1
|
Wagatsuma K, Saito R, Yoshioka S, Yamazaki S, Sato R, Iwaya M, Takahashi Y, Chon I, Naito M, Watanabe H. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody after the second and third mRNA vaccinations in staff and residents in a nursing home with a previous COVID-19 outbreak in Niigata, Japan. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:164-168. [PMID: 37739181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
This study measured IgG antibody titers against spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 before vaccination and after the second and third doses of an mRNA vaccine in staff and residents of a nursing home in Niigata, Japan. The study included 52 staff members, of whom six (11.5%) were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 32 older residents, of whom 22 (68.8%) were previously infected. All participants received the first two doses in April-July 2021 and a third dose in January-March 2022. In staff, the median anti-S antibody titers (interquartile range) in previously infected and SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals before vaccination were 960 (592-1,926) and 0.5 (0.0-2.1) arbitrary units (AU)/mL. Anti-S antibody titers 5 months after the second and third doses in previously infected staff were 7,391 (5,230-7,747) and 10,195 (5,582-13,886) AU. In residents, the median anti-S antibody titers in previously infected and naïve individuals before vaccination were 734 (425-1,934) and 1.1 (0.0-3.1) AU/mL. Anti-S antibody titers at 5 months after the second and third doses in previously infected residents were 15,872 (9,683-21,557) and 13,813 (6,689-20,839) AU/mL; however, there were no significant differences in titers between the second and third doses in previously infected residents. Anti-N antibody titers were higher in previously infected than naïve individuals, and titers decreased chronologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Wagatsuma
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshioka
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Niigata City Public Health and Sanitation Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Niigata City Public Health and Sanitation Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masako Iwaya
- Niigata City Public Health and Sanitation Center, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Irina Chon
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hisami Watanabe
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Greene MK, Smyth P, English A, McLaughlin J, Bucholc M, Bailie J, McCarroll J, McDonnell M, Watt A, Barnes G, Lynch M, Duffin K, Duffy G, Lewis C, James JA, Stitt AW, Ford T, O'Kane M, Rai TS, Bjourson AJ, Cardwell C, Elborn JS, Gibson DS, Scott CJ. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Northern Ireland during 2020-2021. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24184. [PMID: 38304848 PMCID: PMC10830527 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 impacting upon public health directly and socioeconomically, further information was required to inform policy decisions designed to limit virus spread during the pandemic. This study sought to contribute to serosurveillance work within Northern Ireland to track SARS-CoV-2 progression and guide health strategy. Methods Sera/plasma samples from clinical biochemistry laboratories were analysed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Samples were assessed using an Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 or anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA (Roche) on an automated cobas e 801 analyser. Samples were also assessed via an anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (Euroimmun). A subset of samples assessed via the Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 ECLIA were subsequently analysed in an ACE2 pseudoneutralisation assay using a V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 7 for IgG and ACE2 (Meso Scale Diagnostics). Results Across three testing rounds (June-July 2020, November-December 2020 and June-July 2021 (rounds 1-3 respectively)), 4844 residual sera/plasma specimens were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Seropositivity rates increased across the study, peaking at 11.6 % (95 % CI 10.4 %-13.0 %) during round 3. Varying trends in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were noted based on demographic factors. For instance, highest rates of seropositivity shifted from older to younger demographics across the study period. In round 3, Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant neutralising antibodies were most frequently detected across age groups, with median concentration of anti-spike protein antibodies elevated in 50-69 year olds and anti-S1 RBD antibodies elevated in 70+ year olds, relative to other age groups. Conclusions With seropositivity rates of <15 % across the assessment period, it can be concluded that the significant proportion of the Northern Ireland population had not yet naturally contracted the virus by mid-2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Greene
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew English
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teeside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Magda Bucholc
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | | | | | - Margaret McDonnell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alison Watt
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - George Barnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Kevan Duffin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Portadown, UK
| | - Gerard Duffy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK
| | - Claire Lewis
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jacqueline A. James
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Regional Molecular Diagnostic Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, Belfast, UK
| | - Maurice O'Kane
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David S. Gibson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suita A, Ohfuji S, Kasamatsu A, Kondo K, Nakata H, Kita T, Deguchi A, Fujimoto M, Iba K, Sakamoto H, Iwasaka K, Sakamoto N, Sakamoto H, Yodoi Y, Kido Y, Nakagama Y, Konishi A, Mukai E, Matsumoto K, Matsuura T, Kase T, Kakeya H, Fukushima W, Hirota Y. Antibody responses after BNT162b2 vaccination in Japanese geriatric intermediate care facilities. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100412. [PMID: 38161985 PMCID: PMC10755108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate antibody responses against the primary series of vaccination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2] vaccines in the staff and residents of Japanese geriatric intermediate care facilities. Methods All subjects (159 staff and 96 residents) received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 3 weeks apart. Baseline data of subject were collected using a structured form. Serum samples were collected three times: before vaccination, 3 weeks after the first dose, and 4 weeks after the second dose, and anti-receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 [anti-RBD] IgG was measured using two immunoassays. Results After the second dose, geometric mean titers [GMT] of anti-RBD with both the Abbott and Roche assay were significantly lower in residents than staff (2282 AU/mL vs. 8505 AU/mL, and 258 U/mL vs. 948 U/mL, respectively). Multivariate analysis of characteristics affecting antibody responses (≥1280 AU/mL for Abbott and > 210 U/mL for Roche) showed lower odds ratios [ORs] for older age (adjusted OR per 10 year increase [aOR] = 0.62, 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI]; 0.38-1.02), steroid usage (aOR = 0.09, 95 %CI; 0.01-0.60) and regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] usage (aOR = 0.16, 95 %CI; 0.03-0.88). Conclusions Elderly people and steroid and NSAID users had lower antibody responses following the second vaccine dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asae Suita
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Satoko Ohfuji
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ayane Kasamatsu
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kondo
- Management Bureau, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakata
- Keai Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 112, Hara, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-1051, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kita
- Yuai Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 2-2-58, Tsukuda, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 555-0001, Japan
| | - Akifumi Deguchi
- Kouseien Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 3-1-16, Imafuku-Nishi, Joto-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 536-0004, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujimoto
- Tamagushi-sumire-en Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 3-2-3, Tamagushicho-Nishi, HigashiOsaka-city, Osaka 578-0934, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iba
- Tsukumo Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 4-7-2, Tsukumodai, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0862, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakamoto
- Sayamanosato Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 2-185-11, Iwamuro, Osakasayama city 589-0032, Japan
| | - Kaori Iwasaka
- Sakuragawa Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 4-10-13, Sakuragawa, Naniwa-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 556-0022, Japan
| | - Noboru Sakamoto
- Yukyuen Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 5-1, Yamatake, Yao-city, Osaka 581-0864, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Yukyuen Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 5-1, Yamatake, Yao-city, Osaka 581-0864, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yodoi
- Kuwanomi Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, 4-4-5, Kuwadu, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 546-0041, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Nakagama
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ayako Konishi
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Mukai
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsumoto
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoka Matsuura
