1
|
Bohn T, de Lera AR, Landrier JF, Rühl R. Carotenoid metabolites, their tissue and blood concentrations in humans and further bioactivity via retinoid receptor-mediated signalling. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:498-511. [PMID: 36380523 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242200021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have emphasised the relation between carotenoid dietary intake and their circulating concentrations and beneficial health effects, such as lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, there is dispute as to whether the attributed health benefits are due to native carotenoids or whether they are instead induced by their metabolites. Several categories of metabolites have been reported, most notably involving (a) modifications at the cyclohexenyl ring or the polyene chain, such as epoxides and geometric isomers, (b) excentric cleavage metabolites with alcohol-, aldehyde- or carboxylic acid-functional groups or (c) centric cleaved metabolites with additional hydroxyl, aldehyde or carboxyl functionalities, not counting their potential phase-II glucuronidated / sulphated derivatives. Of special interest are the apo-carotenoids, which originate in the intestine and other tissues from carotenoid cleavage by β-carotene oxygenases 1/2 in a symmetrical / non-symmetrical fashion. These are more water soluble and more electrophilic and, therefore, putative candidates for interactions with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf2, as well as ligands for RAR-RXR nuclear receptor interactions. In this review, we discuss in vivo detected apo-carotenoids, their reported tissue concentrations, and potential associated health effects, focusing exclusively on the human situation and based on quantified / semi-quantified carotenoid metabolites proven to be present in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li F, Zhao X, Jiao Y, Duan X, Yu L, Zheng F, Wang X, Wang L, Wang JS, Zhao X, Zhang T, Li W, Zhou J. Exposure assessment of aflatoxins and zearalenone in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China: health risks posed by mycotoxin immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3743-3758. [PMID: 35953745 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we analyzed the exposure level and health risks posed by AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) and ZEA through cooking oil consumption in Shandong, China. The individual daily consumption of cooking oil was calculated through 2745 questionnaires during 2017-2019. The average contamination levels of mycotoxins were estimated by examining 60 cooking oil samples. For the peanut oil, AFs ranged from <0.2 to 274 μg/kg, with a positive rate of 66.6% (20/30). Average levels of 36.62 μg/kg AFB1 and 44.43 μg/kg total AFs were found. Over-the-limit level (20 μg/kg) of AFB1 was detected in 8/30 samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) for age-stratified population groups showed that children are facing highest adverse health risk with AFB1 (MOE 5.88-6.39). The liver cancer incidences attributable to AFB1 exposure are non-negligible as 0.896, 0.825, and 0.767 cases per 100,000 for 6-14 age group, 15-17 age group, and adult labor-intensive workers. Over-the-limit level (60 μg/kg) ZEA contamination was detected in 25/30 corn oil samples with a 50th percentile value of 97.95 μg/kg. Our health risk assessment suggested significant health risks of enterohepatic (inflammation and cancer), reproductive, and endocrine systems posed by AFs and ZEA. However, the health risk of immunotoxicity is unclear because currently animal study data are not available for the immunotoxicity induced after long-term exposure. In general, the health risks posed by mycotoxins are non-negligible and long-term mycotoxin surveillance is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Room 9307, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yanni Jiao
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinglan Duan
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Room 9307, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lianlong Yu
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Room 9307, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Fan H, Gross M, Liu N, Carlson H, Wood A, Hoffman K, Petrosino J, Pankratz N, Thyagarajan B, Fisher W. Progressive reduction in circulating levels of carotenoids and other micronutrients in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2022; 22:1126-1133. [PMID: 36198488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.09.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although micronutrients modulate immunity and inflammation, it remains elusive whether they are implicated in the development and progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP). This study aimed to investigate differences in the circulating levels of selected carotenoids and vitamins between CP and controls and trends in the levels of these micronutrients across controls, early CP, and definite CP. METHODS Demographic and lifestyle data were extracted from medical records for 53 patients with CP (13 early and 38 definite) and obtained using a questionnaire for 52 controls. Plasma β-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and α-tocopherol and serum 25(OH)D, folate, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were measured with state-of-the-art methods. RESULTS The levels of all micronutrients (except folate) were significantly lower in CP than in controls. There was a progressive decrease in the levels of these micronutrients across controls, early CP, and definite CP (all p values for trend: ≤0.0012); e.g., plasma lycopene was 36.6, 21.5, and 14.5 μg/dL for controls, early CP, and definite CP, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, there were strong, inverse associations between the levels of all micronutrients (except folate) and CP (e.g., OR (95% CI) for ≥ median vs. <median: 0.10 (0.04, 0.27) for lycopene, 0.15 (0.05, 0.38) for α-tocopherol, and 0.24 (0.09, 0.64) for 25(OH)D). These associations became weaker after additional adjustment for inflammation markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1). CONCLUSIONS The circulating levels of some carotenoids, α-tocopherol, and vitamin D were reduced in CP patients compared with controls and this reduction was more pronounced in definite CP than in early CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nianjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hannah Carlson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy Wood
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristi Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bácsi A, Lucas R, Sütő MI, Szklenár M, Bohn T, Rühl R. An immune-shift induced by lycopene; from an eosinophil-dominant type towards an eosinophil/neutrophil-co-dominant type of airway inflammation. Food Funct 2022; 13:6534-6544. [PMID: 35642947 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00875k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene as the main carotenoid from tomatoes is known to have beneficial effects on various inflammatory diseases. In mice, lycopene ameliorates asthma symptoms and in human asthmatic patients serum lycopene levels are reduced. To further investigate the immunomodulatory effect of lycopene, first, we used a ragweed pollen extract (RWE)-induced asthma model in mice. In a second approach, we established a RWE-induced asthma model in gerbils, because of a more human-like carotenoid absorption in these animals. In RWE-sensitized/RWE-challenged gerbils (C+) following a basal diet, mainly the number of eosinophils in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) significantly increased, comparable to RWE-sensitized/PBS-challenged gerbils (C-). In RWE-sensitized/PBS-challenged gerbils with lycopene-supplementation (L-), an elevated number of mainly neutrophils, in addition to eosinophils, was detected compared to C-, whereas in RWE-sensitized/RWE-challenged animals with lycopene-supplementation (L+), mainly increased neutrophil numbers in BAL were detected compared to C+. Furthermore, using LC-MS, we determined an array of eicosanoids/docosanoids in the lungs and observed that 5-, 8-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways were significantly increased after intranasal RWE-challenge in sensitized mice and just by tendency in gerbils. In PBS- and RWE-challenged animals, lycopene-supplementation significantly raised COX-pathway metabolites. In conclusion, we found that lycopene-supplementation resulted in an increased inflammatory influx of neutrophils in combination with increased COX-pathways metabolites. This pro-inflammatory, pro-neutrophil activity induced by lycopene might be an important shift from allergic asthma towards an inflammatory symptomatic asthma type, though with the potential for resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renáta Lucas
- Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté István Sütő
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szklenár
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Mezögazdász utca 62, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Mezögazdász utca 62, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kutwin P, Falkowski P, Łowicki R, Borowiecka-Kutwin M, Konecki T. Are We Sentenced to Pharmacotherapy? Promising Role of Lycopene and Vitamin A in Benign Urologic Conditions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040859. [PMID: 35215508 PMCID: PMC8874554 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, urolithiasis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and chronic prostatitis are diseases that are commonly diagnosed worldwide. Carotenoids, including lycopene, are widely available in fruits and vegetables, and it is postulated that they can be used in the prevention and treatment of benign urological conditions. The aim of this review is to familiarize doctors and their patients with the current knowledge on carotenoids and their conversion products in selected urological diseases. Most of the experimental and clinical trials show a moderate effect of lycopene and vitamin A on studied parameters. Lycopene was shown to improve the IPSS score in BPH patients, and alleviate symptoms in those with chronic prostatitis. Intake of Vitamin A was associated with decrease of urinary tract reinfection rates. In studied rat models retinol also decreased urolithiasis formation. Although the results of the cited studies are generally promising, it is evident that more detailed and extensive research must be done in this field of medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kutwin
- 1st Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (P.F.); (R.Ł.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Falkowski
- 1st Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (P.F.); (R.Ł.); (T.K.)
