Primary HIV-1 infection in users of pre-exposure prophylaxis

Prediction of new HIV infection in men who have sex with men based on machine learning: secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study from Western China

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to construct a model based on machine learning to predict new HIV infections in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM).

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of a previous random clinical trial aiming to evaluate the preventive effects of PrEP on new HIV infection in MSM. During 2013-2015, 1455 HIV-negative MSM were enrolled. Participants were divided into treatment group and control group and regularly followed up until they seroconverted to HIV positive or until the 2-year endpoint reached. Five machine-learning approaches were applied to predict the risk of HIV infection. Model performance was evaluated using Harrel's C-index and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and validated in an external validation cohort. To explain this model, shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values were calculated and visualized.

RESULTS

During the observation period, 102 MSM developed HIV infection. Thirteen parameters are selected to construct the model. The random survival forest model showed the best performance in the validation cohort, with a C-index of 0.7013, and could significantly categorize MSM into three groups. Our model indicated that MSM with younger age, receptive anal intercourse, and multiple male sexual partners had an increased risk of HIV infection, and those with higher AIDS knowledge scores had a lower risk.

CONCLUSION

We presented a machine learning-based model to predict their risk of developing HIV infection. This model could be applied to recognize MSM who are at a higher risk of developing HIV infection.

Polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles in transforming anti-HIV combinational therapy: can they turn the tide?

The HIV-1 pandemic presents a multifaceted challenge across the globe, standing as the foremost public health crisis today. Global data on HIV-related morbidity and mortality are alarming. Effective HIV management hinges on minimizing transmission through highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which relies on a combination of HAART and has been a cornerstone in HIV management. However, challenges such as low patient adherence, suboptimal drug pharmacokinetics, and side effects, potentially undermine the efficacy of existing treatment. Emerging nanotherapeutics, particularly lipidic and polymeric nanoparticles, have exhibited immense promise in addressing these concerns. These nanocarriers enhance targeted drug delivery, facilitate controlled release, and reduce toxicity. Notably, co-delivery strategies using nanoparticles enable the simultaneous transport of multiple drugs involved in HAART. But the question arises whether the exploration is enough to turn the tide. Hence, through this review, the authors have tried to explore and discuss the obstacles faced by the lipid and polymeric nanoparticles such as stability and encapsulation efficiency, and translating these innovations to clinical practice in detail and discussed the future potential of AI-driven nanomedicine.

Rising global burden of common gynecological diseases in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND

Gynecological diseases significantly impact the reproductive health in women of childbearing age (WCBA). However, there is currently a lack of analysis on the specific burden and forecast of common gynecological diseases for this population. The aim of this study was to provide new details for gynecological disorders in WCBA from 1990 to 2021 worldwide based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data.

METHODS

Employing data from the GBD 2021, we analyzed the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence for thirteen types of gynecological disorders by socioeconomic development index (SDI), age, year, and location in WCBA. Age-standardized rates were used to compare the burdens across various time periods and locations. Temporal trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis from 1990 to 2021, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model projected the disease burden through 2031, and the Nordpred model conducted a sensitivity analysis of the prediction results, which validated the findings' reliability.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) and mortality rate (ASMR) of combined gynecological diseases (CGDs) increased by AAPC of 0.28% (95% CI 0.19 to 0.36) and 0.53% (95% CI 0.25 to 0.82) among WCBA. Furthermore, the projections showed a declining trend in the next decade, with ASDR and ASMR dropping by 11.06% and 25.23%, respectively. Notably, HIV/AIDS, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were the key drivers behind the increased ASDR of CGDs. In 2021, HIV/AIDS (16.38 million), PMS (7.43 million), and cervical cancer (4.18 million) topped the list for the absolute number of DALYs globally among WCBA. CGDs burdens were negatively correlated with and SDI. Women aged 15-24 years showed the most significant rise in CGDs burdens, highlighting its increasingly affecting younger women. The DALYs and death of malignant gynecological tumors are most significant in women aged 40-49 years, the incidence of PCOS predominantly occurs in 15-19 years, and infertility prevalence peaks at 30-39 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The global CGDs burden has increased over the last 32 years, and higher in lower SDI countries. Immediate and effective interventions should be taken to target different types of gynecological disorders, age groups, and countries with high gynecological disease burdens. These findings would provide targeted insights for public health policies and interventions enhancing reproductive health in women of childbearing age.