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Infection Control, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Medical Co. LTA (SOUSEIKAI), 3-6-1, Kashii-Teriha, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mallah N, Pardo-Seco J, Ares-Gómez S, López-Pérez LR, González-Pérez JM, Rosón B, Otero-Barrós MT, Durán-Parrondo C, Nartallo-Penas V, Mirás-Carballal S, Rodríguez-Tenreiro-Sánchez C, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Carballa A, Salas A, Martinón-Torres F. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in children by age groups. A population-based study in Galicia, Spain. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e14037. [PMID: 37877845 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 in the pediatric population are outgoing. We aimed to quantify VE against SARS-CoV-2 in two pediatric age groups, 5-11 and 12-17-year-old, while considering vaccine type, SARS-CoV-2 variant, and duration of protection. METHODS A population-based test-negative control study was undertaken in Galicia, Spain. Children 5-11-year-old received the Comirnaty® (Pfizer, US) vaccine, while those aged 12-17-year-old received the Comirnaty® (Pfizer, US) or SpikeVax® (ModernaTX, Inc) vaccine. Participants were categorized into unvaccinated (0 doses or one dose with <14 days since vaccination), partially vaccinated (only one dose with ≥14 days, or two doses with <14 days after the second dose administration), and fully vaccinated (two doses with ≥14 days after the second injection). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. VE was calculated as (1-OR) * 100. Stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS In the fully vaccinated 5-11-year-old children, VE against the Omicron variant was 44.1% (95% CI: 38.2%-49.4%). In the fully vaccinated 12-17-year-old individuals, VE was 83.4% (95% CI: 81.2%-85.3%) against Delta and 74.8% (95% CI: 58.5%-84.9%) against Omicron. Comirnaty® and SpikeVax® vaccines showed a similar magnitude of VE against Delta [Comirnaty® VE: 81.9% (95% CI: 79.3%-84.1%) and SpikeVax® VE: 85.3% (95% CI: 81.9%-88.1%)]. Comirnaty® (Pfizer, US; VE: 79.7%; 95% CI: 50.7%-92.4%) showed a slightly higher magnitude of protection against Omicron than SpikeVax® (ModernaTX, Inc), yet with an overlapping CI (VE: 74.3%; 95% CI: 56.6%-84.9%). VE was maintained in all age subgroups in both pediatric populations, but it declined over time. CONCLUSIONS In Galicia, mRNA VE was moderate against SARS-CoV-2 infections in the 5-11-year-old populations, but high in older children. VE declined over time, suggesting a potential need for booster dose schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Mallah
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Ares-Gómez
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Ricardo López-Pérez
- Subdirección de Sistemas y Tecnologías de la Información, Servizo Galego de Saude, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Juan-Manuel González-Pérez
- Subdirección de Sistemas y Tecnologías de la Información, Servizo Galego de Saude, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Benigno Rosón
- Subdirección de Sistemas y Tecnologías de la Información, Servizo Galego de Saude, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Otero-Barrós
- Dirección Xeral de Saude Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Durán-Parrondo
- Dirección Xeral de Saude Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Victoria Nartallo-Penas
- Dirección Xeral de Saude Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Susana Mirás-Carballal
- Dirección Xeral de Saude Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Tenreiro-Sánchez
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Facultade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rakshit S, Babji S, Parthiban C, Madhavan R, Adiga V, J SE, Chetan Kumar N, Ahmed A, Shivalingaiah S, Shashikumar N, V M, Johnson AR, Ramesh N, B RG, Asokan M, Mayor S, Kang G, D'souza G, Dias M, Vyakarnam A. Polyfunctional CD4 T-cells correlating with neutralising antibody is a hallmark of COVISHIELD TM and COVAXIN ® induced immunity in COVID-19 exposed Indians. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:134. [PMID: 37709772 PMCID: PMC10502007 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterisation of immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines rolled out in India: COVISHIELDTM (CS) and COVAXIN® (CO) in a pre-exposed population is only recently being discovered. We addressed this issue in subjects who received their primary series of vaccination between November 2021 and January 2022. Both vaccines are capable of strongly boosting Wuhan Spike-specific neutralising antibody, polyfunctional Th1 cytokine producing CD4+ T-cells and single IFN-γ + CD8+ T-cells. Consistent with inherent differences in vaccine platform, the vector-based CS vaccine-induced immunity was of greater magnitude, breadth, targeting Delta and Omicron variants compared to the whole-virion inactivated vaccine CO, with CS vaccinees showing persistent CD8+ T-cells responses until 3 months post primary vaccination. This study provides detailed evidence on the magnitude and quality of CS and CO vaccine induced responses in subjects with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity in India, thereby mitigating vaccine hesitancy arguments in such a population, which remains a global health challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon Eveline J
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nandini Shashikumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha V
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Naveen Ramesh
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George D'souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Hatamleh MA, Abusalah MA, Hatmal MM, Alshaer W, Ahmad S, Mohd-Zahid MH, Rahman ENSE, Yean CY, Alias IZ, Uskoković V, Mohamud R. Understanding the challenges to COVID-19 vaccines and treatment options, herd immunity and probability of reinfection. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:600-638. [PMID: 36570799 PMCID: PMC9758618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike pandemics in the past, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which rapidly spread worldwide, was met with a different approach to control and measures implemented across affected countries. The lack of understanding of the fundamental nature of the outbreak continues to make COVID-19 challenging to manage for both healthcare practitioners and the scientific community. Challenges to vaccine development and evaluation, current therapeutic options, convalescent plasma therapy, herd immunity, and the emergence of reinfection and new variants remain the major obstacles to combating COVID-19. This review discusses these challenges in the management of COVID-19 at length and highlights the mechanisms needed to provide better understanding of this pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A.I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mai A. Abusalah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ma'mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Manali H. Mohd-Zahid
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Engku Nur Syafirah E.A. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Chan Y. Yean
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Iskandar Z. Alias
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, Dockrell DH. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:255-267. [PMID: 36764906 PMCID: PMC9868365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, but has less impact on viral transmission rates, thus aiding viral evolution, and the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity rapidly declines. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are crucial for early control of infection, and can generate long-term antigen-specific protection with prompt recall responses. However, currently approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not amenable to adequate respiratory mucosal delivery, particularly in the upper airways, which could account for the high vaccine breakthrough infection rates and limited duration of vaccine-mediated protection. In view of these drawbacks, we outline a strategy that has the potential to enhance both the efficacy and durability of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, by inducing robust memory responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupsha Fraser
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Aurelio Orta-Resendiz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Mazein
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David H Dockrell
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tut G, Lancaster T, Krutikov M, Sylla P, Bone D, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir A, Hulme S, Kaur N, Tut E, Bruton R, Wu MY, Harvey R, Carr EJ, Beale R, Stirrup O, Shrotri M, Azmi B, Fuller C, Baynton V, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L, Moss P. Strong peak immunogenicity but rapid antibody waning following third vaccine dose in older residents of care homes. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:93-104. [PMID: 37118525 PMCID: PMC10154221 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Third-dose coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines are being deployed widely but their efficacy has not been assessed adequately in vulnerable older people who exhibit suboptimal responses after primary vaccination series. This observational study, which was carried out by the VIVALDI study based in England, looked at spike-specific immune responses in 341 staff and residents in long-term care facilities who received an mRNA vaccine following dual primary series vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Third-dose vaccination strongly increased antibody responses with preferential relative enhancement in older people and was required to elicit neutralization of Omicron. Cellular immune responses were also enhanced with strong cross-reactive recognition of Omicron. However, antibody titers fell 21-78% within 100 d after vaccine and 27% of participants developed a breakthrough Omicron infection. These findings reveal strong immunogenicity of a third vaccine in one of the most vulnerable population groups and endorse an approach for widespread delivery across this population. Ongoing assessment will be required to determine the stability of immune protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elif Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Y Wu
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute London, London, UK
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK), London, UK
