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Yang J, Chen Y, He Y, Da M. YTHDF2 promotes gastric cancer progression and enhances chemoradiotherapy resistance. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22179. [PMID: 38616512 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The role of YTHDF2 in gastric cancer (GC) is controversial. Due to the limitations of technical difficulty and experimental period, research on completely knocking out YTHDF2 is rare. Therefore, further investigations are still needed to clarify the YTHDF2's clinical significance and biological function in GC. To carry out the investigation, an analysis was performed on the expression levels of YTHDF2 in both publicly available databases and samples obtained from patients with gastric cancer. Based on the complete knockout of YTHDF2 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of YTHDF2 on tumor formation, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy resistance in GC. Our investigation revealed an increase in YTHDF2 levels in GC tissues, which was found to be associated with a negative prognosis. Under hypoxic conditions, high expression of YTHDF2 enhanced the invasion of gastric cancer cells, and high expression of YTHDF2 was associated with HIF-1a. YTHDF2 facilitated gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrated that YTHDF2 mediated the expression of CyclinD1 and stability of CyclinD1 mRNA. CyclinD1 knockdown inhibited YTHDF2-mediated GC cell proliferation whereas CyclinD1 overexpression ameliorated YTHDF2 knockdown-induced inhibition of GC progression. Furthermore, YTHDF2 also promoted resistance to DDP and CTX chemotherapy, along with radiotherapy treatment for GC cells. The findings suggested that YTHDF2 expression accelerated GC progression through a potential mechanism involving CyclinD1 expression, and enhanced chemoradiotherapy resistance. This indicated that YTHDF2 could be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for individuals diagnosed with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang He
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Bantug GR, Hess C. The immunometabolic ecosystem in cancer. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2008-2020. [PMID: 38012409 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Our increased understanding of how key metabolic pathways are activated and regulated in malignant cells has identified metabolic vulnerabilities of cancers. Translating this insight to the clinics, however, has proved challenging. Roadblocks limiting efficacy of drugs targeting cancer metabolism may lie in the nature of the metabolic ecosystem of tumors. The exchange of metabolites and growth factors between cancer cells and nonmalignant tumor-resident cells is essential for tumor growth and evolution, as well as the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this Review, we will examine the metabolic interplay between tumor-resident cells and how targeted inhibition of specific metabolic enzymes in malignant cells could elicit pro-tumorigenic effects in non-transformed tumor-resident cells and inhibit the function of tumor-specific T cells. To improve the efficacy of metabolism-targeted anticancer strategies, a holistic approach that considers the effect of metabolic inhibitors on major tumor-resident cell populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Bantug
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Hess
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Medicine, CITIID, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Shirole NH, Kaelin WG. von-Hippel Lindau and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor at the Center of Renal Cell Carcinoma Biology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:809-825. [PMID: 37270382 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of kidney cancer is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Biallelic VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is the usual initiating event in both hereditary (VHL Disease) and sporadic ccRCCs. The VHL protein, pVHL, earmarks the alpha subunits of the HIF transcription factor for destruction in an oxygen-dependent manner. Deregulation of HIF2 drives ccRCC pathogenesis. Drugs inhibiting the HIF2-responsive growth factor VEGF are now mainstays of ccRCC treatment. A first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor was recently approved for treating VHL Disease-associated neoplasms and appears active against sporadic ccRCC in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin H Shirole
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Shafqat A, Omer MH, Ahmed EN, Mushtaq A, Ijaz E, Ahmed Z, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200941. [PMID: 37520562 PMCID: PMC10374407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical trials have documented improved outcomes when combining anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy. However, their overall survival benefit over conventional therapy remains limited and certain tumors exhibit poor response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, whilst preclinical studies have shown several components of the tumor coagulome to curb effective anti-tumor immune responses, the clinical studies reporting combinations of anticoagulants with immunotherapies have demonstrated variable treatment outcomes. By reviewing the current state of the literature on this topic, we address the key questions and future directions in the field, the answers of which are crucial for developing effective strategies to reprogram the TME in order to further the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali Mushtaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eman Ijaz
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zara Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Zhang Y, Nguyen CC, Zhang NT, Fink NS, John JD, Venkatesh OG, Roe JD, Hoffman SC, Lesniak MS, Wolinsky JP, Horbinski C, Szymaniak BM, Buerki RA, Sosman JA, Shenoy NK, Lukas RV. Neurological applications of belzutifan in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:827-838. [PMID: 36215167 PMCID: PMC10158112 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the VHL gene that presents with visceral neoplasms and growths, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and central nervous system manifestations, such as hemangioblastomas of the brain and spine. The pathophysiology involves dysregulation of oxygen sensing caused by the inability to degrade HIFα, leading to the overactivation of hypoxic pathways. Hemangioblastomas are the most common tumors in patients with VHL and cause significant morbidity. Until recently, there were no systemic therapies available for patients that could effectively reduce the size of these lesions. Belzutifan, the first approved HIF-2α inhibitor, has demonstrated benefit in VHL-associated tumors, with a 30% response rate in hemangioblastomas and ~30%-50% reduction in their sizes over the course of treatment. Anemia is the most prominent adverse effect, affecting 76%-90% of participants and sometimes requiring dose reduction or transfusion. Other significant adverse events include hypoxia and fatigue. Overall, belzutifan is well tolerated; however, long-term data on dosing regimens, safety, and fertility are not yet available. Belzutifan holds promise for the treatment of neurological manifestations of VHL and its utility may influence the clinical management paradigms for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | | | - Nigel T Zhang
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Nicolas S Fink
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Jordan D John
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Omkar G Venkatesh
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Jonathan D Roe
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Steven C Hoffman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St. Chicago, IL 60611USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Wolinsky
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | - Robin A Buerki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Niraj K Shenoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Rose JR, Akdogan-Ozdilek B, Rahmberg AR, Powell MD, Hicks SL, Scharer CD, Boss JM. Distinct transcriptomic and epigenomic modalities underpin human memory T cell subsets and their activation potential. Commun Biol 2023; 6:363. [PMID: 37012418 PMCID: PMC10070634 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human memory T cells (MTC) are poised to rapidly respond to antigen re-exposure. Here, we derived the transcriptional and epigenetic programs of resting and ex vivo activated, circulating CD4+ and CD8+ MTC subsets. A progressive gradient of gene expression from naïve to TCM to TEM is observed, which is accompanied by corresponding changes in chromatin accessibility. Transcriptional changes suggest adaptations of metabolism that are reflected in altered metabolic capacity. Other differences involve regulatory modalities comprised of discrete accessible chromatin patterns, transcription factor binding motif enrichment, and evidence of epigenetic priming. Basic-helix-loop-helix factor motifs for AHR and HIF1A distinguish subsets and predict transcription networks to sense environmental changes. Following stimulation, primed accessible chromatin correlate with an augmentation of MTC gene expression as well as effector transcription factor gene expression. These results identify coordinated epigenetic remodeling, metabolic, and transcriptional changes that enable MTC subsets to ultimately respond to antigen re-encounters more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bagdeser Akdogan-Ozdilek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew R Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Downstream Targets of VHL/HIF-α Signaling in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041316. [PMID: 36831657 PMCID: PMC9953937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal epithelial malignancy and responsible for most of the deaths from kidney cancer. Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have an increased proclivity to develop several types of tumors including ccRCC. Normally, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor alpha (HIF-α) subunits of the HIF heterodimeric transcription factor complex are regulated by oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation, VHL-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Loss of pVHL function results in elevated levels of HIF-α due to increased stability, leading to RCC progression. While HIF-1α acts as a tumor suppressor, HIF-2α promotes oncogenic potential by driving tumor progression and metastasis through activation of hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and overexpression of HIF-2α target genes. One strategy to suppress ccRCC aggressiveness is directed at inhibition of HIF-2α and the associated molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrated the effectiveness of HIF-2α targeted therapy in attenuating ccRCC progression. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and the involved genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) that confer oncogenic potential downstream of the VHL-HIF-2α signaling axis in ccRCC. Discussed as well are current treatment options (including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib), the medical challenges (high prevalence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, refractory nature of advanced disease to current treatment options), scientific challenges and future directions.
