expression were closely related to the development of B. dorsalis during the larval-pupal transition, particularly in the integument. Additionally, biochemical characterization showed that PO from different developmental stages and tissues all had maximum activity at pH 7.5 and 37°C. After feeding a metal ion-containing artificial diet, the activity of PO and expression of BdPPO1 were significantly increased, indicating that PO was a metalloprotein and it could be activated by Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+. The functional analysis showed that the expression of BdPPO1 could be regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) after injection. Furthermore, injection of the double-stranded RNA of BdPPO1 into the 3rd instar larvae significantly reduced mRNA levels after 24 h and 48 h, and resulted in a lower pupation rate and abnormal phenotype. These results expand the understanding of the important role of PO and its zymogen in the growth of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Guang-Mao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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Udompetcharaporn A, Junkunlo K, Senapin S, Roytrakul S, Flegel TW, Sritunyalucksana K. Identification and characterization of a QM protein as a possible peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:146-154. [PMID: 24736204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon, in vitro pull-down binding assays were used between shrimp proteins and purified peptidoglycan (PG). By gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry followed by Mascot program analysis, proteins from shrimp hemocyte peripheral membrane proteins showed significant homology to records for a QM protein, actin and prophenoloxidase 2 precursor (proPO2), while proteins from cell-free plasma showed significant homology to records for a vitellogenin, a fibrinogen related protein (FREP) and a C-type lectin. Due to time and resource limitations, specific binding to PG was examined only for recombinant PmQM protein and PmLec that were synthesized based on sequences reported in the Genbank database (accession numbers FJ766846 and DQ078266, respectively). An in vitro assay revealed that hemocytes would bind with and encapsulate agarose beads coated with recombinant PmQM (rPmQM) or rPmLec and that melanization followed 2h post-encapsulation. ELISA tests confirmed specific binding of rPmQM protein to PG. This is the first time that PmQM has been reported as a potential PGRP in shrimp or any other crustacean. The two other potential PGRP identified (FREP and the vitellin-like protein present in male P. monodon, unlike other vitellin subunits) should also be expressed heterologously and tested for their ability to activate shrimp hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attasit Udompetcharaporn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Center (EBC), Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Timothy W Flegel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Shrimp-Virus Interaction Laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Lu A, Peng Q, Ling E. Formation of disulfide bonds in insect prophenoloxidase enhances immunity through improving enzyme activity and stability. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 44:351-358. [PMID: 24480295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 3 copper proteins, including insect prophenoloxidase (PPO), contain two copper atoms in the active site pocket and can oxidize phenols. Insect PPO plays an important role in immunity. Insects and other invertebrates show limited recovery from pathogen invasion and wounds if phenoloxidase (PO) activity is low. In most insect PPOs, two disulfide bonds are present near the C-terminus. However, in Pimpla hypochondriaca (a parasitoid wasp), each PPO contains one disulfide bond. We thus questioned whether the formation of two sulfide bonds in insect PPOs improved protein stability and/or increased insect innate immunity over time. Using Drosophila melanogaster PPO1 as a model, one or two disulfide bonds were deleted to evaluate the importance of disulfide bonds in insect immunity. rPPO1 and mutants lacking disulfide bonds could be expressed and showed PO activity. However, the PO activities of mutants lacking one or two disulfide bonds significantly decreased. Deletion of disulfide bonds also reduced PPO thermostability. Furthermore, antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis significantly decreased when disulfide bonds were deleted. Therefore, the formation of two disulfide bond(s) in insect PPO enhances antibacterial activity by increasing PO activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anrui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Chai WM, Chen CM, Gao YS, Feng HL, Ding YM, Shi Y, Zhou HT, Chen QX. Structural analysis of proanthocyanidins isolated from fruit stone of Chinese hawthorn with potent antityrosinase and antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:123-9. [PMID: 24313351 DOI: 10.1021/jf405385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins were isolated from fruit stone of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br.). Their