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mihaylova A, Lesichkova S, Baleva M, Nikolova‐Vlahova M, Kundurzhiev T, Kolevski A, Naumova E. Durability of humoral and cell-mediated immune response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine administration. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28360. [PMID: 36448089 PMCID: PMC9878094 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against the SARS-Cov-2 virus is an effective way to protect against the disease and the severe course of COVID-19. Forty-nine fully vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve volunteers aged 33-89 were enrolled in the study. Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immune response was performed within 1 to 3 months (T1) and 6-9 months (T2) after the second injection, and within 2-3 months (T3) after a booster dose. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the specific immune status was made between two age groups-below 60 (n = 22) and over 60 (n = 27) years. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response was evaluated by IFN-γ-producing spot forming cells (SFCs) using a standardized ELISPOT assay. Virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) against SARS-CoV-2 were measured by a blocking ELISA test and spike protein specific IgG (S-IgG) and IgA (S-IgA) antibodies-by semiquantitative ELISA. IFN-γ-producing SFCs, S-IgG, S-IgA and VNA significantly decreased 6-9 months after the second dose. After the third injection S-IgG and S-IgA markedly increased compared to T2 and reached the levels at T1. Of note, the highest values of VNA were observed at T3. No differences in the tested immune parameters were found between the two age groups. Data obtained showed that for a long period-6-9 months after a full course of immunization with mRNA vaccine, immune reactivity is present, but both cellular and humoral immune responses gradually decrease. The administration of a third dose mainly restores the specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Mihaylova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Spaska Lesichkova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria,Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | | | - Milena Nikolova‐Vlahova
- Clinic of NephrologyUniversity Hospital St.Ivan RilskiSofiaBulgaria,Department of Internal MedicineMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | - Todor Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | - Alexander Kolevski
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Elissaveta Naumova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria,Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Depression, aging, and immunity: implications for COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35836263 PMCID: PMC9281075 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aging process can have detrimental effects on the immune system rendering the elderly more susceptible to infectious disease and less responsive to vaccination. Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been hypothesized to show characteristics of accelerated biological aging. This raises the possibility that depressed individuals will show some overlap with elderly populations with respect to their immune response to infection and vaccination. Here we provide an umbrella review of this literature in the context of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic. On balance, the available data do indeed suggest that depression is a risk factor for both adverse outcomes following COVID-19 infection and for reduced COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. We conclude that MDD (and other major psychiatric disorders) should be recognized as vulnerable populations that receive priority for vaccination along with other at-risk groups.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mallah N, Pardo-Seco J, López-Pérez LR, González-Pérez JM, Rosón B, Otero-Barrós MT, Durán-Parrondo C, Nartallo-Penas V, Mirás-Carballal S, Rodríguez-Tenreiro C, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Carballa A, Salas A, Martinón-Torres F. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine booster in the general population and in subjects with comorbidities. A population-based study in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114252. [PMID: 36096168 PMCID: PMC9462926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the effectiveness of COVID-19 booster-based vaccine schedule is ongoing and real-world data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) in comorbid patients are limited. We aimed to estimate booster dose VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in the general population and in comorbid patients. METHOD A retrospective test-negative control study was undertaken in Galicia-Spain (December 2020-November 2021). VE and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS 1,512,415 (94.13%) negative and 94,334 (5.87%) positive SARS-CoV-2 test results were included. A booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine is associated with substantially higher protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than vaccination without a booster [VEboosted = 87% (95%CI: 83%; 89%); VEnon-boosted = 66% (95%CI: 65%; 67%)]. The high VE was observed in all ages, but was more pronounced in subjects older than 65 years. VE against COVID-19 severity was analyzed in a mixed population of boosted and non-boosted individuals and considerable protection was obtained [VE: hospitalization = 72% (95%CI: 68%; 75%); intensive care unit administration = 83% (95%CI: 78%; 88%), in-hospital mortality = 66% (95%CI: 53%; 75%)]. Boosted comorbid patients are more protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection than those who were non-boosted. This was observed in a wide range of major diseases including cancer (81% versus 54%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (84% versus 61%), diabetes (84% versus 65%), hypertension (82% versus 65%) and obesity (91% versus 67%), among others. CONCLUSIONS A booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine increases the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in the general population and in comorbid patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Mallah
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Ricardo López-Pérez
- Subdirección de Sistemas y Tecnologías de La Información, Servizo Galego de Saude, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Benigno Rosón
- Subdirección de Sistemas y Tecnologías de La Información, Servizo Galego de Saude, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Durán-Parrondo
- Dirección Xeral de Saude Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Susana Mirás-Carballal
- Servicio de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Tenreiro
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, And GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain; WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Safety, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Progress on COVID-19 Chemotherapeutics Discovery and Novel Technology. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238257. [PMID: 36500347 PMCID: PMC9736643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel highly contagious and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through virus-containing droplets and small particles of air pollution, which greatly increases the risk of inhaling these virus particles when people are in close proximity. COVID-19 is spreading across the world, and the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to human health and public safety. To date, there are no specific vaccines or effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focus on the enzyme targets of the virus and host that may be critical for the discovery of chemical compounds and natural products as antiviral drugs, and describe the development of potential antiviral drugs in the preclinical and clinical stages. At the same time, we summarize novel emerging technologies applied to the research on new drug development and the pathological mechanisms of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shrotri M, Fragaszy E, Nguyen V, Navaratnam AMD, Geismar C, Beale S, Kovar J, Byrne TE, Fong WLE, Patel P, Aryee A, Braithwaite I, Johnson AM, Rodger A, Hayward AC, Aldridge RW. Spike-antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination by demographic and clinical factors in a prospective community cohort study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5780. [PMID: 36184633 PMCID: PMC9526787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination constitutes the best long-term solution against Coronavirus Disease-2019; however, vaccine-derived immunity may not protect all groups equally, and the durability of protective antibodies may be short. We evaluate Spike-antibody responses following BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination amongst SARS-CoV2-naive adults across England and Wales enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Virus Watch). Here we show BNT162b2 recipients achieved higher peak antibody levels after two doses; however, both groups experience substantial antibody waning over time. In 8356 individuals submitting a sample ≥28 days after Dose 2, we observe significantly reduced Spike-antibody levels following two doses amongst individuals reporting conditions and therapies that cause immunosuppression. After adjusting for these, several common chronic conditions also appear to attenuate the antibody response. These findings suggest the need to continue prioritising vulnerable groups, who have been vaccinated earliest and have the most attenuated antibody responses, for future boosters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ellen Fragaszy
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cyril Geismar
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Beale
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Kovar
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Byrne
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Parth Patel
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Aryee
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anne M Johnson
