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Liu B, Lu X, Jiang A, Lv Y, Zhang H, Xu B. Influence of maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115851. [PMID: 38157800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exposure, the common environmental pollutants, was capable of involving in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the evidence of their connection is not consistent. Our goal was to comprehensively explore the risk of EDCs related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. One hundred and one studies were included from two databases before 2023 to explore the association between EDCs and adverse pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB). We found that maternal PFASs exposure was positively correlated with PTB (OR:1.13, 95% CI:1.04-1.23), SGA (OR:1.10, 95% CI:1.04-1.16) and miscarriage (OR:1.09, 95% CI:1.00-1.19). The pooled estimates also showed maternal PAEs exposure was linked with PTB (OR:1.16, 95% CI:1.11-1.21), SGA (OR:1.20, 95% CI:1.07-1.35) and miscarriage (OR:1.55, 95% CI:1.33-1.81). In addition, maternal exposure to some specific class of EDCs including PFOS, MBP, MEHP, DEHP, and BPA was associated with PTB. Maternal exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFHpA was associated with SGA. Maternal exposure to BPA was associated with LBW. Maternal exposure to MMP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, BPA was associated with miscarriage. Maternal PFASs, PAEs and BPA exposure may increase adverse pregnancy outcomes risk according to our study. However, the limited number of studies on dose-response hampered further explanation for causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Antong Jiang
- Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanming Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Syed S, Qasim S, Ejaz M, Sammar, Khan N, Ali H, Zaker H, Hatzidaki E, Mamoulakis C, Tsatsakis A, Shah STA, Amir S. Effects of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on the Female Reproductive Tract Leading to Infertility and Cancer: Systematic Search and Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:725. [PMID: 37755736 PMCID: PMC10536953 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodimethyltrichloroethane (DDT) are present and ubiquitous in the environment due to their resilient nature. DDT is a prevalent endocrine disruptor still found in detectable amounts in organisms and the environment even after its use was banned in the 1970s. Medline and Google Scholar were systematically searched to detect all relevant animal and human studies published in the last 20 years (January 2003 to February 2023) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. In total, 38 studies were included for qualitative synthesis. This systematic search and review indicated that exposure to DDT is associated with female reproductive health issues, such as reduced fecundability; increased risk of preterm/premature deliveries; increased periods of gestation; alterations in the synthesis of crucial reproductive hormones (Progesterone and Oxytocin) through ion imbalances and changes in prostaglandin synthesis, myometrial and stromal hypertrophy, and edema; and variations in uterine contractions through increased uterine wet weight. There was also limited evidence indicating DDT as a carcinogen sufficient to instigate reproductive cancers. However, this review only takes into account the in vitro studies that have established a possible pathway to understand how DDT impacts female infertility and leads to reproductive cancers. Links between the pathways described in various studies have been developed in this review to produce a summarized picture of how one event might lead to another. Additionally, epidemiological studies that specifically targeted the exposure to DDT of females belonging to various ethnicities have been reviewed to develop an overall picture of prevailing female reproductive health concerns in different nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shermeen Syed
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Shandana Qasim
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Maheen Ejaz
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Sammar
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Nimra Khan
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Haider Ali
- Cerebral Venous Disorder Lab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Himasadat Zaker
- Histology and Microscopic Analysis Division, RASTA Specialized Research Institute (RSRI), West Azerbaijan Science and Technology Park (WASTP), Urmia 5756115322, Iran;
| | - Eleftheria Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Toxicology Lab, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Syed Tahir Abbas Shah
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
| | - Saira Amir
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.Q.); (M.E.); (S.); (N.K.); (S.T.A.S.)
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3
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Wu Y, Wang J, Wei Y, Chen J, Kang L, Long C, Wu S, Shen L, Wei G. Maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and preterm birth: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118264. [PMID: 34606968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The etiology of preterm birth has not yet been elucidated. Although maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may increase the risk for preterm birth, associations have not been confirmed. We performed a meta-analysis to elucidate the relationships between maternal exposure to EDCs and preterm birth. A systematic search of PubMed, Ovid-EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) for relevant published studies providing quantitative data on the association between maternal EDC exposure and preterm birth in humans was conducted in July 2021. To calculate the overall estimates, we pooled the adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from each study by the inverse variance method. A total of 59 studies were included. The pooled results indicated that maternal exposure to metals (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.29) and phthalates (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.42) was related to an increased risk for preterm birth. Specifically, maternal exposure to lead, cadmium, chromium, copper and manganese appeared to be correlated with an elevated risk for preterm birth. Additionally, maternal exposure to monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was also associated with preterm birth. In conclusion, maternal exposure to metals and phthalates may increase the risk for preterm birth based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Kang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Wrobel MH, Mlynarczuk J. Chloroorganic (DDT) and organophosphate (malathion) insecticides impair the motor function of the bovine cervix. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 427:115667. [PMID: 34343560 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a representative organochlorine insecticide and a known endocrine disruptor. Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide and a next-generation pesticide. Previously, it was shown that oxytocin (OT) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the mechanism of the adverse effect of DDT on bovine myometrial contractions. However, disruption of myometrial contractions without disruption of cervical activity may not be sufficient to cause preterm delivery. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of insecticides on the function of the bovine cervix at preovulation period. Bovine cervical cells or strips were treated with DDT or malathion (0.1-100 ng/ml), and neither DDT nor malathion (each at a dose of 100 ng/ml) affected the viability of cervical cells. Malathion (0.1-10 ng/ml) and the high doses of DDT (10 ng/ml) decreased the force of cervical contractions, in contrast to a low dose of DDT (0.1 ng/ml). Both insecticides also decreased the mRNA expression of the OT receptor and the level of the second messenger (inositol triphosphate, IP3). Moreover, DDT decreased the amount of other second messengers (diacylglycerol, DAG), while malathion decreased the amount of gap junction protein (GAP). Only malathion increased PGE2 and decreased PGF2α secretion, while neither insecticide had an effect on both prostaglandins synthesis. Both DDT and malathion impaired cervical contractions, secretory function and cellular signalling. It is also possible that malathion-mediated induction of locally produced PGE2 can be followed by cervical softening. Admittedly it was shown that DDT and malathion can evoke failures in the regulation of motor function of cervix during oestrus cycle, while their harmful effect on gestation can be also not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Mlynarczuk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Barmpas M, Vakonaki E, Tzatzarakis M, Sifakis S, Alegakis A, Grigoriadis T, Sodré DB, Daskalakis G, Antsaklis A, Tsatsakis A. Organochlorine pollutants' levels in hair, amniotic fluid and serum samples of pregnant women in Greece. A cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 73:103279. [PMID: 31704585 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants are synthetic chemicals highly resistant to degradation with strong tendency to bioaccumulation. Assessment of human exposure to these compounds is crucial for public health protection, especially during vulnerable periods. The aim of the present cohort study was to evaluate the level of contamination to PCBs, o,p'- and p,p'-DDE, o,p' and p,p'-DDD, o,p' and p,p'-DDT and HCB in pregnant women. Hair, amniotic fluid and serum samples were collected and analyzed by HS-SPME-GCMS. The most detected analytes in amniotic fluids were p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDE and PCB101, in serum p,p'-DDE, HCB and PCB101 and in hair p,p'-DDE, HCB and PCB101. The levels of HCB and PCB101 in amniotic fluids were positively correlated with those in hair. Higher levels of DDDs and DDTs in hair samples and PCB28 in amniotic fluids were observed in smoker pregnant women. Gestation age was inversely proportional with the detected levels of PCB101 in all tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Barmpas
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Feto-Maternal Medicine Department, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Maternity Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Themos Grigoriadis
- Department of Urogynecology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Maternity Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Environmental Exposures and Adverse Pregnancy-Related Outcomes. HEALTH IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0520-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Casadó L, Arrebola JP, Fontalba A, Muñoz A. Adverse effects of hexaclorobenzene exposure in children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108421. [PMID: 31387069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexachlorobenzene (HCB: C₆Cl₆) is a persistent, bioaccumulative chemical formerly used worldwide in pesticide mixtures but also produced as a by-product in the chemical and metallurgical industry. Despite current international restrictions in the use and production of HCB, the majority of the general population still show detectable levels of HCB, which raises concerns on the potential health implications of the exposure. OBJECTIVE To compile and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the adverse effects of exposure to HCB in children and adolescents. METHODS A review of the literature focused on the adverse effects of HCB exposure in children. Eligible studies were systematically screened from searches in Medline, Scopus and Ebsco-host databases. A total of 62 studies were finally included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our search we found evidences of potential health effects linked to HCB exposure at different levels (e.g. neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic and toxicogenomic), although the conclusions are still contradictory. Further prospective research is needed, considering the special vulnerability of children and adolescent population as well as the ubiquity of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Casadó
- Department of Nursing, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Andrés Fontalba
- Northern Málaga Integrated Healthcare Area, Andalusian Health Service, Antequera, Spain, Department of Nursing, Medicine and Physiotherapy, Almeria University, Almería, Spain
| | - Araceli Muñoz
- School of Social Work, Food Observatory (ODELA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Fang J, Liu H, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Xu S, Cai Z. Association of in utero hexachlorocyclohexane exposure with gestational age. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:263-269. [PMID: 30831475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As endocrine disrupting chemicals, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers were reported to impair the intrauterine growth. Although the findings of HCHs with preterm birth were well established, the associations with gestational age were limited. In the present study, we examined whether exposure to HCHs would influence gestational age. The study population included 1028 pregnant women and their offspring who were born in 2014-2015 from a birth cohort in Wuhan, China. Associations of the cord serum HCH levels with gestational age were estimated using generalized linear models. We found higher HCH levels in pregnant women, who were elder, had higher body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, received higher education, or were exposed to smoking passively. For term birth, the 3rd tertiles of α-HCH and γ-HCH were significantly associated with shorter gestational age [crude β = -1.017, confidence interval (CI): - 2.017, - 0.018 for α-HCH, crude β = -1.068, CI: - 2.067, - 0.070 for γ-HCH], and relationships were similar after adjusted by covariates. Stratified analysis showed positive associations between α-HCH and gestational age for mothers younger than 25 years old (adjusted β = 0.610, CI: 0.061, 1.158), while showing negative relationships for mothers elder than 35 years old (adjusted β = -1.365, CI: -2.414, -0.317). In summary, our results indicated cord serum levels of HCHs were associated with gestational age at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China.