Assessment of the Impact of Gender, Age, Sexual Orientation and PrEP on HIV Infection: Analysis of Anonymous HIV Tests of People in Voluntary Counselling and Testing Points (VCTs) in Poland in 2015-2023

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still an important global health burden and remains a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). Voluntary Counselling and Testing points (VCTs) in Poland allow free and anonymous access to HIV testing among the adult population. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is an increased occurrence of HIV infection among individuals who identify as homosexual and to profile three distinct groups among VCTs clients: the most common patient coming for testing, the most frequent HIV-positive individual, and the most typical Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) user. Data obtained from 29 VCT points in Poland between 2015 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The prevalence of HIV infection in this cohort was calculated and a model for HIV infection risk among various populations was built. 295,556 patient reports revealed that heterosexual men aged 25-34 years (13.43%) tested most frequently. In total, the average prevalence of HIV-positive patients amounted to 1.36%. Among the tested population, HIV infection was the most prevalent among homosexual men aged 25-34 (0.34%). Moreover, we showed that the risk of receiving a positive HIV result was almost five times higher among homosexual and bisexual patients than among heterosexual individuals. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted HIV prevention efforts, particularly among homosexual and bisexual men. Ongoing monitoring and education are necessary even among PrEP users to prevent new infections.

Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use and resistance-associated mutations among men who have sex with men and transgender persons newly diagnosed with HIV in the Netherlands: results from the ATHENA cohort, 2018 to 2022

BackgroundIn the Netherlands, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been available since 2019. However, the extent of PrEP use prior to HIV diagnosis and development of PrEP-resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) is not known.AimWe assessed prior PrEP use and potential transmission of PrEP RAMs among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender persons (TGP) with a new HIV diagnosis in the Netherlands.MethodsData on prior PrEP use between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022 were available from the Dutch national ATHENA cohort. We assessed proportion of prior PrEP use, detected PrEP associated RAMs and assessed potential onward transmission of RAMs between 2010 and 2022 using a maximum likelihood tree.ResultsData on prior PrEP use were available for 583/1,552 (36.3%) individuals, with 16% (94/583) reporting prior PrEP use. In 489 individuals reporting no prior PrEP use, 51.5% did not use PrEP due to: low HIV-risk perception (29%), no access (19.1%), personal preference (13.1%), and being unaware of PrEP (19.1%). For PrEP users, 13/94 (13.8%) harboured a M184V/I mutation, of whom two also harboured a K65R mutation. In people with a recent HIV infection, detection of PrEP RAMs increased from 0.23% (2/862) before 2019 to 4.11% (9/219) from 2019. We found no evidence of onward transmission of PrEP RAMs.ConclusionThe prevalence of PrEP-associated RAMs has increased since PrEP became available in the Netherlands. More widespread access to PrEP and retaining people in PrEP programmes when still at substantial risk is crucial to preventing new HIV infections.

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represents the most significant breakthrough in the HIV prevention field over the past decade. PrEP is an effective strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV across all populations, providing high adherence. The current PrEP options include oral daily and on-demand tenofovir-based regimens, long-acting injections of cabotegravir, and a 1-month dapivirine vaginal ring. As a component of a multifaceted prevention approach, extensive deployment of PrEP holds the promise to significantly reduce the global HIV epidemic. Nonetheless, barriers still exist in terms of uptake, adherence, and persistence, while disparities in PrEP accessibility remain a concern.

Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

Five long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) are currently available in a limited number of countries worldwide for HIV-1 prevention or treatment-cabotegravir, rilpivirine, lenacapavir, ibalizumab, and dapivirine. Implementing use of LA ARVs into routine clinical practice requires significant changes to the current framework of HIV-1 prevention, treatment, and service provision. Given the novelty, complexity, and interdisciplinary requirements needed to safely and optimally utilize LA ARVs, consensus recommendations on the use of LA ARVs will assist clinicians in optimizing use of these agents. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide guidance for the clinical use of LA ARVs for HIV-1 treatment and prevention. In addition, future areas of research are also identified and discussed.

Factors Associated with PrEP Persistence and Loss of Follow-Up: A 5-Year Historic Cohort

OBJECTIVE

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been used in France since 2016. Its effectiveness is no longer to be demonstrated. However, follow-up and adherence remain the main pitfalls. The main objective of this study was to identify factors associated with persistence or loss of PrEP follow-up.

DESIGN

An historic cohort of PrEP users was compiled from the database of consultations in the Indre-et-Loire dedicated sexual health centers (CeGIDD) from June 2016 to June 2021.

METHODS

Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to compare the group of persistent PrEP users to the discontinuation group. Factors associated with PrEP discontinuation were identified using Cox modelling, considering time-dependent variables. Final variables included in the model were selected based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and clinical relevance.

RESULTS

Over the period, 568 PrEP users were included in the cohort. Median follow-up was 2.3 years. A quarter of users were lost to follow-up within 3 months after PrEP initiation. Sexual risk reduction AIDS community-based support (HR = 0.65[0.42;0.99]), being in a couple (HR = 0.51[0.38;0.68]), and history of syphilis (HR = 0.57[0.40;0.81]) were significantly associated with persistence of follow-up. Remote consultations (HR = 2.74[1.63;4.61]), chemsex practices (HR = 2.01[1.29;3.14]), and side effects (HR=1.72[1.03;2.88]) were significantly associated with a loss of follow-up.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that more sexual risk reduction AIDS community-based counseling could be a key, necessary for supporting PrEP users in their follow-up pathway. Indeed, AIDS community-based support could be used to build a basis for developing safe pathways. Remote consultations could represent a response to the issue of access to PrEP. To create a significant impact on global HIV incidence, the PrEP offer must be extended, and at-risk PrEP users supported to maintain PrEP use.

