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For: Seekircher L, Bánki Z, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Schäfer H, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Forer L, Schönherr S, Harthaller T, Sacher M, Ower C, Tschiderer L, Ulmer H, Krammer F, von Laer D, Borena W, Willeit P. Immune response after two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Tyrol, Austria: an open-label, observational phase 4 trial. Lancet Microbe 2023;4:e612-e621. [PMID: 37354911 PMCID: PMC10284585 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]

For:	Seekircher L, Bánki Z, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Schäfer H, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Forer L, Schönherr S, Harthaller T, Sacher M, Ower C, Tschiderer L, Ulmer H, Krammer F, von Laer D, Borena W, Willeit P. Immune response after two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Tyrol, Austria: an open-label, observational phase 4 trial. Lancet Microbe 2023;4:e612-e621. [PMID: 37354911 PMCID: PMC10284585 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Seekircher L, Astl M, Tschiderer L, Wachter GA, Penz J, Pfeifer B, Huber A, Afonso PM, Gaber M, Schennach H, Siller A, Willeit P. Anti-Spike IgG antibodies as correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pre-Omicron and Omicron era. J Med Virol 2024;96:e29839. [PMID: 39105391 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]

Abstract

Anti-Spike IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which are elicited by vaccination and infection, are correlates of protection against infection with pre-Omicron variants. Whether this association can be generalized to infections with Omicron variants is unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 8457 blood donors in Tyrol, Austria, analyzing 15,340 anti-Spike IgG antibody measurements from March 2021 to December 2022 assessed by Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Using a Bayesian joint model, we estimated antibody trajectories and adjusted hazard ratios for incident SARS-CoV-2 infection ascertained by self-report or seroconversion of anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies. At the time of their earliest available anti-Spike IgG antibody measurement (median November 23, 2021), participants had a median age of 46.0 years (IQR 32.8-55.2), with 45.3% being female, 41.3% having a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 75.5% having received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Among 6159 participants with endpoint data, 3700 incident SARS-CoV-2 infections with predominantly Omicron sublineages were recorded over a median of 8.8 months (IQR 5.7-12.4). The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio for SARS-CoV-2 associated with having twice the anti-Spike IgG antibody titer was 0.875 (95% credible interval 0.868-0.881) overall, 0.842 (0.827-0.856) during 2021, and 0.884 (0.877-0.891) during 2022 (all p < 0.001). The associations were similar in females and males (Pinteraction = 0.673) and across age (Pinteraction = 0.590). Higher anti-Spike IgG antibody titers were associated with reduced risk of incident SARS-CoV-2 infection across the entire observation period. While the magnitude of association was slightly weakened in the Omicron era, anti-Spike IgG antibody continues to be a suitable correlate of protection against newer SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Affiliation(s)

Lisa Seekircher Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Manfred Astl Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Lena Tschiderer Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Gregor A Wachter Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Julia Penz Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Bernhard Pfeifer Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria Division for Healthcare Network and Telehealth, UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH, Hall, Austria
Andreas Huber Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Pedro M Afonso Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Manfred Gaber Blood donor service Tyrol of the Austrian Red Cross, Rum, Austria
Harald Schennach Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Anita Siller Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
Peter Willeit Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Vienna, Austria Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Hayashi T, Sano K, Konishi I. High Transferability of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 to Umbilical Cord Blood in Pregnant Women Vaccinated with BNT162b2 XBB.1.5: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Infect Dis Rep 2024;16:481-490. [PMID: 38920892 PMCID: PMC11203347 DOI: 10.3390/idr16030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to severe respiratory illness, rapid disease progression, and higher rates of intensive care unit admission in pregnant women. Infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery, cesarean section, fetal dysfunction, preeclampsia, and perinatal death. Vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from pregnant women to their fetuses has also been observed. Although severe infections in neonates and infants are rare, newborns can experience serious consequences from COVID-19 due to their suboptimal humoral immune system protection. The amino acids in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are constantly mutating. Since around January 2023, COVID-19, caused by omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 variants, has been prevalent globally. These variants can evade the immune response triggered by traditional mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, such as BNT162b2. Therefore, vaccination with BNT162b2 XBB.1.5, which provides protection against omicron-type SARS-CoV-2 variants, is recommended.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included 148 pregnant women who received the BNT162b2 XBB.1.5 vaccine at 30 partner medical institutions from September 2023 to January 2024. We examined the titers of anti-spike glycoprotein SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobin G (IgG) and IgA in the blood and umbilical cord blood obtained from the participants using ELISA.

FINDINGS

Anti-spike glycoprotein SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA titers were highest in the blood and cord blood at late gestational age (28-34 weeks). No serious side effects or adverse events were observed in either the pregnant women or their newborns.

INTERPRETATION

Pregnant women who received the BNT162b2 XBB.1.5 vaccine during gestational weeks 28 to 34 had the highest titers of anti-omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant antibodies in their blood. Moreover, these antibodies were transferred to their umbilical cord blood. To validate our findings, large cohort clinical studies involving numerous pregnant women are warranted.

FUNDING

This study was funded by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Grants-in-Aid for Medical Research from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED).