structures were analyzed and elucidated by methods of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The results demonstrated that these compounds are complicated mixtures of homo- and heteropolymers consisting of procyanidin/procyanidin gallate and prodelphinidin. They possessed structural heterogeneity in monomer units, polymer length, and interflavan linkage (A-type and B-type). Their antityrosinase and antioxidant activity were then investigated. The results revealed that they can inhibit tyrosinase activities, including the monophenolase activity and the diphenolase activity. In addition, proanthocyanidins possessed potent antioxidant activity. Our studies revealed that proanthocyanidins isolated from fruit stone of Chinese hawthorn may be applied in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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Arockiaraj J, Gnanam AJ, Pothikasalam G, Milton J, Pasupuleti M, Bhatt P, Palanisamy R, Kumaresan V, Thirumalai MK, Arasu A, Sathyamoorthi A, Prabha N. A novel prophenoloxidase, hemocyanin encoded copper containing active enzyme from prawn: Gene characterization. Gene 2013; 524:139-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chai WM, Liu X, Hu YH, Feng HL, Jia YL, Guo YJ, Zhou HT, Chen QX. Antityrosinase and antimicrobial activities of furfuryl alcohol, furfural and furoic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 57:151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Clark KD, Strand MR. Hemolymph melanization in the silkmoth Bombyx mori involves formation of a high molecular mass complex that metabolizes tyrosine. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14476-14487. [PMID: 23553628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenoloxidase (PO) cascade regulates the melanization of blood (hemolymph) in insects and other arthropods. Most studies indicate that microbial elicitors activate the PO cascade, which results in processing of the zymogen PPO to PO. PO is then thought to oxidize tyrosine and o-diphenols to quinones, which leads to melanin. However, different lines of investigation raise questions as to whether these views are fully correct. Here we report that hemolymph from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, rapidly melanizes after collection from a wound site. Prior studies indicated that in vitro activated PPO hydroxylates Tyr inefficiently. Measurement of in vivo substrate titers, however, suggested that Tyr was the only PO substrate initially present in B. mori plasma and that it is rapidly metabolized by PO. Fractionation of plasma by gel filtration chromatography followed by bioassays indicated that melanization activity was primarily associated with a high mass complex (~670 kDa) that contained PO. The prophenoloxidase-activating protease inhibitor Egf1.0 blocked formation of this complex and Tyr metabolism, but the addition of phenylthiourea to plasma before fractionation enhanced complex formation and Tyr metabolism. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the complex contained PO plus other proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that wounding alone activates the PO cascade in B. mori. They also suggest that complex formation is required for efficient use of Tyr as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Clark
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
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Sugumaran M, Robinson WE. Structure, biosynthesis and possible function of tunichromes and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:1-25. [PMID: 22580032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several species of ascidians (phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata) contain a group of oligopeptides called "tunichromes" in their blood cells. These peptides have been implicated in (a) metal chelation and accumulation/sequestration of vanadium or iron; (b) crosslinking of structural fibers in tunic formation, (c) wound healing and (d) defense reactions. However, their biosynthesis, metabolism, and biological function remain largely un-elucidated due to their extreme instability and high reactivity. Tunichromes and related compounds uniquely possess dehydrodopamine moieties, all originating from post-translational modification of peptidyl tyrosine. It is conceivable that the presence of such novel post-translationally modified groups provide attributes that are crucial for their biological roles. Therefore, we examined the chemistry and reactivity of tunichromes in light of the available knowledge of the biochemistry of simple monomeric dehydro-N-acyldopamine units. Based on the reactivity of such simple compounds, the potential biological activities of tunichromes are predicted. Their possible biosynthetic route from peptidyl tyrosine is critically evaluated to provide a better basis for unraveling their biological functions. Prevalence of dehydro-N-acyldopamine units in different tunichromes, some marine antibiotic compounds, insect cuticular sclerotizing precursors and some bioadhesive marine proteins may aid in the de novo design of unique biomaterials with potential antibiotic/adhesive properties.