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert W Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brlić PK, Pavletić M, Lerga M, Krstanović F, Matešić MP, Miklić K, Malić S, Mikša L, Pajcur M, Peruč D, Schubert M, Bertoglio F, Arapović J, Protić A, Šustić A, Milošević M, Šain LČ, Jonjić S, Lisnić VJ, Brizić I. SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Antibody Response in Vaccinated Croatian Healthcare Workers and Infected Hospitalized Patients: A Single Center Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:1966. [PMID: 36146773 PMCID: PMC9503044 DOI: 10.3390/v14091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing the dynamics and duration of antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination are an invaluable tool for vaccination schedule planning, assessment of risk groups and management of pandemics. In this study, we developed and employed ELISA assays to analyze the humoral responses to Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins in vaccinated health-care workers (HCW) and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Sera of more than 1000 HCWs and critically ill patients from the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka were tested across a one-year period, encompassing the spread of major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). We observed 97% of seroconversion in HCW cohort as well as sustained anti-Spike antibody response in vaccinees for more than 6 months. In contrast, the infection-induced anti-Nucleocapsid response was waning significantly in a six-month period. Furthermore, a substantial decrease in vaccinees' anti-Spike antibodies binding to Spike protein of Omicron VOC was also observed. Critically ill COVID-19 patients had higher levels of anti-Spike and anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies compared to HCWs. No significant differences in anti-Spike and anti-Nucleocapsid antibody levels between the critically ill COVID-19 patients that were on non-invasive oxygen supplementation and those on invasive ventilation support were observed. However, stronger anti-Spike, but not anti-Nucleocapsid, antibody response correlated with a better disease outcome in the cohort of patients on invasive ventilation support. Altogether, our results contribute to the growing pool of data on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Kučan Brlić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Pavletić
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mate Lerga
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marina Pribanić Matešić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Leonarda Mikša
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Pajcur
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dolores Peruč
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jurica Arapović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli Brijeg b.b., 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alen Protić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Medical Science II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Milošević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Čičin Šain
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Department of Viral Immunology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Do Not Promote a Decrease in SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Prospective Observational Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091404. [PMID: 36146482 PMCID: PMC9501552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a prospective observational study of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients after anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccination (VC). In total, 32 CML patients with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, 10 CML patients with treatment-free remission, and 16 healthy subjects participated in the study. From April 2021 to September 2021, all cases (median age = 58 years) were vaccinated twice. Immunoglobulin G for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-IgG) was measured at three timepoints (before the first VC, 1−5 weeks after the second VC (T1), and approximately 6 months after the second VC (T2)). S-IgG was not observed before the first VC in any participant. At T1, all cases had acquired S-IgG. There were no significant differences in S-IgG levels among groups. A paired sample comparison of median S-IgG titers between T1 and T2 in all groups showed a significant reduction in T2 S-IgG titers. There were no significant differences in S-IgG levels among groups. When all patients were analyzed, those aged ≥58 years had significantly lower S-IgG levels than those aged <58 years at T1. The BNT162b2 vaccine was highly effective in CML patients with or without TKIs, and S-IgG levels were as persistent as those in healthy individuals.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tuaillon E, Pisoni A, Veyrenche N, Rafasse S, Niel C, Gros N, Muriaux D, Picot MC, Aouinti S, Van de Perre P, Bousquet J, Blain H. Antibody response after first and second BNT162b2 vaccination to predict the need for subsequent injections in nursing home residents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13749. [PMID: 35962053 PMCID: PMC9373891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored antibody response after first and second BNT162b2 vaccinations, to predict the need for subsequent injections in nursing home (NH) residents. 369 NH residents were tested for IgG against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD-IgG) and nucleoprotein-IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant and SARS-CoV-2 IgG Alinity assays, Abbott Diagnostics). In NH residents with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the first dose elicited high RBD-IgG levels (≥ 4160 AU/mL) in 99/129 cases (76.9%), with no additional antibody gain after the second dose in 74 cases (74.7%). However, a low RBD-IgG level (< 1050 AU/mL) was observed in 28 (21.7%) residents. The persistence of nucleoprotein-IgG and a longer interval between infection and the first dose were associated with a higher RBD-IgG response (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0013, respectively). RBD-IgG below 50 AU/mL after the first dose predicted failure to reach the antibody concentration associated with a neutralizing effect after the second dose (≥ 1050 AU/mL). The BNT162b2 vaccine elicited a strong humoral response after the first dose in a majority of NH residents with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, about one quarter of these residents require a second injection. Consideration should be given to immunological monitoring in NH residents to optimize the vaccine response in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Amandine Pisoni
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Veyrenche
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophia Rafasse
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémence Niel
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Gros
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Safa Aouinti
- Clinical Research and Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Univeersitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany.,University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tut G, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Butler MS, Kaur N, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir A, Hulme S, Ayodele M, Bone D, Tut E, Bruton R, Krutikov M, Giddings R, Shrotri M, Azmi B, Fuller C, Baynton V, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L, Moss P. Antibody and cellular immune responses following dual COVID-19 vaccination within infection-naive residents of long-term care facilities: an observational cohort study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e461-e469. [PMID: 35813280 PMCID: PMC9252532 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Older age and frailty are risk factors for poor clinical outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. As such, COVID-19 vaccination has been prioritised for individuals with these factors, but there is concern that immune responses might be impaired due to age-related immune dysregulation and comorbidity. We aimed to study humoral and cellular responses to COVID-19 vaccines in residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods In this observational cohort study, we assessed antibody and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in members of staff and residents at 74 LTCFs across the UK. Staff and residents were eligible for inclusion if it was possible to link them to a pseudo-identifier in the COVID-19 datastore, if they had received two vaccine doses, and if they had given a blood sample 6 days after vaccination at the earliest. There were no comorbidity exclusion criteria. Participants were stratified by age (<65 years or ≥65 years) and infection status (previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [infection-primed group] or SARS-CoV-2 naive [infection-naive group]). Anticoagulated edetic acid (EDTA) blood samples were assessed and humoral and cellular responses were quantified. Findings Between Dec 11, 2020, and June 27, 2021, blood samples were taken from 220 people younger than 65 years (median age 51 years [IQR 39-61]; 103 [47%] had previously had a SARS-CoV-2 infection) and 268 people aged 65 years or older of LTCFs (median age 87 years [80-92]; 144 [43%] had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection). Samples were taken a median of 82 days (IQR 72-100) after the second vaccination. Antibody responses following dual vaccination were strong and equivalent between participants younger then 65 years and those aged 65 years and older in the infection-primed group (median 125 285 Au/mL [1128 BAU/mL] for <65 year olds vs 157 979 Au/mL [1423 BAU/mL] for ≥65 year olds; p=0·47). The antibody response was reduced by 2·4-times (467 BAU/mL; p≤0·0001) in infection-naive people younger than 65 years and 8·1-times (174 BAU/mL; p≤0·0001) in infection-naive residents compared with their infection-primed counterparts. Antibody response was 2·6-times lower in infection-naive residents than in infection-naive people younger than 65 years (p=0·0006). Impaired neutralisation of delta (1.617.2) variant spike binding was also apparent in infection-naive people younger than 65 years and in those aged 65 years and older. Spike-specific T-cell responses were also significantly enhanced in the infection-primed group. Infection-naive people aged 65 years and older (203 SFU per million [IQR 89-374]) had a 52% lower T-cell response compared with infection-naive people younger than 65 years (85 SFU per million [30-206]; p≤0·0001). Post-vaccine spike-specific CD4 T-cell responses displayed single or dual production of IFN-γ and IL-2 were similar across infection status groups, whereas the infection-primed group had an extended functional profile with TNFα and CXCL10 production. Interpretation These data reveal suboptimal post-vaccine immune responses within infection-naive residents of LTCFs, and they suggest the need for optimisation of immune protection through the use of booster vaccination. Funding UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Morenike Ayodele