Patterns of daily oral HIV PrEP adherence among people who inject drugs in Ukraine: an analysis of biomarkers

INTRODUCTION

Daily oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is recommended for people who inject drugs (PWID) but coverage is low. The real-life effectiveness of PrEP among PWID is unknown as previous studies were conducted in controlled settings and mainly relied on self-report. Analysis of PrEP metabolites-tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTCtp)-offers an objective measure of adherence.

METHODS

To analyse longitudinal patterns of PrEP adherence among PWID in Ukraine, we used data from a community-based implementation trial conducted in Kyiv between July 2020 and March 2021 to test the efficacy of SMS reminders to improve adherence. Among 199 enrolled participants, 156 (78.4%) were retained through 6 months. Based on TFVdp/FTCtp levels assessed at 3 and 6 months, we identified groups with various adherence patterns (adherent at ≥2 doses/week, improved, worsened, non-adherent). Correlates of adherence were analysed using multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTS

Most participants (53.8%, n = 84/156) had no detectable metabolites at both assessments; 7.1% (n = 11/156) were consistently taking ≥2 doses/week; 1.3% (n = 2/156) were consistently taking ≥4 doses/week; 13.5% (n = 21/156) exhibited improved and 21.8% (n = 34/156) had worsened adherence at 6 compared to 3 months. "White coat compliance" (increased dosing prior to assessment) was common. Consistent adherence was associated with SMS reminders, younger age, employment, lower income, longer injection drug use duration, recent high-risk injecting (receptive syringe sharing, using pre-filled syringe, back- or front-loading, container sharing), absence of overdose in the past 6 months, perceived HIV risk through sexual intercourse and higher PrEP self-efficacy. Alcohol consumption was associated with inconsistent PrEP use. Groups with improved and worsened adherence did not differ.

CONCLUSIONS

Daily oral PrEP may not achieve the desired effectiveness among PWID as a standalone intervention, calling for testing of alternative PrEP formulations and innovative integrated risk reduction strategies, especially in the context of HIV epidemics associated with injection drug use in eastern Europe and central Asia and the public health crisis in Ukraine caused by the war with Russia. SMS reminders may be effective among PWID who prioritize PrEP. Our findings offer practical guidance in identifying PWID who are likely to benefit from PrEP and those who need additional support.

[Epidemiology, treatment and prognosis of HIV infection in 2024: A practical review]

In recent years, the epidemiology and prognosis of HIV infection have undergone significant changes thanks to the recommendation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all infected persons, the development of more effective and better tolerated drugs, and preventive measures such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The evolution of ART, now with simple oral and injectable options, has also contributed to improvements in comprehensive HIV treatment and care. With early diagnosis and early initiation of ART, the life expectancy of people with HIV has reached the same as the general population. However, many people with HIV remain undiagnosed or are diagnosed late, and some population groups experience greater vulnerability, affecting individual and collective health. In this review we review the current epidemiology, treatment and prognosis of HIV infection.

Breakthrough Acute HIV Infections among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Users with High Adherence: A Narrative Review

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a pivotal intervention among HIV prevention strategies. We aimed to narratively revise the topic of HIV acute infection in the setting of PrEP exposure with a focus on diagnostic options, clinical features, and future PrEP perspectives, with a particular focus on users with high adherence to PrEP. We searched the main databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) with the keywords "PrEP" or "Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis" and "HIV" or "PLWH" and "breakthrough" or "acute infection" or "primary infection". We included all randomized clinical trials and non-experimental studies (both case reports and observational studies) ever published. In the present narrative review, we revise the diagnostic challenges related to HIV diagnosis in the setting of PrEP and the clinical characteristics and symptoms of breakthrough infections. We discuss the management of acute HIV infection during PrEP and the new challenges that arise from the use of long-acting drugs for PrEP. Our review underlines that although extremely rare, HIV seroconversions are still possible during PrEP, even in a context of high adherence. Efforts to promptly identify these events must be included in the PrEP follow-up in order to minimize the chance of overlooked HIV breakthrough infections and thus exposure to suboptimal concentrations of antiretrovirals.

High Propensity to Switch to Long-acting Injectable HIV PrEP with Cabotegravir in a Cohort of Oral PrEP Experienced Men who Have Sex with Men in Italy

Aim was to investigate the propensity to switch to long-acting injectable HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with cabotegravir among oral PrEP-experienced men who have sex with men. Out of 377 PrEP users, 325 (86.2%) were interested (would like = 210) or considering (would consider = 115) switch to long-acting PrEP. At multivariable analysis, the odds ratio of interest in long-acting PrEP in non-adherent vs. adherent individuals to oral PrEP was 5.03 (95%CI = 1.73-14.61,p = 0.003) and of consideration 1.63 (95%CI = 0.51-5.23,p = 0.410). We observed very high propensity to switch to long-acting PrEP, particularly among non-adherent users. Rapid availability of long-acting PrEP might address unmet needs of PrEP users in Italy.