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8
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Norda S, Papadantonaki R. Regulation of cells of the arterial wall by hypoxia and its role in the development of atherosclerosis. VASA 2023; 52:6-21. [PMID: 36484144 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cell's response to hypoxia depends on stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 complex and transactivation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). HIF target gene transcription in cells resident to atherosclerotic lesions adjoins a complex interplay of cytokines and mediators of inflammation affecting cholesterol uptake, migration, and inflammation. Maladaptive activation of the HIF-pathway and transactivation of nuclear factor kappa-B causes monocytes to invade early atherosclerotic lesions, maintaining inflammation and aggravating a low-oxygen environment. Meanwhile HIF-dependent upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 causes attenuation of cholesterol efflux and ultimately macrophages becoming foam cells. Hypoxia facilitates neovascularization by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells lining the arterial wall destabilizing the plaque. HIF-knockout animal models and inhibitor studies were able to show beneficial effects on atherogenesis by counteracting the HIF-pathway in the cell wall. In this review the authors elaborate on the up-to-date literature on regulation of cells of the arterial wall through activation of HIF-1α and its effect on atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Norda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Rosa Papadantonaki
- Emergency Department, West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Chesnel F, Jullion E, Delalande O, Couturier A, Alusse A, Le Goff X, Lenglet M, Gardie B, Abadie C, Arlot-Bonnemains Y. Mutation of the proline P81 into a serine modifies the tumour suppressor function of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in the ccRCC. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1954-1962. [PMID: 36175619 PMCID: PMC9681884 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The von Hippel-Lindau disease is an autosomal dominant syndrome associated with tumour formation in various tissues, such as retina, central nervous system, kidney, and adrenal glands. VHL gene deletion or mutations support the development of various cancers. Unclassified VHL variants also referred as "of unknown significance" result from gene mutations that have an unknown or unclear effect on protein functions. The P81S mutation has been linked to low penetrance Type 1 disease but its pathogenic function was not clearly determined. METHODS We established a stable cell line expressing the pVHL213 (c.241C>T, P81S) mutant. Using biochemical and physiological approaches, we herein analysed pVHL folding, stability and function in the context of this VHL single missense mutation. RESULTS The P81S mutation mostly affects the non-canonical function of the pVHL protein. The cells expressing the pVHL213P81S acquire invasive properties in relation with modified architecture network. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the pathogenic role of this mutation in tumour development in vhl patients and confirm a medical follow up of family carrying the c.241C>T, P81S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chesnel
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jullion
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Delalande
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Couturier
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Adrien Alusse
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Le Goff
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Lenglet
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Betty Gardie
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Abadie
- Institut de Cancérologie, Boulevard Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Yannick Arlot-Bonnemains
- CNRS UMR6290, Université Rennes 1, SFR-UMSCNRS 3480-INSERM 018, 2 ave du Pr L Bernard, 35042, Rennes, France.
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Langbein LE, El Hajjar R, Kim WY, Yang H. The convergence of tumor suppressors on the type I interferon pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its therapeutic implications. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1417-C1429. [PMID: 36154696 PMCID: PMC9662805 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00255.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene/hypoxia inducible factor (VHL/HIF) axis lays the groundwork for tumorigenesis and is the target of many therapeutic agents. HIF activation alone, however, is largely insufficient for kidney tumor development, and secondary mutations in PBRM1, BAP1, SETD2, KDM5C, or other tumor suppressor genes are strong enablers of tumorigenesis. Interestingly, it has been discovered that VHL loss and subsequent HIF activation results in upregulation of a negative feedback loop mediated by ISGF3, a transcription factor activated by type I interferon (IFN). Secondary mutations in the aforementioned tumor suppressor genes all partially disable this negative feedback loop to facilitate tumor growth. The convergence of several cancer genes on this pathway suggests that it plays an important role in ccRCC development and maintenance. Tumors with secondary mutations that dampen the negative feedback loop may be exquisitely sensitive to its reactivation, and pharmacological activation of ISGF3 either alone or in combination with other therapies could be an effective method to treat patients with ccRCC. In this review, we examine the relevance of the type I IFN pathway to ccRCC, synthesize our current knowledge of the ccRCC tumor suppressors in its regulation, and explore how this may impact the future treatment of patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Langbein
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rayan El Hajjar
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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11
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Abstract
Germline loss-of-function mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene cause von Hippel–Lindau disease, which is associated with an increased risk of hemangioblastomas, clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs), and paragangliomas. This Review describes mechanisms involving the VHL gene product in oxygen sensing, protein degradation, and tumor development and current therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms. The VHL gene product is the substrate recognition subunit of a ubiquitin ligase that targets the α subunit of the heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor for proteasomal degradation when oxygen is present. This oxygen dependence stems from the requirement that HIFα be prolyl-hydroxylated on one (or both) of two conserved prolyl residues by members of the EglN (also called PHD) prolyl hydroxylase family. Deregulation of HIF, and particularly HIF2, drives the growth of VHL-defective ccRCCs. Drugs that inhibit the HIF-responsive gene product VEGF are now mainstays of ccRCC treatment. An allosteric HIF2 inhibitor was recently approved for the treatment of ccRCCs arising in the setting of VHL disease and has advanced to phase III testing for sporadic ccRCCs based on promising phase I/II data. Orally available EglN inhibitors are being tested for the treatment of anemia and ischemia. Five of these agents have been approved for the treatment of anemia in the setting of chronic kidney disease in various countries around the world.