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elif Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Giddings
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morrocchi E, Pighi C, Pascucci GR, Cotugno N, Medri C, Amodio D, Colagrossi L, Ruggiero A, Manno EC, Casamento Tumeo C, Bernardi S, Smolen KK, Perno CF, Ozonoff A, Rossi P, Levy O, Palma P. Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adolescents and Young Adults Demonstrate Distinct BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Immunogenicity. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S51-S60. [PMID: 35738253 PMCID: PMC9278233 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization of vulnerable populations with distinct immunity often results in suboptimal immunogenicity, durability, and efficacy. METHODS Safety and immunogenicity profiles of BNT162b2 messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were evaluated in 28 perinatally HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 65 healthy controls (HCs) with no previous history of COVID-19. Thus, we measured severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral and CD4+ T cell responses. Samples were collected before vaccination (baseline, day [D] 0), at the second dose (D21), and at 4 weeks (D28) and 6 months (D180) after D0. Proteomic profiles at D0 and D28 were assessed with a multiplexed proximity extension assay (Olink) on plasma samples. RESULTS All HIV-infected patients mounted similar anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses to those of HCs, albeit with lower titers of anti-trimeric S at D28 (P = .01). Only peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients demonstrated at D28 an impaired ability to expand their specific (CD40L+) CD4+ T-cell populations. Similar humoral titers were maintained between the 2 groups at 6-months follow-up. We additionally correlated baseline protein levels to either humoral or cellular responses, identifying clusters of molecules involved in immune response regulation with inverse profiles between the 2 study groups. CONCLUSIONS Responses of ART-treated HIV-infected patients, compared to those of HCs, were characterized by distinct features especially within the proteomic compartment, supporting their eligibility to an additional dose, similarly to the HC schedule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Medri
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luna Colagrossi
- Department of Microbiology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Concetta Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Casamento Tumeo
- General Pediatrics Unit, Department of Emergency, Acceptance and General Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Bernardi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kinga K Smolen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Correspondence: P. Palma, Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Academic Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio, Rome, Italy 4-00165 ()
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in a population with and without a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 192:731-739. [PMID: 35676470 PMCID: PMC9177345 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate IgG production in a group of vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects previously infected, or not, with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A total of 316 subjects were enrolled at different times after vaccination and/or infection. IgG against target S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-COV-2 was assessed by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Participant data was collected using a clinical-epidemiological survey. RESULTS A total of 56.2% (n = 146) of our cohort was vaccinated, with 27.5% (n = 36) reporting a previous infection. Of these, all were IgG positive at the time of the study, regardless of gender, age category, vaccine type, and elapsed time since vaccination. The vaccinated group without a previous infection (72.5%, n = 95) showed a slightly lower IgG seropositivity and median values, overall, although significantly higher in females and lower with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) vaccine. Vaccinated subjects above the age of 65 showed a trend towards higher median IgG values (13,911.0 AU/mL), when previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, but comparatively lower IgG median value (5158.7 AU/mL) in its absence. In all vaccinated groups, IgG antibody production increased at 1-2 weeks, peaking at 4-6 weeks. Afterward, IgG decreased progressively but almost all subjects (97.7%, n = 128) were seropositive for the remainder of our study. Fully vaccinated individuals with a past infection showed a lower IgG rate of decrease versus their uninfected counterparts (17.9 vs 22.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a higher effect of vaccination on the production IgG antibodies, as opposed to natural infection. Nonetheless, in general, antibody titers waned rapidly.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cortés-Sarabia K, Gutiérrez-Torres M, Mendoza-Renteria EM, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Vences-Velázquez A, Hernández-Sotelo D, Beltrán-Anaya FO, Del Moral-Hernández O, Illades-Aguiar B. Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060909. [PMID: 35746517 PMCID: PMC9229764 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was the first emergency approved vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the variations in the humoral immune response induced by the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly, and those with comorbidities and immunosuppression states. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of generated neutralizing antibodies against the new variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Pubmed, Science Direct, Mendeley, and WorldWide Science were searched between 1 January 2020 and October 2021 using the keywords “BNT162b2”, “serology”, “comorbidity”, “immunosuppression”, and “variants of concern”dA total of 20 peer-reviewed publications were selected. The analysis showed that those individuals with previous infections have a considerably higher antibody response after the administration of BNT162b2 vaccine in contrast with seronegative individuals. With regard to variation in immune responses, elderly individuals, patients with cancer, or patients who had undergone a kidney transplant, dialysis, or who were pregnant had a lower antibody response in comparison to healthy individuals. Finally, antibodies developed against the S protein produced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, possessed lower neutralizing activity against the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, patients with immunodeficiencies and comorbidities have a lesser antibody response, about which further studies need to be performed in order to analyze the effectiveness and duration of the humoral immunity associated with vaccination in these specific populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Mayralina Gutiérrez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Escarlet Maleny Mendoza-Renteria
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Daniel Hernández-Sotelo
- Laboratorio de Epigénetica del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (O.D.M.-H.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (O.D.M.-H.); (B.I.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tut G, Lancaster T, Butler MS, Sylla P, Spalkova E, Bone D, Kaur N, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir AT, Hulme S, Ayodel M, Dowell AC, Pearce H, Zuo J, Margielewska-Davies S, Verma K, Nicol S, Begum J, Jinks E, Tut E, Bruton R, Krutikov M, Shrotri M, Giddings R, Azmi B, Fuller C, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L, Moss P. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific and heterologous immune responses in vaccine-naïve residents of long-term care facilities who survive natural infection. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:536-547. [PMID: 37118449 PMCID: PMC10154219 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied humoral and cellular immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 152 long-term care facility staff and 124 residents over a prospective 4-month period shortly after the first wave of infection in England. We show that residents of long-term care facilities developed high and stable levels of antibodies against spike protein and receptor-binding domain. Nucleocapsid-specific responses were also elevated but waned over time. Antibodies showed stable and equivalent levels of functional inhibition against spike-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding in all age groups with comparable activity against viral variants of concern. SARS-CoV-2 seropositive donors showed high levels of antibodies to other beta-coronaviruses but serostatus did not impact humoral immunity to influenza or other respiratory syncytial viruses. SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular responses were similar across all ages but virus-specific populations showed elevated levels of activation in older donors. Thus, survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection show a robust and stable immunity against the virus that does not negatively impact responses to other seasonal viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Azar T Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Morenike Ayodel
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayden Pearce
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kriti Verma
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha Nicol
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elif Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhuiyan TR, Akhtar M, Khaton F, Rahman SIA, Ferdous J, Alamgir A, Rahman M, Kawser Z, Hasan I, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, Charles RC, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET, Banu S, Shirin T, Qadri F. Covishield vaccine induces robust immune responses in Bangladeshi adults. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:211-217. [PMID: 35720155 PMCID: PMC9050186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All participants became seropositive 2 months after receipt of the second dose of vaccine. Comparable antibody responses were observed in both males and females. Participants with previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection showed a robust antibody response. Similar antibody responses were observed in participants with and without comorbidities.