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Chevrier J, Rauch S, Crause M, Obida M, Gaspar F, Bornman R, Eskenazi B. Associations of Maternal Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyrethroids With Birth Outcomes Among Participants in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment Residing in an Area Sprayed for Malaria Control. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:130-140. [PMID: 29992330 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective in controlling malaria, indoor residual spraying results in elevated exposure to insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids. These chemicals cross the placenta, but no studies have examined their associations with birth outcomes in populations residing in indoor residual spraying areas. We investigated this question in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study of 751 South African children born between 2012 and 2013. We measured maternal peripartum serum DDT and urine pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and collected data on birth weight, length, head circumference, and duration of gestation. We analyzed the data using marginal structural models with inverse-probability-of-treatment weights, generalized propensity scores, and standard conditional linear regression. Using all 3 analytical methods, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and to a lesser extent p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were related to elevated birth weight, birth length, and head circumference among girls. Changes in gestational duration did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that these exposures accelerate fetal growth, which is consistent with the known estrogenic properties of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT. No associations with pyrethroid metabolites were found. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to DDT is related to elevated birth size. Further studies are needed to elucidate the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Madelein Crause
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Fraser Gaspar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Riana Bornman
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Wrobel MH. Do chlorinated insecticides (aldrin and DDT) or products of their transformations (dieldrin and DDE) impair signal transfer from regulators (oxytocin and relaxin) of bovine myometrium motility in vitro? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:234-239. [PMID: 30059857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldrin, dieldrin, and DDT are chlorinated insecticides that are unintentionally widespread in the environment. It was previously shown that all of the aforementioned compounds increased secretion of ovarian oxytocin (OT), which is a potent uterotonic agent. However, only DDT and its metabolite (DDE) promoted, while aldrin and dieldrin inhibited basal and OT-stimulated myometrial contractions in cows. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of these treatments on the reception and further transmission of the OT-signal for myometrial contractions and on the levels of contractile-associated integral proteins (caveolin; CAV) and gap junction proteins (GAPs). Moreover, their effect on reception of signal for the relaxation of myometrium was also studied. Myometrial strips or cells from non-pregnant (8-12 days of oestrous cycle) or late pregnant (5-8 months) cows were incubated with the studied compounds at environmentally relevant dose (10 ng/ml), which was chosen according to the previous studies. DDT and DDE increased the CAV protein level, while dieldrin decreased the GAPs level. None of the studied compounds affected mRNA expression of the OT receptor and expression of the second messengers (DAG, IP3, PKC, MLCK). Oppositely, DDE and dieldrin decreased mRNA expression of the relaxin (RLX) receptor. Changes in the amount of contractile-associated integral proteins may be involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the adverse effects of the studied insecticides on myometrial motility. Admittedly, none of the studied compounds impaired the reception or further intracellular transmission of the OT signal to promote contractions during the oestrous cycle, while they showed potential to impair the transmission the signal between cells as well as to diminish the effects of one of the primary inhibitor (RLX) of myometrial contractions during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hubert Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Anand M, Singh L, Agarwal P, Saroj R, Taneja A. Pesticides exposure through environment and risk of pre-term birth: a study from Agra city. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 42:471-477. [PMID: 29250999 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1413107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pre-term birth is an increasingly prevalent complex condition with multiple risk factors including environmental pollutants. Evidences linking organochlorine pesticides with adverse pregnancy outcomes are inconsistent for link between organochlorine pesticides and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We performed a case-control study of 50 cases of full-term births and 40 cases of pre-term births in this study. Placental organochlorine pesticides like metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane that is, (p,p-DDE, p,p-DDT and o,p-DDD) and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ and δ HCH) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Although the mean levels of pesticide were found higher in the placenta of the women with pre-term delivery cases placentas, but only α-HCH, total-HCH, p,p-DDE and total-DDT were found statistically significant. It was observed that pesticide exposed women were approximately 1.7 times more likely to deliver pre-term baby as compare to pregnant women that were not exposed to any pesticides. We also observed that increasing maternal age reduced the risk of having pre-term birth (OR = 0.99). Among all pesticides, α-HCH was found to be strongest isomer to induce premature baby birth (p < 0.001). This study found that pregnant women's age and chronic disease, baby's weight at the time of birth and α-HCH were important risk factors for pre-term births.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anand
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - L Singh
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - P Agarwal
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - R Saroj
- b Division of Bio-statistics, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - A Taneja
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
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Mustafa M, Garg N, Banerjee B, Sharma T, Tyagi V, Dar SA, Guleria K, Ahmad RS, vaid N, Tripathi A. Inflammatory-mediated pathway in association with organochlorine pesticides levels in the etiology of idiopathic preterm birth. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tyagi V, Garg N, Mustafa MD, Banerjee BD, Guleria K. Organochlorine pesticide levels in maternal blood and placental tissue with reference to preterm birth: a recent trend in North Indian population. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:471. [PMID: 26122123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been widely used in public health and agriculture programs in developed as well as developing countries, including India. Being xenoestrogenic in nature, OCPs may act as endocrine disruptors leading to preterm birth (PTB) through disturbance of normal estrogen-progesterone ratio. PTB is the leading cause of neonatal deaths worldwide. Therefore, the present study is aimed to determine the extent to which persistent environmental chemicals may accumulate in pregnant women and placenta and ascertain possible associations between exposure level and period of gestation (POG), baby weight, and/or placental weight in PTB cases. Maternal blood and placenta samples of PTB cases (n = 50) and subjects of term delivery as controls (n = 50) were collected. OCP residue levels were estimated by the gas chromatography system equipped with an electron capture detector. Significantly higher levels of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were found in maternal blood of PTB cases as compared to control. Significantly higher levels of DDE and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were also found in placental tissue of PTB cases as compared to control group. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between maternal blood level of α-HCH and birth-weight (r = -0.299) and POG (r = -0.234). γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) and dieldrin had a negative correlation with placental weight (r = -0.401 and -0.256, respectively), and DDE and β-HCH had a negative correlation with POG (r = -0.251 and -0.229, respectively). The presence of OCPs in maternal blood and placental tissue represents prenatal exposure hazard for fetuses due to chronic bioaccumulation and poor elimination with possible deleterious effect on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Tyagi
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
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Anand M, Agarwal P, Singh L, Taneja A. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and oxidant/antioxidant status in the placental tissue of the women with full-term and pre-term deliveries. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In India pre-term birth is the leading cause of death of infants and this number is continuously increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Anand
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - P. Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - L. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - A. Taneja
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