| | - Roman Łowicki
- 1st Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (P.F.); (R.Ł.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Tomasz Konecki
- 1st Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (P.F.); (R.Ł.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Böhm V, Lietz G, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Phelan D, Reboul E, Bánati D, Borel P, Corte-Real J, de Lera AR, Desmarchelier C, Dulinska-Litewka J, Landrier JF, Milisav I, Nolan J, Porrini M, Riso P, Roob JM, Valanou E, Wawrzyniak A, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Rühl R, Bohn T. From carotenoid intake to carotenoid blood and tissue concentrations - implications for dietary intake recommendations. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:544-573. [PMID: 32766681 PMCID: PMC8025354 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty regarding carotenoid intake recommendations, because positive and negative health effects have been found or are correlated with carotenoid intake and tissue levels (including blood, adipose tissue, and the macula), depending on the type of study (epidemiological vs intervention), the dose (physiological vs supraphysiological) and the matrix (foods vs supplements, isolated or used in combination). All these factors, combined with interindividual response variations (eg, depending on age, sex, disease state, genetic makeup), make the relationship between carotenoid intake and their blood/tissue concentrations often unclear and highly variable. Although blood total carotenoid concentrations <1000 nmol/L have been related to increased chronic disease risk, no dietary reference intakes (DRIs) exist. Although high total plasma/serum carotenoid concentrations of up to 7500 nmol/L are achievable after supplementation, a plateauing effect for higher doses and prolonged intake is apparent. In this review and position paper, the current knowledge on carotenoids in serum/plasma and tissues and their relationship to dietary intake and health status is summarized with the aim of proposing suggestions for a "normal," safe, and desirable range of concentrations that presumably are beneficial for health. Existing recommendations are likewise evaluated and practical dietary suggestions are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Phelan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Corte-Real
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia and with University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Research Unit Chronic Inflammation in Nephrology, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary and with CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kotake-Nara E, Hase M. Effect of dispersed form on the bioavailability of β-carotene from daily intake in humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2545-2557. [PMID: 32835607 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1803728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a randomized double-blind crossover study, a canned beverage was prepared using an emulsion dispersion formulation (EM) of β-carotene and a crystal dispersion formulation (CR) of β-carotene; the beverages were ingested by human subjects daily for 2 weeks to compare the β-carotene bioavailability. EM-β-carotene enhanced the β-carotene concentrations in human plasma approximately 4-fold, but CR-β-carotene showed no statistically significant enhancement. Bioaccessibility is the ratio of the solubilized fraction to the whole amount ingested. Bioaccessibility of β-carotene from EM-β-carotene was higher than that from CR-β-carotene in an in vitro digestion test. Contrarily, β-carotene from CR-β-carotene, consists of all-trans-β-carotene, was higher than that from EM-β-carotene, consists of a mixture of cis and all-trans-β-carotene, on the uptake by intestinal Caco-2 cells, suggesting that bioaccessibility was a critical factor in β-carotene bioavailability in this study. EM-β-carotene thus has potential as a food coloring agent with value added because it enhances β-carotene bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kotake-Nara
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Megumi Hase
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Craddock JC, Neale EP, Peoples GE, Probst YC. Plant‐based eating patterns and endurance performance: A focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses. NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Craddock
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - E. P. Neale
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - G. E. Peoples
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Y. C. Probst
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Apo-14´-Carotenoic Acid Is a Novel Endogenous and Bioactive Apo-Carotenoid. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092084. [PMID: 31487780 PMCID: PMC6770688 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids can be metabolized to various apo-carotenoids and retinoids. Apo-15´-carotenoic acid (retinoic acid, RA) is a potent activator of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in its all-trans- (ATRA) and 9-cis- (9CRA) forms. In this study we show firstly, that apo-14´-carotenoic acid (A14CA), besides retinoic acids, is present endogenously and with increased levels in the human organism after carrot juice supplementation rich in β-carotene. All-trans-A14C (ATA14CA) is just a moderate activator of RAR-transactivation in reporter cell lines but can potently activate retinoic acid response element (RARE)-mediated signalling in DR5/RARE-reporter mice and potently increase retinoid-reporter target gene expression in ATA14CA-supplemented mice and treated MM6 cells. Further metabolism to all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid (ATDHRA) may be the key for its potent effects on retinoid target gene activation in ATA14CA-treated MM6 cells and in liver of supplemented mice. We conclude that besides RAs, there are alternative ways to activate RAR-response pathways in the mammalian organism. ATA14CA alone and in combination with its metabolite ATDHRA may be an alternative pathway for potent RAR-mediated signalling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Craddock JC, Neale EP, Peoples GE, Probst YC. Vegetarian-Based Dietary Patterns and their Relation with Inflammatory and Immune Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:433-451. [PMID: 30947338 PMCID: PMC6520040 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns with substantial proportions of energy from plant sources have been associated with favorable biomarkers of low-grade inflammation. Less is known of the relation between vegetarian-based dietary patterns and markers of inflammation and immune status. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the relation between vegetarian-based dietary patterns and inflammatory and immune markers (C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor α, fibrinogen, natural killer cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, interleukins, and immunoglobulins). PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane scientific databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to assess the weighted mean differences (WMDs) for each outcome variable between vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups. Thirty observational and 10 intervention studies were included in the review. Pooled effects of vegetarian-based dietary patterns were associated with significantly lower concentrations of CRP (WMD: -0.61 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.91, -0.32 mg/L; P = 0.0001), fibrinogen (WMD: -0.22 g/L; 95% CI: -0.41, -0.04 mg/L; P = 0.02), and total leukocyte (WMD: -0.62 × 10(3)/μL; 95% CI -1.13 × 10(3), -0.10 × 10(3)/μL; P = 0.02) compared with those following non-vegetarian dietary patterns in observational studies. Insufficient data were identified for a meta-analysis of intervention studies. This study provides evidence that vegetarian-based dietary patterns are associated with lowered serum C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and total leukocyte concentrations. Future research should focus on large-scale intervention trials, contrasting differences in inflammation and immune status and function between vegetarian and non-vegetarian-based populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Craddock
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Address correspondence to JCC (e-mail: )
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
