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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Han J, Zhang J, Zhang N, Yang X, Qu H, Guo Y, Shi C, Yan Y. Age, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol regulate mRNA expression of vitamin D receptor and sodium-phosphate cotransporter in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1199-1208. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Wang C, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Cang J, Sun H, Peng J, Ma X, Huo X, Liu K. Aspirin and Probenecid Inhibit Organic Anion Transporter 3–Mediated Renal Uptake of Cilostazol and Probenecid Induces Metabolism of Cilostazol in the Rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:996-1007. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Rogers SA, Droege D, Dusso A, Hammerman MR. Incubation of metanephroi with vitamin d(3) increases numbers of glomeruli. Organogenesis 2012; 1:52-4. [PMID: 19521561 DOI: 10.4161/org.1.2.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize actions of vitamin D3 on metanephroi transplanted from rat embryos to adult recipients, we incubated metanephroi with or without 0.01, 0.1 or 1 ug/ml vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] or 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)2D(3)] prior to implantation. The number of glomeruli in developed metanephroi three weeks post-transplantation that had been incubated with 1.0 ug/ml vitamin D(3) was increased relative to the number in metanephroi that were not incubated with vitamin D(3) (control), an effect that was not recapitulated by administration of vitamin D(3) directly to hosts at the time of transplantation. Incubation of metanephroi with 1.0 ug/ml vitamin D(3) also enhanced inulin clearances of metanephroi measured at 12 weeks post-transplantation. The hydroxylated derivative of vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3), increased glomerulus number when applied at 0.01 ug/ml but not at higher concentrations, while the twice-hydroxylated derivative 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), failed to increase glomerulus number at any concentration tested. We conclude that incubation with vitamin D(3) prior to implantation enhances inulin clearance possibly by increasing the number of glomeruli that develop post-transplantation.Our findings suggest the vitamin D(3) effect is mediated locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rogers
- Renal Division; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri USA
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Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase – Four decades of searching, are we there yet? Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hanly L, Chen N, Rieder M, Koren G. Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity in children: a mechanistic base for pharmacological prevention. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:155-68. [PMID: 19309244 DOI: 10.1517/14740330902808169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antineoplastic drug ifosfamide (IFO) in the treatment of solid tumors, particularly in children, is the cause of severe nephrotoxicity. Although it is a potent and effective chemotherapeutic agent, the associated nephrotoxicity has a serious impact on the health and the quality of life of exposed children. The toxic metabolite of IFO thought to be responsible for IFO-induced kidney damage is chloroacetaldehyde (CAA). Those suffering from nephrotoxicity typically develop tubular and glomerular toxicities, with the most severe form being Fanconi's syndrome. As the mode of toxicity of CAA seems to be primarily owing to oxidative stress, the use of antioxidants as a protective measure for the kidneys is a promising strategy. In this review, we highlight recent research that supports the local renal production of CAA as the proximate cause of IFO-induced nephrotoxicity with age as an important risk factor, those under the age of three being the most vulnerable. Most importantly, we focus on the potential advantages of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine owing to both its antioxidant properties and its current use clinically in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hanly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Kramer J, Steinhoff J, Klinger M, Fricke L, Rohwedel J. Cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells via embryoid bodies express renal marker molecules. Differentiation 2006; 74:91-104. [PMID: 16533308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells via embryoid bodies (EB) is established as a suitable model to study cellular processes of development in vitro. ES cells are known to be pluripotent because of their capability to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers including germ cells. Here, we show that ES cells differentiate into renal cell types in vitro. We found that genes were expressed during EB cultivation, which have been previously described to be involved in renal development. Marker molecules characteristic for terminally differentiated renal cell types were found to be expressed predominantly during late stages of EB cultivation, while marker molecules involved in the initiation of nephrogenesis were already expressed during early steps of EB development. On the cellular level--using immunostaining--we detected cells expressing podocin, nephrin and wt-1, characteristic for differentiated podocytes and other cells, which expressed Tamm-Horsfall protein, a marker for distal tubule epithelial cells of kidney tissue. Furthermore, the proximal tubule marker molecules renal-specific oxido reductase, kidney androgen-related protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3alpha-hydroxylase were found to be expressed in EBs. In particular, we could demonstrate that cells expressing podocyte marker molecules assemble to distinct ring-like structures within the EBs. Because the differentiation efficiency into these cell types is still relatively low, application of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in combination with leukaemia inhibitory factor was tested for induction, but did not enhance ES cell-derived renal differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kramer
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Aleksa K, Matsell D, Krausz K, Gelboin H, Ito S, Koren G. Cytochrome P450 3A and 2B6 in the developing kidney: implications for ifosfamide nephrotoxicity. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:872-85. [PMID: 15875221 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of agents (e.g., cancer chemotherapy) that can cause drug-induced nephrotoxicity may lead to acute or chronic renal damage. This will adversely affect the health and well-being of children, especially when the developing kidney is exposed to toxic agents that may lead to acute glomerular, tubular or combined toxicity. We have previously shown that the cancer chemotherapeutic ifosfamide (IF) causes serious renal damage substantially more in younger children (less than 3 years of age) than among older children. The mechanism of the age-related IF-induced renal damage is not known. Our major hypothesis is that renal CYP P450 expression and activity are responsible for IF metabolism to the nephrotoxic chloroacetaldehyde. Presently, the ontogeny of these catalytic enzymes in the kidney is sparsely known. The presence of CYP3A4, 3A5 and 2B6 was investigated in human fetal, pediatric and adult kidney as was the metabolism of IF (both R-IF and S-IF enantiomers) by renal microsomes to 2-dechloroethylifosfamide (2-DCEIF) and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (3-DCEIF). Our analysis shows that CYP 3A4 and 3A5 are present as early as 8 weeks of gestation. IF is metabolized in the kidney to its two enantiomers. This metabolism can be inhibited with CYP 3A4/5 and 2B6 specific monoclonal inhibitory antibodies, whereby the CYP3A4/5 inhibitory antibody decreased the production of R-3-DCEIF by 51%, while the inhibitory CYP2B6 antibody decreased the production of S-2-DCEIF and S-3-DCEIF by 44 and 43%, respectively, in patient samples. Total renal CYP content is approximately six-fold lower than in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Aleksa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Abstract
Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity adversely affects the health and well-being of children with cancer. We have recently shown age-dependent nephrotoxicity induced by ifosfamide, with younger children (<3 years) substantially more vulnerable. The mechanisms leading to this age-related ifosfamide-induced renal damage have not been identified. Underlying this work is the hypothesis that renal ontogeny is involved in the expression and activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes responsible for IF metabolism to the nephrotoxic chloroacetaldehyde. We evaluated renal CYP3A and 2B22 activity in pigs between the ages of 1 day and adulthood, as well as the metabolism of ifosfamide by renal microsomes to 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (2-DCEIF and 3-DCEIF, respectively). Kidney CYP3A messenger RNA expression peaked 15 to 60 days (0.7-76 +/- 0.19 CYP3A/actin ratio; P < 0.001). Subsequently, this level decreased to adult values (0.54 - 0.03 CYP3A/actin ratio; P = 0.04). Similarly, we detected an increase in the ifosfamide-metabolism rate between young (18 +/- 2 pmol/mg protein/min) and adult (12.2 +/- 0.17 pmol/mg protein/min) animals (P = 0.002). Ours is the first documentation of ontogeny of renal CYP3A and of renal ifosfamide metabolism. These data suggest that age-dependent ifosfamide nephrotoxicity is, at least in part, due to ontogeny in the production chloroacetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Aleksa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yamasaki T, Izumi S, Ide H, Ohyama Y. Identification of a Novel Rat Microsomal Vitamin D3 25-Hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22848-56. [PMID: 15026419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311346200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 requires the 25-hydroxylation in the liver and the subsequent 1alpha-hydroxylation in the kidney to exert its biological activity. Vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation is hence an essential modification step for vitamin D3 activation. Until now, three cytochrome P450 molecular species (CYP27A1, CYP2C11, and CYP2D25) have been characterized well as vitamin D3 25-hydroxylases. However, their physiological role remains unclear because of their broad substrate specificities and low activities toward vitamin D3 relative to other substrates. In this study, we purified vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase from female rat liver microsomes. The activities of the purified fraction toward vitamin D3 and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 were 1.1 and 13 nmol/min/nmol of P450, respectively. The purified fraction showed a few protein bands in a 50-60-kDa range on SDS-PAGE, typical for a cytochrome P450. The tryptic peptide mass fingerprinting of a protein band (56 kDa) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry identified this band as CYP2J3. CYP2J3 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant CYP2J3 showed strong 25-hydroxylation activities toward vitamin D3 and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 with turnover numbers of 3.3 and 22, respectively, which were markedly higher than those of P450s previously characterized as 25-hydroxylases. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that CYP2J3 mRNA is expressed at a level similar to that of CYP27A1 without marked sexual dimorphism. These results strongly suggest that CYP2J3 is the principal P450 responsible for vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yamasaki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Abstract
The review provides an evaluation of the therapeutic potential of vitamin D analogues in the context of the current understanding of vitamin D biochemistry, molecular biology and physiology. Vitamin D activity results from several circulating and intracellular physiological metabolites acting simultaneously through at least three receptors. Common analogues are reviewed. Although most vitamin D analogues have traditionally been analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, it may be better to deliver high doses of base vitamin or (analogues) of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. This would permit physiological endocrine, paracrine and autocrine vitamin D metabolism. Agonists or antagonists of tissue-specific vitamin D metabolic pathways could be coadministered. The importance of measuring endogenous vitamin D metabolites during in vivo studies and the pitfalls of extending data across species and time are emphasised. Human vitamin D analogue trials should include direct comparison against the related endogenous metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Stein
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Theodoropoulos C, Demers C, Petit JL, Gascon-Barre M. High sensitivity of rat hepatic vitamin D3-25 hydroxylase CYP27A to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E138-47. [PMID: 12388126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00303.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CYP27A is considered the main vitamin D(3) (D(3))-25 hydroxylase in humans. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of the D(3) nutritional and hormonal status on hepatic CYP27A mRNA, cellular distribution, transcription rate, and enzyme activity. Studies were carried out in normal and in D-depleted rats supplemented with D(3), 25OHD(3), or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). CYP27A exhibited a significant gender difference and was observed throughout the hepatic acinus not only in hepatocytes but also in sinusoidal endothelial, stellate, and Kupffer cells. Neither D(3) nor 25OHD(3) influenced CYP27A mRNA levels. However, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) repletion led to a 60% decrease in CYP27A mRNA, which was accompanied by a 46% decrease in mitochondrial D(3)-25 hydroxylase activity. The effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was mediated by a significant decrease in CYP27A transcription, whereas its mRNA half-life remained unchanged. Our data indicate that CYP27A is present in hepatic parenchymal and sinusoidal cells and that the gene transcript is not influenced by the D(3) nutritional status but is transcriptionally regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Theodoropoulos
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2X 1P1
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