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12
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Zhang K, Yang W, Ma K, Qiu J, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Yu C, Zhou J, Gong Y, Cai L, Gong K. Genotype–phenotype correlations and clinical outcomes of patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease with large deletions. J Med Genet 2022; 60:477-483. [PMID: 37080588 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundApproximately 20%–40% of patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, exhibit large deletions (LDs). Few studies have focused on this population. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the genotype–phenotype correlations and clinical outcomes in VHL patients with LDs.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we included 119 patients with VHL disease from 50 unrelated families in whom LDs were detected using traditional and next-generation sequencing methods. Other germline mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Genotype–phenotype correlations and survival were analysed in different groups using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. We also evaluated therapeutic response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy.ResultsThe overall penetrance of patients aged <60 was 95.2%. Two VHL patients with LDs also carried CHEK2 and FLCN germline mutations. An earlier age of onset of retinal haemangioblastoma was observed in the next generation. Patients with exon 2 deletion of VHL had an earlier onset age of renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic lesions. The risk of renal cell carcinoma was lower in VHL patients with LDs and a BRK1 deletion. The group with earlier age of onset received poorer prognosis. Four of eight (50%) patients showed partial response to TKI therapy.ConclusionThe number of generations and the status of exon 2 could affect age of onset of VHL-related manifestations. Onset age was an independent risk factor for overall survival. TKI therapy was effective in VHL patients with LDs. Our findings would further support clinical surveillance and decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wuping Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifang Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojian Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Liu XL, Zhang GM, Huang SS, Shi WH, Ye LX, Ren ZL, Zhang JJ, Liu SW, Yu L, Li YL. PTEN loss confers sensitivity to rapalogs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2397-2409. [PMID: 35165399 PMCID: PMC9433447 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapalogs (everolimus and temsirolimus) are allosteric mTORC1 inhibitors and approved agents for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), although only a subset of patients derive clinical benefit. Progress in genomic characterization has made it possible to generate comprehensive profiles of genetic alterations in ccRCC; however, the correlations between recurrent somatic mutations and rapalog efficacy remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate by using multiple patient-derived ccRCC cell lines that compared to PTEN-proficient cells, PTEN-deficient cells exhibit hypersensitivity to rapalogs. Rapalogs inhibit cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 arrest without inducing apoptosis in PTEN-deficient ccRCC cell lines. Using isogenic cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9, we validate the correlation between PTEN loss and rapalog hypersensitivity. In contrast, deletion of VHL or chromatin-modifying genes (PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, or KDM5C) fails to influence the cellular response to rapalogs. Our mechanistic study shows that ectopic expression of an activating mTOR mutant (C1483F) antagonizes PTEN-induced cell growth inhibition, while introduction of a resistant mTOR mutant (A2034V) enables PTEN-deficient ccRCC cells to escape the growth inhibitory effect of rapalogs, suggesting that PTEN loss generates vulnerability to mTOR inhibition. PTEN-deficient ccRCC cells are more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of temsirolimus on cell migration and tumor growth in zebrafish and xenograft mice, respectively. Of note, PTEN protein loss as detected by immunohistochemistry is much more frequent than mutations in the PTEN gene in ccRCC patients. Our study suggests that PTEN loss correlates with rapalog sensitivity and could be used as a marker for ccRCC patient selection for rapalog therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Si-Si Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wen-Hui Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin-Xuan Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Lu Ren
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Medicinal Information and Real World Engineering Technology Center of Universities, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shu-Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yi-Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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14
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Qin L, Chung YM, Berk M, Naelitz B, Zhu Z, Klein E, Chakraborty AA, Sharifi N. Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Couples 3βHSD1 Enzyme and Cofactor Upregulation to Facilitate Androgen Biosynthesis and Hormone Therapy Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2417-2430. [PMID: 35536859 PMCID: PMC9256813 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy suppresses tumor androgen receptor (AR) signaling by depleting circulating testosterone and is a mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Despite initial treatment response, castration-resistant prostate cancer nearly always develops and remains driven primarily by the androgen axis. Here we investigated how changes in oxygenation affect androgen synthesis. In prostate cancer cells, chronic hypoxia coupled to reoxygenation resulted in efficient metabolism of androgen precursors to produce androgens and activate AR. Hypoxia induced 3βHSD1, the rate-limiting androgen synthesis regulator, and reoxygenation replenished necessary cofactors, suggesting that hypoxia and reoxygenation both facilitate potent androgen synthesis. The EGLN1/VHL/HIF2α pathway induced 3βHSD1 expression through direct binding of HIF2α to the 5' regulatory region of HSD3B1 to promote transcription. Overexpression of HIF2α facilitated prostate cancer progression, which largely depended on 3βHSD1. Inhibition of HIF2α with the small-molecule PT2399 prevented prostate cancer cell proliferation. These results thus identify HIF2α as a regulator of androgen synthesis and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in prostate cancer drives androgen deprivation therapy resistance via increasing the rate-limiting enzyme and cofactors for androgen synthesis, revealing HIF2α as a therapeutic target to subvert resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bryan Naelitz
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhishek A. Chakraborty
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Corresponding author: Nima Sharifi, Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Telephone: 216 445-9750,
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15
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Pallotta S, Cascianelli S, Masseroli M. RGMQL: scalable and interoperable computing of heterogeneous omics big data and metadata in R/Bioconductor. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:123. [PMID: 35392801 PMCID: PMC8991469 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterogeneous omics data, increasingly collected through high-throughput technologies, can contain hidden answers to very important and still unsolved biomedical questions. Their integration and processing are crucial mostly for tertiary analysis of Next Generation Sequencing data, although suitable big data strategies still address mainly primary and secondary analysis. Hence, there is a pressing need for algorithms specifically designed to explore big omics datasets, capable of ensuring scalability and interoperability, possibly relying on high-performance computing infrastructures. Results We propose RGMQL, a R/Bioconductor package conceived to provide a set of specialized functions to extract, combine, process and compare omics datasets and their metadata from different and differently localized sources. RGMQL is built over the GenoMetric Query Language (GMQL) data management and computational engine, and can leverage its open curated repository as well as its cloud-based resources, with the possibility of outsourcing computational tasks to GMQL remote services. Furthermore, it overcomes the limits of the GMQL declarative syntax, by guaranteeing a procedural approach in dealing with omics data within the R/Bioconductor environment. But mostly, it provides full interoperability with other packages of the R/Bioconductor framework and extensibility over the most used genomic data structures and processing functions. Conclusions RGMQL is able to combine the query expressiveness and computational efficiency of GMQL with a complete processing flow in the R environment, being a fully integrated extension of the R/Bioconductor framework. Here we provide three fully reproducible example use cases of biological relevance that are particularly explanatory of its flexibility of use and interoperability with other R/Bioconductor packages. They show how RGMQL can easily scale up from local to parallel and cloud computing while it combines and analyzes heterogeneous omics data from local or remote datasets, both public and private, in a completely transparent way to the user. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04648-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pallotta
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cascianelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Masseroli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
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16
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Sensitivity of VHL mutant kidney cancers to HIF2 inhibitors does not require an intact p53 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120403119. [PMID: 35357972 PMCID: PMC9168943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is a hallmark of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common form of kidney cancer, and promotes tumor growth by stabilizing the hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF2) transcription factor. HIF2 inhibitors appear to be helpful for some, but not all, ccRCC patients in clinical trials. Previous preclinical and clinical data suggested that only ccRCCs that can activate the p53 tumor suppressor in response to DNA damage would respond to HIF2 inhibitors. Here, we show that an intact p53 pathway is neither necessary nor sufficient for the sensitivity of ccRCCs to HIF2 inhibitors, suggesting that it would be premature to use p53 status to determine which ccRCC patients should be treated with a HIF2 inhibitor. Inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene is the signature initiating event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is the most common form of kidney cancer. The VHL tumor suppressor protein marks hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and HIF2 for proteasomal degradation when oxygen is present. The inappropriate accumulation of HIF2 drives tumor formation by VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL)–defective ccRCC. Belzutifan, a first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor, has advanced to phase 3 testing for advanced ccRCC and is approved for ccRCCs arising in patients with VHL disease, which is caused by germline VHL mutations. HIF2 can suppress p53 function in some settings and preliminary data suggested that an intact p53 pathway, as measured by activation in response to DNA damage, was necessary for HIF2 dependence. Here, we correlated HIF2 dependence and p53 status across a broader collection of ccRCC cell lines. We also genetically manipulated p53 function in ccRCC lines that were or were not previously HIF2-dependent and then assessed their subsequent sensitivity to HIF2 ablation using CRISPR-Cas9 or the HIF2 inhibitor PT2399, which is closely related to belzutifan. From these studies, we conclude that p53 status does not dictate HIF2 dependence, at least in preclinical models, and thus is unlikely to be a useful biomarker for predicting which ccRCC patients will respond to HIF2 inhibitors.
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Targeting HIF-2α in the Tumor Microenvironment: Redefining the Role of HIF-2α for Solid Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051259. [PMID: 35267567 PMCID: PMC8909461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen supply, or hypoxia, is characteristic of the tumor microenvironment and correlates with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia leads to the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway and stabilization of the HIF-α subunit, driving tumor progression. The homologous alpha subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, are responsible for mediating the transcription of a multitude of critical proteins that control proliferation, angiogenic signaling, metastasis, and other oncogenic factors, both differentially and sequentially regulating the hypoxic response. Post-translational modifications of HIF play a central role in its behavior as a mediator of transcription, as well as the temporal transition from HIF-1α to HIF-2α that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia. While it is evident that HIF-α is highly dynamic, HIF-2α remains vastly under-considered. HIF-2α can intensify the behaviors of the most aggressive tumors by adapting the cell to oxidative stress, thereby promoting metastasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and upregulating cancer stem cell factors. The structure, function, hypoxic response, spatiotemporal dynamics, and roles in the progression and persistence of cancer of this HIF-2α molecule and its EPAS1 gene are highlighted in this review, alongside a discussion of current therapeutics and future directions.