β-Carotene in the human body: metabolic bioactivation pathways - from digestion to tissue distribution and excretion. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:68-87. [PMID: 30747092 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene intake and tissue/blood concentrations have been associated with reduced incidence of several chronic diseases. Further bioactive carotenoid-metabolites can modulate the expression of specific genes mainly via the nuclear hormone receptors: retinoic acid receptor- and retinoid X receptor-mediated signalling. To better understand the metabolic conversion of β-carotene, inter-individual differences regarding β-carotene bioavailability and bioactivity are key steps that determine its further metabolism and bioactivation and mediated signalling. Major carotenoid metabolites, the retinoids, can be stored as esters or further oxidised and excreted via phase 2 metabolism pathways. In this review, we aim to highlight the major critical control points that determine the fate of β-carotene in the human body, with a special emphasis on β-carotene oxygenase 1. The hypothesis that higher dietary β-carotene intake and serum level results in higher β-carotene-mediated signalling is partly questioned. Alternative autoregulatory mechanisms in β-carotene / retinoid-mediated signalling are highlighted to better predict and optimise nutritional strategies involving β-carotene-related health beneficial mediated effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of High Consumption of Vegetables on Clinical, Immunological, and Antioxidant Markers in Subjects at Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5417165. [PMID: 30402206 PMCID: PMC6196889 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5417165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High intakes of vegetables have been associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the effect of vegetables on immune function and antioxidant status in human studies have provided contrasting results. In the present study, after a week of run-in period, 38 subjects at risk of CVD were randomly assigned to one of the following 4-week interventions: low vegetable consumption (800 g of vegetables/week) or high vegetable consumption (4200 g of vegetables/week). Vegetables included carrots, topinambur (Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus), tomatoes, red cabbage, and sweet peppers. Blood and salivary samples were collected before and after intervention periods. In addition to clinical, immunological, and antioxidant markers, leukocyte and lymphocyte expression of the gut-homing β7 integrin was evaluated. No significant changes were detected in clinical, immunological, and antioxidant markers in biological samples, except for an increase in white blood cell count for the low vegetable consumption group (p < 0.05). The study provides additional evidence about the uncertainty of providing a clear evidence for vegetables in modulating markers of immune function and antioxidant status. Further studies are needed in order to unravel the mechanism of effect of vegetable consumption in cardiovascular prevention.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hosseini B, Berthon BS, Saedisomeolia A, Starkey MR, Collison A, Wark PAB, Wood LG. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and immune cell populations: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:136-155. [PMID: 29931038 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is associated with an increased risk of a range of chronic diseases. A diet high in fruit and vegetables may help to reduce inflammation, as fruit and vegetables are rich sources of antioxidants and other biologically active substances, which may improve immune function. OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence, we executed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of fruit and/or vegetable intake on inflammatory biomarkers and immune cells in humans with different diseases and conditions. Design Electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and EMBASE were systematically searched up to March 2018. RESULTS Eighty-three studies were included. Of these, 71 (86%) were clinical trials, and 12 were observational studies (n = 10 cross-sectional and n = 2 cohort). Amongst the observational research, n = 10 studies found an inverse association between intakes of fruit or vegetables and inflammatory biomarkers. Similarly, the majority of the intervention studies (68%, n = 48) reported beneficial effects of fruit or vegetable intake on ≥1 biomarker of systemic or airway inflammation. A meta-analysis of included studies showed that fruit or vegetable intake decreased circulating levels of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05) and increased the γδ-T cell population (P < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, this review suggests that higher intakes of fruit and vegetables lead to both a reduction in proinflammatory mediators and an enhanced immune cell profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Hosseini
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Berthon
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ahmad Saedisomeolia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Grow Up Well Priority Research Centre and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Toti E, Chen CYO, Palmery M, Villaño Valencia D, Peluso I. Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4637861. [PMID: 29861829 PMCID: PMC5971251 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4637861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables and fruits contain non-provitamin A (lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and provitamin A (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene) carotenoids. Within these compounds, β-carotene has been extensively studied for its health benefits, but its supplementation at doses higher than recommended intakes induces adverse effects. β-Carotene is converted to retinoic acid (RA), a well-known immunomodulatory molecule. Human interventions suggest that β-carotene and lycopene at pharmacological doses affect immune functions after a depletion period of low carotenoid diet. However, these effects appear unrelated to carotenoids and retinol levels in plasma. Local production of RA in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, as well as the dependency of RA-induced effects on local inflammation, suggests that personalized nutrition/supplementation should be considered in the future. On the other hand, the differential effect of RA and lycopene on transforming growth factor-beta suggests that lycopene supplementation could improve immune functions without increasing risk for cancers. However, such preclinical evidence must be confirmed in human interventions before any recommendations can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Toti
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - C.-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, “V. Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milani A, Basirnejad M, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1290-1324. [PMID: 27638711 PMCID: PMC5429337 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and retinoids have several similar biological activities such as antioxidant properties, the inhibition of malignant tumour growth and the induction of apoptosis. Supplementation with carotenoids can affect cell growth and modulate gene expression and immune responses. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal cancers, and cardiovascular and eye diseases. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary carotenoids involves several mechanisms, including effects on gap junctional intercellular communication, growth factor signalling, cell cycle progression, differentiation-related proteins, retinoid-like receptors, antioxidant response element, nuclear receptors, AP-1 transcriptional complex, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, carotenoids can stimulate the proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes, the activity of macrophages and cytotoxic T-cells, effector T-cell function and the production of cytokines. Recently, the beneficial effects of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruits in health and in decreasing the risk of certain diseases has been attributed to the major carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, crocin (/crocetin) and curcumin, due to their antioxidant effects. It is thought that carotenoids act in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we briefly describe the biological and immunological activities of the main carotenoids used for the treatment of various diseases and their possible mechanisms of action. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Sepideh Shahbazi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Broughton DR, Schneider BC, McGraw KJ, Ardia DR. Carotenoids buffer the acute phase response on fever, sickness behavior, and rapid bill color change in zebra finches. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2957-2964. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.155069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are finite resources that animals can allocate to self-maintenance, attractiveness, or reproduction. Here we test how carotenoids affect the acute phase response (APR), an intense rapid systemic response characterized by fever, sickness behavior, and production of acute phase proteins, which serves to reduce pathogen persistence. We conducted a 2x2 factorial design experiment in captive adult male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to determine the effects of carotenoid supplementation on the intensity of the APR. We measured changes in feeding rate, activity level, and body temperature of the birds. We found that, relative to unsupplemented controls, carotenoid-supplemented birds exhibited less severe reductions in feeding and activity, smaller increases in body temperature, and lower circulating levels of haptoglobin (an acute phase protein) 24 h after inducing an APR. Among supplemented individuals, those with higher blood carotenoid levels exhibited a lower reduction in activity rate after 24 h. Forty-eight hours after APR induction, birds exhibited a significant decrease in plasma carotenoid levels and a decrease in bill hue, with less reduction in hue in carotenoid-supplemented individuals. These results demonstrate that carotenoids can alleviate several important behavioral and physiological effects of an APR and that bill color can change rapidly following induction of the costly APR immune defense. In particular, immune activation may have caused birds to preferentially draw down carotenoids from the bloodstream, ostensibly for use in health. Rapid bill color changes over a 48-hr period support growing evidence that bills may serve as short-term signals of health and condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R. Broughton