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Wrobel MH, Bedziechowski P, Mlynarczuk J, Kotwica J. Impairment of uterine smooth muscle contractions and prostaglandin secretion from cattle myometrium and corpus luteum in vitro is influenced by DDT, DDE and HCH. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:54-61. [PMID: 24742728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (10 ng/ml) on myometrial motility and the secretory function of the myometrium and corpus luteum (CL) collected from cows on days 8-12 of the estrous cycle. All of the xenobiotics increased (P<0.05) myometrial contractility. Moreover, the xenobiotics stimulated the secretion of the following prostaglandins (PGs) from myometrial strips: PGF2α, PGE2 and PGI2. DDT and DDE also increased (P<0.05) the release of PGF2α from CL strips, and HCH had the same effect (P<0.05) on the secretion of PGE2 and PGI2. The studied xenobiotics did not affect (P>0.05) PG synthesis, but DDT and DDE increased the mRNA expression levels of leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF), which can stimulate PG production. In summary, the xenobiotics affected PG secretion from cow myometrium and CL, which may contribute to the mechanism of uterine contraction disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal H Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Pawel Bedziechowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Mlynarczuk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Chand S, Mustafa MD, Banerjee BD, Guleria K. CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides contribute to the risk of small for gestational age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180:100-5. [PMID: 25064838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cytochrome P-450c17α enzyme encoded by the cytochrome P-450c17α (CYP17A1) gene plays a role in oestrogen synthesis. Genetic variation in the maternal CYP17A1 gene leads to differences in oestrogen level that affect fetal growth and cause small for gestational age (SGA). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are endocrine disruptors that alter the normal oestrogen-progesterone balance, and are associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the gene-environment interaction between maternal CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and maternal and cord OCP levels on the risk of SGA. STUDY DESIGN Maternal and cord blood samples of 50 term SGA cases (birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age as per Lubchenco's growth chart) and 50 normal pregnancies (controls) were collected. Women with occupational exposure to OCPs, anaemia, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, medical disease, parity of more than four, or a history of smoking, alcohol consumption or chronic drug intake were excluded from both groups. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected at the time of delivery or after delivery, respectively. The OCP levels of the samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography system equipped with an electron capture detector, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for polymorphic analysis of the CYP17A1 gene. RESULTS Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH and γ-HCH were found in maternal and cord blood samples of the SGA cases compared with the controls. The frequency of the A1A2/A2A2 genotype was significantly lower [p=0.041, odds ratio (OR) 0.421, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.184-0.966] in the SGA cases compared with the controls. When gene-environment interactions between CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and OCP levels were considered, a significant (p=0.004) association was found between a high level of endosulfan in cord blood and the A1A1 (wild-type) genotype of CYP17A1, leading to an estimated reduction in birth weight of 315g. CONCLUSIONS Higher OCP levels and the A1A1 genotype of CYP17A1 in pregnant women may be considered as important aetiological factors in idiopathic SGA. This study provides evidence that genetic variation and its interaction with environmental exposure may increase the risk of SGA. Further studies are needed with a larger sample size, incorporating other gene polymorphisms and environmental exposures, to strengthen these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chand
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - M D Mustafa
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - B D Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India.
| | - K Guleria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
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Kadhel P, Monfort C, Costet N, Rouget F, Thomé JP, Multigner L, Cordier S. Chlordecone exposure, length of gestation, and risk of preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:536-44. [PMID: 24401561 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants have not been conclusively associated with length of gestation or with preterm birth. Chlordecone is an organochlorine pesticide that has been extensively used to control the banana root borer population in the French West Indies. Data from the Timoun Mother-Child Cohort Study conducted in Guadeloupe between 2004 and 2007 were used to examine the associations of chlordecone concentrations in maternal plasma with the length of gestation and the rate preterm birth in 818 pregnant women. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression for length of gestation and a Cox model for preterm birth. The median plasma chlordecone concentration was 0.39 µg/L (interquartile range, 0.18-0.83). No correlation was observed with plasma concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (ρ = 0.017) or polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (ρ = -0.016), the other main organochlorine compounds detected. A 1-log10 increase in chlordecone concentration was associated with a decreased length of gestation (-0.27 weeks; 95% confidence interval: -0.50, -0.03) and an increased risk of preterm birth (60%; 95% confidence interval: 10, 130). These associations may result from the estrogen-like and progestin-like properties of chlordecone. These results are of public health relevance because of the prolonged persistence of chlordecone in the environment and the high background rate of preterm births in this population.
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Basterrechea M, Lertxundi A, Iñiguez C, Mendez M, Murcia M, Mozo I, Goñi F, Grimalt J, Fernández M, Guxens M. Prenatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and reproductive effects in a multicentre birth cohort in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:770-776. [PMID: 23973543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible association between birth size or gestational length and maternal serum concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in a population exposed to background levels. METHODS A total of 1568 mother-child pairs recruited in three Spanish areas (INMA Project) from 2004 to 2008 participated in the study. Multivariate analysis was performed between birth weight and length, weeks of gestation, preterm birth or small for gestational age and HCB concentrations in maternal serum. RESULTS The median concentration of HCB was 45.45 ng/g lipids. No association was found between HCB exposure levels and birth weight (β: -50.42 [-109.88; 9.04]), birth length (β: -0.07 [-0.32; 0.18]), gestation age (HR: 1.07 [0.94; 1.22]), small for gestational age (OR: 0.95 [0.56; 1.61]) and preterm birth (OR: 0.60 [0.29; 1.28]). Results remain similar after adjustment for other organochlorines. CONCLUSION Our findings support the idea that exposure to low levels of HCB does not affect the intrauterine growth nor the duration of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Basterrechea
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Ferguson KK, O'Neill MS, Meeker JD. Environmental contaminant exposures and preterm birth: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:69-113. [PMID: 23682677 PMCID: PMC3889157 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.775048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a significant public health concern, as it is associated with high risk of infant mortality, various morbidities in both the neonatal period and later in life, and a significant societal economic burden. As many cases are of unknown etiology, identification of the contribution of environmental contaminant exposures is a priority in the study of preterm birth. This is a comprehensive review of all known studies published from 1992 through August 2012 linking maternal exposure to environmental chemicals during pregnancy with preterm birth. Using PubMed searches, studies were identified that examined associations between preterm birth and exposure to five categories of environmental toxicants, including persistent organic pollutants, drinking-water contaminants, atmospheric pollutants, metals and metalloids, and other environmental contaminants. Individual studies were summarized and specific suggestions were made for future work in regard to exposure and outcome assessment methods as well as study design, with the recommendation of focusing on potential mediating toxicological mechanisms. In conclusion, no consistent evidence was found for positive associations between individual chemical exposures and preterm birth. By identifying limitations and addressing the gaps that may have impeded the ability to identify true associations thus far, this review can guide future epidemiologic studies of environmental exposures and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.
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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), DDT metabolites and pregnancy outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 35:156-64. [PMID: 23142753 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent endocrine disruptors. OCPs cross the placenta; this prenatal exposure has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated associations between prenatal exposure to OCPs and gestational age and birth weight in 600 infants born between 1960 and 1963. The primary OCP was 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT), its primary metabolite, 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE) and the contaminant, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-ethane (o,p'-DDT). Regression analysis indicated that for each natural log unit increase in p,p'-DDT, birth weight increased by 274 g (95% CI: 122, 425) when controlling for p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDT. At a given level of p,p'-DDT exposure, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were associated with decreased birth weight. p,p'-DDE was negatively associated with length of gestation, controlling for p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT. These findings suggest opposing associations between exposure to p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE and birth weight. We did not find evidence to support mediation by maternal thyroid hormone status nor that the association differed by sex.