Objective To evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody responses after Covishield vaccination for 6 months after vaccination. Design SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in 381 adults given the Covishield vaccine at baseline (n=119), 1 month (n=126) and 2 months (n=75) after the first dose, 1 month after the second dose (n=161), and monthly for 3 additional months. Results Over 51% of participants were seropositive at baseline (before vaccination with Covishield), and almost all participants (159/161) became seropositive 1 month after the second dose. Antibody levels peaked 1 month after receipt of the second dose of vaccine, and decreased by 4 months after the first dose; the lowest responses were found 6 months after the first dose, although antibody responses and responder frequencies remained significantly higher compared with baseline (P<0.0001). Compared with younger participants, older participants had lower antibody responses 6 months after the first dose of vaccine (P<0.05). Participants who had previous SARS-CoV-2 infection showed robust higher antibody responses after vaccination. Conclusions These findings help to elucidate the longevity of vaccine-specific antibody responses following vaccination with Covishield, and provide information relevant to the planning of booster doses after the initial two doses of vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjahan Akhtar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Khaton
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jannatul Ferdous
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A.S.M. Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zannat Kawser
- Institute of Developing Sciences and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imrul Hasan
- Institute of Developing Sciences and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen Beaven Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Thomas Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sayera Banu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author: Address: Mucosal Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. Tel.: +880 (0)2 2222 77001 10, Ext. 2431.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Carrat F, Villarroel PMS, Lapidus N, Fourié T, Blanché H, Dorival C, Nicol J, Deleuze JF, Robineau O, Touvier M, Severi G, Zins M, de Lamballerie X. Heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination and/or infection in the general population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8622. [PMID: 35597776 PMCID: PMC9123863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the intensity, dynamics and determinants of the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in the general population is critical to guide vaccination policies. This study characterized the anti-spike IgG titers in 13,971 participants included in a French multicohort population-based serological survey on COVID-19 between April and October 2020 and followed-up with serological testing between May and October 2021. Eight follow-up profiles were defined depending on SARS-CoV-2 infection (0, 1 or 2) and COVID-19 vaccination (0, 1, 2 or 3). The anti-spike titer was lower in adults with no vaccination even in case of infection or reinfection, while it was higher in adults with infection followed by vaccination. The anti-spike titer was negatively correlated with age in vaccinated but uninfected adults, whereas it was positively correlated with age in unvaccinated but infected adults. In adults with 2 vaccine injections and no infection, the vaccine protocol, age, gender, and time since the last vaccine injection were independently associated with the anti-spike titer. The decrease in anti-spike titer was much more rapid in vaccinated than in infected subjects. These results highlight the strong heterogeneity of the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in the general population depending on previous infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Carrat
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Département de santé publique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France.
| | - Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Département de santé publique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Nicol
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Robineau
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP UMR1018, UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie Zins
- Paris University, Paris, France
- UVSQ, Inserm UMS 11, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nikolova M, Todorova Y, Emilova R, Trifonova I, Gladnishka T, Petrova‐Yancheva N, Chervenyakova T, Dragusheva E, Popov G, Christova I. Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA and vector vaccines: A prospective cohort study in Bulgarian healthcare workers. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2008-2018. [PMID: 34997611 PMCID: PMC9015328 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Installing efficient protective immunity by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is the only current means to overcome coronavirus disease 2019 pandemics. The cellular and humoral immune responses induced with an messenger RNA (mRNA) (BNT162b2) or with a vector (ChAdOx1nCoV-19) vaccine among Bulgarian healthcare workers (n = 123, aged 23-71 years) were studied in the course of 16 weeks after priming. Receptor-binding domain (RBD)-blocking Abs and SARS-CoV-2 RBD immunoglobulin A (IgA) were evaluated in parallel with interferon gamma (IFNγ)-producing virus-specific T cells. Both vaccines induced RBD-blocking Abs in 100% of the participants after complete immunization while the levels of protection after a single dose largely varied (22%-98%). Advanced age had a negative impact on the level and longevity of virus-neutralizing activity induced by one dose mRNA, but not by the vector vaccine. RBD-binding IgA was detected in 100% of tested donors from the mRNA vaccine cohort, and in 67% of tested from the vector vaccine cohort, at least 1 month after completed immunization. One month after completing mRNA immunization, the number of IFNγ-producing T cells correlated significantly with the levels of RBD-specific IgA and virus-neutralizing activity induced after priming. Enumeration of circulating virus-specific IFNγ+ T cells is not recommended for evaluation of protective immunity as their detection may require longer stimulation beyond the firstmonth postimmunization. In conclusion, BNT162B2 and ChAdOx1nCoV-19 induced potent and comparable humoral and cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, peaking between 10 and 30 days after complete immunization. A single dose of any vaccine did not induce adequate protection in a great part of donors, making the shorter interval between mRNA vaccine doses preferable in the settings of increased risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- Department of ImmunologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Yana Todorova
- Department of ImmunologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Radoslava Emilova
- Department of ImmunologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Iva Trifonova
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Teodora Gladnishka
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Nina Petrova‐Yancheva
- Department for Treatment of Acquired Immune DeficienciesSpecialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Tatyana Chervenyakova
- Department for Treatment of Acquired Immune DeficienciesSpecialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Elena Dragusheva
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMilitary Medical AcademySofiaBulgaria
| | - Georgi Popov
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMilitary Medical AcademySofiaBulgaria
| | - Iva Christova
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Broccolo F, Fabris S, Ciccozzi M, Plebani M. A rapid semi-quantitative test for determination of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:e101-e103. [PMID: 35089658 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Laboratory Cerba Healthcare, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fabris
- National Center for Control and Emergency Against Animal Diseases and Central Crisis Unit - Office III, Directorate General for Animal Health and Veterinary Drugs, Italian Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stirrup O, Krutikov M, Tut G, Palmer T, Bone D, Bruton R, Fuller C, Azmi B, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Kaur N, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir A, Hulme S, Giddings R, Nacer-Laidi H, Baynton V, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Moss P, Copas A, Shallcross L. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Anti-Spike Antibody Levels Following Second Dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 Vaccine in Residents of Long-term Care Facilities in England (VIVALDI). J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1877-1881. [PMID: 35429382 PMCID: PMC9047242 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
General population studies have shown strong humoral response following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination with subsequent waning of anti-spike antibody levels. Vaccine-induced immune responses are often attenuated in frail and older populations, but published data are scarce. We measured SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels in long-term care facility residents and staff following a second vaccination dose with Oxford-AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech. Vaccination elicited robust antibody responses in older residents, suggesting comparable levels of vaccine-induced immunity to that in the general population. Antibody levels are higher after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination but fall more rapidly compared to Oxford-AstraZeneca recipients and are enhanced by prior infection in both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Correspondence: Maria Krutikov MRCP MBChB MSc, UCL Institute of Health Informatics, 222 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DA, UK ()
| | | | - Tom Palmer
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Fuller
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Giddings
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadjer Nacer-Laidi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Verity Baynton
- Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, United Kingdom,Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Caimi B, Franzetti M, Velleca R, Lai A, Gatti A, Rossi PL, D'Orso M, Pregliasco F, Balotta C, Calicchio G. Sero-survey on long-term care facility residents reveals increased risk of sub-optimal antibody response to BNT162b2: implications for breakthrough prevention. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:191. [PMID: 35272615 PMCID: PMC8908300 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) has been dramatic on global scale as older age and comorbidities pose an increased risk of severe disease and death. METHODS Aim of this study was to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific IgG (S-IgG) antibody titers in 478 residents and 649 health care workers of a large Italian long-term care facility two months after complete vaccination with BNT162b2. Associations among resident-related factors and predictors of humoral response were investigated. RESULTS By stratifying levels of humoral responses, we found that 62.1%, 21.6%, 12.1% and 4.2% of residents had high (>1,000 BAU/ml), medium (101-1,000), low (1-100) and null (<1 BAU/mL) S-IgG titers, respectively. Residents with documented previous COVID-19 and those with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-specific IgG (N-IgG) positive serology showed higher level of serological response, while significant associations were observed for cancer with suboptimal response (p = 0.005) and the administration of corticosteroid for suboptimal response (p = 0.028) and a null one (p = 0.039). According to multivariate logistic regression, predictors of an increased risk of null response were advanced age (Odd ratio, OR: 2.630; Confidence interval, CI: 1.13-6.14; p = 0.025), corticosteroid therapy (OR: 4.964; CI: 1.06-23.52; p = 0.042) and diabetes mellitus (OR:3.415; CI:1.08-10.8; p = 0.037). In contrast, previous diagnosis of COVID-19 was strongly associated with a reduced risk of null response to vaccination (OR:0.126; CI:0.02-0.23; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in elderly individuals should be consider when deciding the need of a third dose of vaccine for prevention of reinfections in LTCFs despite the maintenance of barrier measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Caimi
- Azienda Servizi alla Persona, Istituti Milanesi Martinitt e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Franzetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Legnano General Hospital, ASST Ovest Milanese, Legnano, Italy
| | - Rossella Velleca
- Azienda Servizi alla Persona, Istituti Milanesi Martinitt e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Gatti
- Azienda Servizi alla Persona, Istituti Milanesi Martinitt e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Rossi
- Azienda Servizi alla Persona, Istituti Milanesi Martinitt e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco D'Orso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan and IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Balotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calicchio
- Azienda Servizi alla Persona, Istituti Milanesi Martinitt e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liang CK, Lee WJ, Peng LN, Meng LC, Hsiao FY, Chen LK. COVID-19 Vaccines in Older Adults: Challenges in Vaccine Development and Policy-Making. Clin Geriatr Med 2022; 38:605-620. [PMID: 35868676 PMCID: PMC8934735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Liang
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ning Peng
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chieh Meng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yuan Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital (Managed by Taipei Veterans General Hospital), Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vinh DC, Gouin JP, Cruz-Santiago D, Canac-Marquis M, Bernier S, Bobeuf F, Sengupta A, Brassard JP, Guerra A, Dziarmaga R, Perez A, Sun Y, Li Y, Roussel L, Langelier MJ, Ke D, Arnold C, Whelan M, Pelchat M, Langlois MA, Zhang X, Mazer BD. Real-world serological responses to extended-interval and heterologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in frail, older people (UNCoVER): an interim report from a prospective observational cohort study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e166-e175. [PMID: 35224524 PMCID: PMC8863504 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of COVID-19 vaccines has been prioritised to protect the most vulnerable-notably, older people. Because of fluctuations in vaccine availability, strategies such as delayed second dose and heterologous prime-boost have been used. However, the effectiveness of these strategies in frail, older people are unknown. We aimed to assess the antigenicity of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in frail, older people in a real-world setting, with a rationed interval dosing of 16 weeks between the prime and boost doses. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study was done across 12 long-term care facilities of the Montréal Centre-Sud - Integrated University Health and Social Services Centre in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Under a rationing strategy mandated by the provincial government, adults aged 65 years and older residing in long-term care facilities in Québec, Canada, with or without previously documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, were administered homologous or heterologous mRNA vaccines, with an extended 16-week interval between doses. All older residents in participating long-term care facilities who received two vaccine doses were eligible for inclusion in this study. Participants were enrolled from Dec 31, 2020, to Feb 16, 2021, and data were collected up to June 9, 2021. Clinical data and blood samples were serially collected from participants at the following timepoints: at baseline, before the first dose; 4 weeks after the first dose; 6-10 weeks after the first dose; 16 weeks after the first dose, up to 2 days before administration of the second dose; and 4 weeks after the second dose. Sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies (to the trimeric spike protein, the receptor-binding domain [RBD] of the spike protein, and the nucleocapsid protein) by automated chemiluminescent ELISA. Two cohorts were used in this study: a discovery cohort, for which blood samples were collected before administration of the first vaccine dose and longitudinally thereafter; and a confirmatory cohort, for which blood samples were only collected from 4 weeks after the prime dose. Analyses were done in the discovery cohort, with validation in the confirmatory cohort, when applicable. FINDINGS The total study sample consisted of 185 participants. 65 participants received two doses of mRNA-1273 (Spikevax; Moderna), 36 received two doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty; Pfizer-BioNTech), and 84 received mRNA-1273 followed by BNT162b2. In the discovery cohort, after a significant increase in anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations 4 weeks after the prime dose (from 4·86 log binding antibody units [BAU]/mL to 8·53 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and from 5·21 log BAU/mL to 8·05 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG), there was a significant decline in anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations until the boost dose (7·10 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and 7·60 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG), followed by an increase 4 weeks later for both vaccines (9·58 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and 9·23 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG). SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals showed lower antibody responses than previously infected individuals at all timepoints tested up to 16 weeks after the prime dose, but achieved similar antibody responses to previously infected participants by 4 weeks after the second dose. Individuals primed with the BNT162b2 vaccine showed a larger decrease in mean anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations with a 16-week interval between doses (from 8·12 log BAU/mL to 4·25 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 8·18 log BAU/mL to 6·66 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses) than did those who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine (two doses of mRNA-1273: from 8·06 log BAU/mL to 7·49 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 6·82 log BAU/mL to 7·56 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses; mRNA-1273 followed by BNT162b2: from 8·83 log BAU/mL to 7·95 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 8·50 log BAU/mL to 7·97 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses). No differences in antibody responses 4 weeks after the second dose were noted between the two vaccines, in either homologous or heterologous combinations. INTERPRETATION Interim results of this ongoing longitudinal study show that among frail, older people, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and the type of mRNA vaccine influenced antibody responses when used with a 16-week interval between doses. In these cohorts of frail, older individuals with a similar age and comorbidity distribution, we found that serological responses were similar and clinically equivalent between the discovery and confirmatory cohorts. Homologous and heterologous use of mRNA vaccines was not associated with significant differences in antibody responses 4 weeks following the second dose, supporting their interchangeability. FUNDING Public Health Agency of Canada, Vaccine Surveillance Reference Group; and the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gouin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Diana Cruz-Santiago
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine de famille et médecine urgence, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Canac-Marquis
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bernier
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Avik Sengupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Brassard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alyssa Guerra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Dziarmaga
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Perez
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yichun Sun
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yongbiao Li
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Roussel
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie J Langelier
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Danbing Ke
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Corey Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marilyn Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xun Zhang
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruce D Mazer
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Persistent T-Cell Reactivity in a Seronegative Patient after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and One Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010114. [PMID: 35062775 PMCID: PMC8780102 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here a 64-year-old male participant of the CoNAN study who experienced a PCR-confirmed mild SARS-CoV-2 infection but did not develop any measurable antibody response. Additionally, after vaccination with ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) 11 months later, no antibodies were detected in six serological tests three weeks after the vaccination. When we assessed T-helper (Th) cell immunity, SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells produced detectable amounts of IFNγ and TNF six weeks after the infection. A robust T-cell immunity remained detectable at least until six months after the infection and was boosted by the vaccination thereafter. This case report points out that an assessment of a prior infection or a vaccine response based solely on antibody detection might have limitations in individual patients.