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Brent C. Schneider
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Kevin J. McGraw
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Daniel R. Ardia
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin HT, Lee WC, Tsai YT, Wu JH, Yen GC, Yeh SD, Cheng YH, Chang SC, Liao JW. Subchronic Immunotoxicity Assessment of Genetically Modified Virus-Resistant Papaya in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5935-5940. [PMID: 27396727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Papaya is an important fruit that provides a variety of vitamins with nutritional value and also holds some pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation. Genetically modified (GM) papaya plants resistant to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) infection have been generated by cloning the coat protein gene of the PRSV which can be used as a valuable strategy to fight PRSV infection and to increase papaya production. In order to assess the safety of GM papaya as a food, this subchronic study was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory responses of the GM papaya line 823-2210, when compared with its parent plant of non-GM papaya, Tainung-2 (TN-2), in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Both non-GM and GM 823-2210 papaya fruits at low (1 g/kg bw) and high (2 g/kg bw) dosages were administered via daily oral gavage to male and female rats consecutively for 90 days. Immunophenotyping, mitogen-induced splenic cell proliferation, antigen-specific antibody response, and histopathology of the spleen and thymus were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results of immunotoxicity assays revealed no consistent difference between rats fed for 90 days with GM 823-2210 papaya fruits, as opposed to those fed non-GM TN-2 papaya fruits, suggesting that with regard to immunomodulatory responses, GM 823-2210 papaya fruits maintain substantial equivalence to fruits of their non-GM TN-2 parent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei City115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College of Bioresources, National I-Lan University , I-Lan 260, Taiwan 260, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jhaol-Huei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Huey Cheng
- National Plant Genetic Resources Center, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute , Taichung 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu C, Zeng XT, Liu TZ, Zhang C, Yang ZH, Li S, Chen XY. Fruits and vegetables intake and risk of bladder cancer: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e759. [PMID: 25929912 PMCID: PMC4603065 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical practice recommends eating ≥2.5 cups of fruits and vegetables (FVs) each day for cancer prevention, in which the evidence from epidemiological studies for the association between FVs intake and bladder cancer (BC) prevention is inconsistent.We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Willy online Library for relevant studies published up to September 27, 2014. Prospective cohort studies investigated FVs intake, and the risk of BC with ≥3 categories of exposure was included. A dose-response meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the association between FVs intake and risk of BC.Fourteen cohorts with 17 studies including 9447 cases were identified. No evidence of nonlinear association was examined between FVs intake and risk of BC. The summarized relevant risk (RR) of every 0.2 serving increment a day was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.00; P = 0.17; I = 41.7%; n = 14) for total fruits; 0.99 (95%CI: 0.96, 1.01; P = 0.28; I = 37.0%; n = 13) for total vegetables; and 0.99 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.01; P = 0.24; I = 57.5%; n = 8) for both FVs. In further analysis, we observed inverse association between every 0.2 serving increment of green leafy vegetables intake a day and risk of BC (RR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.99; I = 0.0%; P < 0.01; Power = 0.76; n = 6), but neither for cruciferous vegetables (RR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.93, 1.01; P = 0.19; I = 55.8%; n = 8) nor for citrus (RR = 1.00, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.00; P = 0.83; I = 0.0%; n = 7). Subgroup analysis showed consistent results.Little evidence supports a beneficial effect for total fruits, vegetables, both FVs, and citrus intake against bladder cancer. Green leafy vegetables may help prevent bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- From the Department of Urology (CX, T-ZL, Z-HY, SL, X-YC); Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital (CX, X-TZ, T-ZL, CZ, SL); and Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (X-TZ, SL)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dietary Influence on Pain via the Immune System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:435-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
20
|
Khavari A, Bolhassani A, Alizadeh F, Bathaie SZ, Balaram P, Agi E, Vahabpour R. Chemo-immunotherapy using saffron and its ingredients followed by E7-NT (gp96) DNA vaccine generates different anti-tumor effects against tumors expressing the E7 protein of human papillomavirus. Arch Virol 2014; 160:499-508. [PMID: 25395243 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Saffron and its components have been suggested as promising candidates for cancer prevention. Carotenoids and monoterpene aldehydes are two potent ingredients of saffron. The goal of the current study was to investigate the anti-tumor effect of chemo-immunotherapy using saffron and its ingredients followed by E7-NT (gp96) DNA vaccine against tumors expressing the E7 protein of human papillomavirus. The in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of aqueous saffron extract and its components were evaluated in malignant TC-1 and non-malignant COS-7 cell lines. Then, multimodality treatments using E7-NT (gp96) DNA vaccine combined with saffron extract and its ingredients as well as single-modality treatments were tested for their efficacy in inhibiting large and bulky tumor growth. Saffron and its components exerted a considerable anti-tumor effect through prevention of cell growth and stimulation of programmed cell death. Furthermore, 100 % of mice treated with crocin were tumor-free, in contrast to DNA vaccine alone (~66.7 %) and DNA + crocin (~33.3 %) indicating the high potency of crocin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Interestingly, the multimodality treatment using DNA vaccine along with picrocrocin augmented the anti-tumor effects of picrocrocin. Thus, the combination of DNA vaccine with saffron extract and crocin at certain concentrations did not potentiate protective and therapeutic effects compared to mono-therapies for the control of TC-1 tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Khavari
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pilkington SM, Gibbs NK, Friedmann PS, Rhodes LE. Nutritional abrogation of photoimmunosuppression: in vivo investigations. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:112-27. [PMID: 24283330 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is a major public health concern, and the primary aetiological factor in the majority of skin cancers is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. UVR not only induces potentially mutagenic DNA damage but also suppresses cell-mediated immunity (CMI), allowing cancerous cells to escape destruction and progress to tumours. A considerable proportion of an individual's annual sun exposure is obtained outside the vacation period when topical and physical measures for photoprotection are irregularly used. Certain nutrients could provide an adjunctive protective role, and evidence is accruing from experimental studies to support their use in abrogation of photoimmunosuppression. Moreover, developments in clinical research methods to evaluate impact of solar-simulated radiation on cutaneous CMI allow the immune protective potential of nutritional agents to be examined in humans in vivo. This article summarises the mediation of CMI and its suppression by UVR, evaluates the methodology for quantitative assessment in vivo, reviews the human studies reported on nutritional abrogation of photoimmunosuppression including recent randomized controlled trials and discusses the mechanisms of photoprotection by the nutrients. This includes, in addition to antioxidants, novel studies of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and nicotinamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Pilkington
- Centre for Dermatology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Review of existing experimental methods for assessing the outcome of plant food supplementation on immune function. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
23
|
Huang CS, Chuang CH, Lo TF, Hu ML. Anti-angiogenic effects of lycopene through immunomodualtion of cytokine secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
24
|