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Chen LH, Hu YH, Song W, Song KK, Liu X, Jia YL, Zhuang JX, Chen QX. Synthesis and antityrosinase mechanism of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones: novel tyrosinase inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:1542-1547. [PMID: 22250887 DOI: 10.1021/jf204420x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HBT) and p-methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (MBT) were synthesized and established by (1)H NMR and mass spectra. Both compounds were evaluated for their inhibition activities on mushroom tyrosinase and free-cell tyrosinase and melanoma production from B(16) mouse melanoma cells. Results showed that both compounds exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme activities. HBT and MBT decreased the steady state of the monophenolase activity sharply, and the IC(50) values were estimated as 0.76 and 7.0 μM, respectively. MBT lengthened the lag time, but HBT could not. HBT and MBT inhibited diphenolase activity dose-dependently, and their IC(50) values were estimated as 3.80 and 2.62 μM, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that inhibition type by both compounds was reversible and their mechanisms were mixed-type. Their inhibition constants were also determined and compared. The research may supply the basis for the development of new food preservatives and cosmetic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Luna-Acosta A, Saulnier D, Pommier M, Haffner P, De Decker S, Renault T, Thomas-Guyon H. First evidence of a potential antibacterial activity involving a laccase-type enzyme of the phenoloxidase system in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas haemocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 31:795-800. [PMID: 21802516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidases (POs) are a group of copper proteins including tyrosinase, catecholase and laccase. In several insects and crustaceans, antibacterial substances are produced through the PO cascade, participating in the direct killing of invading microorganisms. However, although POs are widely recognised as an integral part of the invertebrate immune defence system, experimental evidence is lacking that these properties are conserved in molluscs, and more particularly in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, Vibrio splendidus LGP32 and Vibrio aestuarianus 02/041 growths were affected, after being treated with C. gigas haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), and either a common substrate of POs, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), to detect catecholase-type PO activity, or a specific substrate of laccase, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), to detect laccase-type PO activity. Interestingly, a higher bacterial growth inhibition was observed in the presence of PPD than in the presence of L-DOPA. These effects were suppressed when the specific PO inhibitor, phenylthiourea (PTU), was added to the medium. Results of the present study suggest, for the first time in a mollusc species, that antibacterial activities of HLS from C. gigas potentially involve POs, and more particularly laccase catalysed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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Feng C, Huang J, Song Q, Stanley D, Lü W, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Parasitization by Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) influences expression of prophenoloxidase in Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2011; 77:99-117. [PMID: 21638307 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A prophenoloxidase (PPO) cDNA (OfPPO) was cloned from the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Sequence analysis revealed a full length transcript of the OfPPO cDNA with 2,686 bp, containing a 2,079 bp open reading frame (ORF), a 73-bp 5'-untranslated region, and a 534-bp 3'-untranslated region with a poly(A) signal. The ORF encodes a 693-amino acid polypeptide, containing two distinct copper-binding regions, a plausible thiol ester site, two proteolytic activation sites, and a conserved C-terminal region, but lacks a signal peptide sequence. Expression of the OfPPO transcript in the plasma, hemocytes, fat body and midgut was inhibited by Macrocentrus cingulum at 4 h post-parasitization (pp). In situ hybridization analysis showed that the hemocytes, especially the oenocytoids, hybridized strongly with the DNA probes of the OfPPO gene. No signal was detected in the cuticular epithelium or fat body of the parasitized larvae. Colloidal gold particles were used to visualize the PPO by immunoelectron microscopy. The time course study revealed a decrease in the labeling of the OfPPO at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 1 day pp in the larval integument and midgut parasitized by M. cingulum. We infer from time course studies of OfPPO gene expression and PO enzymatic activity that OfPPO in the integument is released from hemocytes and that the OfPPO expression was influenced at the transcriptional, translational, and then the post-translational level by parasitization challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Pan ZZ, Li HL, Yu XJ, Zuo QX, Zheng GX, Shi Y, Liu X, Lin YM, Liang G, Wang Q, Chen QX. Synthesis and antityrosinase activities of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6645-6649. [PMID: 21595493 DOI: 10.1021/jf200990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In insects, tyrosinase plays important roles in normal developmental processes, such as cuticular tanning, scleration, wound healing, production of opsonins, encapsulation and nodule formation for defense against foreign pathogens. Thus, tyrosinase may be regarded as a potential candidate for novel bioinsecticide development. A family of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (C₆-C₉), new tyrosinsase inhibitors, were synthesized. Their inhibitory effects on the activity of tyrosinase have been investigated. The results showed all of them could inhibit the activity of tyrosianse effectively. The order of potency was nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C₉DB) > octyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C₈DB) > heptyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C₇DB) > hexyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C₆DB). The kinetic analysis of these four compounds on tyrosinase was taken to expound their inhibitory mechanism. The research of the control of insects in agriculture was taken as C₆DB for example. C₆DB could inhibit the development and molting of Plutella xylostella effectively. To clarify its insecticidal mechanism, we researched the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella treated with C₆DB by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed C₆DB could inhibit the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Wu L, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabrication with Biopolymers and Enzymes: Potential for Constructing Scaffolds from Soft Matter. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:215-24. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Regenerative medicine will benefit from technologies capable of fabricating soft matter to have appropriate architectures and that provide the necessary physical, chemical and biological cues to recruit cells and guide their development. The goal of this report is to review an emerging set of biofabrication techniques and suggest how these techniques could be applied for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Methods Electrical potentials are applied to submerged electrodes to perform cathodic and anodic reactions that direct stimuli-responsive film-forming polysaccharides to assemble into hydrogel films. Standard methods are used to microfabricate electrode surfaces to allow the electrical signals to be applied with spatial and temporal control. The enzymes mushroom tyrosinase and microbial transglutaminase are used to catalyze macromolecular grafting and crosslinking of proteins. Results Electrodeposition of the polysaccharides chitosan and alginate allow hydrogel films to be formed in response to localized electrical signals. Co-deposition of various components (e.g., proteins, vesicles and cells), and subsequent electrochemical processing allow the physical, chemical and biological activities of these films to be tailored. Enzymatic processing allows for the generation of stimuli-responsive protein conjugates that can also be directed to assemble in response to imposed electrical signals. Further, enzyme-catalyzed crosslinking of gelatin allows replica molding of soft matter to create hydrogel films with topological structure. Conclusions Biofabrication with biological materials and mechanisms provides new approaches for soft matter construction. These methods may enable the formation of tissue engineering scaffolds with appropriate architectures, assembled cells, and spatially organized physical, chemical and biological cues.
