1
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Yumura S, Nakano M, Honda A, Hashimoto Y, Kondo T. Dynamics of intracellular cGMP during chemotaxis in Dictyostelium cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286882. [PMID: 36601895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) is a ubiquitous important second messenger involved in various physiological functions. Here, intracellular cGMP (cGMPi) was visualized in chemotactic Dictyostelium cells using the fluorescent probe, D-Green cGull. When wild-type cells were stimulated with a chemoattractant, fluorescence transiently increased, but guanylate cyclase-null cells did not show a change in fluorescence, suggesting that D-Green cGull is a reliable indicator of cGMPi. In the aggregation stage, the responses of cGMPi propagated in a wave-like fashion from the aggregation center. The oscillation of the cGMPi wave was synchronized almost in phase with those of other second messengers, such as the intracellular cAMP and Ca2+. The phases of these waves preceded those of the oscillations of actomyosin and cell velocity, suggesting that these second messengers are upstream of the actomyosin and chemotactic migration. An acute increase in cGMPi concentration released from membrane-permeable caged cGMP induced a transient shuttle of myosin II between the cytosol and cell cortex, suggesting a direct link between cGMP signaling and myosin II dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Aika Honda
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Tomo Kondo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Hutterer FP, Buchmann B, Engelbrecht LK, Bausch AR. Collective cell migration during human mammary gland organoid morphogenesis. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041401. [PMID: 38505519 PMCID: PMC10903482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis is driven by cellular migration patterns, which become accessible for observation in organoid cultures. We demonstrate here that mammary gland organoids cultured from human primary cells, exhibit oscillatory and collective migration patterns during their development into highly branched structures, as well as persistent rotational motion within the developed alveoli. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging, we observed cellular movement over the course of several days and subsequently characterized the underlying migration pattern by means of optical flow algorithms. Confined by the surrounding collagen matrix, characteristic correlated back-and-forth movements emerge due to a mismatch between branch invasion and cell migration speeds throughout the branch invasion phase. In contrast, alveolar cells exhibit continuous movement in the same direction. By modulating cell-cell adhesions, we identified collective migration as a prerequisite for sustaining these migration patterns both during the branching elongation process and after alveolus maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P. Hutterer
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Center for Protein Assemplies (CPA) and Center of Organoid Systems (COS), Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Buchmann
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Center for Protein Assemplies (CPA) and Center of Organoid Systems (COS), Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Lisa K. Engelbrecht
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Center for Protein Assemplies (CPA) and Center of Organoid Systems (COS), Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas R. Bausch
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Center for Protein Assemplies (CPA) and Center of Organoid Systems (COS), Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
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3
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Consalvo KM, Kirolos SA, Sestak CE, Gomer RH. Sex-Based Differences in Human Neutrophil Chemorepulsion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:354-367. [PMID: 35793910 PMCID: PMC9283293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount is known about how eukaryotic cells move toward an attractant, and the mechanisms are conserved from Dictyostelium discoideum to human neutrophils. Relatively little is known about chemorepulsion, where cells move away from a repellent signal. We previously identified pathways mediating chemorepulsion in Dictyostelium, and here we show that these pathways, including Ras, Rac, protein kinase C, PTEN, and ERK1 and 2, are required for human neutrophil chemorepulsion, and, as with Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, PI3K and phospholipase C are not necessary, suggesting that eukaryotic chemorepulsion mechanisms are conserved. Surprisingly, there were differences between male and female neutrophils. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases or Cdc42 caused male neutrophils to be more repelled by a chemorepellent and female neutrophils to be attracted to the chemorepellent. In the presence of a chemorepellent, compared with male neutrophils, female neutrophils showed a reduced percentage of repelled neutrophils, greater persistence of movement, more adhesion, less accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3, and less polymerization of actin. Five proteins associated with chemorepulsion pathways are differentially abundant, with three of the five showing sex dimorphism in protein localization in unstimulated male and female neutrophils. Together, this indicates a fundamental difference in a motility mechanism in the innate immune system in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Chelsea E Sestak
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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4
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Bull AL, Campanello L, Hourwitz MJ, Yang Q, Zhao M, Fourkas JT, Losert W. Actin Dynamics as a Multiscale Integrator of Cellular Guidance Cues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873567. [PMID: 35573675 PMCID: PMC9092214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells must integrate multiple, competing external guidance cues. However, it is not well understood how cells prioritize among these cues. We investigate external cue integration by monitoring the response of wave-like, actin-polymerization dynamics, the driver of cell motility, to combinations of nanotopographies and electric fields in neutrophil-like cells. The electric fields provide a global guidance cue, and approximate conditions at wound sites in vivo. The nanotopographies have dimensions similar to those of collagen fibers, and act as a local esotactic guidance cue. We find that cells prioritize guidance cues, with electric fields dominating long-term motility by introducing a unidirectional bias in the locations at which actin waves nucleate. That bias competes successfully with the wave guidance provided by the bidirectional nanotopographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L. Bull
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leonard Campanello
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Matt J. Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Qixin Yang
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John T. Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Losert,
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5
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Xu X, Quan W, Zhang F, Jin T. A systems approach to investigate GPCR-mediated Ras signaling network in chemoattractant sensing. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar23. [PMID: 34910560 PMCID: PMC9250378 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A GPCR-mediated signaling network enables a chemotactic cell to generate adaptative Ras signaling in response to a large range of concentrations of a chemoattractant. To explore potential regulatory mechanisms of GPCR-controlled Ras signaling in chemosensing, we applied a software package, Simmune, to construct detailed spatiotemporal models simulating responses of the cAR1-mediated Ras signaling network. We first determined the dynamics of G-protein activation and Ras signaling in Dictyostelium cells in response to cAMP stimulations using live-cell imaging and then constructed computation models by incorporating potential mechanisms. Using simulations, we validated the dynamics of signaling events and predicted the dynamic profiles of those events in the cAR1-mediated Ras signaling networks with defective Ras inhibitory mechanisms, such as without RasGAP, with RasGAP overexpression, or with RasGAP hyperactivation. We describe a method of using Simmune to construct spatiotemporal models of a signaling network and run computational simulations without writing mathematical equations. This approach will help biologists to develop and analyze computational models that parallel live-cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Xu
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Wei Quan
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Fengkai Zhang
- Computational Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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6