Rühl R. Non-pro-vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in atopy development. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:99-115. [PMID: 23343622 DOI: 10.1159/000345958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important derivatives of the human diet and occur in high concentrations in the human organism. Various carotenoids are also present in human breast milk and are transferred to breast-fed children. The alternative to breastfeeding is supplementation with an infant milk formula, but these formulas contain only a limited variety of carotenoids. Our question is: 'What is the function of various carotenoids in human nutrition with a special emphasis on child development and the development of atopy?' In this review, the mechanisms of action of the most important non-pro-vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and retinoids are discussed. In summary, the combination of carotenoids, especially lycopene, seems to be of great importance, and exclusive usage of β-carotene in infant formula may yield in an increased atopy prevalence mediated in various target organs like the skin, lungs and immune competent cells. We conclude that the determination of novel bioactive metabolites of various carotenoids, at various stages in different organs during atopy development, might be the key to understanding the potential importance of carotenoids on atopy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rühl
- Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Skinner MA, Bentley-Hewitt K, Rosendale D, Naoko S, Pernthaner A. Effects of kiwifruit on innate and adaptive immunity and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 68:301-320. [PMID: 23394995 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of an adequate and properly regulated immune system is essential for health and well-being. Components in food may modulate immune responses in a positive way (immunonutrition), and some of these components are present in kiwifruit. Kiwifruit contains vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber, and these are all potentially beneficial to the immune system. Research that has contributed to our understanding of the beneficial effects that kiwifruit may have on immune responses spans from in vitro studies using cell lines and human blood cells, to using animal models targeting both mucosal and systemic immunity. Some limited human intervention trials have been undertaken and are described, in which kiwifruit has been shown to influence a number of biomarkers of oxidative stress and beneficial immune responses, to reduce the incidence and severity of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and potentially be more beneficial than supplementation with vitamin C alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Skinner
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aydemir G, Carlsen H, Blomhoff R, Rühl R. Lycopene induces retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activation in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:702-12. [PMID: 22648617 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lycopene is a lipophilic carotenoid and provides the red colour to tomatoes and tomato product. Various studies indicated that lycopene and tomatoes/tomato products are able to positively influence various diseases associated with a chronic inflammation. The mechanism of action of lycopene to elicit these effects is partly unknown. A possible mechanism is that biological metabolites of lycopene may activate nuclear hormone receptors in mammalian cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of orally administered lycopene and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for the induction of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in a transgenic retinoic acid response-element (RARE)-reporter mouse system. METHODS AND RESULTS Orally administered lycopene (100 mg/kg bw in beadlets, n = 6) and ATRA as an endogenous RAR ligand (50 mg/kg bw, n = 6) for the induction of the retinoic acid receptor in male mice using a transgenic RARE-reporter mouse system. CONCLUSION Lycopene treatments induced RARE-mediated cell signalling indicated by quantified bioimaging, increased luciferase activity and up-regulated the retinoid target genes in selected organs of the mice. We conclude that lycopene can induce RAR-transcriptional activation in mice and lycopene might be a precursor of still non-identified biologically active metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Aydemir
- Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gibson A, Edgar JD, Neville CE, Gilchrist SECM, McKinley MC, Patterson CC, Young IS, Woodside JV. Effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on immune function in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1429-36. [PMID: 23134881 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.039057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, which is often low in older people, is associated with reduced chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVE We determined whether increased FV intake improves measures of immune function. DESIGN We conducted a randomized controlled trial (The Ageing and Dietary Intervention Trial) in 83 healthy volunteers aged 65-85 y with low FV intakes (≤2 portions/d); 82 subjects completed the intervention. Participants were assigned to continue their normal diets or to consume ≥5 FV portions/d for 16 wk. At 12 wk, tetanus toxoid (0.5 mL intramuscular) and Pneumovax II vaccine (0.5 mL intramuscular; both vaccines from Sanofi Pasteur) were administered. FV intake was monitored by using diet histories, and biomarkers of nutritional status were assessed. The primary endpoint was the antibody response to vaccination. Specific antibodies binding to tetanus toxoid (total IgG) and pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (total IgG and IgG2) were assessed at baseline and 16 wk. Participants were recruited between October 2006 and June 2008. RESULTS The change in FV consumption differed significantly between groups [mean change in number of portions (95% CI): in the 2-portion/d group, 0.4 portions/d (0.2, 0.7 portions/d); in the 5-portion/d group, 4.6 portions/d (4.1, 5.0 portions/d); P < 0.001)] and also in micronutrient status. Antibody binding to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (total IgG) increased more in the 5-portion/d group than in the 2-portion/d group [geometric mean (95% CI) of the week 16:baseline ratio: 3.1 (2.1, 4.4) and 1.7 (1.3, 2.1), respectively; P = 0.005)]. There was no significant difference in the increases in antibody binding to tetanus toxoid. CONCLUSION Increased FV intake improves the Pneumovax II vaccination antibody response in older people, which links an achievable dietary goal with improved immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science B, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mills LM, Wilson H, Thies F. Lycopene inhibits lymphocyte proliferation through mechanisms dependent on early cell activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1034-42. [PMID: 22760978 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiological evidence suggests that lycopene is potentially cardio-protective. Recruitment and activation of T cells in the arterial wall is a critical process during atherogenesis, but the effects of lycopene on T-cell response remain to be elucidated. We aimed to determine whether lycopene could modulate T-cell function and activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 healthy adults were cultured in the presence of lycopene-enriched liposomes (0-2.9 μg lycopene/mL) with or without mitogens. Cell cycle as well as the expression of CD69 (marker of early cell activation), CD25 (IL-2 receptor), and CD11a (late activation marker) were measured in T cells, T-helper cells, and T-cytotoxic cells by flow cytometry. IL-2 secretion and cell proliferation were determined by ELISA and [³H]-thymidine incorporation, respectively. Lycopene significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation (up to 40%) in activated cells. Lycopene also significantly inhibited CD69 expression (by up to 12%) as well as IL-2 secretion (by up to 29%). However, CD25 and CD11a expression as well as the cell-cycle profile were unaffected by lycopene. CONCLUSION Lycopene influences lymphocyte proliferation through its effects on processes involved in early cellular activation, providing one possible mechanism to explain the beneficial effects of tomato-rich diets against cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey M Mills
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prediagnostic circulating carotenoid levels and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Multiethnic Cohort. Blood 2012; 119:5817-23. [PMID: 22550343 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-413609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This analysis examined the association of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with prediagnostic carotenoid levels, a marker for a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. We conducted a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort with 271 NHL cases and 538 controls matched on sex, ethnicity, location (Hawaii or Los Angeles), birth year, date and time of blood draw, and hours fasting before blood draw. Serum carotenoid levels were obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) according to tertiles of serum carotenoids and trend tests using continuous variables. Higher total serum carotenoids (OR(T3 vs T1) = 0.66 [0.46-0.96]; P(trend) = .02), lycopene (OR = 0.54 [0.38-0.78]; P(trend) = .003), and α-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.53 [0.36-0.78]; P(trend) = .003) were associated with a lower risk of NHL. For retinol (OR = 0.90 [0.61-1.33]; P(trend) = .04), a statistically significant inverse linear trend was detected. Risk estimates remained unchanged with adjustment for NHL risk factors and were similar in analyses stratified by sex and ethnicity; heterogeneity with NHL subtype was detected only for β-carotene. Other carotenoids, including α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, showed no association with risk. These data provide support for a protective role of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables in the etiology of NHL.