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18
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iASPP is essential for HIF-1α stabilization to promote angiogenesis and glycolysis via attenuating VHL-mediated protein degradation. Oncogene 2022; 41:1944-1958. [PMID: 35169254 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays central roles in the hypoxia response. It is highly expressed in multiple cancers, but not always correlated with hypoxia. Mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, which encodes an E3 ligase, contributes to the constructive activation of HIF-1α in specific tumor types, as exemplified by renal cell carcinoma; but how VHL wild-type tumors acquire this ability is not completely understood. Here, we found that the oncogene iASPP (inhibitor of apoptosis-simulating protein of p53) plays essential roles in such a context. Genetic inhibition of iASPP reduced tumor growth, accompanied by impaired angiogenesis, increased areas of tumor necrosis, and reduced glycolysis that was HIF-1α-dependent. These abilities of iASPP were validated by in vitro assays. Mechanistically, iASPP directly binds VHL at its β domain, a region also involved in HIF-1α binding, therefore blocking VHL's binding and the subsequent degradation of HIF-1α protein under normoxia. iASPP levels correlate with HIF-1α protein and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the glucose transporter protein type 1(GLUT1), representative HIF-1α target genes, in human colon cancer tissues. Furthermore, inhibition of iASPP expression synergizes with low toxic dose of the HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 to inhibit HIF-1α expression and tumor growth. Our findings suggest that iASPP contributes to HIF-1α activation in cancers, and that iASPP-mediated HIF-1α stabilization has potential as a therapeutic approach against cancer.
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19
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20
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Lin E, Zhu P, Ye C, Huang M, Liu X, Tian K, Tang Y, Zeng J, Cheng S, Liu J, Liu Y, Yu Y. Integrative Analysis of the Genomic and Immune Microenvironment Characteristics Associated With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression: Implications for Prognosis and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830220. [PMID: 35677048 PMCID: PMC9168804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike early clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), locally advanced and metastatic ccRCC present poor treatment outcomes and prognosis. As immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved favorable results in the adjuvant treatment of metastatic ccRCC, we aimed to investigate the immunogenomic landscape during ccRCC progression and its potential impact on immunotherapy and prognosis. Using multi-omics and immunotherapy ccRCC datasets, an integrated analysis was performed to identify genomic alterations, immune microenvironment features, and related biological processes during ccRCC progression and evaluate their relevance to immunotherapy response and prognosis. We found that aggressive and metastatic ccRCC had higher proportions of genomic alterations, including SETD2 mutations, Del(14q), Del(9p), and higher immunosuppressive cellular and molecular infiltration levels. Of these, the Del(14q) might mediate immune escape in ccRCC via the VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, immune-related pathways associated with ccRCC progression did not affect the immunotherapeutic response to ccRCC. Conversely, cell cycle pathways not only affected ccRCC progression and prognosis, but also were related to ccRCC immunotherapeutic response resistance. Overall, we described the immunogenomic characteristics of ccRCC progression and their correlations with immunotherapeutic response and prognosis, providing new insights into their prediction and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Lin
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chujin Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - ManLi Huang
- Department of Operating Room, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuechao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiwen Tian
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiayi Zeng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouyu Cheng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiumin Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Salehi Marzijarani N, Fine AJ, Dalby SM, Gangam R, Poudyal S, Behre T, Ekkati AR, Armstrong BM, Shultz CS, Dance ZEX, Stone K. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 4: Nitrogen Flow Criticality for Transfer Hydrogenation Control. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rekha Gangam
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Samiksha Poudyal
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Taylor Behre
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anil R. Ekkati
- Chemical Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - C. Scott Shultz
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary E. X. Dance
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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22
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Chen Z, Salehi Marzijarani N, Quirie S, Pirrone GF, Dalby SM, Wang T, Kim J, Peng F, Fine AJ. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 3: Completing a Streamlined Through-Process with a Safe and Scalable Oxidation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Scott Quirie
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gregory F. Pirrone
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jungchul Kim
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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23
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Pezzicoli G, Filoni E, Gernone A, Cosmai L, Rizzo M, Porta C. Playing the Devil's Advocate: Should We Give a Second Chance to mTOR Inhibition in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma? - ie Strategies to Revert Resistance to mTOR Inhibitors. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7623-7636. [PMID: 34675658 PMCID: PMC8500499 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s267220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the inhibition of the mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) has disappointed the clinician's expectations. Many clinical trials highlighted the low efficacy and unmanageable safety profile of first-generation mTOR inhibitors (Rapalogs), thus limiting their use in the clinical practice only to those patients who already failed several therapy lines. In this review, we analyze the major resistance mechanisms that undermine the efficacy of this class of drugs. Moreover, we describe some of the possible strategies to overcome the mechanisms of resistance and their clinical experimentation, with particular focus on novel mTOR inhibitors and the combinations of mTOR inhibitors and other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Pezzicoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Post-Graduate School of Specialization in Medical Oncology, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Filoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Post-Graduate School of Specialization in Medical Oncology, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Gernone
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Cosmai
- Onconephrology Outpatient Clinic, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, A.S.S.T. Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mimma Rizzo
- Division of Translational Oncology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy.,Chair of Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
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24
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Hwang SJ, Jung Y, Song Y, Park S, Park Y, Lee H. Enhanced anti-angiogenic activity of novel melatonin-like agents. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12739. [PMID: 33955074 PMCID: PMC8365647 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays an important role in cellular responses to hypoxia, including the transcriptional activation of several genes involved in tumor angiogenesis. Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methopxytryptamine, is produced naturally by the pineal gland and has anti-angiogenic effects in cancer through its ability to modulate HIF-1α activity. However, the use of melatonin as a therapeutic is limited by its low oral bioavailability and short half-life. Here, we synthesized melatonin-like molecules with enhanced HIF-1α targeting activity and less toxicity and investigated their effects on tumor growth and angiogenesis, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Among melatonin derivatives, N-butyryl-5-methoxytryptamine (NB-5-MT) showed the most potent HIF-1α targeting activity. This molecule was able to (a) reduce the expression of HIF-1α at the protein level, (b) reduce the transcription of HIF-1α target genes, (c) reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, (d) decrease angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and (e) suppress tumor size and metastasis. In addition, NB-5-MT showed improved anti-angiogenic activity compared with melatonin due to its enhanced cellular uptake. NB-5-MT is thus a promising lead for the future development of anticancer compounds with HIF-1α targeting activity. Given that HIF-1α is overexpressed in the majority of human cancers, the melatonin derivative NB-5-MT could represent a novel potent therapeutic agent for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Yeonghun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ResearchInje UniversityGimhaeGyungnamKorea
| | - Ye‐Seul Song
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Suryeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ResearchInje UniversityGimhaeGyungnamKorea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ResearchInje UniversityGimhaeGyungnamKorea
| | - Hyo‐Jong Lee
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐doKorea
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25
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Webster BR, Rompre-Brodeur A, Daneshvar M, Pahwa R, Srinivasan R. Kidney cancer: from genes to therapy. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 45:100773. [PMID: 34261604 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma incidence is rising worldwide with increasing subtype stratification by the World Health Organization. Each subtype has unique genetic alterations, cell biology changes and clinical findings. Such genetic alterations offer the potential for individualized therapeutic approaches that are rapidly progressing. This review highlights the most common subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, including both hereditary and sporadic forms, with a focus on genetic changes, clinical findings and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Webster
- Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Room 2W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexis Rompre-Brodeur
- Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Room 2W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Daneshvar
- Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Room 2W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roma Pahwa
- Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Room 2W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, CRC Room 2W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhu D, He R, Yu W, Li C, Cheng H, Zhu B, Yan J. ORAI3 contributes to hypoxia-inducible factor 1/2α-sensitive colon cell migration. Physiol Int 2021; 108:221-237. [PMID: 34161303 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2021.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a pivotal initiator of tumor angiogenesis and growth through the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). This study set out to examine the involvement of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in colon cancer and ascertained whether ORAI3 was involved in the pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and murine models as well as human colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor (CW2) cells were included to examine the levels of ORAI1/3 and HIF-1/2α levels. Calcium imaging was utilized to ascertain the activity of calcium channel. Scratch assay was used to assess the migration capacity of the cells. RESULTS Tumors from murine colon cancer xenograft models and patients with colon cancer displayed high ORAI1/3 and HIF-1/2α levels. Hypoxia treatment, mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vitro, increased ORAI1/3 and HIF-1/2α expression as well as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Of note is that HIF-1/2α silencing decreased SOCE, and HIF-1/2α overexpression facilitated SOCE. Furthermore, ORAI3 rather than ORAI1 expression was inhibited by HIF-1/2α silencing while increased by ML228. Luciferase assay also confirmed that ORAI3 was elevated in the presence of ML228, indicating the linkage between HIF-1/2α and ORAI3. Additionally, colony-forming potential and cell migration capacity were decreased in siHIF-1α and siHIF-2α as well as siORAI3 cells, and the facilitating effect of ML228 on cell migration and colony-forming potential was also decreased in siORAI3 CW-2 cells, which points out the importance of ORAI3 in HIF1/2α pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings allow to conclude that both HIF-1α and HIF-2α facilitate ORAI3 expression, hence enhancing colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhu
- 1Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- 3Department of Urology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - R He
- 2School of International Education, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - W Yu
- 1Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - C Li
- 4Department of Physiology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H Cheng
- 1Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - B Zhu
- 1Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - J Yan
- 1Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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A 25 year perspective on the evolution and advances in an understanding of the biology, evaluation and treatment of kidney cancer. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:548-560. [PMID: 34092483 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis, evaluation and management of patients with renal cell carcinoma has transformed in the 21st century. Utilizing biological discoveries and technological advances, the field has moved from blunt surgical and largely ineffective medical treatments, to nuanced and fine-tuned approaches based on biology, extent of disease and patient preferences. In this review we will summarize the last 25 years of progress in kidney cancer.