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Moon HR, Saha S, Mugler A, Han B. Signal processing capacity of the cellular sensory machinery regulates the accuracy of chemotaxis under complex cues. iScience 2021; 24:103242. [PMID: 34746705 PMCID: PMC8554535 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is ubiquitous in many biological processes, but it still remains elusive how cells sense and decipher multiple chemical cues. In this study, we postulate a hypothesis that the chemotactic performance of cells under complex cues is regulated by the signal processing capacity of the cellular sensory machinery. The underlying rationale is that cells in vivo should be able to sense and process multiple chemical cues, whose magnitude and compositions are entangled, to determine their migration direction. We experimentally show that the combination of transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor suppresses the chemotactic performance of cancer cells using independent receptors to sense the two cues. Based on this observation, we develop a biophysical framework suggesting that the antagonism is caused by the saturation of the signal processing capacity but not by the mutual repression. Our framework suggests the significance of the signal processing capacity in the cellular sensory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Soutick Saha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew Mugler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Ecker N, Kruse K. Excitable actin dynamics and amoeboid cell migration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246311. [PMID: 33524055 PMCID: PMC7850500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid cell migration is characterized by frequent changes of the direction of motion and resembles a persistent random walk on long time scales. Although it is well known that cell migration is typically driven by the actin cytoskeleton, the cause of this migratory behavior remains poorly understood. We analyze the spontaneous dynamics of actin assembly due to nucleation promoting factors, where actin filaments lead to an inactivation of these factors. We show that this system exhibits excitable dynamics and can spontaneously generate waves, which we analyze in detail. By using a phase-field approach, we show that these waves can generate cellular random walks. We explore how the characteristics of these persistent random walks depend on the parameters governing the actin-nucleator dynamics. In particular, we find that the effective diffusion constant and the persistence time depend strongly on the speed of filament assembly and the rate of nucleator inactivation. Our findings point to a deterministic origin of the random walk behavior and suggest that cells could adapt their migration pattern by modifying the pool of available actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ecker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cell-ECM contact-guided intracellular polarization is mediated via lamin A/C dependent nucleus-cytoskeletal connection. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120548. [PMID: 33260092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization plays a crucial role in dynamic cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and directional migration in response to diverse extracellular and intracellular signals. Although it is well known that cell polarization entails highly orchestrated intracellular molecular reorganization, the underlying mechanism of repositioning by intracellular organelles in the presence of multiple stimuli is still unclear. Here, we show that front-rear cell polarization based on the relative positions of nucleus and microtubule organizing center is precisely controlled by mechanical interactions including cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix and nucleus-cytoskeletal connections. By modulating the size and distribution of fibronectin-coated adhesive spots located in the polarized cell shape mimicking micropatterns, we monitored the alterations in cell polarity. We found that the localization of individual adhesive spots is more dominant than the cell shape itself to induce intracellular polarization. Further, the degree of cell polarization was diminished significantly by disrupting nuclear lamin A/C. We further confirm that geometrical cue-guided intracellular polarization determines directional cell migration via local activation of Cdc42. These findings provide novel insights into the role of nucleus-cytoskeletal connections in single cell polarization under a combination of physical, molecular, and genetic cues, where lamin A/C acts as a critical molecular mediator in ECM sensing and signal transduction via nucleus-cytoskeletal connection.
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9
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Enomoto U, Imashiro C, Takemura K. Collective cell migration of fibroblasts is affected by horizontal vibration of the cell culture dish. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:402-411. [PMID: 32944015 PMCID: PMC7481772 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulating the collective migration of cells is an important issue in bioengineering. Enhancing or suppressing cell migration and controlling the migration direction is useful for various physiological phenomena such as wound healing. Several methods of migration regulation based on different mechanical stimuli have been reported. While vibrational stimuli, such as sound waves, show promise for regulating migration, the effect of the vibration direction on collective cell migration has not been studied in depth. Therefore, we fabricated a vibrating system that can apply horizontal vibration to a cell culture dish. Here, we evaluated the effect of the vibration direction on the collective migration of fibroblasts in a wound model comprising two culture areas separated by a gap. Results showed that the vibration direction affects the cell migration distance: vibration orthogonal to the gap enhances the collective cell migration distance while vibration parallel to the gap suppresses it. Results also showed that conditions leading to enhanced migration distance were also associated with elevated glucose consumption. Furthermore, under conditions promoting cell migration, the cell nuclei become elongated and oriented orthogonal to the gap. In contrast, under conditions that reduce the migration distance, cell nuclei were oriented to the direction parallel to the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Enomoto
- School of Science for Open and Environmental SystemsGraduate School of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Chikahiro Imashiro
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKeio UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and ScienceTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKeio UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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10
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Cheng Y, Felix B, Othmer HG. The Roles of Signaling in Cytoskeletal Changes, Random Movement, Direction-Sensing and Polarization of Eukaryotic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1437. [PMID: 32531876 PMCID: PMC7348768 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of cells and tissues is essential at various stages during the lifetime of an organism, including morphogenesis in early development, in the immune response to pathogens, and during wound-healing and tissue regeneration. Individual cells are able to move in a variety of microenvironments (MEs) (A glossary of the acronyms used herein is given at the end) by suitably adapting both their shape and how they transmit force to the ME, but how cells translate environmental signals into the forces that shape them and enable them to move is poorly understood. While many of the networks involved in signal detection, transduction and movement have been characterized, how intracellular signals control re-building of the cyctoskeleton to enable movement is not understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of signal transduction networks related to direction-sensing and movement, and some of the problems that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougan Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
| | - Bryan Felix
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
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11
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Kłopocka W, Korczyński J, Pomorski P. Cytoskeleton and Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:109-128. [PMID: 32034711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways, stimulated by the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y2R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of iphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y2R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are calcium signaling which regulates MLC kinase activation via calmodulin, and the Rac1/PAK/LIMK cascade. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via Go proteins needs additional interaction between αvβ5 integrins and P2Y2Rs. Calcium free medium, or growing of the cells in suspension, prevents Gαo activation by P2Y2 receptors. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Kłopocka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Korczyński