Collapse
|
30
|
Immune status is more affected by age than by carotenoid depletion-repletion in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:2054-65. [PMID: 22397808 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prospective studies have indicated an age-related impairment of the immune response. Carotenoids have been hypothesised to enhance immune cell function. The aim of the present study was to describe the age-related effects and the impact of in vivo dietary carotenoid depletion and repletion on specific and non-specific immunity. A total of ninety-eight healthy male subjects (aged 20-75 years) received a carotenoid-depleted diet for 3 weeks and were then supplemented daily for 5 weeks with 30 mg β-carotene, 15 mg lycopene and 9 mg lutein. Blood samples were collected at study entry, after depletion and supplementation, and biomarkers of immune status were determined. We found that serum IgA levels were positively correlated with ageing. Lymphocyte phenotyping indicated an increase with age in the memory T-helper cell subpopulation (CD4⁺CD45RO⁺) concomitantly with a decrease in naive T-helper cells (CD4⁺CD45RA⁺). A significant increase in the natural killer cells subpopulation and a small decrease in B lymphocytes were also observed, especially for the oldest volunteers. From ex vivo cell function exploration, a positive correlation was observed between age and IL-2 production of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Neutrophils' bactericidal activity was significantly impaired with age (from 50 years) and was modulated by carotenoid status. An age effect was found on neutrophils' spontaneous migration but not on directed migration. Immune response in healthy human subjects is mostly affected by age rather than by dietary carotenoid depletion and repletion. Even in carefully selected healthy volunteers, some age-related immune changes occur predominantly from 50 years onwards. This immunosenescence could generate a loss in the immune system adjustment capacity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Sheehan NL, van Heeswijk RPG, Foster BC, Akhtar H, Singhal N, Seguin I, DelBalso L, Bourbeau M, Chauhan BM, Boulassel MR, Burger DM, Lalonde RG, Cameron DW. The effect of β-carotene supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite M8 in HIV-1-infected patients. Molecules 2012; 17:688-702. [PMID: 22241465 PMCID: PMC6268962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene supplements are often taken by individuals living with HIV-1. Contradictory results from in vitro studies suggest that β-carotene may inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters. The study objective was to investigate the effect of β-carotene on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite M8 in HIV-1 infected individuals. Twelve hour nelfinavir pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted at baseline and after 28 days of β-carotene supplementation (25,000 IU twice daily). Nelfinavir and M8 concentrations were measured with validated assays. Non-compartmental methods were used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Geometric mean ratios comparing day 28 to day 1 area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12 h)), maximum (C(max)) and minimum (C(min)) concentrations of nelfinavir and M8 are presented with 90% confidence intervals. Eleven subjects completed the study and were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in nelfinavir AUC(0-12 h) and C(min) (-10%, +4%) after β-carotene supplementation. The M8 C(min) was increased by 31% while the M8 AUC(0-12 h) and C(max) were unchanged. During the 28 day period, mean CD4+ % and CD4+:CD8+ ratio increased significantly (p < 0.01). β-carotene supplementation increased serum carotene levels but did not cause any clinically significant difference in the nelfinavir and M8 exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Sheehan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Immunodeficiency Service, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 St. Urbain, Montreal, H2X 2P4, Canada; (L.D.); (M.-R.B.); (R.G.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (N.L.S.); (D.W.C.); Tel.: +1-514-934-1934, ext 32169 (N.L.S.); Fax: +1-514-843-2828 (N.L.S.); Tel.: +1-613-737-8923 (D.W.C.); +1-613-737-8925 (D.W.C.)
| | - Rolf P. G. van Heeswijk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa at the The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada; (R.P.G.H.); (N.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Brian C. Foster
- Office of Science Laboratory, Therapeutics Products Program, Health Canada, 0900C2, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada; (B.C.F.); (B.M.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 3206, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Humayoun Akhtar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, N1G 5C9, Canada;
| | - Neera Singhal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa at the The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada; (R.P.G.H.); (N.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Isabelle Seguin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa at the The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada; (R.P.G.H.); (N.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Lina DelBalso
- Immunodeficiency Service, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 St. Urbain, Montreal, H2X 2P4, Canada; (L.D.); (M.-R.B.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Marc Bourbeau
- The University of Ottawa at the Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Bobby M. Chauhan
- Office of Science Laboratory, Therapeutics Products Program, Health Canada, 0900C2, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada; (B.C.F.); (B.M.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 3206, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mohammed-Rachid Boulassel
- Immunodeficiency Service, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 St. Urbain, Montreal, H2X 2P4, Canada; (L.D.); (M.-R.B.); (R.G.L.)
| | - David M. Burger
- Department of Pharmacy & Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Richard G. Lalonde
- Immunodeficiency Service, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 St. Urbain, Montreal, H2X 2P4, Canada; (L.D.); (M.-R.B.); (R.G.L.)
