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Nyporko A, Tsymbalyuk O, Voiteshenko I, Starosyla S, Protopopov M, Bdzhola V. Computer-aided design of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 inhibitors: Promising compounds among trifluoromethyl containing hexahydropyrimidinones/thiones. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2300006. [PMID: 37293808 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The new high selective mAChRs M3 inhibitors with IC50 in nanomolecular ranges, which can be the prototypes for effective COPD and asthma treatment drugs, were discovered with computational approaches among trifluoromethyl containing hexahydropyrimidinones/thiones. Compounds [6-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-thioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidin-5-yl]-phenyl-methanone (THPT-1) and 5-benzoyl-6-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidin-2-one (THPO-4) have been proved to be a highly effective (with IC50 values of 1.62 ⋅ 10-7 M and 3.09 ⋅ 10-9 M, respectively) at the same concentrations significantly competitive inhibit the signal conduction through mAChR3 in comparison with ipratropium bromide, without significant effect on mAChR2, nicotinic cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nyporko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Olga Tsymbalyuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Voiteshenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Starosyla
- Receptor.AI Inc., 20-22 Wenlock Road, London, N1 7GU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Volodymyr Bdzhola
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
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Zhao Y, Wang J, Hou T, Yu Y, Zhou H, Han Y, Cheng J, Liu Y, Wang C, Chen L, Liang X. Design and synthesis of 2-(2,2-diarylethyl)-cyclamine derivatives as M3 receptor antagonists and functional evaluation on COPD. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106308. [PMID: 36516520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscarine acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) regulate a variety of central and peripheral physiological functions and emerge as important therapeutic targets for a number of diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inspired by two active natural products, we designed and synthesized a series of 2-(2,2-diarylethyl)-cyclamine derivatives for screening M3 mAChR antagonists. On this skeleton, the structural units including N heterocycle, aryl groups and its substituents on aryl were examined and resulted in a clear structure-activity relationships on the M3 mAChR. In general, these 2-(2,2-diarylethyl)-cyclamine derivatives exhibited good to excellent M3 antagonistic potency and receptor selectivity. The most active 5b-C1 had an IC50 value of 3 nM and the most of compound 6 displayed inactivity against histamine H1 receptor closely related to M3. In in vitro and in vivo evaluations of tracheo-relaxation function, some compounds even showed comparable activity to tiotropium bromide, a known blockbuster drug for COPD. Such excellent properties made these novel compounds potential candidates for COPD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaopeng Zhao
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jixia Wang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Tao Hou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yancheng Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yang Han
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Junxiang Cheng
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Long Chen
- Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116034, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
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Network pharmacology-based analysis of Zukamu granules for the treatment of COVID-19. Eur J Integr Med 2021; 42:101282. [PMID: 33425074 PMCID: PMC7778372 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Zukamu granules may play a potential role in the fight against the Coronavirus, COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms of Zukamu granules using network pharmacology combined with molecular docking. Methods The Traditional Chinese Medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to filter the active compounds and the targets of each drug in the prescription. The Genecards and OMIM databases were used for identifying the targets related to COVID-19. The STRING database was used to analyze the intersection targets. Compound - target interaction and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape to decipher the anti-COVID-19 mechanisms of action of the prescription. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of action. Finally, the interaction between the targets and the active compounds was verified by molecular docking technology. Results A total of 66 targets were identified. Further analysis identified 10 most important targets and 12 key compounds. Besides, 1340 biological processes, 43 cell compositions, and 87 molecular function items were obtained (P < 0.05). One hundred and thirty pathways were obtained (P < 0.05). The results of molecular docking showed that there was a stable binding between the active compounds and the targets. Conclusion Analysis of the constructed pharmacological network results allowed for the prediction and interpretation of the multi-constituent, multi-targeted, and multi-pathway mechanisms of Zukamu granules as a potential source for supportive treatment of COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ALB, Serum Albumin
- BP, Biological Process
- CASP3, Caspase-3
- CC, Cell Composition
- CCND1, Cyclin D1
- COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019