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Hasanov E, Jonasch E. MK-6482 as a potential treatment for von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:495-504. [PMID: 33945366 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1925248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited autosomal dominant syndrome caused by a germline mutation and/or deletion of the VHL gene. Inappropriate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated transcription of proangiogenic and metabolic genes leads to the development of tumors and cysts in multiple organs. Surgery is a standard treatment for localized tumors with a risk of metastasis or organ dysfunction. Repeated surgeries cause substantial morbidity and have a major impact on quality of life. There is an urgent need to develop effective and safe systemic treatments for VHL disease manifestations. The small-molecule HIF 2 alpha inhibitor MK-6482 (belzutifan) has demonstrated significant efficacy in VHL disease related renal cell carcinomas, hemangioblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors while demonstrating an acceptable safety profile. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the development of the HIF-2 alpha inhibitor, MK-6482, and discusses preliminary results of ongoing phase I/II studies in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and VHL disease. An examination of ongoing clinical development of MK-6482 and perspectives on potential future developments and challenges are offered. EXPERT OPINION Because of its favorable safety profile, its clear efficacy in VHL disease, promising findings in sporadic, advanced RCC, and convenient oral formulation, MK-6482 is expected to become a leading treatment for VHL disease. Among other currently available oral agents, we believe that MK-6482 will be a preferred treatment for VHL-associated RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshad Hasanov
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Shen M, Xu M, Zhong F, Crist MC, Prior AB, Yang K, Allaire DM, Choueiry F, Zhu J, Shi H. A Multi-Omics Study Revealing the Metabolic Effects of Estrogen in Liver Cancer Cells HepG2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020455. [PMID: 33672651 PMCID: PMC7924215 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is triggered by metabolic defects is one of the most malignant liver cancers. A much higher incidence of HCC among men than women suggests the protective roles of estrogen in HCC development and progression. To begin to understand the mechanisms involving estrogenic metabolic effects, we compared cell number, viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis among HCC-derived HepG2 cells that were treated with different concentrations of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) that blocks glucose metabolism, oxamate that inhibits lactate dehydrogenase and glycolysis, or oligomycin that blocks ATP synthesis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We confirmed that HepG2 cells primarily utilized glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, for cell growth. We hypothesized that estrogen altered energy metabolism via its receptors to carry out its anticancer effects in HepG2 cells. We treated cells with 17β-estradiol (E2), 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole (PPT) an estrogen receptor (ER) α (ERα) agonist, or 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN), an ERβ agonist. We then used transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses and identified differentially expressed genes and unique metabolite fingerprints that are produced by each treatment. We further performed integrated multi-omics analysis, and identified key genes and metabolites in the gene–metabolite interaction contributed by E2 and ER agonists. This integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic study suggested that estrogen acts on estrogen receptors to suppress liver cancer cell growth via altering metabolism. This is the first exploratory study that comprehensively investigated estrogen and its receptors, and their roles in regulating gene expression, metabolites, metabolic pathways, and gene–metabolite interaction in HCC cells using bioinformatic tools. Overall, this study provides potential therapeutic targets for future HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Shen
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (F.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Fanyi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (F.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - McKenzie C. Crist
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Anjali B. Prior
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (F.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Danielle M. Allaire
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Fouad Choueiry
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.S.); Tel.: +1-614-685-2226 (J.Z.); +1-513-529-3162 (H.S.)
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.S.); (M.X.); (M.C.C.); (A.B.P.); (D.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.S.); Tel.: +1-614-685-2226 (J.Z.); +1-513-529-3162 (H.S.)
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Emerging Therapies for Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2020; 7:17-26. [PMID: 33364146 PMCID: PMC7738296 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2020.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple combinational regimens have recently been approved and are now considered the standard of care for patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Several additional combinational regimens are deep in clinical assessment and are likely to soon join the crowded front-line therapeutic landscape. Most of these regimens are combinations of agents already approved as single-agents in RCC including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. While these new front-line regimens are associated with reliably high response rates and prolonged survival, complete and durable remissions remain limited to a small subset of patients and the vast majority of patients continue to require subsequent therapy. The need for the continued development of novel agents in RCC persists and efforts have focused on agents targeting the molecular biology of clear cell RCC and novel immunotherapies including cytokines. In this review, we discuss the progress in the development of these novel therapies in the context of the evolving standard of care for patients with advanced clear cell RCC.