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Stanoev A, Nandan AP, Koseska A. Organization at criticality enables processing of time-varying signals by receptor networks. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8870. [PMID: 32090487 PMCID: PMC7036718 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells utilize surface receptors for chemoreception is a recurrent question spanning between physics and biology over the past few decades. However, the dynamical mechanism for processing time-varying signals is still unclear. Using dynamical systems formalism to describe criticality in non-equilibrium systems, we propose generic principle for temporal information processing through phase space trajectories using dynamic transient memory. In contrast to short-term memory, dynamic memory generated via "ghost" attractor enables signal integration depending on stimulus history and thereby uniquely promotes integrating and interpreting complex temporal growth factor signals. We argue that this is a generic feature of receptor networks, the first layer of the cell that senses the changing environment. Using the experimentally established epidermal growth factor sensing system, we propose how recycling could provide self-organized maintenance of the critical receptor concentration at the plasma membrane through a simple, fluctuation-sensing mechanism. Processing of non-stationary signals, a feature previously attributed only to neural networks, thus uniquely emerges for receptor networks organized at criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Stanoev
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Akhilesh P Nandan
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
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13
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Morrow CM, Mukherjee A, Traore MA, Leaman EJ, Kim A, Smith EM, Nain AS, Behkam B. Integrating nanofibers with biochemical gradients to investigate physiologically-relevant fibroblast chemotaxis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3641-3651. [PMID: 31560021 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent cell migration can occur due to anisotropy in the extracellular matrix (ECM), the gradient of a chemo-effector, or a combination of both. Through a variety of in vitro platforms, the contributions of either stimulus have been extensively studied, while the combined effect of both cues remains poorly described. Here, we report an integrative microfluidic chemotaxis assay device that enables the study of single cell chemotaxis on ECM-mimicking, aligned, and suspended nanofibers. Using this assay, we evaluated the effect of fiber spacing on the morphology and chemotaxis response of embryonic murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in the presence of temporally invariant, linear gradients of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). We found that the strength of PDGF-mediated chemotaxis response depends on not only the gradient slope but also the cell morphology. Low aspect ratio (3.4 ± 0.2) cells on flat substrata exhibited a chemotaxis response only at a PDGF-BB gradient of 0-10 ng mL-1. However, high aspect ratio (19.1 ± 0.7) spindle-shaped cells attached to individual fibers exhibited maximal chemotaxis response at a ten-fold shallower gradient of 0-1 ng mL-1, which was robustly maintained up to 0-10 ng mL-1. Quadrilateral-shaped cells of intermediate aspect ratio (13.6 ± 0.8) attached to two fibers exhibited a weaker response compared to the spindle-shaped cells, but still stronger compared to cells attached to 2D featureless substrata. Through pharmacological inhibition, we show that the mesenchymal chemotaxis pathway is conserved in cells on fibers. Altogether, our findings show that chemotaxis on ECM-mimicking fibers is modulated by fiber spacing-driven cell shape and can be significantly different from the behavior observed on flat 2D substrata. We envisage that this microfluidic platform will have wide applicability in understanding the combined role of ECM architecture and chemotaxis in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Morrow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Apratim Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Mahama A Traore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric J Leaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - AhRam Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Evan M Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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14
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Rissone A, Burgess SM. Rare Genetic Blood Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 30233640 PMCID: PMC6127601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis results in the correct formation of all the different blood cell types. In mammals, it starts from specific hematopoietic stem and precursor cells residing in the bone marrow. Mature blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to every cell of the organism and for the protection against pathogens. Therefore, inherited or de novo genetic mutations affecting blood cell formation or the regulation of their activity are responsible for numerous diseases including anemia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, hyper- or hypo-inflammation, and cancer. By definition, an animal disease model is an analogous version of a specific clinical condition developed by researchers to gain information about its pathophysiology. Among all the model species used in comparative medicine, mice continue to be the most common and accepted model for biomedical research. However, because of the complexity of human diseases and the intrinsic differences between humans and other species, the use of several models (possibly in distinct species) can often be more helpful and informative than the use of a single model. In recent decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become increasingly popular among researchers, because it represents an inexpensive alternative compared to mammalian models, such as mice. Numerous advantages make it an excellent animal model to be used in genetic studies and in particular in modeling human blood diseases. Comparing zebrafish hematopoiesis to mammals, it is highly conserved with few, significant differences. In addition, the zebrafish model has a high-quality, complete genomic sequence available that shows a high level of evolutionary conservation with the human genome, empowering genetic and genomic approaches. Moreover, the external fertilization, the high fecundity and the transparency of their embryos facilitate rapid, in vivo analysis of phenotypes. In addition, the ability to manipulate its genome using the last genome editing technologies, provides powerful tools for developing new disease models and understanding the pathophysiology of human disorders. This review provides an overview of the different approaches and techniques that can be used to model genetic diseases in zebrafish, discussing how this animal model has contributed to the understanding of genetic diseases, with a specific focus on the blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rissone
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Cramer LP, Kay RR, Zatulovskiy E. Repellent and Attractant Guidance Cues Initiate Cell Migration by Distinct Rear-Driven and Front-Driven Cytoskeletal Mechanisms. Curr Biol 2018. [PMID: 29526589 PMCID: PMC5863766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attractive and repulsive cell guidance is essential for animal life and important in disease. Cell migration toward attractants dominates studies [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], but migration away from repellents is important in biology yet relatively little studied [5, 9, 10]. It is widely held that cells initiate migration by protrusion of their front [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], yet this has not been explicitly tested for cell guidance because cell margin displacement at opposite ends of the cell has not been distinguished for any cue. We argue that protrusion of the front, retraction of the rear, or both together could in principle break cell symmetry and start migration in response to guidance cues [16]. Here, we find in the Dictyostelium model [6] that an attractant—cAMP—breaks symmetry by causing protrusion of the front of the cell, whereas its repellent analog—8CPT—breaks symmetry by causing retraction of the rear. Protrusion of the front of these cells in response to cAMP starts with local actin filament assembly, while the delayed retraction of the rear is independent of both myosin II polarization and of motor-based contractility. On the contrary, myosin II accumulates locally in the rear of the cell in response to 8CPT, anticipating retraction and required for it, while local actin assembly is delayed and couples to delayed protrusion at the front. These data reveal an important new concept in the understanding of cell guidance. In attractant, cell front protrusion breaks cell symmetry and starts migration In repellent, cell rear retraction breaks cell symmetry and starts migration Myosin II motor is not required for front-driven migration toward attractant Biased myosin II motor contractility drives rear-driven migration away from repellent
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise P Cramer
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty Life Science, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK.