Piloting the Impact of an e-Learning on Knowledge About HIV Prevention and Prophylaxis Among General Practitioners in Belgium

INTRODUCTION

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set a goal to eliminate AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 and the World Health Organization emphasized pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a crucial element. Despite the lack of a specific role for general practitioners (GPs) in PrEP care, GPs could play a crucial role in the follow-up but this is still uncommon. Above, GPs estimate their knowledge about PrEP as low.

OBJECTIVES

This study seeks to understand the knowledge of GPs regarding PrEP care. Through online e-learning, we aimed to enhance our knowledge of PrEP care.

METHODS

Firstly, we assessed general knowledge about the PrEP of GPs. Secondly, we investigated the impact of e-learning on knowledge of PrEP care among GPs. We developed a multiple-choice questionnaire to evaluate self-assessed knowledge and knowledge about PrEP. One group of participants completed an e-learning module and took a pre- and post-test to assess changes in knowledge. Another group completed the questionnaire without e-learning.

RESULTS

Seventy-two participants completed the survey. Finally, 18 participants successfully completed the e-learning module. Nineteen percent (n = 14) of all GPs considered their general knowledge of PrEP to be "good," while 68% (n = 49) of the GPs felt confident in identifying patients at risk, rating their ability as "good." Participants achieved an average score of 4.7 (test group) and 4.6 (e-learning group) out of 10 on the knowledge test. After completion of the e-learning, the overall average score of the e-learning group significantly increased by 33% (p-value < .03).

CONCLUSIONS

GP generally scored low on knowledge covering different aspects of PrEP. However, after completing an e-learning module, there was a significant increase in the average test scores. These findings highlight the potential efficacy of targeted educational interventions in enhancing the understanding of PrEP among GPs.

Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in the United States: An Overview and Update

ABSTRACT

There were 36,136 new HIV diagnoses in the United States and dependent areas in 2021, despite a 12% reduction in estimated HIV incidence from 2017 to 2021. The burden of HIV remains disproportionately high among certain populations, including gay and bisexual men, Black/African American individuals, and Hispanic/Latino individuals, and racial and ethnic health care disparities persist. The Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative aims to significantly reduce new infections, with a focus on HIV prevention, particularly the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, challenges remain in achieving equitable PrEP distribution. As frontline health care providers, nurses play a pivotal role in this battle against HIV. This article provides an update on PrEP screening recommendations, the types of PrEP available, dosing, adverse effects, and the role of nurses in patient support and monitoring.

Online-Mediated HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Care and Reduced Monitoring Frequency for Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial (EZI-PrEP Study)

BACKGROUND

Daily and event-driven HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral tenofovir-emtricitabine is highly effective to prevent HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). PrEP care generally consists of in-clinic monitoring every 3 months that includes PrEP dispensing, counseling, and screening for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, the optimal frequency for monitoring remains undetermined. Attending a clinic every 3 months for monitoring may be a barrier for PrEP. Online-mediated PrEP care and reduced frequency of monitoring may lower this barrier.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this study is to establish the noninferiority of online PrEP care (vs in-clinic care) and monitoring every 6 months (vs every 3 months). The secondary objectives are to (1) examine differences between PrEP care modalities regarding incidences of STIs, HIV infection, and hepatitis C virus infection; retention in PrEP care; intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentration; and satisfaction, usability, and acceptability of PrEP care modalities; and (2) evaluate associations of these study outcomes with sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological characteristics.

METHODS

This study is a 2×2 factorial, 4-arm, open-label, multi-center, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. The 4 arms are (1) in-clinic monitoring every 3 months, (2) in-clinic monitoring every 6 months, (3) online monitoring every 3 months, and (4) online monitoring every 6 months. The primary outcome is a condomless anal sex act with a casual partner not covered or insufficiently covered by PrEP (ie, "unprotected act") as a proxy for HIV infection risk. Eligible individuals are MSM, and transgender and gender diverse people aged ≥18 years who are eligible for PrEP care at 1 of 4 participating sexual health centers in the Netherlands. The required sample size is 442 participants, and the planned observation time is 24 months. All study participants will receive access to a smartphone app, which contains a diary. Participants are requested to complete the diary on a daily basis during the first 18 months of participation. Participants will complete questionnaires at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Dried blood spots will be collected at 6 and 12 months for assessment of intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentration. Incidence rates of unprotected acts will be compared between the online and in-clinic arms, and between the 6-month and 3-month arms. Noninferiority will be concluded if the upper limit of the 2-sided 97.5% CI of the incidence rate ratio is <1.8.