- Covid-19
- EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- FOS, C-FOS
- GO, Gene Ontology
- IL-6, Interleukin- 6
- INS, Insulin
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome
- MAPK8, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 8
- MF, Molecular Function
- MYC, Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
- Molecular docking
- Network pharmacology
- PPI, Protein-Protein Interaction
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- TCMSP, Traditional Chinese Medicine systems pharmacology
- VEGFA, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A
- Zukamu granule
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Shahzad N, Alzahrani A, Ibrahim IA, Soni K, Shahid I, Alsanosi S, Falemban A, Alanazi IM, Bamagous G, Al-Ghamdi S, Mahfoz A. In vivo pharmacological testing of herbal drugs for anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic properties. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:380-386. [PMID: 35399803 PMCID: PMC8985834 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_454_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
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Wang R, Xiao X, Shen Z, Cao L, Cao Y. Airborne fine particulate matter causes murine bronchial hyperreactivity via MAPK pathway-mediated M 3 muscarinic receptor upregulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:371-381. [PMID: 26916448 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the human health effects, airborne fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5 ) is an important environmental risk factor. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study examined the hypothesis that PM2.5 causes bronchial hyperreactivity by upregulated muscarinic receptors via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The isolated rat bronchi segments were cultured with different concentration of PM2.5 for different time. The contractile response of the bronchi segments were recorded by a sensitive myograph. The mRNA and protein expression levels of M3 muscarinic receptors were studied by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The muscarinic receptors agonist, carbachol induced a remarkable contractile response on fresh and DMSO cultured bronchial segments. Compared with the fresh or DMSO culture groups, 1.0 µg/mL of PM2.5 cultured for 24 h significantly enhanced muscarinic receptor-mediated contractile responses in bronchi with a markedly increased maximal contraction. In addition, the expression levels of mRNA and protein for M3 muscarinic receptors in bronchi of PM2.5 group were higher than that of fresh or DMSO culture groups. SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) significantly inhibited the PM2.5 -induced enhanced contraction and increased mRNA and protein expression of muscarinic receptors. However, JNK inhibitor SP600125 had no effect on PM2.5 -induced muscarinic receptor upregulation and bronchial hyperreactivity. In conclusion, airborne PM2.5 upregulates muscarinic receptors, which causes subsequently bronchial hyperreactivity shown as enhanced contractility in bronchi. This process may be mediated by p38 and MEK1/2 MAPK pathways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 371-381, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongxiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Bordeleau M, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Effects of ipratropium on exercise-induced cough in winter athletes: a hypothesis-generating study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2014; 42:7-13. [PMID: 25419883 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2014.11.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced cough (EIC) is frequently reported by winter athletes, but this symptom is not always associated with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The aims of this study were to determine if EIC can be inhibited or reduced with the inhalation of ipratropium, and if EIC in winter athletes is associated with EIB. METHODS On 2 visits, 24 cross-country skiers (10 males and 12 females, mean age 17 ± 3 years) performed an outdoor exercise in the winter (30-minute warm-up, followed by a 3-minute sprint), randomly preceded by the inhalation of ipratropium or a placebo. A spirometry was done at baseline and 20 minutes after inhalation of ipratropium or placebo. Exercise was then performed, followed by the measurement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the recording of the number of coughs until 60 minutes after exercise. Before and after exercise, the perception of cough intensity was evaluated using a modified Borg scale. RESULTS Twelve of 16 athletes who completed the study (75%) were symptomatic following exercise with placebo (number of coughs ≥ 5), but none developed EIB. For these athletes, the number of coughs after exercise (mean number of coughs ± standard deviation: placebo, 26 ± 14; ipratropium, 25 ± 23; P value, nonsignificant) and the maximal perception score for cough intensity (mean Borg score ± standard deviation: placebo, 1.9 ± 1.2; ipratropium, 2.0 ± 1.1; P value, nonsignificant) were not significantly different between ipratropium and placebo. A decrease in the number of coughs was observed in 6 of the symptomatic athletes and an increase was observed in the other 6, resulting in a nonsignificant mean effect. CONCLUSIONS Ipratropium does not appear to significantly influence the number and the perception of cough following exercise. Moreover, these results suggest that EIC is not mainly associated with EIB. However, a subgroup of athletes seems to show a beneficial response to ipratropium, suggesting different cough responses in this population.