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - Evgeny Zatulovskiy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
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16
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Jian M, Nan L, Guocheng J, Qingfu Z, Xueshan Q, Enhua W. Downregulating PRL-3 Inhibit Migration and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cell via RhoA and mDia1. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:370-6. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The overexpression of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) affects the migration and invasion of epithelial cells. Little is known about the substrates or pathways that PRL-3 interacts with. Methods We studied the action and the mechanism of PRL-3 in migration and invasion of lung cancer. We detected the expression of PRL-3 in lung cancer cell lines and normal human bronchial epithelial cell. Results We found that PRL-3 expression was high in lung cancer cells. Knockdown of PRL-3 by siRNA inhibited cell migration and invasion and reorganizated the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, blocking PRL-3 decreased RhoA activity and mDia1 expression. Blocking RhoA or mDia1 showed the similar changes of cytoskeleton and suppression of migration and invasion as inhibiting PRL-3 expression. Blocking RhoA inhibited the expression of mDia1. Conclusions These data indicate that downregulating PRL-3 inhibit cell migration and invasion by inactivating RhoA to downregulate mDia1 to reorganizate cytoskeleton of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jian
- Department of Pathology, First
Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University,
Shenyang
- No.202 Hospital of People Liberation
Army of China, Shenyang
| | - Liu Nan
- Department of Pathology and Department
of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR
China
| | - Jiang Guocheng
- No.202 Hospital of People Liberation
Army of China, Shenyang
| | - Zhang Qingfu
- Department of Pathology, First
Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University,
Shenyang
| | - Qiu Xueshan
- Department of Pathology, First
Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University,
Shenyang
| | - Wang Enhua
- Department of Pathology, First
Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University,
Shenyang
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Lacal Romero J, Shen Z, Baumgardner K, Wei J, Briggs SP, Firtel RA. The Dictyostelium GSK3 kinase GlkA coordinates signal relay and chemotaxis in response to growth conditions. Dev Biol 2018; 435:56-72. [PMID: 29355521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GSK3 plays a central role in orchestrating key biological signaling pathways, including cell migration. Here, we identify GlkA as a GSK3 family kinase with functions that overlap with and are distinct from those of GskA. We show that GlkA, as previously shown for GskA, regulates the cell's cytoskeleton through MyoII assembly and control of Ras and Rap1 function, leading to aberrant cell migration. However, there are both qualitative and quantitative differences in the regulation of Ras and Rap1 and their downstream effectors, including PKB, PKBR1, and PI3K, with glkA- cells exhibiting a more severe chemotaxis phenotype than gskA- cells. Unexpectedly, the severe glkA- phenotypes, but not those of gskA-, are only exhibited when cells are grown attached to a substratum but not in suspension, suggesting that GlkA functions as a key kinase of cell attachment signaling. Using proteomic iTRAQ analysis we show that there are quantitative differences in the pattern of protein expression depending on the growth conditions in wild-type cells. We find that GlkA expression affects the cell's proteome during vegetative growth and development, with many of these changes depending on whether the cells are grown attached to a substratum or in suspension. These changes include key cytoskeletal and signaling proteins known to be essential for proper chemotaxis and signal relay during the aggregation stage of Dictyostelium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lacal Romero
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Kimberly Baumgardner
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- JadeBio, Inc., 505 Coast Boulevard South Suite 206, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Richard A Firtel
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA.
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18
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Mitochondrial Stress Tests Using Seahorse Respirometry on Intact Dictyostelium discoideum Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1407:41-61. [PMID: 27271893 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3480-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria not only play a critical and central role in providing metabolic energy to the cell but are also integral to the other cellular processes such as modulation of various signaling pathways. These pathways affect many aspects of cell physiology, including cell movement, growth, division, differentiation, and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction which affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and causes oxidative phosphorylation defects can thus lead to altered cellular physiology and manifest in disease. The assessment of the mitochondrial bioenergetics can thus provide valuable insights into the physiological state, and the alterations to the state of the cells. Here, we describe a method to successfully use the Seahorse XF(e)24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer to assess the mitochondrial respirometry of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.
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GPCR-controlled membrane recruitment of negative regulator C2GAP1 locally inhibits Ras signaling for adaptation and long-range chemotaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10092-E10101. [PMID: 29109256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703208114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells chemotax in a wide range of chemoattractant concentration gradients, and thus need inhibitory processes that terminate cell responses to reach adaptation while maintaining sensitivity to higher-concentration stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying inhibitory processes are still poorly understood. Here, we reveal a locally controlled inhibitory process in a GPCR-mediated signaling network for chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum We identified a negative regulator of Ras signaling, C2GAP1, which localizes at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells and is activated by and essential for GPCR-mediated Ras signaling. We show that both C2 and GAP domains are required for the membrane targeting of C2GAP1, and that GPCR-triggered Ras activation is necessary to recruit C2GAP1 from the cytosol and retains it on the membrane to locally inhibit Ras signaling. C2GAP1-deficient c2gapA- cells have altered Ras activation that results in impaired gradient sensing, excessive polymerization of F actin, and subsequent defective chemotaxis. Remarkably, these cellular defects of c2gapA- cells are chemoattractant concentration dependent. Thus, we have uncovered an inhibitory mechanism required for adaptation and long-range chemotaxis.