RESULTS

The results of the main analysis are expected in 2024.

CONCLUSIONS

This trial will demonstrate whether online PrEP care and monitoring every 6 months is noninferior to standard PrEP care in terms of PrEP adherence. If noninferiority is established, these modalities may lower barriers for initiating and continuing PrEP use and potentially reduce the systemic burden for PrEP providers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05093036; https://tinyurl.com/28b8ndvj.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/51023.

FDA's 2023 Policy Update-Promoting Safety and Inclusivity in Blood Donation

This Viewpoint discusses the US Food and Drug Administration’s 2023 policy update to its blood donation guidelines for men who have sex with men.

Clinical use and effectiveness of dolutegravir and lamivudine: a long-term, real-world, retrospective study

BACKGROUND

The use of dolutegravir/lamivudine is based on solid clinical trials; however, real-world data remain limited.

OBJECTIVES

To provide data on the clinical use and effectiveness of dolutegravir/lamivudine in persons with HIV in a real-world scenario.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective, single-centre and observational study. We included all adults starting dolutegravir/lamivudine since November 2014. We reported all demographic, virological and immunological variables at baseline and assessed effectiveness [on treatment (OT), modified ITT (mITT) and ITT in those persons who reached 6 and 12 month follow-ups (M6 and M12).

RESULTS

Of the 1058 persons, 9 were treatment-naive; the final analysis included 1049 treatment-experienced people with HIV. Median (IQR) follow-up was 1 (0.3-1.6) years, with 81% and 63% persons reaching M6 and M12, respectively. The longest use of dolutegravir/lamivudine was 7.4 years. Per OT, mITT and ITT, HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL was 97%, 92% and 81% (M6) and 98%, 90% and 80% (M12), respectively. Females [adjusted risk ratio, aRR (95% CI): 1.69 (1.19-2.40)]; immediate, previous PI-based regimen [aRR (95% CI): 1.67 (1.09-2.56)]; and viral load (VL) ≥ 50 copies/mL at dolutegravir/lamivudine initiation [aRR (95% CI): 3.36 (2.32-4.88)] were independently associated with lack of effectiveness at M12; other demographic, immunological and virological variables like previous M184V/I substitutions or virological failure, were unrelated. Of the total, 944 (90%) continued dolutegravir/lamivudine. The most frequent known reason for discontinuation was toxicity [48 (46%) cases].

CONCLUSIONS

In our real-world experience, virological suppression rates were high for treatment-experienced persons on dolutegravir/lamivudine; however, we identified subgroups with a higher risk of lack of effectiveness at M12, who may benefit from closer follow-ups.

Laboratory diagnosis of HIV: a contemporary overview in the Australian context

Over the past decade there have been technical advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) assays and updates to testing regulations that have substantially changed the landscape of laboratory testing for HIV. In addition, there have been significant changes in the epidemiology of HIV in Australia in the context of highly effective contemporary biomedical treatment and prevention strategies. Here, we provide an update on contemporary issues for the laboratory detection and confirmation of HIV in Australia. These include (1) the impact of early treatment and biological prevention strategies on the serological and virological detection of HIV; (2) the updated national HIV laboratory case definition and its interaction with testing regulations, public health and clinical guidelines; and (3) novel strategies for the laboratory detection of HIV, including the incorporation of HIV nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) into testing algorithms. These developments present an opportunity to develop a nationally consistent contemporary HIV testing algorithm that would result in optimisation and standardisation of HIV testing in Australia.

Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Seroconversions in a Large Prospective Implementation Cohort Study of Oral HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in Men Who Have Sex with Men (EPIC-NSW)

BACKGROUND

Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversions in people who have initiated preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) occur in the context of insufficient adherence. We describe participants who seroconverted after being dispensed PrEP in a large PrEP implementation study in Australia.

METHODS

Expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities in New South Wales was an implementation study of daily oral PrEP in individuals aged ≥18 years at high risk for acquiring HIV. HIV seroconversions were defined as a positive HIV test by either antigen, antibody, or detectable HIV viral load after enrollment. Insufficient adherence, measured by dispensing logs or participant self-report, was defined as <4 PrEP doses per week.

RESULTS

A total of 9596 participants were enrolled and dispensed PrEP between 1 March 2016 and 30 April 2018; 30 were diagnosed with HIV by 31 March 2019. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 31 (25-38) years, all identified as male, 29 (97%) identified as gay or homosexual, and 20 (69%) lived in a postcode with a low concentration of gay male residents. The median (IQR) days from first PrEP dispensing to diagnosis was 409 (347-656). There was no evidence that participants who seroconverted had been sufficiently adherent to PrEP. Nineteen (63%) participants who seroconverted were diagnosed with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, or new hepatitis C infection. One participant had resistance to emtricitabine (M184V mutation) at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants who seroconverted were insufficiently adherent to PrEP despite being at high risk for acquiring HIV. Understanding the reasons for poor PrEP adherence in individuals who subsequently acquire HIV is critical to improving PrEP effectiveness.