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Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Delvescovo B, Serventi P, Bertini S. Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in the contractions of isolated bronchi in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:325-31. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Menozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - C. Pozzoli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - E. Poli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - B. Delvescovo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - P. Serventi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - S. Bertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie; Università di Parma; Parma Italy
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Lainé DI. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:43-53. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Yang CI, Fine GF, Jooste EH, Mutich R, Walczak SA, Motoyama EK. The Effect of Cisatracurium and Rocuronium on Lung Function in Anesthetized Children. Anesth Analg 2013; 117:1393-400. [PMID: 24257390 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182a6d191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled Once-Daily Umeclidinium in Healthy Adults Deficient in CYP2D6 Activity: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Drug Investig 2013; 33:653-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-013-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Lasseter KC, Aubets J, Chuecos F, Gil EG. Aclidinium Bromide, a Long-Acting Antimuscarinic, Does Not Affect QT Interval in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 51:923-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270010374471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Jin Q, Davis RS, Bullion AM, Jin J, Wang Y, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Buckley PT, Webb EF, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Sarau HM, Busch-Petersen J. Tyrosine urea muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: achiral quaternary ammonium groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7087-91. [PMID: 23099092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine ureas had been identified as potent muscarinic receptor antagonists with promising in vivo activity. Controlling the stereochemistry of the chiral quaternary ammonium center had proved to be a serious issue for this series, however. Herein we describe the preparation and SAR of tyrosine urea antagonists containing achiral quaternary ammonium centers. The most successful such moiety was the 2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-7-ium group which yielded highly potent antagonists with long duration of action in an inhaled animal model of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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Lainé DI, Yan H, Xie H, Davis RS, Dufour J, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Wan Z, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Hunsberger GE, Burman M, Bacon AM, Webb EF, Luttmann MA, Salmon M, Sarau HM, Umbrecht ST, Landis PS, Peck BJ, Busch-Petersen J. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of N-substituted tropane muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3366-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1623-34. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2002, the first long-acting muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®), was launched as a once-daily bronchodilating agent for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since then, there has been intense discovery research activity in this area and, currently, several alternative inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists are reported under clinical development by several pharmaceutical companies. This article will review the current inhaled development candidates, as well as literature reports of the most significant preclinical chemical series specifically designed as inhaled antimuscarinic agents.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug repositioning is a current strategy to find new uses for existing drugs, patented or not, and for late-stage candidates that failed for lack of efficacy. RESULTS In silico profiling of several marketed drugs (methadone, rapamycin, saquinavir and telmisartan) was performed, exploiting a vast amount of published information. Similar compounds were assessed in terms of target-activity profiles for major drug-target families. In silico profiles were visualized within an interactive heat map and detailed analysis was performed associated with the accessible current knowledge. CONCLUSION Based on a basic principle assuming that similar molecules share similar target activity, new potential targets and, therefore, opportunities of potential new indications have been identified and discussed.