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20
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Early Purkinje Cell Development and the Origins of Cerebellar Patterning. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59749-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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21
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Dynamics of Actin Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions during Slow Migration in Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts: Intracellular Mechanism of Cell Turning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5749749. [PMID: 28119928 PMCID: PMC5227335 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5749749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To understand the mechanism regulating the spontaneous change in polarity that leads to cell turning, we quantitatively analyzed the dynamics of focal adhesions (FAs) coupling with the self-assembling actin cytoskeletal structure in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Fluorescent images were acquired from cells expressing GFP-actin and RFP-zyxin by laser confocal microscopy. On the basis of the maximum area, duration, and relocation distance of FAs extracted from the RFP-zyxin images, the cells could be divided into 3 regions: the front region, intermediate lateral region, and rear region. In the intermediate lateral region, FAs appeared close to the leading edge and were stabilized gradually as its area increased. Simultaneously, bundled actin stress fibers (SFs) were observed vertically from the positions of these FAs, and they connected to the other SFs parallel to the leading edge. Finally, these connecting SFs fused to form a single SF with matured FAs at both ends. This change in SF organization with cell retraction in the first cycle of migration followed by a newly formed protrusion in the next cycle is assumed to lead to cell turning in migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
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22
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Bretschneider T, Othmer HG, Weijer CJ. Progress and perspectives in signal transduction, actin dynamics, and movement at the cell and tissue level: lessons from Dictyostelium. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160047. [PMID: 27708767 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of cells and tissues is a basic biological process that is used in development, wound repair, the immune response to bacterial invasion, tumour formation and metastasis, and the search for food and mates. While some cell movement is random, directed movement stimulated by extracellular signals is our focus here. This involves a sequence of steps in which cells first detect extracellular chemical and/or mechanical signals via membrane receptors that activate signal transduction cascades and produce intracellular signals. These intracellular signals control the motile machinery of the cell and thereby determine the spatial localization of the sites of force generation needed to produce directed motion. Understanding how force generation within cells and mechanical interactions with their surroundings, including other cells, are controlled in space and time to produce cell-level movement is a major challenge, and involves many issues that are amenable to mathematical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Bretschneider
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA
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23
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Varennes J, Mugler A. Sense and Sensitivity: Physical Limits to Multicellular Sensing, Migration, and Drug Response. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2224-32. [PMID: 26835969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a process of cell migration that can be collective and guided by chemical cues. Viewing metastasis in this way, as a physical phenomenon, allows one to draw upon insights from other studies of collective sensing and migration in cell biology. Here we review recent progress in the study of cell sensing and migration as collective phenomena, including in the context of metastatic cells. We describe simple physical models that yield the limits to the precision of cell sensing, and we review experimental evidence that cells operate near these limits. Models of collective migration are surveyed in order to understand how collective metastatic invasion can occur. We conclude by contrasting cells' sensory abilities with their sensitivity to drugs and suggesting potential alternatives to cell-death-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Varennes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Mugler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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24
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Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E679-88. [PMID: 26792522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516503113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single-cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored whether cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow epidermal growth factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
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25
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The Novel Functions of the PLC/PKC/PKD Signaling Axis in G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Chemotaxis of Neutrophils. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:817604. [PMID: 26605346 PMCID: PMC4641950 DOI: 10.1155/2015/817604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, a directional cell migration guided by extracellular chemoattractant gradients, plays an essential role in the recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Chemotaxis is mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway. Extracellular stimuli trigger activation of the PLC/PKC/PKD signaling axis, which controls several signaling pathways. Here, we concentrate on the novel functions of PLC/PKC/PKD signaling in GPCR-mediated chemotaxis of neutrophils.
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26
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Shikinaka K, Shigehara K. Ordered structurization of imogolite clay nanotubes by the spatiotemporal regulation of their assemblies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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A morphoelastic model for dermal wound closure. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:663-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Grzincic EM, Murphy CJ. Gold Nanorods Indirectly Promote Migration of Metastatic Human Breast Cancer Cells in Three-Dimensional Cultures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6801-6816. [PMID: 26118624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials are intensively studied for applications in disease detection, diagnosis and therapeutics, and this has motivated considerable research to determine their interaction with biomolecules, cells and cell behaviors. However, few studies look at how nanomaterials alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-ECM interactions. Nanomaterials in the body would interact with the entire cellular environment, and it is imperative to account for this when studying the impact of nanomaterials on living systems. Furthermore, recent evidence finds that migration rates of cells in 2D can be affected by nanomaterials, and uptake of the nanomaterials is not necessary to exert an effect. In this study, three-dimensional nested type I collagen matrices were utilized as a model ECM to study how gold nanorods affect the migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Spontaneous cell migration through collagen containing gold nanorods was found to increase with increasing concentrations of gold nanorods, independent of intracellular uptake of the nanorods. Gold nanorods in the collagen matrix were found to alter collagen mechanical properties and structure, molecular diffusion, cellular adhesion, cell morphology, mode of migration and protease expression. Correlation between decreased cellular adhesion and rounded cell morphology and locomotion in nanorod-containing collagen suggests the induction of an amoeboid-like migratory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Grzincic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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29
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Tanaka T, Iino M. Sec8 regulates cytokeratin8 phosphorylation and cell migration by controlling the ERK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Single-molecule tracking of small GTPase Rac1 uncovers spatial regulation of membrane translocation and mechanism for polarized signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E267-76. [PMID: 25561548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409667112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized Rac1 signaling is a hallmark of many cellular functions, including cell adhesion, motility, and cell division. The two steps of Rac1 activation are its translocation to the plasma membrane and the exchange of nucleotide from GDP to GTP. It is, however, unclear whether these two processes are regulated independent of each other and what their respective roles are in polarization of Rac1 signaling. We designed a single-particle tracking (SPT) method to quantitatively analyze the kinetics of Rac1 membrane translocation in living cells. We found that the rate of Rac1 translocation was significantly elevated in protrusions during cell spreading on collagen. Furthermore, combining FRET sensor imaging with SPT measurements in the same cell, the recruitment of Rac1 was found to be polarized to an extent similar to that of the nucleotide exchange process. Statistical analysis of single-molecule trajectories and optogenetic manipulation of membrane lipids revealed that Rac1 membrane translocation precedes nucleotide exchange, and is governed primarily by interactions with phospholipids, particularly PI(3,4,5)P3, instead of protein factors. Overall, the study highlights the significance of membrane translocation in spatial Rac1 signaling, which is in addition to the traditional view focusing primarily on GEF distribution and exchange reaction.