Evolution of Risk Behaviors, Sexually Transmitted Infections and PrEP Care Continuum in a Hospital-Based PrEP Program in Barcelona, Spain: A Descriptive Study of the First 2 Years' Experience

INTRODUCTION

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for HIV prevention, but the PrEP care continuum also involves improving PrEP awareness, uptake, adherence, and retention in care. Users' awareness is often compromised because of vulnerability factors and risk behaviors, such as chemsex practice or specific substance use, which could lead to risk compensation. Correct adherence and retention in care are essential to achieve the full effectiveness of PrEP. This study describes changes in users' risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well also PrEP care continuum details.

METHODS

This was a descriptive single-center retrospective study including adults at high HIV risk screened between November 2019 and June 2021 in the PrEP program of our hospital. Demographic, behavioral, STI, adherence, and retention in care variables were assessed. Data were collected from medical records and self-report questionnaires.

RESULTS

A total of 295 people were included, 94% men and 5% transgender women, with a mean age of 34 years (SD 10) and 10% sex workers. At baseline, 55% disclosed chemsex practice and 3% slamming. During follow-up, condom use for anal intercourse decreased from 41% to 13% (p ≤ 0.0001) and one HIV infection was detected; other risk behaviors and STIs remained stable. Chemsex, group sex, fluid exchange, and condomless anal intercourse were related to STI risk. Adherence was correct in 80% of users, and retention in care was 57%. Discontinuations and loss to follow-up were high, mainly affecting transgender women, sex workers, and people practicing fisting.

CONCLUSION

PrEP program implementation in our hospital was adequate, since it allowed, in a population at high HIV risk, overall users' risk behaviors and STIs to remain stable, with only one HIV diagnosis during the follow-up. We should target specific strategies to improve adherence and retention in care, as vulnerable subgroups at higher risk of loss to follow-up are identified.

Low rate of pre-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis uptake and high prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among newly diagnosed primary HIV infections in Shenzhen, China: a real-world retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Understanding the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary human deficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in the context of the post-antiretroviral therapy era and HIV drug prophylaxis is essential for achieving the new target of 95-95-95-95 by 2025. This study reported the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary HIV-1 infection in Shenzhen.

METHODS

This is a real-world retrospective study. Eighty-seven newly diagnosed primary HIV-1-infected patients were recruited from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen. Demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, drug resistance, and medical data were described and analyzed.

RESULTS

Overall, 96.6% (84/87) of the newly identified primary HIV-1-infected patients were male, including 88.5% (77/87) men have sex with men (MSM), with a median age of 29.0 years (Q1-Q3: 24.0-34.0 years); of these, 85.1% (74/87) reported high-risk sexual behaviors with casual partners. The rate of condom usage was only 28.7% (25/87). The overall rate of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was 8.0% (7/87, including 4 PrEP and 3 PEP cases) around the potential exposure, although 41.4% of the patients had prior awareness of such interventions. Moreover, only 19.5% (17/87) had previously used PrEP or PEP. Of those, 58.8% (10/17) of the patients obtained drugs from the internet, and only 35.3% (6/17) reported good compliance. A total of 54.0% (47/87) of subjects were diagnosed by the HIV nucleic acid test. Acute retroviral syndrome appeared in 54.0% (47/87) of patients. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutation was 33.9% (19/56), including 6 (10.7%) against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) plus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 8 (14.3%) against NNRTI, and 5 (8.9%) against protease inhibitor (PI) only.

CONCLUSIONS

Owing to the low utilization rate and incorrect usage of PrEP and PEP, massive efforts are needed to promote HIV-preventive strategies in the MSM population. The extremely high prevalence of TDR mutation in this population implies the need for future pretreatment drug resistance surveillance.

Retrospective audit of a convenience cohort of individuals on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Alberta, Canada

BACKGROUND

We undertook an audit of a province-wide HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program in Alberta (Canada).

METHODS

A retrospective record review of individuals accessing PrEP in Alberta included demographics, PrEP indication(s), and reported non-prescription drug and alcohol use from March 2016 to June 2019. Hepatitis A, B, C, HIV and syphilis serology, serum creatinine, and nucleic acid amplification tests testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea were collected. Descriptive statistics, incidence, and prevalence were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 511 participants were seen at STI, sexual, and reproductive health clinics and private family practitioner (FP) offices; 98.4% (503) were men, median age was 34 years (IQR 28-43 years), and 89.8% (459) were gay or bisexual men who have sex with men. Non-prescription drug use was reported by 39.3% (201) and alcohol use by 55.4% (283). 94.3% (482) reported condomless anal sex in the past 6 months. Testing rates were high (>95%) for all tests except for chlamydia and gonorrhea at the first follow-up visit 89.6%; (3-4 months). There was one HIV seroconversion. The incidence of new bacterial STIs was high: chlamydia 17 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI 13.5% to 21.4%), gonorrhea 11.14 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI 8.3% to 15.0%), and syphilis 1.94 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.73% to 5.12%).