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Stocks MJ, Alcaraz L, Bailey A, Bowers K, Donald D, Edwards H, Hunt F, Kindon N, Pairaudeau G, Theaker J, Warner DJ. The discovery of new spirocyclic muscarinic M3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7458-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Lainé DI, Wan Z, Yan H, Zhu C, Xie H, Fu W, Busch-Petersen J, Neipp C, Davis R, Widdowson KL, Blaney FE, Foley J, Bacon AM, Webb EF, Luttmann MA, Burman M, Sarau HM, Salmon M, Palovich MR, Belmonte K. Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationship of Tropane Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5241-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dramane I. Lainé
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Zehong Wan
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Hongxing Yan
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Chongjie Zhu
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Haibo Xie
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Wei Fu
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Jakob Busch-Petersen
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Christopher Neipp
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Roderick Davis
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Katherine L. Widdowson
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Frank E. Blaney
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - James Foley
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Alicia M. Bacon
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Edward F. Webb
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Mark A. Luttmann
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Miriam Burman
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Henry M. Sarau
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Michael Salmon
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Michael R. Palovich
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Kristen Belmonte
- Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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Casarosa P, Bouyssou T, Germeyer S, Schnapp A, Gantner F, Pieper M. Preclinical Evaluation of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists: Comparison of Tiotropium and Investigational Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:660-8. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.152470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Santus P, Di Marco F. Safety and pharmacological profile of tiotropium bromide. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:387-95. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330902953684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Servent D, Fruchart-Gaillard C. Muscarinic toxins: tools for the study of the pharmacological and functional properties of muscarinic receptors. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1193-202. [PMID: 19457160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors mediate metabotropic actions of acetylcholine in the CNS and PNS and autocrine functions of acetylcholine in non-neuronal systems. Because of the lack of highly selective muscarinic ligands, the precise location, functional role, and roles in various diseases of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes remain unclear. Muscarinic toxins isolated from the venom of Dendroaspis snakes have a natural high affinity and selectivity, associated with roles as competitive antagonists, allosteric modulators, and potential agonists. These toxins may therefore be invaluable tools for studying muscarinic receptors. We review data on the structural and pharmacological characterization of the muscarinic toxins, focusing on recent structure-function studies on toxin-receptor interactions. We discuss the potential benefits of using these toxins for investigating muscarinic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Servent
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif sur Yvette, France.
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22
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Lainé DI, McCleland B, Thomas S, Neipp C, Underwood B, Dufour J, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Blaney FE, Foley JJ, Webb EF, Luttmann MA, Burman M, Belmonte K, Salmon M. Discovery of Novel 1-Azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2493-505. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801601v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dramane I. Lainé
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Brent McCleland
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Sonia Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Christopher Neipp
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Brian Underwood
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Jeremy Dufour
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Katherine L. Widdowson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Michael R. Palovich
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Frank E. Blaney
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - James J. Foley
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Edward F. Webb
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Mark A. Luttmann
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Miriam Burman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Kristen Belmonte
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - Michael Salmon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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23
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Budzik B, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang F, Xie H, Wan Z, Zhu C, Foley JJ, Nuthulaganti P, Kallal LA, Sarau HM, Morrow DM, Moore ML, Rivero RA, Palovich M, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Laine DI, Jin J. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: SAR and optimization of bi-aryl amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1686-90. [PMID: 19243945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of multiple regions of a bi-aryl amine template led to the identification of highly potent M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists such as 14 (pA(2)=11.0) possessing good sub-type selectivity for M(3) over M(2). The structure-activity relationships (SAR) and optimization of the bi-aryl amine series are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Budzik
- Centers of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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24
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Jin J, Budzik B, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang F, Xie H, Wan Z, Zhu C, Foley JJ, Webb EF, Berlanga M, Burman M, Sarau HM, Morrow DM, Moore ML, Rivero RA, Palovich M, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Lainé DI. Discovery of Biphenyl Piperazines as Novel and Long Acting Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5915-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800935u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Brian Budzik
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Yonghui Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Dongchuan Shi
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Feng Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Haibo Xie