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Coalescing lessons from oxygen sensing, tumor metabolism, and epigenetics to target VHL loss in kidney cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play diverse roles in many biological processes, including regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated adaptation to hypoxia, extracellular matrix formation, epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. 2OGDDs all require oxygen, reduced iron and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate) to function, although their affinities for each of these co-substrates, and hence their sensitivity to depletion of specific co-substrates, varies widely. Numerous 2OGDDs are recurrently dysregulated in cancer. Moreover, cancer-specific metabolic changes, such as those that occur subsequent to mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, can dysregulate specific 2OGDDs. This latter observation suggests that the role of 2OGDDs in cancer extends beyond cancers that harbour mutations in the genes encoding members of the 2OGDD superfamily. Herein, we review the regulation of 2OGDDs in normal cells and how that regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Choueiri TK, Kaelin WG. Targeting the HIF2-VEGF axis in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Med 2020; 26:1519-1530. [PMID: 33020645 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the role of the tumor suppressor pVHL in oxygen sensing motivated the testing of drugs that target the transcription factor HIF or HIF-responsive growth factors, such as VEGF, for the treatment of cancers caused by VHL inactivation, such as clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Multiple VEGF inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of ccRCC, and a HIF2α inhibitor has advanced to phase 3 development for this disease. These inhibitors are now also increasingly combined with immune-checkpoint blockers. In this Perspective, we describe the understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen sensing and hypoxia signaling that resulted in the development of HIF2α-targeted therapies for patients with VHL-associated tumors. We also present future directions for extending the use of these therapies to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Russell KL, Gorgulho CM, Allen A, Vakaki M, Wang Y, Facciabene A, Lee D, Roy P, Buchser WJ, Appleman LJ, Maranchie J, Storkus WJ, Lotze MT. Inhibiting Autophagy in Renal Cell Cancer and the Associated Tumor Endothelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:165-177. [PMID: 31135523 PMCID: PMC10395074 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clear cell subtype of kidney cancer encompasses most renal cell carcinoma cases and is associated with the loss of von Hippel-Lindau gene function or expression. Subsequent loss or mutation of the other allele influences cellular stress responses involving nutrient and hypoxia sensing. Autophagy is an important regulatory process promoting the disposal of unnecessary or degraded cellular components, tightly linked to almost all cellular processes. Organelles and proteins that become damaged or that are no longer needed in the cell are sequestered and digested in autophagosomes upon fusing with lysosomes, or alternatively, released via vesicular exocytosis. Tumor development tends to disrupt the regulation of the balance between this process and apoptosis, permitting prolonged cell survival and increased replication. Completed trials of autophagic inhibitors using hydroxychloroquine in combination with other anticancer agents including rapalogues and high-dose interleukin 2 have now been reported. The complex nature of autophagy and the unique biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma warrant further understanding to better develop the next generation of relevant anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail Allen
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Andrea Facciabene
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Partha Roy
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Kuroshima K, Yoshino H, Okamura S, Tsuruda M, Osako Y, Sakaguchi T, Sugita S, Tatarano S, Nakagawa M, Enokida H. Potential new therapy of Rapalink-1, a new generation mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, against sunitinib-resistant renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1607-1618. [PMID: 32232883 PMCID: PMC7226215 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor including vascular endothelial growth factor, has been widely used as a first-line treatment against metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, mRCC often acquires resistance to sunitinib, rendering it difficult to treat with this agent. Recently, Rapalink-1, a drug that links rapamycin and the mTOR kinase inhibitor MLN0128, has been developed with excellent therapeutic effects against breast cancer cells carrying mTOR resistance mutations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of Rapalink-1 against renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to temsirolimus, which is commonly used as a small molecule inhibitor of mTOR and is a derivative of rapamycin. In comparison with temsirolimus, Rapalink-1 showed significantly greater effects against proliferation, migration, invasion and cFolony formation in sunitinib-naïve RCC cells. Inhibition was achieved through suppression of the phosphorylation of substrates in the mTOR signal pathway, such as p70S6K, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and AKT. In addition, Rapalink-1 had greater tumor suppressive effects than temsirolimus against the sunitinib-resistant 786-o cell line (SU-R 786-o), which we had previously established, as well as 3 additional SU-R cell lines established here. RNA sequencing showed that Rapalink-1 suppressed not only the mTOR signaling pathway but also a part of the MAPK signaling pathway, the ErbB signaling pathway and ABC transporters that were associated with resistance to several drugs. Our study suggests the possibility of a new treatment option for patients with RCC that is either sunitinib-sensitive or sunitinib-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kuroshima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Okamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tsuruda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Osako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakaguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tatarano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Gkagkalidis K, Kampantais S, Dimitriadis G, Gourvas V, Kapoukranidou D, Mironidou-Tzouveleki M. Expression of HIF-2a in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma independently predicts overall survival. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 53:229-237. [PMID: 32219604 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression and the prognostic role of main factors, involved in the hypoxia pathway, in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Immunohistochemical expression of Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) HIF-1a, HIF-2a, prolyl hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, PHD3, and factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) was assessed on a tissue microarray, containing tumour and corresponding normal kidney tissue from 66 patients underwent surgery for ccRCC. Expression levels were evaluated in relation to T stage, Fuhrman grade, cancer-specific, and overall survival (OS). Cytoplasmatic expression of HIF-2a was positively correlated with expression of HIF-1a (p = 0.011). HIF-1a expression was also positively correlated with PHD3 and FIH (p = 0.020 and p = 0.039). Expression of HIF-1a was associated with lower Fuhrman grade (p = 0.008), while HIF-2a overexpression with unfavourable grade (p = 0.026). PHD3 was significant downregulated (84.8%). Age, LDH, presence of necrosis, Fuhrman grade, T stage, and HIF-2a cytoplasmatic expression were significant associated with OS of patients in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, HIF-2a expression (p = 0.006) and T stage (p = 0.001) remained as the only independent predictors for overall survival. These results indicate that HIF-2a overexpression not only is inversely correlated with Fuhrman grade in ccRCC, but also represents a strong independent prognostic factor for a poor overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Gkagkalidis
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. .,A' Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. .,Private Urological Center, 40 Ekklision 3A, 67100, Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kampantais
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Saint Luke's Private Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimitriadis
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoras Gourvas
- "Victoras Gourvas" Private Pathology Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dorothea Kapoukranidou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki
- A' Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
The discovery of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene marked a milestone in our understanding of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) pathogenesis. VHL inactivation is not only a defining feature of ccRCC, but also the initiating event. Herein, we discuss canonical and noncanonical pVHL functions, as well as breakthroughs shaping our understanding of ccRCC evolution and evolutionary subtypes. We conclude by presenting evolving strategies to therapeutically exploit effector mechanisms downstream of pVHL.
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Cannito S, Foglia B, Villano G, Turato C, C Delgado T, Morello E, Pin F, Novo E, Napione L, Quarta S, Ruvoletto M, Fasolato S, Zanus G, Colombatto S, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Fernández-Ramos D, Bussolino F, Sutti S, Albano E, Martínez-Chantar ML, Pontisso P, Parola M. SerpinB3 Differently Up-Regulates Hypoxia Inducible Factors -1α and -2α in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanisms Revealing Novel Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121933. [PMID: 31817100 PMCID: PMC6966556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SerpinB3 (SB3) is a hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α-dependent cysteine-protease inhibitor up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), released by cancer cells and able to stimulate proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition. Methods: In the study we employed transgenic and knock out SerpinB3 mice, liver cancer cell line, human HCC specimens, and mice receiving diethyl-nitrosamine (DEN) administration plus choline-deficient L-amino acid refined (CDAA) diet (DEN/CDAA protocol). Results: We provide detailed and mechanistic evidence that SB3 can act as a paracrine mediator able to affect the behavior of surrounding cells by differentially up-regulating, in normoxic conditions, HIF-1α and HIF-2α. SB3 acts by (i) up-regulating HIF-1α transcription, facilitating cell survival in a harsh microenvironment and promoting angiogenesis, (ii) increasing HIF-2α stabilization via direct/selective NEDDylation, promoting proliferation of liver cancer cells, and favoring HCC progression. Moreover (iii) the highest levels of NEDD8-E1 activating enzyme (NAE1) mRNA were detected in a subclass of HCC patients expressing the highest levels of HIF-2α transcripts; (iv) mice undergoing DEN/CDAA carcinogenic protocol showed a positive correlation between SB3 and HIF-2α transcripts with the highest levels of NAE1 mRNA detected in nodules expressing the highest levels of HIF-2α transcripts. Conclusions: These data outline either HIF-2α and NEDDylation as two novel putative therapeutic targets to interfere with the procarcinogenic role of SerpinB3 in the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Beatrice Foglia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Gianmarco Villano
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Cristian Turato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; (T.C.D.); (F.L.-O.); (D.F.-R.); (M.L.M.-C.)
| | - Elisabetta Morello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Erica Novo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Lucia Napione
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy;
- Laboratory of Vascular Oncology Candiolo Cancer Institute—FPO IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
| | - Santina Quarta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.Q.); (P.P.)
| | - Mariagrazia Ruvoletto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Silvano Fasolato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; (T.C.D.); (F.L.-O.); (D.F.-R.); (M.L.M.-C.)