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Dominguez-Lopez P, Diaz-Cueto L, Olivares A, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Arechavaleta-Velasco F. Differential effect of DDT, DDE, and DDD on COX-2 expression in the human trophoblast derived HTR-8/SVneo cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:454-60. [PMID: 23132776 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), 1,1-bis-(chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (DDE), and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) isomers on COX-2 expression in a human trophoblast-derived cell line. Cultured HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells were exposed to DDT isomers and its metabolites for 24 h, and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were assessed by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. Prostaglandin E₂ production was also measured by ELISA. Both COX-2 mRNA and protein were detected under control (unexposed) conditions in the HTR-8/SVneo cell line. COX-2 protein expression and prostaglandin E₂ production but not COX-2 mRNA levels increased only after DDE and DDD isomers exposure. It is concluded that DDE and DDD exposure induce the expression of COX-2 protein, leading to increased prostaglandin E2 production. Interestingly, the regulation of COX-2 by these organochlorines pesticides appears to be at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Dominguez-Lopez
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, UMAE en Ginecologia y Obstetricia Luis Castelazo Ayala., IMSS, México D. F., Mexico
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Mustafa MD, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Tripathi AK, Guleria K. Gene-environment interaction in preterm delivery with special reference to organochlorine pesticides. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 19:35-42. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sharma E, Mustafa M, Pathak R, Guleria K, Ahmed RS, Vaid NB, Banerjee BD. A case control study of gene environmental interaction in fetal growth restriction with special reference to organochlorine pesticides. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 161:163-9. [PMID: 22310945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and oxidative stress are reported to be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a polymorphic supergene family involved in the detoxification of numerous toxins including OCPs. OCPs are endocrine disrupter and prenatal exposure to them may be associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the frequencies of polymorphic alleles of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in women with idiopathic FGR, (ii) to analyze the maternal and cord blood levels of the OCPs, and (iii) to identify the gene environment interaction that increases the risk of FGR. STUDY DESIGN Maternal and cord blood samples of 50 FGR cases (birth weight <10 percentile for gestational age as per Lubchenco's growth chart) and equal number of normal pregnancies who were occupationally non exposed to OCPs and excluding all the known high risk factors such as anemia, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, medical disease, dietary habit, living style, parity, and BMI. The collected samples at the time of delivery/after delivery were analyzed for OCPs levels by gas chromatography and polymorphic analysis for GSTM1/GSTT1 gene using multiplex PCR. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of α,β,γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT were found in maternal blood and significantly higher levels of β and γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT were found in cord blood of FGR cases as compared to controls. The genotypic distribution of GSTM1/GSTT1 was almost similar in both the groups, but the frequency of GSTM1-/GSTT1- (null) genotype was significantly higher in FGR cases as compared to controls (p<0.05, OR=6.42). When interaction between GSTM1/GSTT1 genes polymorphism-OCPs levels and birth weight (gene-environment interaction) was ascertained, a significant association was seen between β-HCH and GSTM1- genotype with reduction in birth weight of 213g. CONCLUSION Higher levels of OCPs in pregnant women may be considered as an important aetiological factor in 'idiopathic' FGR. GST polymorphism can influence the relationship between prenatal exposure to pesticides and FGR. The present study provides evidence that polymorphism in xenobiotic metabolising genes may modify the effect of environmental health hazards and increase the risk of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Shirangi A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vienneau D, Holman CDJ. Living near agricultural pesticide applications and the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes: a review of the literature. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:172-91. [PMID: 21281330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been growing concern about the possible health effects, including a number of adverse reproductive outcomes, from pesticide exposure of people living near agricultural fields. This systematic review evaluates the current epidemiological evidence on the association between living near agricultural pesticide applications and adverse reproductive outcomes, including congenital malformations, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birthweight, preterm birth and miscarriage. We identified and reviewed 25 studies from a systematic search of the main scientific databases and other sources published in 1950-2007. Study methods and main results were summarised and tabulated according to the year of study, design and type of adverse reproductive outcome. The levels of evidence for reproductive toxicity in humans contributed by each study were assessed and the main limitations associated with these studies discussed. Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications may be an important source of ambient environmental exposure, but because of the underlying methodological difficulties, the strength of evidence for its relationship with adverse reproductive outcomes is generally weak and varied between outcomes. The evidence suggested an association for congenital malformations, but because of methodological limitations, such as poor exposure measurement and potentially inadequate control of confounding, a firm conclusion remains beyond reach. For the other outcomes (stillbirth, IUGR, low birthweight, preterm birth and miscarriage) the evidence for any associations was equivocal at best, but some leads warrant further investigation. Improved exposure assessment methods are needed to obtain a more reliable assessment of any risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Shirangi
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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ShekharYadav C, Bajpai M, Kumar V, Ahmed RS, Gupta P, Banerjee BD. Polymorphism in CYP1A1, GSTMI,GSTT1 genes and organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of hypospadias. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1464-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110392402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and maternal endogenous estrogen may cause hypospadias, common congenital anomaly. Several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been reported to possess an endocrine-disrupting potential. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1) of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme family are involved in the metabolism of various environmental toxicants and steroidal hormones. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the role of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 genes polymorphism, OCPs levels and risk of hypospadias. A total of 80 hypospadiac and 120 age-matched control boys were included. OCP levels in blood were determined using Gas Chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and polymorphism in CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was evaluated by RFLP and multiplex PCR method. We observed significant high levels of β-hexachlorohexane (HCH), γ-HCH, and p, p′-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene ( p,p’-DDE) in the cases. CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not significantly different among cases and controls, whereas concomitant deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls. However, after adjusting for low birth weight and maternal occupational exposure, the results did not remain significant but odds of risk was higher (OR = 1.72, p = 0.14) among cases. In conclusion, our study suggests irrespective of genetic predisposition, higher level of some OCPs may be associated with increased risk of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra ShekharYadav
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Rafat Sultana Ahmed
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Piyush Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, New Delhi, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Olivero-Verbel J, Guerrero-Castilla A, Ramos NR. Biochemical effects induced by the hexachlorocyclohexanes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 212:1-28. [PMID: 21432053 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are synthetic compounds that have been widely used for the control of pests. The most common HCH isomers are the α-, β-, δ-, and γ-HCH. Although the have the same chlorine substitution pattern, the spatial orientation of chlorine atoms is different on each one of them, resulting in unique structures that have distinct molecular properties. Humans are exposed to individual HCH isomers through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated water or food, absorbed through the skin or by inhalation, and because of their liposolubility, these chemicals are mostly stored in fat-containing tissues. The isomer-specific spectrum of biochemical actions for these compounds has been wee characterized for different endpoints such as enzyme activation, calcium homeostasis, gap junctional intercellular communication, endocrine disruption, and cancer, among others. The interaction with the GABA reception has been one of the most extensively studied properties of the HCHs. For instance, γ-HCH acts as a GABAA channel blocker, whereas α- and δ-HCH potentiate currents , all working as allosteric modulators of the receptor. The changes in calcium homeostasis elicited by HCHs are both isomer and cell type specific. For example, in neurons, both the δ- and γ-isomers of HCH stimulate Ca²+ influx through different voltage-gated Ca²+ channels. In human neutrophils, α-,δ-, and γ-HCH, but not β-HCH, increase intracellular Ca²+ concentrations. This isomer-dependent behavior is also similar to that observed for phospholipase A2 activation and also correlates with oxidative stress generation. On the other hand, there are several lines of evidence suggesting that HCHs alter genomic integrity, and, therefore, these compounds have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans . Finally, HCHs have been reported to be endocrine disrupters. In fact, γ- and β-HCH have been shown to have weak estrogenic activity, and together with the α- and the δ-isomer, also interfere with steroidogenesis. In short, the HCH isomers are good examples of structurally related chemicals, for which the geometrical patterns present in each one of the different conformers create structures that possess specific mechanisms of action and toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Campus of Zaragocilla, Cartagena, Colombia.