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Zehong Wan
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Chongye Zhu
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - James J. Foley
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Edward F. Webb
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Manuela Berlanga
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Miriam Burman
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Henry M. Sarau
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Dwight M. Morrow
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael L. Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Ralph A. Rivero
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael Palovich
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael Salmon
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | | | - Dramane I. Lainé
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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25
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Jin J, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang F, Fu W, Davis RS, Jin Q, Foley JJ, Sarau HM, Morrow DM, Moore ML, Rivero RA, Palovich M, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Busch-Petersen J. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: SAR and optimization of tyrosine ureas. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5481-6. [PMID: 18818072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SAR exploration of multiple regions of a tyrosine urea template led to the identification of very potent muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists such as 10b with good subtype selectivity for M(3) over M(1). The structure-activity relationships (SAR) and optimization of the tyrosine urea series are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Centers of Excellence for Drug Discovery and Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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26
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Jin J, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang F, Davis RS, Jin Q, Fu W, Foley JJ, Webb EF, Dehaas CJ, Berlanga M, Burman M, Sarau HM, Morrow DM, Rao P, Kallal LA, Moore ML, Rivero RA, Palovich M, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Busch-Petersen J. Discovery of Novel and Long Acting Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800634k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Yonghui Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Dongchuan Shi
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Feng Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Roderick S. Davis
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Qi Jin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Wei Fu
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - James J. Foley
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Edward F. Webb
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Chris J. Dehaas
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Manuela Berlanga
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Miriam Burman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Henry M. Sarau
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Dwight M. Morrow
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Parvathi Rao
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Lorena A. Kallal
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael L. Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Ralph A. Rivero
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael Palovich
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | - Michael Salmon
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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27
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Lainé DI, Xie H, Buffet N, Foley JJ, Buckley P, Webb EF, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Belmonte KE. Discovery of novel 8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane carbamates as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6066-9. [PMID: 17911022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our research program to develop novel muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of COPD, new tropane carbamate derivatives were identified as potent anti-muscarinic agents. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and pharmacological evaluation that led to the identification of compound 5o, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dramane I Lainé
- GlaxoSmithkline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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28
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Ricci A, Mariotta S, Amenta F, Tayebati SK, Terzano C. Changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in allergic rhinitis patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 21:79-87. [PMID: 17360208 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasympathetic nerves provide the dominant autonomic innervation of the upper and lower airways. They release acetylcholine that, activating post-junctional muscarinic receptors, causes bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion and vasodilation. Dysfunction of the upper and lower airways frequently coexist, and they appear to share key elements of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The present study has assessed the expression and pattern of cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtypes in peripheral blood lymphocytes harvested from allergic rhinitis patients with different degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness detected by methacholine challenge test. METHODS Radioligand binding assay for determining the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes; immunoblot analysis for assessing the characteristic of muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtype protein and immunocytochemical techniques for investigating the cellular localization of receptors. RESULTS An increased expression of M2 and M5 receptor proteins was observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of allergic rhinitis patients in comparison with healthy control individuals. M3 receptor subtype decreased in allergic rhinitis patients with normal or mild responses to methacholine. A trend versus a return to normal value was found in moderate and severe responders. No changes of the M4 receptor subtype were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Increase in M2 receptor expression correlated with disease severity and bronchial hyperreactivity. Changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression in allergic rhinitis underline a role of cholinergic system of immune cells in allergic airway disease. CAPSULE SUMMARY Studies addressed to rhinitis and asthma have identified many similarities. Our results indicate that changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte muscarinic receptor expression may reflect the cholinergic involvement into allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Respiratorie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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29