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31
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Kim SH, Lee GH, Park JY, Lee SH. Microplatforms for gradient field generation of various properties and biological applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:82-95. [PMID: 25510472 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214562247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Well-designed microfluidic platforms can be excellent tools to eliminate bottleneck problems or issues that have arisen in biological fields by providing unprecedented high-resolution control of mechanical and chemical microenvironments for cell culture. Among such microtechnologies, the precise generation of biochemical concentration gradients has been highly regarded in the biorelated scientific fields; even today, the principles and mechanisms for gradient generation continue to be refined, and the number of applications for this technique is growing. Here, we review the current status of the concentration gradient generation technologies achieved in various microplatforms and how they have been and will be applied to biological issues, particularly those that have arisen from cancer research, stem cell research, and tissue engineering. We also provide information about the advances and future challenges in the technological aspects of microscale concentration gradient generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hun Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Feng S, Zhu W. Bidirectional molecular transport shapes cell polarization in a two-dimensional model of eukaryotic chemotaxis. J Theor Biol 2014; 363:235-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kim JS, Kang CG, Kim SH, Lee EO. Rhapontigenin suppresses cell migration and invasion by inhibiting the PI3K-dependent Rac1 signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1135-1139. [PMID: 24828286 DOI: 10.1021/np401078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The invasive behavior of cancer cells resulting in metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. Rhapontigenin (1) has various biological activities including anticancer activities. However, whether and how 1 affects cancer invasion has never been explored. Here, we examined the anti-invasive effects of 1 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in the highly invasive human breast cancer cell line designated MDA-MB-231. At noncytotoxic concentrations, 1 strongly suppressed serum-induced cell migration and invasion as judged by Boyden chamber analysis and wound-healing assays, respectively. Compound 1 strikingly reduced Rac1 activity as judged by both absorbance-based and pull-down assays. In addition, its downstream effectors such as WASP-family verprolin homologous proteins 2 (WAVE-2) and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) signaling cascades were attenuated after treatment with 1. Immunofluorescence staining showed that 1 diminished lamellipodia formation at the leading edge of cells. Finally, 1 decreased the phosphorylation of phosphoinisitide-3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT. Rac1 activity was inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. Taken together, these results suggest that 1 suppresses breast cancer cell migration and invasion, which is involved in inhibiting the PI3K-dependent Rac1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Yan B, Han P, Pan L, Lu W, Xiong J, Zhang M, Zhang W, Li L, Wen Z. Il-1β and Reactive Oxygen Species Differentially Regulate Neutrophil Directional Migration and Basal Random Motility in a Zebrafish Injury–Induced Inflammation Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5998-6008. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Huang X, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Wei L, Lai Y, Wu J, Liu X, Liu X. Rac1 mediates laminar shear stress-induced vascular endothelial cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:462-8. [PMID: 24430179 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of endothelial cells (ECs) plays an important role in vascular remodeling and regeneration. ECs are constantly subjected to shear stress resulting from blood flow and are able to convert mechanical stimuli into intracellular signals that affect cellular behaviors and functions. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of Rac1, which is the member of small G protein family, on EC migration under different laminar shear stress (5.56, 10.02, and 15.27 dyn/cm(2)). The cell migration distance under laminar shear stress increased significantly than that under the static culture condition. Especially, under relative high shear stress (15.27 dyn/cm(2)) there was a higher difference at 8 h (P<0.01) and 2 h (P<0.05) compared with static controls. RT-PCR results further showed increasing mRNA expression of Rac1 in ECs exposed to laminar shear stress than that exposed to static culture. Using plasmids encoding the wild-type (WT), an activated mutant (Q61L), and a dominant-negative mutant (T17N), plasmids encoding Rac1 were transfected into EA.hy 926 cells. The average net migration distance of Rac1Q61L group increased significantly, while Rac1T17N group decreased significantly in comparison with the static controls. These results indicated that Rac1 mediated shear stress-induced EC migration. Our findings conduce to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EC migration induced by shear stress, which is expected to understand the pathophysiological basis of wound healing in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Ultrasonics; Institute of Women and Children's Health; West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lin Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Yi Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; PR China
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Xiao L, Hu C, Yang W, Guo D, Li C, Shen W, Liu X, Aijun H, Dan W, He C. NMDA receptor couples Rac1-GEF Tiam1 to direct oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration. Glia 2013; 61:2078-99. [PMID: 24123220 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Aijun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Dan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Jin T. Gradient sensing during chemotaxis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:532-7. [PMID: 23880435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the ability to sense chemoattractant gradients and to migrate toward the sources of attractants. The chemical gradient-guided cell movement is referred to as chemotaxis. Chemoattractants are detected by members of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that link to heterotrimeric G-proteins. The GPCR/G-protein sensing machinery is able to translate external chemoattractants fields into intercellular cues, which direct reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that drives cell movement. Here, I review our current understanding of the formation of chemoattractant gradients in vivo, the GPCR-mediated gradient sensing, and the sophisticated signaling network that guides the function of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II Facility, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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Kim SH, Kang JH, Yang MP. Fucoidan directly regulates the chemotaxis of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells by activating F-actin polymerization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 151:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cytoskeleton and nucleotide signaling in glioma C6 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:103-19. [PMID: 22879066 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways stimulated by the P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(2)R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y(2)R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y(2)R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are connected with calcium signaling. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via G(o) proteins needs additional interaction between α(v)β(5) integrins and P2Y(2)Rs. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Abstract