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Mustafa M, Pathak R, Tripathi AK, Ahmed RS, Guleria K, Banerjee BD. Maternal and cord blood levels of aldrin and dieldrin in Delhi population. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 171:633-638. [PMID: 20195752 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aldrin and dieldrin, structurally similar organochlorine pesticides belong to cyclodiene family and were widely used for agriculture and public health program in India. Although the manufacturing, use and import of aldrin and dieldrin have been banned in India since 2003, these pesticides are still persistent in environment and may be associated with adverse neurological and reproductive effects. The aim of this study is to assess the recent exposure level of aldrin and dieldrin and their placental transfer to fetus in normal healthy full-term pregnant women belonging to north Indian population undergoing normal delivery at Obstetrics and Gynecology department of UCMS and GTB hospital, Delhi. Quantitative analysis of aldrin and dieldrin residues in maternal and cord blood samples were carried out by gas chromatography system equipped with electron capture detector. The results of our study clearly revealed that maternal and cord blood levels of aldrin and dieldrin of pregnant women are age and dietary habit dependent. The aldrin level in maternal blood and dieldrin level in cord blood are higher in women in the age group 25-30 years than in women in age group of 19-24 years. Similarly, aldrin level in maternal blood is significantly higher in women with non-vegetarian dietary habit than in women with vegetarian dietary habit. No significant association is found for maternal and cord blood level. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate prenatal uptake of aldrin and dieldrin and provide recent information on the subsequent transplacental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mustafa
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110 095, India
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Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Vizcaino E, Murcia M, Fuentes V, Garcia AM, Rebagliato M, Grimalt JO, Ballester F. Prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone levels. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:579-588. [PMID: 19707252 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that prenatal exposure to some organochlorine compounds (OCs) may adversely affect thyroid function and may, therefore, impair neurodevelopment. The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship of cord serum levels of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (4,4'-DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (4,4'-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four individual polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners (118, 138, 153, and 180), and their sum, with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in blood samples in a mother-infant cohort in Valencia, Spain. This study included 453 infants born between 2004 and 2006. We measured OC concentrations in umbilical cord serum and TSH in blood of newborns shortly after birth. Associations between neonatal TSH levels and prenatal OC exposure adjusted for covariates were assessed using multivariate linear regression analyses. Neonatal TSH levels tended to be higher in newborns with β-HCH levels in umbilical cord above 90th percentile (104 ng/g lipid) than in those with levels below the median (34 ng/g lipid), with an adjusted increment in neonatal TSH levels of 21% (95% confidence interval=-3, 51; P=0.09). No statistically significant association was found between the remaining OCs and TSH at birth. Prenatal exposure to β-HCH may affect neonatal thyroid hormone status and its function in neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- Centre for Public Health Research, Environmental and Health Research Area, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain.
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Wojtyniak BJ, Rabczenko D, Jönsson BAG, Zvezday V, Pedersen HS, Rylander L, Toft G, Ludwicki JK, Góralczyk K, Lesovaya A, Hagmar L, Bonde JP. Association of maternal serum concentrations of 2,2', 4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) levels with birth weight, gestational age and preterm births in Inuit and European populations. Environ Health 2010; 9:56. [PMID: 20819217 PMCID: PMC2944244 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies on the association between maternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and fetal growth alteration report inconsistent findings which weights in favor of additional studies. METHODS Blood samples were collected from interviewed pregnant women in Greenland (572), Kharkiv (611) and Warsaw (258) and were analyzed for CB-153 and p,p'-DDE by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data on birth weight, gestational age and preterm birth were obtained for 1322 singleton live births. We examined the association between natural log-transformed serum POPs concentration and birth weight and gestational age using multiple linear regression and the association with prematurity using logistic regression controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS The median serum concentrations of CB-153 and p,p'-DDE were for Inuit mothers 105.6 and 298.9, for Kharkiv mothers 27.0 and 645.4 and for Warsaw mothers 10.7 and 365.2 ng/g lipids, respectively. Increase in CB-153 concentration by one unit on the log scale in Inuit mothers serum was associated with significant decrease in infant birth weight of -59 g and gestational age by -0.2 week. Decreases observed in the cohorts in Kharkiv (-10 g and -0.1 week) and in Warsaw (-49 g and -0.2 week) were not statistically significant. Increase in p,p'-DDE concentration by one unit on the log scale was associated with a statistically significant decrease in infant birth weight of -39.4 g and -104.3 g and shortening of gestational age of -0.2 week and -0.6 week in the Inuit and Warsaw cohorts, respectively. In the Kharkiv cohort decrease in birth weight (-30.5 g) was not significant, however a shortening of gestational age of -0.2 week per increase in p,p'-DDE concentration by one unit on the log scale was of the borderline significance. There was no significant association between CB-153 and p,p'-DDE concentrations and risk of preterm birth however, in all cohorts the odds ratio was above 1. CONCLUSIONS In utero exposure to POPs may reduce birth weight and gestational age of newborns however, new insights as to why results vary across studies were not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan J Wojtyniak
- Department-Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Rabczenko
- Department-Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bo AG Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Valentyna Zvezday
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Kharkiv State Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lesovaya
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Kharkiv State Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Lars Hagmar
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Musa U, Hati S, Adamu Y, Mustapha A. Pesticides Residues in Smoked Fish Samples from North-Eastern Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2010.975.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pathak R, Suke SG, Ahmed T, Ahmed RS, Tripathi AK, Guleria K, Sharma CS, Makhijani SD, Banerjee BD. Organochlorine pesticide residue levels and oxidative stress in preterm delivery cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:351-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710363334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have focused attention on various biochemical abnormalities evoked due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The aim of the present study was to analyze the OCP residues in maternal and cord blood of women and assess the levels of different non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers as well as to establish correlation with OCP levels, if any. Thirty women in each group of full-term delivery (FTD; ≥37 weeks of gestation) and preterm delivery (PTD; <37 weeks of gestation) were enrolled in this study. Levels of OCPs like Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, p,p′ Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and p,p’ Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Non-enzymatic oxidative stress was measured by the quantification of malondialhyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). MDA and protein carbonyl levels were increased significantly, while the levels of GSH and FRAP were decreased in PTD in comparison to FTD cases. We have observed higher levels of β-HCH and α-endosulfan and increased oxidative stress in PTD than FTD cases. In PTD cases, a significant positive correlation was observed between maternal blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .78), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.65), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .89), γ-HCH and GSH (r = —.74) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. We also found significant correlations between cord blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .59), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.69), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .62) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. In conclusion, our results suggest that higher levels of some of the OCP residues may be associated with PTD and increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pathak
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Sanvidhan G Suke
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Tanzeel Ahmed
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Rafat S Ahmed
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - AK Tripathi
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Guleria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - CS Sharma
- Instrumentation and Bio-Labs, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Delhi, India
| | - SD Makhijani
- Instrumentation and Bio-Labs, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Delhi, India
| | - BD Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India,
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Cifuentes E, Trasande L, Ramirez M, Landrigan PJ. A qualitative analysis of environmental policy and children's health in Mexico. Environ Health 2010; 9:14. [PMID: 20331868 PMCID: PMC2859361 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since Mexico's joining the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1994, it has witnessed rapid industrialization. A byproduct of this industrialization is increasing population exposure to environmental pollutants, of which some have been associated with childhood disease. We therefore identified and assessed the adequacy of existing international and Mexican governance instruments and policy tools to protect children from environmental hazards. METHODS We first systematically reviewed PubMed, the Mexican legal code and the websites of the United Nations, World Health Organization, NAFTA and OECD as of July 2007 to identify the relevant governance instruments, and analyzed the approach these instruments took to preventing childhood diseases of environmental origin. Secondly, we interviewed a purposive sample of high-level government officials, researchers and non-governmental organization representatives, to identify their opinions and attitudes towards children's environmental health and potential barriers to child-specific protective legislation and implementation. RESULTS We identified only one policy tool describing specific measures to reduce developmental neurotoxicity and other children's health effects from lead. Other governance instruments mention children's unique vulnerability to ozone, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, but do not provide further details. Most interviewees were aware of Mexican environmental policy tools addressing children's health needs, but agreed that, with few exceptions, environmental policies do not address the specific health needs of children and pregnant women. Interviewees also cited state centralization of power, communication barriers and political resistance as reasons for the absence of a strong regulatory platform. CONCLUSIONS The Mexican government has not sufficiently accounted for children's unique vulnerability to environmental contaminants. If regulation and legislation are not updated and implemented to protect children, increases in preventable exposures to toxic chemicals in the environment may ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cifuentes
- Environmental Health, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Universidad No 655, Col Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, México
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Environmental Health, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Martha Ramirez
- Environmental Health, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Universidad No 655, Col Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, México