Collapse
|
31
|
Krutikov M, Palmer T, Tut G, Fuller C, Azmi B, Giddings R, Shrotri M, Kaur N, Sylla P, Lancaster T, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Moss P, Copas A, Shallcross L. Prevalence and duration of detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies in staff and residents of long-term care facilities over the first year of the pandemic (VIVALDI study): prospective cohort study in England. THE LANCET HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e13-e21. [PMID: 34935001 PMCID: PMC8676418 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have reported high SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and related mortality, but the proportion of infected people among those who have survived, and duration of the antibody response to natural infection, is unknown. We determined the prevalence and stability of nucleocapsid antibodies (the standard assay for detection of previous infection) in staff and residents in LTCFs in England. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of residents 65 years or older and of staff 65 years or younger in 201 LTCFs in England between March 1, 2020, and May 7, 2021. Participants were linked to a unique pseudo-identifier based on their UK National Health Service identification number. Serial blood samples were tested for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using the Abbott ARCHITECT i-system (Abbott, Maidenhead, UK) immunoassay. Primary endpoints were prevalence and cumulative incidence of antibody positivity, which were weighted to the LTCF population. Incidence rate of loss of antibodies (seroreversion) was estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves. Findings 9488 samples were included, 8636 (91·0%) of which could be individually linked to 1434 residents and 3288 staff members. The cumulative incidence of nucleocapsid seropositivity was 34·6% (29·6–40·0) in residents and 26·1% (23·0–29·5) in staff over 11 months. 239 (38·6%) residents and 503 women (81·3%) were included in the antibody-waning analysis, and median follow-up was 149 days (IQR 107–169). The incidence rate of seroreversion was 2·1 per 1000 person-days at risk, and median time to reversion was 242·5 days. Interpretation At least a quarter of staff and a third of surviving residents were infected with SAR-CoV-2 during the first two waves of the pandemic in England. Nucleocapsid-specific antibodies often become undetectable within the first year following infection, which is likely to lead to marked underestimation of the true proportion of people with previous infection. Given that natural infection might act to boost vaccine responses, better assays to identify natural infection should be developed. Funding UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
Collapse
|
32
|
COVID-19 mRNA Based Vaccine Immune-Response Assessment in Nursing Home Residents for Public Health Decision. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121429. [PMID: 34960173 PMCID: PMC8703754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursing home residents (NHR) have been targeted as a vaccination priority due to their higher risk of worse outcome after COVID-19 infection. The mRNA-based vaccine BTN2b2 was first approved in Europe for NHRs. The assessment of the specific vaccine immune response (both humoral and cellular) at long term in NHRs has not been addressed yet. A representative sample of 624 NHR subjects in Northern region of Spain was studied to assess immune response against full vaccination with BTN2b2. The anti-S1 antibody levels and specific T cells were measured at two and six months after vaccination. 24.4% of NHR had a previous infection prior to vaccination. The remaining NHR were included in the full vaccination assessment group (FVA). After two months, a 94.9% of the FVA presented anti-S1 antibodies, whereas those seronegative without specific cellular response were 2.54%. At long-term, the frequency of NHR within the FVA group with anti-S1 antibodies at six months were 88.12% and the seronegative subjects without specific cellular response was 8.07%. The cellular immune assays complement the humoral test in the immune vaccine response assessment. Therefore, the cellular immune assessment in NHRs allows for the fine tuning of those seronegative subjects with potential competent immune responses against the vaccine.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shrotri M, Krutikov M, Palmer T, Giddings R, Azmi B, Subbarao S, Fuller C, Irwin-Singer A, Davies D, Tut G, Lopez Bernal J, Moss P, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L. Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of long-term care facilities in England (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [PMID: 34174193 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.26.21254391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults living in long-term care facilities is uncertain. We investigated the protective effect of the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca non-replicating viral-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19; AZD1222) and the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA-based vaccine (BNT162b2) in residents of long-term care facilities in terms of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection over time since vaccination. METHODS The VIVALDI study is a prospective cohort study that commenced recruitment on June 11, 2020, to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection outcomes, and immunity in residents and staff in long-term care facilities in England that provide residential or nursing care for adults aged 65 years and older. In this cohort study, we included long-term care facility residents undergoing routine asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing between Dec 8, 2020 (the date the vaccine was first deployed in a long-term care facility), and March 15, 2021, using national testing data linked within the COVID-19 Datastore. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated the relative hazard of PCR-positive infection at 0-6 days, 7-13 days, 14-20 days, 21-27 days, 28-34 days, 35-48 days, and 49 days and beyond after vaccination, comparing unvaccinated and vaccinated person-time from the same cohort of residents, adjusting for age, sex, previous infection, local SARS-CoV-2 incidence, long-term care facility bed capacity, and clustering by long-term care facility. We also compared mean PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values for positive swabs obtained before and after vaccination. The study is registered with ISRCTN, number 14447421. FINDINGS 10 412 care home residents aged 65 years and older from 310 LTCFs were included in this analysis. The median participant age was 86 years (IQR 80-91), 7247 (69·6%) of 10 412 residents were female, and 1155 residents (11·1%) had evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. 9160 (88·0%) residents received at least one vaccine dose, of whom 6138 (67·0%) received ChAdOx1 and 3022 (33·0%) received BNT162b2. Between Dec 8, 2020, and March 15, 2021, there were 36 352 PCR results in 670 628 person-days, and 1335 PCR-positive infections (713 in unvaccinated residents and 612 in vaccinated residents) were included. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for PCR-positive infection relative to unvaccinated residents declined from 28 days after the first vaccine dose to 0·44 (95% CI 0·24-0·81) at 28-34 days and 0·38 (0·19-0·77) at 35-48 days. Similar effect sizes were seen for ChAdOx1 (adjusted HR 0·32, 95% CI 0·15-0·66) and BNT162b2 (0·35, 0·17-0·71) vaccines at 35-48 days. Mean PCR Ct values were higher for infections that occurred at least 28 days after vaccination than for those occurring before vaccination (31·3 [SD 8·7] in 107 PCR-positive tests vs 26·6 [6·6] in 552 PCR-positive tests; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Single-dose vaccination with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines provides substantial protection against infection in older adults from 4-7 weeks after vaccination and might reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the risk of infection is not eliminated, highlighting the ongoing need for non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent transmission in long-term care facilities. FUNDING UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Shrotri
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK; Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Tom Palmer
- UCL Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Borscha Azmi
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Hayward
- UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Healthcare, UCL, London, UK; Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Andrew Copas
- UCL Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tiyo BT, Schmitz GJH, Ortega MM, da Silva LT, de Almeida A, Oshiro TM, Duarte AJDS. What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1152. [PMID: 34833028 PMCID: PMC8619084 DOI: 10.3390/life11111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body's many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Iversen PL, Bavari S. Extending the interval of COVID-19 vaccine regimens in individuals aged 80 years or older. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2021; 2:e529-e530. [PMID: 34430953 PMCID: PMC8376211 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Iversen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Edge BioInnovation and Healion Bio, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|