Phagocytosis and innate immune responses to solid structures are topics of interest and debate. Alum, monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate, silica and by extension all solid entities draw varying degrees of attention from phagocytes, such as antigen presenting cells. For some, innocuous soluble metabolites turn into fierce irritants upon crystallization, pointing to divergent signaling mechanisms of a given substance in its soluble and solid states. Over the years, many mechanisms have been proposed, including phagocytic receptors, toll like receptors, and NACHT-LRRs (NLRs), as well as several other protein structure mediated recognition of the solids. Is there a more general mechanism for sensing solids? In this perspective, I present an alternative view on the topic that membrane lipids can engage solid surfaces, and the binding intensity leads to cellular activation. I argue from the stands of evolution and biological necessity, as well as the progression of our understanding of cellular membranes and phagocytosis. The effort is to invite debate of the topic from a less familiar yet equally thrilling viewing angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Cell Migration: Regulation of cytoskeleton by Rap1 in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Microbiol 2012; 50:555-61. [PMID: 22923101 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sultana H, Neelakanta G, Rivero F, Blau-Wasser R, Schleicher M, Noegel AA. Ectopic expression of cyclase associated protein CAP restores the streaming and aggregation defects of adenylyl cyclase a deficient Dictyostelium discoideum cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:3. [PMID: 22239817 PMCID: PMC3316131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell adhesion, an integral part of D. discoideum development, is important for morphogenesis and regulated gene expression in the multicellular context and is required to trigger cell-differentiation. G-protein linked adenylyl cyclase pathways are crucially involved and a mutant lacking the aggregation specific adenylyl cyclase ACA does not undergo multicellular development. Results Here, we have investigated the role of cyclase-associated protein (CAP), an important regulator of cell polarity and F-actin/G-actin ratio in the aca- mutant. We show that ectopic expression of GFP-CAP improves cell polarization, streaming and aggregation in aca- cells, but it fails to completely restore development. Our studies indicate a requirement of CAP in the ACA dependent signal transduction for progression of the development of unicellular amoebae into multicellular structures. The reduced expression of the cell adhesion molecule DdCAD1 together with csA is responsible for the defects in aca- cells to initiate multicellular development. Early development was restored by the expression of GFP-CAP that enhanced the DdCAD1 transcript levels and to a lesser extent the csA mRNA levels. Conclusions Collectively, our data shows a novel role of CAP in regulating cell adhesion mechanisms during development that might be envisioned to unravel the functions of mammalian CAP during animal embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Zhao M, Chalmers L, Cao L, Vieira AC, Mannis M, Reid B. Electrical signaling in control of ocular cell behaviors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 31:65-88. [PMID: 22020127 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia of the cornea, lens and retina contain a vast array of ion channels and pumps. Together they produce a polarized flow of ions in and out of cells, as well as across the epithelia. These naturally occurring ion fluxes are essential to the hydration and metabolism of the ocular tissues, especially for the avascular cornea and lens. The directional transport of ions generates electric fields and currents in those tissues. Applied electric fields affect migration, division and proliferation of ocular cells which are important in homeostasis and healing of the ocular tissues. Abnormalities in any of those aspects may underlie many ocular diseases, for example chronic corneal ulcers, posterior capsule opacity after cataract surgery, and retinopathies. Electric field-inducing cellular responses, termed electrical signaling here, therefore may be an unexpected yet powerful mechanism in regulating ocular cell behavior. Both endogenous electric fields and applied electric fields could be exploited to regulate ocular cells. We aim to briefly describe the physiology of the naturally occurring electrical activities in the corneal, lens, and retinal epithelia, to provide experimental evidence of the effects of electric fields on ocular cell behaviors, and to suggest possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Zeng Y, Shen Y, Huang XL, Liu XJ, Liu XH. Roles of mechanical force and CXCR1/CXCR2 in shear-stress-induced endothelial cell migration. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 41:13-25. [PMID: 21989491 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CXCR1 and CXCR2 are novel mechanosensors mediating laminar shear-stress-induced endothelial cell (EC) migration (Zeng et al. in Cytokine 53:42-51, 2011). In the present study, an analytical model was proposed to further analyze the underlying mechanisms, assuming the mechanical force (MF) and mechanosensor-mediated biochemical reactions induce cell migration together. Shear stress can regulate both mechanosensor-mediated migration in the flow direction (Ms-M(FD)) and mechanosensor-mediated migration toward a wound (Ms-M(W)). Next, the migration distance, the roles of MF-induced cell migration (MF-M), and the mobilization mechanisms of mechanosensors were analyzed. The results demonstrated that MF-M plays an important role in 15.27 dyn/cm(2) shear-stress-induced EC migration but is far weaker than Ms-M(W) at 5.56 dyn/cm(2). Our findings also indicated that CXCR2 played a primary role, in synergy with CXCR1. The Ms-M(FD) was primarily mediated by the synergistic effect of CXCR1 and CXCR2. In Ms-M(W), when shear stress was beyond a certain threshold, the synergistic effect of CXCR1 and CXCR2 was enhanced, and the effect of CXCR1 was inhibited. Therefore, the retarding of EC migration and wound closure capacity under low shear flow was related to the low magnitude of shear stress, which may contribute to atherogenesis and many other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17 Renmin Nanlu 3 Duan, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Kabir AMR, Kakugo A, Gong JP, Osada Y. How to integrate biological motors towards bio-actuators fueled by ATP. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:1314-24. [PMID: 21793211 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological motors, driven by the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy, are much more efficient than man-made machines. The development of such efficient biomimetic motor systems in vitro is currently a vital need. However, great difficulty lies in how to integrate the sophisticated functions of the constituent components to obtain a performance as in the case of natural living systems. Based on 'active' and 'passive' self-organization principles, it has been demonstrated that the functions of motor protein systems can be integrated to obtain complex hierarchical structures that can work as actuators. Most of the works discussed here concern two-dimensional behavior, and recent works aim to explore the three-dimensional features of such artificial bio-mechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Md Rashedul Kabir
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Abstract
Chemotaxis of tumour cells and stromal cells in the surrounding microenvironment is an essential component of tumour dissemination during progression and metastasis. This Review summarizes how chemotaxis directs the different behaviours of tumour cells and stromal cells in vivo, how molecular pathways regulate chemotaxis in tumour cells and how chemotaxis choreographs cell behaviour to shape the tumour microenvironment and to determine metastatic spread. The central importance of chemotaxis in cancer progression is highlighted by discussion of the use of chemotaxis as a prognostic marker, a treatment end point and a target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T Roussos