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Acosta-Maldonado B, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Reza-López S, Levario-Carrillo M. Effects of exposure to pesticides during pregnancy on placental maturity and weight of newborns: A cross-sectional pilot study in women from the Chihuahua State, Mexico. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 28:451-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327109107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that pesticides cross the placental barrier and can cause alterations in the development of placental structures resulting in adverse effects in reproduction. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of pesticide exposure during pregnancy on placental maturity and to evaluate the relationship between placental maturity, gestational age and birth weight. We collected the placentas from singleton pregnancies from women exposed (n = 9) and non-exposed (n = 45 full-term and n = 31 preterm) to pesticides as evaluated geographically, by questionnaire and by acetylcholinesterase levels. Placental morphometry from the central and peripheral regions was examined by microscopy and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The placental maturity index (PMI) was estimated by dividing the number of epithelial plates in terminal villi to their thickness in 1 mm2 of the placental parenchyma. Gestational age, birth weight and the following characteristics of the mother were also recorded: pre-pregnancy body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy and hemoglobin concentrations. Birth weight and the gestational age were correlated with PMI (r = .54 and r = .44, respectively; p < .01). Pesticide exposure was associated with a higher PMI (beta = 7.38, p = .01) after adjusting by variables related to placental maturity. In conclusion, the results suggest a relationship between prenatal exposure to pesticides and placental maturity and may potentially affect the nutrient transport from the mother to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Acosta-Maldonado
- Medical Research Unit in Clinical Epidemiology of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Apdo. Postal 1542-C, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Sandra Reza-López
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarita Levario-Carrillo
- Medical Research Unit in Clinical Epidemiology of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Chihuahua, Mexico,
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Pathak R, Ahmed RS, Tripathi A, Guleria K, Sharma C, Makhijani S, Banerjee B. Maternal and cord blood levels of organochlorine pesticides: Association with preterm labor. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:746-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Torres-Sanchez L, Zepeda M, Cebrián ME, Belkind-Gerson J, Garcia-Hernandez RM, Belkind-Valdovinos U, López-Carrillo L. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy alters the anal position in male infants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1140:155-62. [PMID: 18991914 PMCID: PMC5176023 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1454.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anogenital distance (AGD) at birth is regarded as a useful measurement that reflects the prenatal androgenic status in rodents. However, the impact of xenoantiandrogens on human development is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antiandrogenic impact of prenatal DDT metabolites (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) exposure on infant AGD, using a non-age-dependent anal position index (API). As part of an ongoing perinatal cohort study on the effects of organochlorine pesticides in children's neurodevelopment, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 71 infants (37 males and 34 females). Maternal serum levels of DDT metabolites (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) before and during each trimester of pregnancy were determined by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. During postnatal home visits at 3, 6, and 12 or 18 months of age, the children's weight and API were evaluated. Multiple lineal regression models were used to estimate the potential endocrine disruptor activity of prenatal p,p'-DDE exposure. Boys had significantly higher API values than girls (0.6 versus 0.5; P < 0.001). Only among boys, a doubling increase of maternal p,p'-DDE serum levels during the first trimester of pregnancy, were associated with a significant reduction of API (beta=-0.02; P= 0.02). No effect of p,p'-DDT on AGD was observed. Evidence of the effect of prenatal p,p'-DDE on external genital differentiation is scarce and not consistent in the literature. Further studies are needed to confirm a hormonal disruptive effect on the development of external genitalia, due not only to p,p'-DDE but also due to other antiandrogenic persistent compounds.
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Guimarães RM, Asmus CIRF, Meyer A. DDT reintroduction for malaria control: the cost-benefit debate for public health. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2008; 23:2835-44. [PMID: 18157325 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DDT is a persistent insecticide that was widely used in the world from the 1940s until the 70s, when it was banned in the United States and other countries. Most of its toxic effects are not observed in the acute forms, but particularly after chronic exposure. These long-term issues include reproductive effects, varying according to the time of life in which the individuals were exposed. The aims of the current study were to review the principal toxicological effects of DDT on reproduction, stratifying by physiological periods of exposure, and based on the magnitude of these effects, to discuss the cost-benefit relationship of reintroducing DDT with the specifically defined vector control criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mendonça Guimarães
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Brigadeiro Trompowski s/n, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Wigle DT, Arbuckle TE, Turner MC, Bérubé A, Yang Q, Liu S, Krewski D. Epidemiologic evidence of relationships between reproductive and child health outcomes and environmental chemical contaminants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:373-517. [PMID: 18074303 DOI: 10.1080/10937400801921320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the level of epidemiologic evidence for relationships between prenatal and/or early life exposure to environmental chemical contaminants and fetal, child, and adult health. Discussion focuses on fetal loss, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, birth defects, respiratory and other childhood diseases, neuropsychological deficits, premature or delayed sexual maturation, and certain adult cancers linked to fetal or childhood exposures. Environmental exposures considered here include chemical toxicants in air, water, soil/house dust and foods (including human breast milk), and consumer products. Reports reviewed here included original epidemiologic studies (with at least basic descriptions of methods and results), literature reviews, expert group reports, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses. Levels of evidence for causal relationships were categorized as sufficient, limited, or inadequate according to predefined criteria. There was sufficient epidemiological evidence for causal relationships between several adverse pregnancy or child health outcomes and prenatal or childhood exposure to environmental chemical contaminants. These included prenatal high-level methylmercury (CH(3)Hg) exposure (delayed developmental milestones and cognitive, motor, auditory, and visual deficits), high-level prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related toxicants (neonatal tooth abnormalities, cognitive and motor deficits), maternal active smoking (delayed conception, preterm birth, fetal growth deficit [FGD] and sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS]) and prenatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (preterm birth), low-level childhood lead exposure (cognitive deficits and renal tubular damage), high-level childhood CH(3)Hg exposure (visual deficits), high-level childhood exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (chloracne), childhood ETS exposure (SIDS, new-onset asthma, increased asthma severity, lung and middle ear infections, and adult breast and lung cancer), childhood exposure to biomass smoke (lung infections), and childhood exposure to outdoor air pollutants (increased asthma severity). Evidence for some proven relationships came from investigation of relatively small numbers of children with high-dose prenatal or early childhood exposures, e.g., CH(3)Hg poisoning episodes in Japan and Iraq. In contrast, consensus on a causal relationship between incident asthma and ETS exposure came only recently after many studies and prolonged debate. There were many relationships supported by limited epidemiologic evidence, ranging from several studies with fairly consistent findings and evidence of dose-response relationships to those where 20 or more studies provided inconsistent or otherwise less than convincing evidence of an association. The latter included childhood cancer and parental or childhood exposures to pesticides. In most cases, relationships supported by inadequate epidemiologic evidence reflect scarcity of evidence as opposed to strong evidence of no effect. This summary points to three main needs: (1) Where relationships between child health and environmental exposures are supported by sufficient evidence of causal relationships, there is a need for (a) policies and programs to minimize population exposures and (b) population-based biomonitoring to track exposure levels, i.e., through ongoing or periodic surveys with measurements of contaminant levels in blood, urine and other samples. (2) For relationships supported by limited evidence, there is a need for targeted research and policy options ranging from ongoing evaluation of evidence to proactive actions. (3) There is a great need for population-based, multidisciplinary and collaborative research on the many relationships supported by inadequate evidence, as these represent major knowledge gaps. Expert groups faced with evaluating epidemiologic evidence of potential causal relationships repeatedly encounter problems in summarizing the available data. A major driver for undertaking such summaries is the need to compensate for the limited sample sizes of individual epidemiologic studies. Sample size limitations are major obstacles to exploration of prenatal, paternal, and childhood exposures during specific time windows, exposure intensity, exposure-exposure or exposure-gene interactions, and relatively rare health outcomes such as childhood cancer. Such research needs call for investments in research infrastructure, including human resources and methods development (standardized protocols, biomarker research, validated exposure metrics, reference analytic laboratories). These are needed to generate research findings that can be compared and subjected to pooled analyses aimed at knowledge synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Wigle
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review selected environmental, occupational, and other important risk factors for the following adverse pregnancy outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and preterm delivery (PTD). DESIGN The evidence is explored in greater detail for environmental tobacco smoke, drinking water disinfection byproducts, and organochlorine (DDT) and organophosphate pesticides, partly using a weight of evidence approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Low birth weight and IUGR are surrogate measures of fetal growth that are determined at delivery. Low birth weight is defined as <2,500 grams, and occurs in about 7% of US births. Intrauterine growth retardation is commonly defined as birth weight less than the tenth percentile for gestational week, using a standard population. Preterm delivery is birth at <37 weeks gestational age, and occurs in approximately 12% of US births. RESULT(S) Numerous factors are associated with these endpoints that may be important to consider in studies of environmental exposures, such as young or old maternal age, race/ethnicity, multiple births, low socioeconomic status, inadequate prenatal care, low maternal weight gain, and infections and premature rupture of the membranes. Environmental contaminants found associated with increased risk of one or more of the endpoints include: tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, air pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, chlorination byproducts, and solvents. CONCLUSION(S) Future research directions include measurement of exposure biomarkers during critical windows and consideration of genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Windham
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Torres-Sánchez L, López-Carrillo L. Efectos a la salud y exposición a p,p'-DDT y p,p'-DDE: el caso de México. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2007; 12:51-60. [PMID: 17680058 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basado en la revisión sistemática de 32 artículos publicados en PubMed-Medline hasta enero del 2006 y utilizando como palabras clave DDT exposure, human, milk y Mexico; este estudio analiza la situación acerca de la exposición en México a difenildicloroetano (DDT) y su principal metabolito p,p,'-DDE, así como, su posible repercusión sobre la salud humana. Aún cuando, el uso del DDT se suspendió en 1999, los estudios evaluados reportan niveles importantes de p,p'-DDE, en muestras biológicas de suero, tejido adiposo y leche materna de poblaciones no ocupacionalmente expuestas. Así mismo, existen evidencias sobre daños a la salud, especialmente relacionados con el área reproductiva masculina, la lactancia materna y más recientemente daños a nivel celular, así como, alteración en el desarrollo psicomotor de niños expuestos in utero. Aún cuando existen muchas lagunas, acerca de otros efectos adversos a la salud relacionados con la exposición a DDT o sus metabolitos, la experiencia lograda hasta ahora, debe ser tomada en cuenta en México y el resto de Latinoamérica, para que considerando el principio precautorio se legisle sobre el DDT y otros contaminantes orgánicos persistente que tienen actividad y características similares al DDT o sus metabolitos.