| | - Donald William Cameron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa at the The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada; (R.P.G.H.); (N.S.); (I.S.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (N.L.S.); (D.W.C.); Tel.: +1-514-934-1934, ext 32169 (N.L.S.); Fax: +1-514-843-2828 (N.L.S.); Tel.: +1-613-737-8923 (D.W.C.); +1-613-737-8925 (D.W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lycopene production from synthetic medium by Blakeslea trispora NRRL 2895 (+) and 2896 (−) in a stirred-tank fermenter. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:739-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
33
|
Baldrick FR, Woodside JV, Elborn JS, Young IS, McKinley MC. Biomarkers of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Human Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:795-815. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.482217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Adkins B, Contractor N. Immune responses of female BALB/c and C57BL/6 neonatal mice to vaccination or intestinal infection are unaltered by exposure to breast milk lycopene. J Nutr 2011; 141:1326-30. [PMID: 21593356 PMCID: PMC3113289 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.136762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene, a carotenoid produced by some commonly consumed plants such as tomatoes, is not synthesized by animals. Thus, the levels of lycopene found in the breast milk of lactating females reflect the dietary lycopene supply. Lycopene has potent antioxidant activity but has also been implicated in modulating immune function. Therefore, lycopene in breast milk has the potential to affect the development and/or function of the immune system in the suckling pups. Here, we have investigated the impact of breast milk lycopene on systemic and mucosal immunity in mouse neonates. Diets containing 0.3 g/kg lycopene (Lyc) or control (Con) diets were fed to mouse dams beginning at late gestation and continuing throughout lactation. Seven-day-old female BALB/c pups were parenterally immunized with a model vaccine antigen dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and then reimmunized as adults. The levels of DNP-KLH-specific IgG in the sera as well as keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific IFNγ and IL-4 production by splenic CD4(+) cells were similar in the Lyc and Con pups. In addition, female neonatal (d7) C57BL/6 Lyc and Con pups were infected orally with the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Breast milk lycopene had no effect on the recruitment of neutrophils to intestinal lymphoid tissues or on bacterial tissue colonization of the intestines, spleens, and livers. Thus, suckling pups exposed to lycopene in breast milk appear to develop normal innate and adaptive responses both systemically and at intestinal mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Adkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Seifert S, Bub A, Franz CMAP, Watzl B. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota supplementation does not modulate immunity in healthy men with reduced natural killer cell activity. J Nutr 2011; 141:978-84. [PMID: 21430250 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.136440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral intake of probiotic bacteria may beneficially modulate functions of NK cells. In healthy individuals, contradictory results exist as to whether NK cell functions can be modulated by probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the primary objective of our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to determine the effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on the activity of NK cells in healthy men who had been preselected for a reduced lytic function of their NK cells. Study participants (n = 68) were supplemented for 4 wk with a probiotic drink providing 1.95 × 10(10) CFU LcS/d or with a similar milk drink without probiotic additive. A run-in period of 2 wk preceded the probiotic supplementation followed by a 2-wk follow-up phase without the probiotic or control drink. Changes in the relative proportions of NK cells and other leukocytes as well as multiple functional measurements were determined longitudinally at baseline, after the 4-wk supplementation, and at the end of the follow-up. The probiotic supplementation had no significant effect on NK cell numbers and function or on phagocytosis, respiratory burst, or cytokine secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, 4 wk of supplementation with LcS does not increase NK cell activity in healthy men with a reduced NK cell lytic activity. However, other doses of LcS, time of intervention, or differences, e.g. in the background diet, may result in a different outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Seifert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Edmunds SJ, Roy NC, Love DR, Laing WA. Kiwifruit extracts inhibit cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from IL10 gene deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:70-9. [PMID: 21600571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host. This study examined the effects of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using in vitro models of IBD. These models comprised primary macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from C57BL/5J and interleukin-10 gene deficient (Il10(-/-)) mice and RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage-like cell line. All four kiwifruit extracts reduced the activation of these models after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, decreasing nitric oxide and cytokine secretion by both Il10(-/-) and wild-type cells. The ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with almost complete suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage activation. These results suggest that kiwifruit extracts have significant anti-inflammatory activity relevant to IBD. We suggest that the Il10(-/-) mouse is a suitable model for further study of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley J Edmunds
- Food Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abdullah M, Chai PS, Loh CY, Chong MY, Quay HW, Vidyadaran S, Seman Z, Kandiah M, Seow HF. Carica papaya increases regulatory T cells and reduces IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in healthy human subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:803-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
38
|
Abstract
Kiwifruit is a good source of several vitamins and minerals and dietary fibre, and contains a number of phytochemicals; so kiwifruit potentially provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Consumption of green kiwifruit can have positive effects on cardiovascular health through antioxidant activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation and lowered TAG levels, and gut health through improving laxation, aiding digestion and promoting a healthy gut microflora. The importance of nutrition on immune function is well recognised, with deficiencies in vitamins A, C, E, B6 and B12, folic acid, Zn, Cu, Fe and Se being associated with impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Evidence is growing that kiwifruit enhances immunity, with several small murine studies showing enhancement of innate and adaptive immune function. Few studies have examined the effect of kiwifruit on immune function in human subjects, but a recent study has revealed that kiwifruit up-regulates several ‘immune’ and ‘DNA and repair’-related gene sets, and down-regulates one gene set related to Ig secretion. Taken together, the evidence from the literature provides supporting data for designing a human intervention trial to validate the ability of kiwifruit to support immune function in healthy and immunocompromised populations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hanieh H, Gerile C, Narabara K, Gu Z, Abe A, Kondo Y. In vivo immunomodulatory effects of dietary purple sweet potato after immunization in chicken. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:116-21. [PMID: 20163682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was intended to determine the modulatory effects of dietary supplementation of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batats Poir., PSP) on the immune response of chickens. PSP was included in a basal starter diet by 1% (PSP(L)) or 3% (PSP(H)) and continually fed. Newcastle disease (NDV) vaccine, Brucella abortus (BA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used for chicken immunization. Antibody titers against these antigens were used to estimate humoral immunity. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced proliferations of splenocytes, thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), ratios of CD4- and CD8-single positive and CD4-CD8-double negative (DN) cells in splenocytes, were both used to indicate cellular immunity. Relative weights of spleen, thymus and bursa and white blood cell (WBC) counts were studied. PSP(H) increased anti-NDV (P < 0.05), anti-BA (P < 0.01) and anti-SRBC titers (P < 0.05) in response to secondary immunization, whereas PSP(L) increased titers of anti-BA (P < 0.05) and anti-SRBC (P < 0.01). Proliferations of splenocytes and thymocytes were augmented with PSP(L) (P < 0.05). PSP(H)-treated chickens had lower (P < 0.05) ratios of CD4-single positive lymphocytes. Proliferation of PBL, weights of lymphoid organs and WBC counts were not affected. These results suggest that dietary PSP supplementation could enhance the immune response after immunization in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hanieh
- Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bergman M, Djaldetti M, Salman H, Bessler H. On the combined effect of statins and lycopene on cytokine production by human peripheral blood cells. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:426-31. [PMID: 20676966 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since both statins and lycopene exert immunomodulatory activities following incubation with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the present work was designed to examine whether they may induce a synergistic or antagonistic effect on cytokine production while applied together. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 15 healthy subjects were incubated for 24 h as follows: (1) without and with 0.125 or 0.25 microM lycopene, (2) without and with 10 or 50 mM pravastatin or simvastatin, and (3) with lycopene and with one of the statins together at the respective doses. The production of the following cytokines was assessed: interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, and IL-10, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma). The results showed that lycopene and simvastatin applied together reduced TNFalpha and IFNgamma secretion, and abolished the increased production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1gamma caused by incubation with simvastatin only, an observation suggesting that simultaneous administration of both substances may reduce inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bergman
- Department of Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Stracke BA, Rüfer CE, Bub A, Seifert S, Weibel FP, Kunz C, Watzl B. No effect of the farming system (organic/conventional) on the bioavailability of apple (Malus domestica Bork., cultivar Golden Delicious) polyphenols in healthy men: a comparative study. Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:301-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Bessler H, Salman H, Bergman M, Alcalay Y, Djaldetti M. In VitroEffect of Lycopene on Cytokine Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Immunol Invest 2009; 37:183-90. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130801967809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Schoen C, Schulz A, Schweikart J, Schütt S, von Baehr V. Regulatory effects of a fermented food concentrate on immune function parameters in healthy volunteers. Nutrition 2009; 25:499-505. [PMID: 19121921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutrition is known to influence the immune system and can thereby modulate resistance to infection. The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the influence of a cascade-fermented food consisting of fruits, nuts, and vegetables rich in polyphenols (Regulat) on the immune system in healthy volunteers. METHODS The clinical trial was double-blinded and placebo-controlled. In total, 48 healthy men 20-48 y of age with a body mass index of 20-28 kg/m(2) were enrolled in the clinical trial. The group was characterized according to lifestyle parameters and only men with regular low to moderate intake of fruit and vegetables were enrolled. The intervention lasted for a period of 4 wk. Volunteers received Regulat twice daily or a placebo product (essence of vinegar). RESULTS The intake of Regulat significantly enhanced intracellular glutathione content in lymphocytes (P < 0.05), monocytes (P < 0.05), and natural killer cells (P < 0.01). Furthermore, activation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in response to interleukin-2 stimulation (P < 0.05), a reduction of total lipid peroxidation, and a reduction of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (P < 0.01) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P < 0.05) as inflammatory blood markers were found in the Regulat but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSION In summary, the results from this intervention study demonstrate promising physiologic effects of immune regulation on the innate immune system and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory parameters after Regulat supplementation. However, these promising results need to be confirmed in more volunteers with a more prolonged application to ensure significant beneficial effects of Regulat in the general population.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gredel S, Grad C, Rechkemmer G, Watzl B. Phytoestrogens and phytoestrogen metabolites differentially modulate immune parameters in human leukocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3691-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
Bioavailability and nutritional effects of carotenoids from organically and conventionally produced carrots in healthy men. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1664-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that organically grown vegetables are healthier than conventionally produced ones due to a higher content of phytochemicals. However, few data from controlled human studies exist. The aim of the present study was to compare the carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of organically and conventionally produced carrots under defined conditions. Furthermore, a human intervention study was conducted to compare bioavailability, plasma antioxidant capacity, endogenous DNA strand breaks and immune parameters in healthy men ingesting carrots from different agricultural systems. Thirty-six volunteers consumed either organically or conventionally produced blanched carrots (200 g/d; 2 weeks) or no carrots in a double-blind, randomised intervention study. No statistically significant differences were observed in the total carotenoid contents (121 (sd7) μg/g organicv.116 (sd13) μg/g conventional) and the antioxidant capacities (0·43 (sd0·08) μmol Trolox equivalents/g organicv.0·32 (sd0·07) μmol Trolox equivalents/g conventional) of the carrots administered to the volunteers. Intake of organically or conventionally produced carrots significantly increased (P < 0·001) plasma α- and β-carotene concentrations in both intervention groups without differences in plasma carotenoid concentrations. Consumption of carrots did not lead to significant changes in the plasma antioxidant status, endogenous DNA strand breaks and parameters of the immune system in all groups. Therefore, these results indicate that the agricultural system has neither an effect on the carotenoid content, the antioxidant capacity of carrots, nor on the bioavailability of carotenoids and on antioxidant, antigenotoxic and immunological effects as assessed in a human intervention study.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP, Cho SM, Park DW, Hong YH, Chun HK, Park HJ. Immunomodulatory properties of dietary plum on coccidiosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:389-402. [PMID: 17686519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a lyophilized powder made from plums (P) on host protective immune responses against avian coccidiosis, the most economically important parasitic disease of poultry. One-day-old White Leghorn chickens were fed from the time of hatch with a standard diet either without P (control and P 0 groups) or supplemented with P at 0.5% (P 0.5) or 1.0% (P 1.0) of the diet. Animals in the P 0, P 0.5, and P 1.0 groups were orally challenged with 5000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina at day 12 post-hatch, while control animals were uninfected. Dietary supplementation of P increased body weight gain, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and increased the levels of mRNAs for interferon-gamma and interleukin-15 in the P 1.0 group at 10 days post-infection compared with the P 0 group. Furthermore, chickens fed either the P 0.5 or P 1.0 diets exhibited significantly greater spleen cell proliferation compared with the non-plum P 0 group. These results indicate that plum possesses immune enhancing properties, and that feeding chickens a plum-supplemented diet augments protective immunity against coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rühl R, Bub A, Watzl B. Modulation of plasma all-trans retinoic acid concentrations by the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables. Nutrition 2008; 24:1224-6. [PMID: 18653315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A human intervention trial was conducted to determine the effects of consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables on levels of retinol (ROL) and the active vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). METHODS The study was divided into four periods, each lasting 2 wk: weeks 1-2, a low carotenoid period; weeks 3-4, daily consumption of 330 mL of tomato juice; weeks 5-6, 330 mL of carrot juice daily; and weeks 7-8, 10 g of dried spinach powder daily. ROL and ATRA concentrations were measured after each 2-wk study period. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This study shows that consumption of carrot juice containing high concentrations of the pro-vitamin A carotenoid beta-carotene results in slightly, non-significantly increased plasma ROL concentrations and strong, significantly increased (almost double, from 1.2 +/- 0.3 to 2.0 +/- 0.31 ng/mL) plasma concentrations of ATRA, whereas consumption of tomato juice and spinach powder results in no significant alteration in concentrations of plasma ROL and ATRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rühl
- Apoptosis and Genomics Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Nutritional Bioactivation and Bioanalysis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hunter DC, Denis M, Parlane NA, Buddle BM, Stevenson LM, Skinner MA. Feeding ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit puree to mice enhances serum immunoglobulins specific for ovalbumin and stimulates ovalbumin-specific mesenteric lymph node cell proliferation in response to orally administered ovalbumin. Nutr Res 2008; 28:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Lin JY, Tang CY. Total phenolic contents in selected fruit and vegetable juices exhibit a positive correlation with interferon-γ, interleukin-5, and interleukin-2 secretions using primary mouse splenocytes. J Food Compost Anal 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|