CONCLUSIONS

Following implementation of a provincial program for PrEP in Alberta, PrEP initiation and continuation was feasible in a range of settings and by both specialists and FPs.

Non-selective distribution of infectious disease prevention may outperform risk-based targeting

Epidemic control often requires optimal distribution of available vaccines and prophylactic tools, to protect from infection those susceptible. Well-established theory recommends prioritizing those at the highest risk of exposure. But the risk is hard to estimate, especially for diseases involving stigma and marginalization. We address this conundrum by proving that one should target those at high risk only if the infection-averting efficacy of prevention is above a critical value, which we derive analytically. We apply this to the distribution of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among men-having-sex-with-men (MSM), a population particularly vulnerable to HIV. PrEP is effective in averting infections, but its global scale-up has been slow, showing the need to revisit distribution strategies, currently risk-based. Using data from MSM communities in 58 countries, we find that non-selective PrEP distribution often outperforms risk-based, showing that a logistically simpler strategy is also more effective. Our theory may help design more feasible and successful prevention.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention measure but identifying those most at risk to target for treatment is challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate that non-selective PrEP distribution outperforms targeted strategies when use is not consistent, and/or prevalence of untreated HIV is high.

Long-acting preexposure prophylaxis in low- and middle-income countries: key considerations for implementation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a key tool in ending the HIV epidemic. Long-acting cabotegravir (LA- CAB) phase II/III studies revealed promising efficacy in preventing HIV acquisition. Here, we discuss key considerations for implementing LA-CAB in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

RECENT FINDINGS

PrEP roll out in LMIC is still far from ideal, and contextual factors within LMIC vary widely. Implementation science studies are urgently needed to optimize the implementation of LA-CAB in different settings, consider effective service delivery models, and ensure program sustainability. Preferences and concerns regarding LA-CAB among potential users are unknown but likely specific to local context. Demedicalized and simplified PrEP service delivery increases uptake, and ways to safely and effectively do the same for LA- CAB need to be explored. Although ideally LA-CAB should be an additional choice of HIV prevention method, its cost will be the major determinant in deciding its position as a first line choice or restricted second-line option.

SUMMARY

LA-CAB has the potential to enhance PrEP uptake. However, several implementation challenges need to be explored and addressed to ensure it can be accessed and utilized in different settings by those who need it the most.

HIV-1-infection in a man who has sex with men despite self-reported excellent adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, the Netherlands, August 2021: be alert to emtricitabine/tenofovir-resistant strain transmission

In August 2021, a man who has sex with men was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection despite using event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis for over 2 years with self-reported excellent adherence. Sequencing identified resistance-associated mutations (RAM) M184V and K65R, conferring resistance to emtricitabine and tenofovir, and RAM V108I and E138A. Background RAM prevalence was two of 164 (1.2%) new HIV diagnoses in Amsterdam (2017–19). We reiterate the need for frequent HIV testing among PrEP users and additional testing in case of symptoms.

Rising rates of recent preexposure prophylaxis exposure among men having sex with men newly diagnosed with HIV: antiviral resistance patterns and treatment outcomes

INTRODUCTION

Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is contributing to achieve a reduction in HIV diagnoses in men having sex with men (MSM). Albeit infrequent, HIV infections in the context of recent PrEP exposure represent a clinical challenge.

METHODS

Data on recent PrEP use and possible reasons leading to HIV infection were analysed in individuals newly diagnosed with HIV at 56 Dean Street clinic in 2016-2020. Demographics, immune-virological parameters, genotypic resistance test results and treatment management in this group were compared with those not reporting recent PrEP exposure using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS

Fifty-two of 1030 (5%) individuals reported recent PrEP exposure at HIV diagnosis; 98% were MSM, median age 34 years (interquartile range [IQR] 28-42), 65% of white ethnicity, 65% non-UK-born. 35% reported PrEP intake the day before testing HIV positive, 46% reported sub-optimal PrEP adherence since their last negative HIV test result. Thirty-three of 52 (63%) were self-sourcing PrEP and 9/52 (17%) reported issues with its supply. Recent PrEP use was associated to lower HIV viral load and higher CD4+ cell count at baseline than in counterparts non-recently exposed to PrEP (P < 0.01). M184V mutation was harboured more commonly in the recent PrEP use group (30% vs. 1%, P < 0.01). The proportion of individuals recently exposed to PrEP among those diagnosed with HIV rose sharply, reaching 21% in the first semester of 2020. Viral suppression was achieved by all patients intensified from PrEP to antiretroviral treatment (ART) who remained in care at week 24.