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Torres-Sánchez L, Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Cebrián ME, Osorio E, del Carmen Hernández M, García-Hernández RM, del Rio-Garcia C, Wolff MS, López-Carrillo L. In utero p,p'-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:435-9. [PMID: 17431495 PMCID: PMC1849908 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) affects neurodevelopment in infants, although a critical exposure window has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess the prenatal DDE exposure window and its effect on the psychomotor development index (PDI) and mental development index (MDI) during the first year of life. METHODS We recruited 244 children whose pregnancies and deliveries were uncomplicated, and whose mothers were monitored throughout the pregnancy. Participating mothers were not occupationally exposed to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) but were residents of a zone in Mexico with endemic malaria. We measured serum levels of DDE before pregnancy and during each trimester of the pregnancy. We evaluated PDI and MDI of the Bayley Scales for Infant Development (BSID-II), at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. We adjusted for quality of the home environment and maternal intellectual coefficient (IQ). We used generalized mixed-effects models for statistical analysis. RESULTS Third-trimester DDE level (7.8 +/- 2.8 ppb) was significantly higher than the level at baseline, first, and second trimesters, but the differences never exceeded 20%. Only DDE levels during the first trimester of pregnancy were associated with a significant reduction in PDI (every doubled increase of DDE level reduced the PDI 0.5 points). DDE was not associated with MDI. CONCLUSIONS A critical window of exposure to DDE in utero may be the first trimester of the pregnancy, and psychomotor development is a target of this compound. Residues of DDT metabolites may present a risk of developmental delay for years after termination of DDT use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J. Rothenberg
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, México
- Depto. Ecología Humana, CINVESTAV, Merida, Yucatán, México
| | | | | | - Erika Osorio
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México DF, México
| | | | | | | | - Mary S. Wolff
- Community Medicine, Division of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, México
- Address correspondence to L. López-Carrillo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col Sta. Maria Ahuacatitlán, CP:62508, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Telephone and fax: (777) 311-2338. E-mail:
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Sagiv SK, Tolbert PE, Altshul LM, Korrick SA. Organochlorine Exposures During Pregnancy and Infant Size at Birth. Epidemiology 2007; 18:120-9. [PMID: 17179760 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000249769.15001.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organochlorines, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides, are environmentally persistent contaminants that concentrate in the food chain as well in human adipose tissue and readily cross the placenta. METHODS To follow up on studies suggesting an association of organochlorine exposure with reduced birth size, we investigated the association of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (including p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene [p,p'-DDE], the major degradation product of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane [p,p'-DDT], and hexachlorobenzene [HCB]), with birth weight, crown-heel length, and head circumference. We evaluated a cohort of 722 infants born between 1993 and 1998 to mothers residing near a PCB-contaminated harbor and Superfund site in New Bedford, Massachusetts. RESULTS Small negative associations were observed for PCBs and birth weight; associations were weaker for birth length and head circumference. There was evidence for effect modification by smoking during pregnancy on the association between PCBs and birth weight. No associations were found with p,p'-DDE or HCB for any measures of birth size. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the growing literature that demonstrates at most a weak association between very low-level organochlorine exposure and birth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Xue F, Holzman C, Rahbar MH, Trosko K, Fischer L. Maternal fish consumption, mercury levels, and risk of preterm delivery. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:42-7. [PMID: 17366817 PMCID: PMC1797831 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women receive mixed messages about fish consumption in pregnancy because unsaturated fatty acids and protein in fish are thought to be beneficial, but contaminants such as methylmercury may pose a hazard. METHODS In the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) study, women were enrolled in the 15th to 27th week of pregnancy from 52 prenatal clinics in five Michigan communities. At enrollment, information was gathered on amount and category of fish consumed during the current pregnancy, and a hair sample was obtained. A segment of hair closest to the scalp, approximating exposure during pregnancy, was assessed for total mercury levels (70-90% methylmercury) in 1,024 POUCH cohort women. RESULTS Mercury levels ranged from 0.01 to 2.50 pg/g (mean = 0.29 microg/g; median = 0.23 microg/g). Total fish consumption and consumption of canned fish, bought fish, and sport-caught fish were positively associated with mercury levels in hair. The greatest fish source for mercury exposure appeared to be canned fish. Compared with women delivering at term, women who delivered before 35 weeks' gestation were more likely to have hair mercury levels at or above the 90th percentile (> or = 0.55 microg/g), even after adjusting for maternal characteristics and fish consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.7). CONCLUSION This is the first large, community-based study to examine risk of very preterm birth in relation to mercury levels among women with low to moderate exposure. Additional studies are needed to see whether these findings will be replicated in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kay Trosko
- Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lawrence Fischer
- Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Wigle DT, Arbuckle TE, Walker M, Wade MG, Liu S, Krewski D. Environmental hazards: evidence for effects on child health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:3-39. [PMID: 18074303 DOI: 10.1080/10937400601034563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The human fetus, child, and adult may experience adverse health outcomes from parental or childhood exposures to environmental toxicants. The fetus and infant are especially vulnerable to toxicants that disrupt developmental processes during relatively narrow time windows. This review summarizes knowledge of associations between child health and development outcomes and environmental exposures, including lead, methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and related polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), certain pesticides, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), aeroallergens, ambient air toxicants (especially particulate matter [PM] and ozone), chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs), sunlight, power-frequency magnetic fields, radiofrequency (RF) radiation, residential proximity to hazardous waste disposal sites, and solvents. The adverse health effects linked to such exposures include fetal death, birth defects, being small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth, clinically overt cognitive, neurologic, and behavioral abnormalities, subtle neuropsychologic deficits, childhood cancer, asthma, other respiratory diseases, and acute poisoning. Some environmental toxicants, notably lead, ionizing radiation, ETS, and certain ambient air toxicants, produce adverse health effects at relatively low exposure levels during fetal or child developmental time windows. For the many associations supported by limited or inadequate epidemiologic evidence, major sources of uncertainty include the limited number of studies conducted on specific exposure-outcome relationships and methodologic limitations. The latter include (1) crude exposure indices, (2) limited range of exposure levels, (3) small sample sizes, and (4) limited knowledge and control of potential confounders. Important knowledge gaps include the role of preconceptual paternal exposures, a topic much less studied than maternal or childhood exposures. Large longitudinal studies beginning before or during early pregnancy are urgently needed to accurately measure and assess the relative importance of parental and childhood exposures and evaluate relatively subtle health outcomes such as neuropsychologic and other functional deficits. Large case-control studies are also needed to assess the role of environmental exposures and their interactions with genetic factors in relatively uncommon outcomes such as specific types of birth defects and childhood cancers. There is also an urgent need to accelerate development and use of biomarkers of exposure and genetic susceptibility in epidemiologic studies. This review supports the priority assigned by international agencies to relationships between child health and air quality (indoor and outdoor), lead, pesticides, water contaminants, and ETS. To adequately address such priorities, governments and agencies must strengthen environmental health research capacities and adopt policies to reduce parental and childhood exposures to proven and emerging environmental threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Wigle
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario.