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Zibaee A, Bandani AR, Malagoli D. Purification and characterization of phenoloxidase from the hemocytes of Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Lee KC, Thanigaimalai P, Sharma VK, Kim MS, Roh E, Hwang BY, Kim Y, Jung SH. Structural characteristics of thiosemicarbazones as inhibitors of melanogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6794-6. [PMID: 20863702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazones 2(e-s) have been synthesized and studied their structure-activity relationship as melanogenesis inhibitor. Among them, (Z)-2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethylene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (2q, >100% inhibition at 10 μM, IC(50)=1.1 μM, ClogP=3.039) showed the strongest inhibitory activity. Regarding their structure-activity relationship, the hydrophobic substituents regardless the position on phenyl ring of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones enhance the inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the aromatic group of benzaldehydethiosemicarbazones can be replaced with sterically bulky cyclohexyl. Thus, hydrophobicity of the aryl or alkyl group on hydrazine of thiosemicarbazones is determinant factor for their inhibitory activity in melanogenesis rather than planarity.
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Babin A, Biard C, Moret Y. Dietary Supplementation with Carotenoids Improves Immunity without Increasing Its Cost in a Crustacean. Am Nat 2010; 176:234-41. [DOI: 10.1086/653670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Luna-Acosta A, Rosenfeld E, Amari M, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Bustamante P, Thomas-Guyon H. First evidence of laccase activity in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010; 28:719-726. [PMID: 20109560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidases (POs) are a family of enzymes including tyrosinases, catecholases and laccases, which play an important role in immune defence mechanisms in various invertebrates. The aim of this study was to thoroughly identify the PO-like activity present in the hemolymph of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, by using different substrates (i.e. dopamine and p-phenylenediamine, PPD) and different PO inhibitors. In order to go deeper in this analysis, we considered separately plasma and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). In crude plasma, oxygraphic assays confirmed the presence of true oxidase activities. Moreover, the involvement of peroxidase(s) was excluded. In contrast to other molluscs, no tyrosinase-like activity was detected. With dopamine as substrate, PO-like activity was inhibited by the PO inhibitors tropolone, phenylthiourea (PTU), salicylhydroxamic acid and diethyldithio-carbamic acid, by a specific inhibitor of tyrosinases and catecholases, i.e. 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR), and by a specific inhibitor of laccases, i.e. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). With PPD as substrate, PO-like activity was inhibited by PTU and CTAB. In precipitated protein fractions from plasma, and with dopamine and PPD as substrates, PTU and 4-HR, and PTU and CTAB inhibited PO-like activity, respectively. In precipitated protein fractions from hemocyte lysate supernatant, PTU and CTAB inhibited PO-like activity, independently of the substrate. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of both catecholase- and laccase-like activities in plasma, and the presence of a laccase-like activity in HLS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a laccase-like activity is identified in a mollusc by using specific substrates and inhibitors for laccase, opening new perspectives for studying the implication of this enzyme in immune defence mechanisms of molluscs of high economic value such as C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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Feng C, Song Q, Lü W, Lu J. Purification and characterization of hemolymph prophenoloxidase from Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The phenoloxidase or tyrosinase is a key enzyme in insects, which is responsible for hydroxylation of tyrosine into o-quinones via o-diphenols. A series of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid families were taken with their pragmatic pIC(50) values against phenoloxidase from pieris rapae (Lepidoptera) larvae. Density functional theory-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses were performed to speculate the key interaction. The most fitted four different QSAR models were identified and discussed. The softness, electrophilicity index, molar refractivity and log P were identified as best descriptors; however, the atomic values of softness and philicity obtained from Fukui function are more significant than global values. The study reveals that electrostatic and steric fields jointly contribute to activity. To gain further insight, the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analyses were performed using two molecular field techniques: comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). The successful 3D-QSAR models were obtained from CoMFA (q(2)= 0.94, r(2)= 0.99, r(2)(pred)= 0.92) and CoMSIA (q(2)= 0.94, r(2)= 0.98, r(2)(pred)= 0/95). The CoMFA and CoMSIA results indicate that, a bulky and negative group around sulfur atom but a small and positive group around nitrogen atom might have good effects on activity. The ortho and meta positions of ring are favorable for small group. These QSAR models might be helpful to design the novel and potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Pasha