DISCUSSION

Rapid PrEP intensification to ART allowed to achieve high rates of HIV viral suppression despite significant rates of M184V mutation harboured in those newly diagnosed with HIV and reporting recent PrEP exposure.

Real-life experience with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in a large reference clinical centre

BACKGROUND

The use of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) is mainly based on robust, pivotal clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES

To provide data on clinical use of BIC/FTC/TAF in real life.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This was an observational, retrospective and single-centre study. We included all adult, treatment-naive (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) people living with HIV (PLWH) starting BIC/FTC/TAF from 8 June 2018. We evaluated effectiveness [on treatment (OT), modified intention-to-treat (mITT) and intention-to-treat (ITT)], tolerability and safety in those patients who reached 6 months of follow-up (M6).

RESULTS

We included 1584 PLWH [213 TN (13%) and 1371 TE (87%)]. The median (IQR) follow-up was 16 (7-21) months, with 81% and 53% of PLWH reaching M6 and M12, respectively. By OT, mITT and ITT, HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL was 77%, 70% and 62% at M6 and 92%, 77% and 63% at M12 for TN PLWH and 94%, 89% and 83% at M6 and 93%, 85% and 78% at M12 for TE PLWH, respectively. In PLWH carrying an M184V/I substitution, OT RNA <50 copies/mL was 89.5% at M6. The median CD4 cell count increased from 329 to 511/μL in TN PLWH and from 630 to 683/μL in TE PLWH at M6. Of the total, 1148 (88%) PLWH continued on BIC/FTC/TAF at M6. The most frequent known reason for discontinuation was toxicity [42 (69%) cases]; only 7 cases were considered virological failures (0.6% of the total OT cohort at M6), with no emerging resistance substitutions.

CONCLUSIONS

In real life, BIC/FTC/TAF showed high rates of virological suppression and also in PLWH carrying lamivudine/emtricitabine resistance substitutions. The tolerability and safety of BIC/FTC/TAF were good, with high persistence observed for patients on this regimen at M6.

Basic knowledge among GP trainees regarding HIV pre- and post-exposition-prophylaxis

Introduction

Preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is central to containing the HIV pandemic. For pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP), drugs approved in Germany are available. Basic information on this should be obtained from physicians in further training to become specialists in General Practice (GP) since they may have to deal with this topic of high relevance for the health of patients at risk and also the physicians' health after a possible exposure in the professional context.

Methodology

A multiple-choice questionnaire was handed out to doctors in further training in General Practice on seminar days of the Competence Centre for General Practice Saxony-Anhalt for an immediate answer.

Results

Of the 109 doctors, 73 completed the questionnaire. A general high relevance of the topic HIV was stated by 95%. In contrast, 71% said it was relevant for family doctor activities. The knowledge questions on the prevalence were answered correctly for all questions with less than 40%; 21% stated that they knew the indication prerequisite for a PEP; 49% answered the question about the period of the highest efficacy of PEP correctly. PrEP as a drug option for prophylaxis is known to a part of the respondents, 79% would prescribe PrEP, 69% were in favour of a health insurance benefit.

Discussion

The results show that the necessary basic knowledge about HIV is partly available. Basic knowledge on structured action in the fields of HIV testing, PEP and PrEP should be taught in a manner appropriate to the relevance of the topic in the context of the German general practice setting. Even a basic knowledge about PEP may help to ensure that the general practice teams receive proper measures after a possible exposition.

PrEP monitoring and HIV incidence after PrEP initiation in France: 2016-18 nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND

Clinical trials have demonstrated that oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has high efficacy in preventing HIV transmission. In many countries, HIV testing is recommended prior to PrEP initiation, 1 month after and quarterly thereafter. We assessed the uptake of HIV testing and estimated the incidence of HIV infections after oral PrEP initiation, by using the French national health database (SNDS).

METHODS

A historic cohort study included every adult person who started oral PrEP between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2018 in France. HIV infection was tracked in the follow-up, from first PrEP dispensation up to 31 December 2018. Factors associated with adherence to HIV testing in PrEP follow-up were analysed using a generalized linear mixed model.

RESULTS

PrEP users (9893) were followed for a median duration of 551 days (IQR 350-769). The first HIV test, 1 month after PrEP initiation, was performed by 64% of users. For subsequent tests, this rate exceeded 81% and remained stable over time. HIV testing was lower among PrEP users without prescription refill (OR 0.15; 99% CI 0.12-0.20), but higher if the last prescription was made by a hospital practitioner (OR 2.03; 99% CI 1.69-2.45). Twenty-nine HIV infections were identified, leading to an incidence of 0.19 cases per 100 person-years (99% CI 0.12-0.30).

CONCLUSIONS

We confirmed good adherence to HIV testing and efficacy of PrEP in users, which should help in decreasing HIV incidence in France. This study also revealed that SNDS could be a powerful automated tool for the epidemiological monitoring of PrEP users.