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; (T.C.D.); (F.L.-O.); (D.F.-R.); (M.L.M.-C.)
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Laboratory of Vascular Oncology Candiolo Cancer Institute—FPO IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Maria Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; (T.C.D.); (F.L.-O.); (D.F.-R.); (M.L.M.-C.)
| | - Patrizia Pontisso
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.Q.); (P.P.)
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (F.P.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116707772
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Jing X, Yang F, Shao C, Wei K, Xie M, Shen H, Shu Y. Role of hypoxia in cancer therapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:157. [PMID: 31711497 PMCID: PMC6844052 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 986] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Clinical resistance is a complex phenomenon in major human cancers involving multifactorial mechanisms, and hypoxia is one of the key components that affect the cellular expression program and lead to therapy resistance. The present study aimed to summarize the role of hypoxia in cancer therapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and to highlight the potential of hypoxia-targeted therapy. METHODS Relevant published studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase using keywords such as hypoxia, cancer therapy, resistance, TME, cancer, apoptosis, DNA damage, autophagy, p53, and other similar terms. RESULTS Recent studies have shown that hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis in patients by regulating the TME. It confers resistance to conventional therapies through a number of signaling pathways in apoptosis, autophagy, DNA damage, mitochondrial activity, p53, and drug efflux. CONCLUSION Hypoxia targeting might be relevant to overcome hypoxia-associated resistance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Jing
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengming Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuchu Shao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyan Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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40
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Fang X, Sun R, Hu Y, Wang H, Guo Y, Yang B, Pi J, Xu Y. miRNA-182-5p, via HIF2α, contributes to arsenic carcinogenesis: evidence from human renal epithelial cells. Metallomics 2019; 10:1607-1617. [PMID: 30334557 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00251g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high levels of arsenic has been associated with high risks for many cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In the present study, chronic arsenite exposure (2 μM or 5 μM, 30 weeks) induced malignant transformation of HK-2 human renal epithelial cells as indicated by elevated colony formation (6.2- and 5.4-fold increase, respectively), secreted MMP-9 activity (10.1- and 11.3-fold increase, respectively) and proliferation rate (1.2- and 1.3-fold increase in 72 h, respectively). Lipid accumulation, typical of clear cell RCC, was observed in arsenic-transformed (As-TM) cells. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and suppression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) were found at the level of mRNA (1.5- and 0.49-fold of control, respectively) and protein (4.0- and 0.28-fold of control, respectively) after exposure to 2 μM arsenite for 20 weeks. Silencing of HIF2α significantly attenuated arsenite-induced malignant phenotypes and lipid accumulation. Inactivation of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and impaired protein degradation of HIF2α were not found in As-TM cells. Expression of miR-182-5p and miR-802 in As-TM cells was 42.4% and 54.0% of control, respectively (p < 0.05). The levels of mRNA and protein of HIF2α were increased 2.4 folds and 1.6 folds of negative control in response to the miR-182-5p inhibitor, respectively, but decreased to 58.1% and 50.1% of negative control in response to miR-182-5p mimics, respectively. No significant alteration was observed in HIF2α expression when miR-802 was silenced. Our data provide further evidence for the carcinogenic role of arsenic in the kidney. Moreover, the miR-182-5p/HIF2α pathway is indicated to be involved in malignant transformation of human renal epithelial cells under arsenite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China110122.
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41
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Xu R, Wang K, Rizzi JP, Huang H, Grina JA, Schlachter ST, Wang B, Wehn PM, Yang H, Dixon DD, Czerwinski RM, Du X, Ged EL, Han G, Tan H, Wong T, Xie S, Josey JA, Wallace EM. 3-[(1S,2S,3R)-2,3-Difluoro-1-hydroxy-7-methylsulfonylindan-4-yl]oxy-5-fluorobenzonitrile (PT2977), a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6876-6893. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Keshi Wang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - James P. Rizzi
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Heli Huang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Jonas A. Grina
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Stephen T. Schlachter
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Paul M. Wehn
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Hanbiao Yang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Robert M. Czerwinski
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Xinlin Du
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Emily L. Ged
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Guangzhou Han
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Huiling Tan
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Tai Wong
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Shanhai Xie
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - John A. Josey
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Eli M. Wallace
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
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42
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Linehan WM, Schmidt LS, Crooks DR, Wei D, Srinivasan R, Lang M, Ricketts CJ. The Metabolic Basis of Kidney Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1006-1021. [PMID: 31088840 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Kidney cancer is not a single disease but represents several distinct types of cancer that have defining histologies and genetic alterations and that follow different clinical courses and have different responses to therapy. Mutation of genes associated with kidney cancer, such as VHL, FLCN, TFE3, FH, or SDHB, dysregulates the tumor's responses to changes in oxygen, iron, nutrient, or energy levels. The identification of these varying genetic bases of kidney cancer has increased our understanding of the biology of this cancer, allowing the development of targeted therapies and the appreciation that it is a cancer driven by metabolic alterations. SIGNIFICANCE: Kidney cancer is a complex disease composed of different types of cancer that present with different histologies, clinical courses, genetic changes, and responses to therapy. This review describes the known genetic changes within kidney cancer, how they alter tumor metabolism, and how these metabolic changes can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Basic Science Program, Frederick Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Crooks
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Darmood Wei
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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43
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Greene CJ, Sharma NJ, Fiorica PN, Forrester E, Smith GJ, Gross KW, Kauffman EC. Suppressive effects of iron chelation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and their dependency on VHL inactivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:295-309. [PMID: 30553971 PMCID: PMC10038186 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data implicate iron accumulation in tumorigenesis of the kidney, particularly the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) subtype. The von Hippel Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia inducible factor-α (HIF-α) axis is uniquely dysregulated in ccRCC and is a major regulator and regulatory target of iron metabolism, yet the role of iron in ccRCC tumorigenesis and its potential interplay with VHL inactivation remains unclear. We investigated whether ccRCC iron accumulation occurs due to increased cell dependency on iron for growth and survival as a result of VHL inactivation. Free iron levels were compared between four VHL-mutant ccRCC cell lines (786-0, A704, 769-P, RCC4) and two benign renal tubule epithelial cell lines (RPTEC, HRCEp) using the Phen Green SK fluorescent iron stain. Intracellular iron deprivation was achieved using two clinical iron chelator drugs, deferasirox (DFX) and deferoxamine (DFO), and chelator effects were measured on cell line growth, cell cycle phase, apoptosis, HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein levels and HIF-α transcriptional activity based on expression of target genes CA9, OCT4/POU5F1 and PDGFβ/PDGFB. Similar assays were performed in VHL-mutant ccRCC cells with and without ectopic wild-type VHL expression. Baseline free iron levels were significantly higher in ccRCC cell lines than benign renal cell lines. DFX depleted cellular free iron more rapidly than DFO and led to greater growth suppression of ccRCC cell lines (>90% at ~30-150 µM) than benign renal cell lines (~10-50% at up to 250 µM). Similar growth responses were observed using DFO, with the exception that a prolonged treatment duration was necessary to deplete cellular iron adequately for differential growth suppression of the less susceptible A704 ccRCC cell line relative to benign renal cell lines. Apoptosis and G1-phase cell cycle arrest were identified as potential mechanisms of chelator growth suppression based on their induction in ccRCC cell lines but not benign renal cell lines. Iron chelation in ccRCC cells but not benign renal cells suppressed HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein levels and transcriptional activity, and the degree and timing of HIF-2α suppression correlated with the onset of apoptosis. Restoration of wild-type VHL function in ccRCC cells was sufficient to prevent chelator-induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest, indicating that ccRCC susceptibility to iron deprivation is VHL inactivation-dependent. In conclusion, ccRCC cells are characterized by high free iron levels and a cancer-specific dependency on iron for HIF-α overexpression, cell cycle progression and apoptotic escape. This iron dependency is introduced by VHL inactivation, revealing a novel interplay between VHL/HIF-α dysregulation and ccRCC iron metabolism. Future study is warranted to determine if iron deprivation using chelator drugs provides an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting HIF-2α and suppressing tumor progression in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Greene
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Nitika J Sharma
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Peter N Fiorica
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Emily Forrester
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Eric C Kauffman
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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44