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Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR, Orrico-Sanchéz A, Gómez-Lanas L, Sala-Trull D, Domènech-Leon C, Del Rio-González A, Sánchez-Urbano M, Satorres-Martinez P, Aparisi-Esteve L, Badenes-Marques G, Blasco-Gari R, Casanova-Suarez J, Gil-Fortuño M, Hernández-Pérez N, Jovani-Sales D, López-Diago L, Notari-Rodríguez C, Pérez-Olaso O, Romeu-Garcia MA, Ruíz-Puig R, Arnedo-Pena A. Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024;5:167-186. [PMID: 38651389 PMCID: PMC11036210 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open

Affiliation(s)

Salvador Domènech-Montoliu Medical Direction University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain;
Joan Puig-Barberà Vaccines Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in Valencia Region FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-B.); (A.O.-S.)
María Rosario Pac-Sa Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
Alejandro Orrico-Sanchéz Vaccines Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in Valencia Region FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-B.); (A.O.-S.) Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain Secretary of Chair of Vaccines Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
Lorna Gómez-Lanas Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Diego Sala-Trull Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Carmen Domènech-Leon Department of Medicine, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
Alba Del Rio-González Health Centers I and II, 12530 Borriana, Spain;
Manuel Sánchez-Urbano Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Paloma Satorres-Martinez Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Laura Aparisi-Esteve Carinyena Health Center, 12540 Vila-real, Spain;
Gema Badenes-Marques Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Roser Blasco-Gari Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Juan Casanova-Suarez Nursing Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain;
María Gil-Fortuño Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
Noelia Hernández-Pérez Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
David Jovani-Sales Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Laura López-Diago Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain;
Cristina Notari-Rodríguez Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Oscar Pérez-Olaso Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
María Angeles Romeu-Garcia Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
Raquel Ruíz-Puig Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
Alberto Arnedo-Pena Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.) Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain Department of Health Science, Public University Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain

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Donato F, Pilotto A, Focà E, Tresoldi M, Tonoli A, Perani C, Minisci D, Salvetti M, Filippini M, Bezzi M, Em Boari G, Gipponi S, Stegher C, Nardin M, Caruso A, Metra M, Padovani A, Rossi C, Castelli F. The impact of time since SARS-Cov-2 vaccination, age, sex and comorbidities on COVID-19 outcome in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine 2024;42:1863-1867. [PMID: 38355322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]

Affiliation(s)

Francesco Donato University Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
Andrea Pilotto Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Italy
Emanuele Focà University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Marco Tresoldi University Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
Alessio Tonoli Emergency Department and Bed Management, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Cristiano Perani Emergency Department and Bed Management, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Davide Minisci University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Massimo Salvetti Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Matteo Filippini Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Michela Bezzi Division of Pneumology, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Gianluca Em Boari COVID_19 Medicine, Internal Medicine Unit, Montichiari Hospital, Montichiari, Italy
Stefano Gipponi Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Claudia Stegher Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Matteo Nardin Medicine III, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Arnaldo Caruso Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Marco Metra Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Alessandro Padovani Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Italy
Camillo Rossi Chief Medical Officer of ASST Spedali Civili Hospital Health Directorate, Brescia, Italy
Francesco Castelli University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy

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Zhan H, Xie Y, Liu Y, Cheng L, Xu Y, Qu X, Li C, Guo X, Li H, Wang Y, Dai E, Wang L, Gao H, Li Y. Omicron BA.4/5 neutralization and cell-mediated immune responses in relation to baseline immune status and breakthrough infection among PLWH: A follow-up cohort study. J Med Virol 2024;96:e29446. [PMID: 38345110 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]

Affiliation(s)

Haoting Zhan Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Yuchen Xie School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Yongmei Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Linlin Cheng Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Yi Xu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Xiaojing Qu Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Chen Li Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Xinru Guo School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Haolong Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Yuling Wang Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Erhei Dai Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Lijing Wang Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Huixia Gao Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
Yongzhe Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Favresse J, Gillot C, Closset M, Cabo J, Wauthier L, David C, Elsen M, Dogné JM, Douxfils J. Durability of humoral and cellular immunity six months after the BNT162b2 bivalent booster. J Med Virol 2024;96:e29365. [PMID: 38185981 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]

Harthaller T, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Huber M, Schmitt M, Benainouna H, Rössler A, Fleischer V, von Laer D, Kimpel J, Würzner R, Borena W. Retained avidity despite reduced cross-binding and cross-neutralizing antibody levels to Omicron after SARS-COV-2 wild-type infection or mRNA double vaccination. Front Immunol 2023;14:1196988. [PMID: 37545492 PMCID: PMC10401431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open

Abstract

Introduction

The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has posed a challenge to long-lasting immunity against the novel virus. Apart from neutralizing function, binding antibodies induced by vaccination or infection play an important role in containing the infection.

Methods

To determine the proportion of wild-type (WT)-generated antibodies recognizant of more recent variants, plasma samples from either SARS-CoV-2 WT-infected (n = 336) or double-mRNA (Comirnaty)-vaccinated individuals (n = 354, age and sex matched to the convalescent group) were analyzed for binding antibody capacity against the S1 protein of the BA.1 omicron variant.

Results

Overall, 38.59% (95% CI, 37.01- 40.20) of WT-generated antibodies recognized Omicron BA.1 S1 protein [28.83% (95% CI, 26.73-30.91) after infection and 43.46% (95% CI, 41.61-45.31) after vaccination; p < 0.001]. Although the proportion of WT-generated binding and neutralizing antibodies also binding to BA.1 is substantially reduced, the avidity of the remaining antibodies against the Omicron variant was non-inferior to that of the ancestral virus: Omicron: 39.7% (95% CI: 38.1-41.3) as compared to the avidity to WT: 27.0% (95% CI, 25.5-28.4), respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we noticed a modestly yet statistically significant higher avidity toward the Omicron epitopes among the vaccinated group (42.2%; 95% CI, 40.51-43.94) as compared to the convalescent counterparts (36.4%; 95% CI, 33.42-38.76) (p = 0.003), even after adjusting for antibody concentration.

Discussion

Our results suggest that an aspect of functional immunity against the novel strain was considerably retained after WT contact, speculatively counteracting the impact of immune evasion toward neutralization of the strain. Higher antibody levels and cross-binding capacity among vaccinated individuals suggest an advantage of repeated exposure in generating robust immunity.

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