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Weselak M, Arbuckle TE, Foster W. Pesticide exposures and developmental outcomes: the epidemiological evidence. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:41-80. [PMID: 18074304 DOI: 10.1080/10937400601034571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of DDT as an insecticide in the late 1930s, billions of kilograms of pesticide active ingredient have been sold in North America and around the world. In recent years, there has been a heightened public awareness of pesticides and child health and a number of epidemiologic studies linked pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides to a number of adverse developmental outcomes, including fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, and birth defects. Given this, it was felt prudent to critically appraise the evidence for periconceptual pesticide exposures and developmental outcomes. The epidemiological evidence for specific pesticide classes, families, and active ingredients were examined and summarized and recommendations were made for how to improve future studies in order to address the current pitfalls and gaps in the studies in this area. Many of the studies suffered from poor exposure estimation, relying on job title only and/or the exposure category "any pesticide" as a measure of exposure, and there was limited or inadequate evidence to support causality for all associations examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weselak
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontaria.
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Lino CM, da Silveira MIN. Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997-2001. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:339-51. [PMID: 16730348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of a Portuguese population, organochlorine pesticide residues were evaluated in human serum from students of the University of Coimbra. Concentrations of selected organochlorine pollutants (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, HE, HCB, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD) and endosulfan sulfate was measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Our objective is to point out the general levels of pesticide contamination and the differences between the four populations; and together with this, if a connection could be established with gender or the residence area of the subjects. Endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD were the most frequently identified residues. Endosulfan sulfate present the highest concentrations for all subjects, 42.6 microg/l, with concentrations ranging from undetected to 1295.5 microg/l. Between DDT, isomers, and analogues, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT presented the highest levels, 24.8 and 21.9 microg/l, respectively. Mean total DDT levels were higher than mean total HCH levels. For summation operator-DDT, the highest levels were found among female gender and urban samples. An opposite situation was found in summation operator-HCH: males presented higher levels than females. The mean concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues, present in the student populations, showed that it is among the highest levels of contamination, when compared with others from Europe, Asia, and America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Matos Lino
- Group of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Morello-Frosch R, Shenassa ED. The environmental "riskscape" and social inequality: implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1150-3. [PMID: 16882517 PMCID: PMC1551987 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that the double jeopardy of exposure to environmental hazards combined with place-based stressors is associated with maternal and child health (MCH) disparities. OBJECTIVE AND DISCUSSION Our aim is to present evidence that individual-level and place-based psychosocial stressors may compromise host resistance such that environmental pollutants would have adverse health effects at relatively lower doses, thus partially explaining MCH disparities, particularly poor birth outcomes. Allostatic load may be a physiologic mechanism behind the moderation of the toxic effect of environmental pollutants by social stressors. We propose a conceptual framework for holistic approaches to future MCH research that elucidates the interplay of psychosocial stressors and environmental hazards in order to better explain drivers of MCH disparities. CONCLUSION Given the complexity of the link between environmental factors and MCH disparities, a holistic approach to future MCH research that seeks to untangle the double jeopardy of chronic stressors and environmental hazard exposures could help elucidate how the interplay of these factors shapes persistent racial and economic disparities in MCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Koepke R, Warner M, Petreas M, Cabria A, Danis R, Hernandez-Avila M, Eskenazi B. Serum DDT and DDE levels in pregnant women of Chiapas, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 59:559-65. [PMID: 16599003 PMCID: PMC4030544 DOI: 10.1080/00039890409603434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors measured the main ingredients of technical DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl [p,p'-DDT]) and its principal metabolite, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene [p,p'-DDE]) in serum collected from 52 pregnant women in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico in 1998. The median lipid-adjusted serum levels for the women were 676 ng/g p,p'-DDT (range: 56-23,169 ng/g) and 4,843 ng/g p,p'-DDE (range: 113-41,964 ng/g). In regression analysis, serum DDT and DDE increased with age (test for trend, p = .022) but decreased with total lactation (test for trend, p < .001). Residence in a house that had ever been sprayed for malaria control was also related to serum DDT and DDE. This study provides evidence of high-level exposure to DDT and DDE among pregnant women living in Chiapas, Mexico, despite countrywide restrictions on its use at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Koepke
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA
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Fenster L, Eskenazi B, Anderson M, Bradman A, Harley K, Hernandez H, Hubbard A, Barr DB. Association of in utero organochlorine pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:597-602. [PMID: 16581552 PMCID: PMC1440787 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
From 1940 through the 1970s, organochlorine compounds were widely used as insecticides in the United States. Thereafter, their use was severely restricted after recognition of their persistence in the environment, their toxicity in animals, and their potential for endocrine disruption. Although substantial evidence exists for the fetal toxicity of organochlorines in animals, information on human reproductive effects is conflicting. We investigated whether infants' length of gestation, birth weight, and crown-heel length were associated with maternal serum levels of 11 different organochlorine pesticides: p,p -dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p -DDT), p,p -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p -DDE), o,p -dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p -DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCCH), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCCH), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, and mirex. Our subjects were a birth cohort of 385 low-income Latinas living in the Salinas Valley, an agricultural community in California. We observed no adverse associations between maternal serum organochlorine levels and birth weight or crown-heel length. We found decreased length of gestation with increasing levels of lipid-adjusted HCB (adjusted gamma = -0.47 weeks; p = 0.05). We did not find reductions in gestational duration associated with any of the other organochlorine pesticides. Our finding of decreased length of gestation related to HCB does not seem to have had clinical implications for this population, given its relatively low rate of preterm delivery (6.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fenster
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Farhang L, Weintraub JM, Petreas M, Eskenazi B, Bhatia R. Association of DDT and DDE with birth weight and length of gestation in the Child Health and Development Studies, 1959-1967. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162:717-25. [PMID: 16120698 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its persistent metabolite p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) are associated with negative reproductive outcomes in animals. In humans, however, the findings are inconsistent. Using data from the Child Health and Development Studies, a longitudinal study of 20,754 pregnancies among San Francisco Bay Area women from 1959 to 1967, the authors examined the effects of maternal serum DDT and DDE concentrations on preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, birth weight, and gestational age in 420 male subjects. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression for preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth and linear regression for birth weight and gestational age. Median serum concentrations of DDE were 43 mug/liter (interquartile range: 32-57; range: 7-153) and of DDT were 11 mug/liter (interquartile range: 8-16; range: 3-72), several times higher than current US concentrations. The adjusted odds ratio for preterm birth was 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 2.23) for DDE and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.78) for DDT. For small-for-gestational-age birth, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.44, 1.26) for DDE and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.27) for DDT; none of the study results achieved statistical significance. Given the persistence of DDT in the environment and its continuing role in malaria control, studies using more robust data should continue to assess this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Farhang
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA.
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Abstract
DDT (bis[4-chlorophenyl]-1,1,1-trichloroethane) is a persistent insecticide that was used worldwide from the mid 1940s until its ban in the USA and other countries in the 1970s. When a global ban on DDT was proposed in 2001, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa claimed that DDT was still needed as a cheap and effective means for vector control. Although DDT is generally not toxic to human beings and was banned mainly for ecological reasons, subsequent research has shown that exposure to DDT at amounts that would be needed in malaria control might cause preterm birth and early weaning, abrogating the benefit of reducing infant mortality from malaria. Historically, DDT has had mixed success in Africa; only the countries that are able to find and devote substantial resources towards malaria control have made major advances. DDT might be useful in controlling malaria, but the evidence of its adverse effects on human health needs appropriate research on whether it achieves a favourable balance of risk versus benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Rogan
- Epidemiology Branch, US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P O Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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