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Chappell JC, Payne LB, Rathmell WK. Hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metabolism in the hereditary kidney cancers. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:442-451. [PMID: 30614813 DOI: 10.1172/jci120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of hereditary kidney cancer has begun to mature following the identification of several germline syndromes that define genetic and molecular features of this cancer. Molecular defects within these hereditary syndromes demonstrate consistent deficits in angiogenesis and metabolic signaling, largely driven by altered hypoxia signaling. The classical mutation, loss of function of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor, provides a human pathogenesis model for critical aspects of pseudohypoxia. These features are mimicked in a less common hereditary renal tumor syndrome, known as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we review renal tumor angiogenesis and metabolism from a HIF-centric perspective, considering alterations in the hypoxic landscape, and molecular deviations resulting from high levels of HIF family members. Mutations underlying HIF deregulation drive multifactorial aberrations in angiogenic signals and metabolism. The mechanisms by which these defects drive tumor growth are still emerging. However, the distinctive patterns of angiogenesis and glycolysis-/glutamine-dependent bioenergetics provide insight into the cellular environment of these cancers. The result is a scenario permissive for aggressive tumorigenesis especially within the proximal renal tubule. These features of tumorigenesis have been highly actionable in kidney cancer treatments, and will likely continue as central tenets of kidney cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chappell
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Laura Beth Payne
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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45
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Wehn PM, Rizzi JP, Dixon DD, Grina JA, Schlachter ST, Wang B, Xu R, Yang H, Du X, Han G, Wang K, Cao Z, Cheng T, Czerwinski RM, Goggin BS, Huang H, Halfmann MM, Maddie MA, Morton EL, Olive SR, Tan H, Xie S, Wong T, Josey JA, Wallace EM. Design and Activity of Specific Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α (HIF-2α) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Discovery of Clinical Candidate (S)-3-((2,2-Difluoro-1-hydroxy-7-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile (PT2385). J Med Chem 2018; 61:9691-9721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Wehn
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - James P. Rizzi
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Jonas A. Grina
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Stephen T. Schlachter
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Rui Xu
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Hanbiao Yang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Xinlin Du
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Guangzhou Han
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Keshi Wang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Zhaodan Cao
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Tzuling Cheng
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Robert M. Czerwinski
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Barry S. Goggin
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Heli Huang
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Megan M. Halfmann
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Melissa A. Maddie
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Emily L. Morton
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Sarah R. Olive
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Huiling Tan
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Shanhai Xie
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Tai Wong
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - John A. Josey
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Eli M. Wallace
- Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., 2330 Inwood Road, Suite 226, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
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Abstract
The von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene is a two-hit tumor suppressor gene and is linked to the development of the most common form of kidney cancer, clear cell renal carcinoma; blood vessel tumors of the retina, cerebellum, and spinal cord called hemangioblastomas; and tumors of the sympathoadrenal nervous system called paragangliomas. The VHL gene product, pVHL, is the substrate recognition subunit of a cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligase that targets the α subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for destruction when oxygen is plentiful. Mounting evidence implicates HIF2 in the pathogenesis of pVHL-defective tumors and has provided a conceptual foundation for the development of drugs to treat them that inhibit HIF2-responsive gene products such as VEGF and, more recently, HIF2 itself. pVHL has additional, noncanonical functions that are cancer relevant, including roles related to the primary cilium, chromosome stability, extracellular matrix formation, and survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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47
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Fabianova A, Barathova M, Csaderova L, Simko V, Zatovicova M, Labudova M, Pastorek J. Hypoxic marker CA IX and adhesion mediator β-catenin are downregulated by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus persistent infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12879-12893. [PMID: 29560117 PMCID: PMC5849181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancer diseases with high resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Mutation of VHL gene is frequent in these tumors leading to simulation of hypoxic conditions. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, belonging to RNA viruses, is a neglected human pathogen and teratogen. We have found that infection of renal cell carcinoma cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX causes a decrease of carbonic anhydrase IX protein and RNA level. Lower expression of carbonic anhydrase IX on the cell surface provides less target for carbonic anhydrase IX-targeted immunotherapy. What more, reduced levels of adhesion mediating protein β-catenin as well as E-cadherin, as a consequence of infection, suggest a possible increase in metastatic potential of cells infected by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX. These results might help elucidate differences in patients susceptibility to immunotherapy directed against carbonic anhydrase IX or in developing new therapeutical strategies. Our data indicate that presence of infection can significantly affect patient response to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabianova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Barathova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Labudova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava 917 01, Slovak Republic
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Scriptaid overcomes hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance in both wild-type and mutant p53 lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71841-71855. [PMID: 27708247 PMCID: PMC5342127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), comprising 85% of lung cancer cases, has been associated with resistance to chemo/radiotherapy. The hypoxic tumor micro-environment, where insufficient vasculature results in poor drug penetrance and sub-optimal chemotherapy in the tumor interiors contributes heavily to this resistance. Additionally, epigenetic changes in tumorigenic cells also change their response to different forms of therapy. In our study, we have investigated the effectiveness of a combination of cisplatin with scriptaid [a pan-Histone Deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi)] in a model that mimics the tumor microenvironment of hypoxia and sub-lethal chemotherapy. Scriptaid synergistically increases the efficacy of cisplatin in normoxia as well as hypoxia, accompanied with reduced metastasis and enhanced DNA damage. Addition of scriptaid also overcomes the cisplatin resistance exhibited in lung cancer cells with stabilized hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1)-α (mutant) and mutant p53. Molecular studies showed that the combination treatment increased apoptotic cell death in both normoxia and hypoxia with a dual role of p38MAPK. Together, our results suggest that the combination of low dose cisplatin and scriptaid is cytotoxic to NSCLC lines, can overcome hypoxia induced resistance and mutant p53- induced instability often associated with this cancer, and has the potential to be an effective therapeutic modality.
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Shen M, Cao J, Shi H. Effects of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors on Transcriptomes of HepG2 Cells: A Preliminary Study Using RNA Sequencing. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:5789127. [PMID: 30510575 PMCID: PMC6230429 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5789127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Men have a much higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver cancer, than women, suggesting that estrogens play a protective role in liver cancer development and progression. To begin to understand the potential mechanisms of estrogens' inhibitory effects on HCC development, RNA sequencing was used to generate comprehensive global transcriptome profiles of the human HCC-derived HepG2 cell line following treatment of vehicle (control), estradiol (E2), estrogen receptor alpha- (ERα-) specific agonist 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole (PPT), or ERβ-specific agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) using a small set of cells. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified increased expression of genes involved in the biological process (BP) of response to different stimuli and metabolic processes by E2 and ER agonists, which enhanced molecular function (MF) in various enzyme activities and chemical bindings. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional pathway analysis indicated enhanced pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, and HIF-1 signaling pathway by E2 and ER agonists. GO analysis also identified decreased expression of genes by E2, PPT, and DPN involved in BP related to the cell cycle and cell division, which reduced MF in activity of multiple enzymes and microtubule activity. KEGG analysis indicated that E2, PPT, and DPN suppressed pathways associated with the cell cycle; E2 and PPT suppressed pathways associated with chemical carcinogenesis and drug metabolism, and DPN suppressed DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Collectively, these differentially expressed genes across HepG2 cell transcriptome involving cellular and metabolic processes by E2 and ER agonists provided mechanistic insight into protective effects of estrogens in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Shen
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jingyi Cao
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., Oxford, OH, USA
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