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Program in Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Al-Shanti N, Faulkner SH, Saini A, Loram I, Stewart CE. A semi-automated programme for tracking myoblast migration following mechanical damage: manipulation by chemical inhibitors. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:625-36. [PMID: 21691080 DOI: 10.1159/000330071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential roles for undifferentiated skeletal muscle stem cells or satellite cells in muscle hypertrophy and repair have been reported, however, the capacity, the mode and the mechanisms underpinning migration have not been investigated. We hypothesised that damaged skeletal myoblasts would elicit a mesenchymal-like migratory response, which could be precisely tracked and subsequently manipulated. METHODS We therefore established a model of mechanical damage and developed a MATLAB(TM) tool to measure the migratory capacity of myoblasts in a non-subjective manner. RESULTS Basal migration following damage was highly directional, with total migration distances of 948μm ± 239μm being recorded (average 0-24 hour distances: 491μm ± 113μm and 24-48 hour distances: 460μm ± 218μm). Pharmacological inhibition of MEK or PI3-K using PD98059 (20μM) or LY294002 (5μm), resulted in significant reduction of overall cell migration distances of 38% (p<0.001) and 39.5% (p<0.0004), respectively. Using the semi-automated cell tracking using MATLAB(TM) program we validated that not only was migration distance reduced as a consequence of reduced cell velocity, but critically also as a result of altered directionality of migration. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that murine myoblasts in culture migrate and provide a good model for studying responsiveness to damage in vitro. They illustrate for the first time the powerful tool that MATLAB(TM) provides in determining that both velocity and directional capacity influence the migratory potential of cellular movement with obvious implications for homing and for metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Shanti
- School of Healthcare Science, Institute for Biomedical Research Into Human Movement and Health (IRM), MMU, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Myre MA, Lumsden AL, Thompson MN, Wasco W, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF. Deficiency of huntingtin has pleiotropic effects in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002052. [PMID: 21552328 PMCID: PMC3084204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin is a large HEAT repeat protein first identified in humans, where a polyglutamine tract expansion near the amino terminus causes a gain-of-function mechanism that leads to selective neuronal loss in Huntington's disease (HD). Genetic evidence in humans and knock-in mouse models suggests that this gain-of-function involves an increase or deregulation of some aspect of huntingtin's normal function(s), which remains poorly understood. As huntingtin shows evolutionary conservation, a powerful approach to discovering its normal biochemical role(s) is to study the effects caused by its deficiency in a model organism with a short life-cycle that comprises both cellular and multicellular developmental stages. To facilitate studies aimed at detailed knowledge of huntingtin's normal function(s), we generated a null mutant of hd, the HD ortholog in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dictyostelium cells lacking endogenous huntingtin were viable but during development did not exhibit the typical polarized morphology of Dictyostelium cells, streamed poorly to form aggregates by accretion rather than chemotaxis, showed disorganized F-actin staining, exhibited extreme sensitivity to hypoosmotic stress, and failed to form EDTA-resistant cell–cell contacts. Surprisingly, chemotactic streaming could be rescued in the presence of the bivalent cations Ca2+ or Mg2+ but not pulses of cAMP. Although hd− cells completed development, it was delayed and proceeded asynchronously, producing small fruiting bodies with round, defective spores that germinated spontaneously within a glassy sorus. When developed as chimeras with wild-type cells, hd− cells failed to populate the pre-spore region of the slug. In Dictyostelium, huntingtin deficiency is compatible with survival of the organism but renders cells sensitive to low osmolarity, which produces pleiotropic cell autonomous defects that affect cAMP signaling and as a consequence development. Thus, Dictyostelium provides a novel haploid organism model for genetic, cell biological, and biochemical studies to delineate the functions of the HD protein. Genetic evidence in humans and mouse models of Huntington's disease suggests that the disease mutation confers a deleterious gain-of-function on huntingtin that acts through the deregulation of some aspect of the protein's normal function(s). While huntingtin's function is poorly understood, its evolutionary conservation makes investigation of its physiological role in lower organisms an attractive route that has yet to be fully exploited. Therefore, we have used Dictyostelium discoideum to study the consequences of huntingtin (hd) deficiency. Developing Dictyostelium cells chemotax to form a multicellular slug that forms a fruiting body, comprising dormant spores encased above dead stalk cells. We found that hd− cells were hypersensitive to hypoosmotic stress. When starved, hd− cells aggregate by accretion, showed disorganized F-actin, and failed to form EDTA-resistant cell–cell contacts. Surprisingly, chemotactic signaling was rescued with Ca2+ or Mg2+ but not pulses of cAMP. Development of hd− mutants produced small fruiting bodies with round, defective spores, and when mixed with wild-type cells they didn't differentiate into spores. Our results are consistent with mammalian studies that show huntingtin is a multifunctional protein involved in many biochemical processes; and, importantly, they establish Dictyostelium as a valuable experimental organism for exploring in biochemical detail huntingtin's normal function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Myre
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda L. Lumsden
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Morgan N. Thompson
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wilma Wasco
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James F. Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Al-Omari M, Korenbaum E, Ballmaier M, Lehmann U, Jonigk D, Manstein DJ, Welte T, Mahadeva R, Janciauskiene S. Acute-phase protein α1-antitrypsin inhibits neutrophil calpain I and induces random migration. Mol Med 2011; 17:865-74. [PMID: 21494752 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid recruitment of neutrophils to sites of injury or infection is a hallmark of the inflammatory response and is required for effective host defense against pathogenic stimuli. However, neutrophil-mediated inflammation can also lead to chronic tissue destruction; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying neutrophil influx and activation is of critical importance. We have previously shown that the acute phase protein α1-antitrypsin (AAT) inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis. In this study, we examine mechanisms related to the effect of AAT on neutrophil responses. We report a previously unknown function of AAT to inactivate calpain I (μ-calpain) and to induce a rapid cell polarization and random migration. These effects of AAT coincided with a transient rise in intracellular calcium, increase in intracellular lipids, activation of the Rho GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Furthermore, AAT caused a significant inhibition of nonstimulated as well as formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP)-stimulated neutrophil adhesion to fibronectin, strongly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 release and slightly delayed neutrophil apoptosis. The results presented here broaden our understanding of the regulation of calpain-related neutrophil functional activities, and provide the impetus for new studies to define the role of AAT and other acute phase proteins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Omari
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Jin T. GPCR-controlled chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:717-27. [PMID: 21381217 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum has been chosen as the key model organism for the study of eukaryotic chemotaxis. Studies in this lower eukaryotic organism have allowed us to discover eukaryotic chemotaxis behavior and to gradually understand the mechanism of chemotaxis. Investigations in this simple organism often guide the direction of chemotaxis studies in areas such as forming concepts, discovering molecular components, revealing pathways and networks. The cooperation between experimental approaches and computational modeling has helped us to comprehend the signaling network as a system. To further reveal the relationships among the molecular mechanisms of individual signaling steps, a continuous interplay between model development and refinement and experimental testing and verification will be useful. This article focuses on a chemoattractant G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/G-protein gradient sensing machinery, which is monitored by PIP(3) responses and investigated by the interplay between live cell imaging experiments and computational modeling. We believe that such an approach will lead to a much better understanding of GPCR-controlled chemotaxis of all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Twinbrook Facility, Rockville, MD, USA.
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