- Computational Science Center, Future Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Seoul 130-650, South KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, IndiaCollege of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Muhhammad Muddassar
- Computational Science Center, Future Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Seoul 130-650, South KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, IndiaCollege of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Yakub Beg
- Computational Science Center, Future Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Seoul 130-650, South KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, IndiaCollege of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Computational Science Center, Future Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Seoul 130-650, South KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, IndiaCollege of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
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Xue C, Luo W, Ding Q, Liu S, Gao X. Quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:299-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gai Y, Zhao J, Song L, Li C, Zheng P, Qiu L, Ni D. A prophenoloxidase from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: gene cloning, expression and activity analysis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 24:156-167. [PMID: 18160310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a conserved copper-containing enzyme that plays important roles in immune response of crustaceans and insects. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of a prophenoloxidase (designated EsproPO) was cloned from haemocytes of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by expressed sequence tag (EST) and PCR techniques. The isolated 3549bp full-length cDNA of EsproPO contained a 2040bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative proPO protein of 679 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 68bp, and a long 3'-UTR of 1441bp. Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, and a complement-like motif (GCGWPQHM) were identified in the deduced amino acid sequence of EsproPO. Homology analysis revealed that EsproPO was highly similar to other proPOs from crustaceans with identities from 52% to 68%. The conserved domains and motifs, and higher similarity with other proPOs suggested that EsproPO was a member of the proPO family. The mRNA expression of EsproPO and PO specific activities in the tissues of hepatopancreas, gill, gonad, muscle, heart, eye and haemocytes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and colorimetric assay, respectively. The mRNA transcripts of EsproPO and PO specific activities could be detected in all the examined tissues with the highest level both in hepatopancreas. Three peaks of EsproPO mRNA expression were recorded at 2h, 12h and 48h in haemocytes of Chinese mitten crab post Vibrio anguillarum challenge, which was consistent with the temporal profile of PO specific activity. The mRNA expression pattern and the activity fluctuation of EsproPO post V. anguillarum stimulation indicated that it was potentially involved in the acute response against invading bacteria in Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gai
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, PR China
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Ciencialová A, Neubauerová T, Šanda M, Šindelka R, Cvačka J, Voburka Z, Buděšínský M, Kašička V, Sázelová P, Šolínová V, Macková M, Koutek B, Jiráček J. Mapping the peptide and protein immune response in the larvae of the fleshflySarcophaga bullata. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:670-82. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mahbubur Rahman M, Roberts HLS, Schmidt O. Tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin in immune-suppressed larvae of the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 96:125-32. [PMID: 17499761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal endotoxins (Bt-toxins) is correlated with an elevated immune status in larvae of the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella. To gain more specific information about the effector pathways involved in the protection against the toxin, we studied the effects of Bt-toxin formulations in susceptible (non-induced) and tolerant (immune-induced) larvae after natural (parasitism-mediated) and chemical (tropolone-mediated) suppression of defence reactions. Although melanization in hemolymph was significantly reduced, there was no significant effect on susceptibility to the toxin in parasitised or tropolone-treated larvae. This suggests that melanization of hemolymph is correlated with an elevated immune status but not responsible for the observed tolerance to Bt-toxin. To examine whether hemolymph proteins exist in the gut lumen and function as pro-coagulants, we compared gut and plasma proteins of immune-induced with those of non-induced larvae. Here we show that the lipid carrier lipophorin represents a major component in the gut lumen and interacts with mature Bt-toxin to form a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahbubur Rahman
- Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Xue C, Luo W, Jiang L, Xie X, Xiao T, Yan L. Inhibition Kinetics of Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae L.) Larvae Phenoloxidase Activity by 3-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 143:101-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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