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Profita M, Giorgi RD, Sala A, Bonanno A, Riccobono L, Mirabella F, Gjomarkaj M, Bonsignore G, Bousquet J, Vignola AM. Muscarinic receptors, leukotriene B4 production and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD patients. Allergy 2005; 60:1361-9. [PMID: 16197467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in smooth muscle contraction and in the development of airway narrowing; preliminary evidences led us to hypothesize that ACh might also play a role in the development of airways inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS We evaluated the concentrations of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in induced sputum, and the expression of Ach M1, M2, and M3 receptors in sputum cells (SC) obtained from 16 patients with COPD, 11 smokers, and 14 control subjects. The SC were also treated with ACh and the production of LTB4 assessed in the presence or absence of a muscarinic antagonist (oxitropium). In blood monocytes, we evaluated LTB4 release and activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway after treatment with Ach. RESULTS The LTB4 concentrations were higher in COPD than in controls (P < 0.01) and correlated with the number of neutrophil (P < 0.01). The M3 receptors expression was increased in COPD subjects when compared to smokers and control (P < 0.05 and 0.0001, respectively), while M2 expression resulted decreased (P < 0.05 and 0.01). The ACh-induced LTB(4) production was observed in peripheral blood monocytes, and was sensitive to ERK inhibition. Similarly, ACh significantly increased neutrophil chemotactic activity and LTB4 released from SC of COPD patients only, and these effects were blocked by pretreatment with the inhibitor of ERK pathway PD98059. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained show that muscarinic receptors may be involved in airway inflammation in COPD subjects through ACh-induced, ERK1/2-dependent LTB4 release. Muscarinic antagonism may contribute to reduce neutrophil infiltration and activation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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30
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Abstract
Anticholinergics are the bronchodilators of choice in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They work by blocking muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle. Cholinergic tone appears to be the only reversible component of COPD. With the discovery of different muscarinic receptor subtypes, the development of more selective anticholinergics is possible. A major advance in this therapeutic area has been the discovery of tiotropium bromide, which has kinetic selectivity for M3 receptors as well as a duration of action of >24 hours. Once-daily administration of tiotropium is well tolerated and has shown significant advantages over ipratropium bromide, given 4 times daily, in the control of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, smoking-related, severe respiratory condition characterised by progressive, irreversible airflow limitation. Current treatment of COPD is symptomatic, with no drugs capable of halting the relentless progression of airflow obstruction. Better understanding of the airway inflammation, oxidative stress and alveolar destruction that characterise COPD has delineated new disease targets, with consequent identification of novel compounds with therapeutic potential. These new drugs include aids to smoking cessation (e.g. bupropion) and improvements to existing therapies, for example long-acting rather than short-acting bronchodilators, as well as combination therapy. New antiproteases include acyl-enzyme and transition state inhibitors of neutrophil elastase (e.g. sivelestat and ONO-6818), matrix metalloprotease inhibitors (e.g. batimastat), cathepsin inhibitors and peptide protease inhibitors (e.g. DX-890 [EPI-HNE-4] and trappin-2). New antioxidants include superoxide dismutase mimetics (e.g. AEOL-10113) and spin trap compounds (e.g. N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone). New anti-inflammatory interventions include phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (e.g. cilomilast), inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (e.g. humanised monoclonal antibodies), adenosine A(2a) receptor agonists (e.g. CGS-21680), adhesion molecule inhibitors (e.g. bimosiamose [TBC1269]), inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB (e.g. the naturally occurring compounds hypoestoxide and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate) and activators of histone deacetylase (e.g. theophylline). There are also selective inhibitors of specific extracellular mediators such as chemokines (e.g. CXCR2 and CCR2 antagonists) and leukotriene B(4) (e.g. SB201146), and of intracellular signal transduction molecules such as p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (e.g. RWJ67657) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Retinoids may be one of the few potential treatments capable of reversing alveolar destruction in COPD, and a number of compounds are in clinical trial (e.g. all-trans-retinoic acid). Talniflumate (MSI-1995), an inhibitor of human calcium-activated chloride channels, has been developed to treat mucous hypersecretion. In addition, the purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist diquafosol (INS365) is undergoing clinical trials to increase mucus clearance. The challenge to transferral of these new compounds from preclinical research to disease management is the design of effective clinical trials. The current scarcity of well characterised surrogate markers predicts that long-term studies in large numbers of patients will be needed to monitor changes in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Donnelly
- Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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32
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Rudmann DG, VanderEide SL. Necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis in dogs treated with a potent antimuscarinic. Vet Pathol 2004; 40:710-3. [PMID: 14608028 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-6-710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess the safety of a potent muscarinic receptor antagonist (antimuscarinic) for human clinical testing, repeat-dose oral toxicity studies were conducted in the Beagle dog. Treatment resulted in unexpected gastrointestinal system effects that were likely mediated by the exaggerated pharmacologic effects of the antimuscarinic on intestinal motility. Dogs developed profound anorexia followed by severe bloody diarrhea, and at necropsy, the intestinal tract was distended, filled with red-tinged fluid, and the mucosa was reddened. Histologically, intestinal lesions consisted of severe epithelial necrosis and mucosal atrophy localized predominantly to the ileum and large intestine. Feces from dogs with diarrhea were culture-positive for Clostridium perfringens (CP), suggesting that CP might be the etiologic agent; however, the intestinal lesions were not consistent with histologic findings reported in dogs with hemorrhagic canine enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rudmann
- Eli Lilly and Co., 2001 W. Main Street, P.O. Box 708, Drop Code GL44, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA.
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