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Steverding D. Scuticociliatosis caused by Philasterides dicentrarchi. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 150:87-101. [PMID: 35899962 DOI: 10.3354/dao03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi has been previously identified as a new agent of scuticociliatosis in marine fish. The parasite can cause high mortalities in fish reared on farms or kept in aquariums. P. dicentrarchi is usually a free-living protozoan but can become an opportunistic histophagous parasite causing rapid lethal systemic infections in cultured fish. This review provides information about the morphology and biology of the scuticociliate P. dicentrarchi, as well as information about the pathological and immunological reactions of the host in response to the infection with the parasite. The epidemiology and the control strategies of the disease are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, James Watson Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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Jalenques M, Lair S, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Jufer M, Lamglait B. Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) infection cluster in a multispecies marine aquarium system. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 144:107-115. [PMID: 33884959 DOI: 10.3354/dao03580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis, caused by ciliated protozoa of the subclass Scuticociliatia, has been associated with high mortalities in marine fish. Environmental factors such as an increase in water temperature can enhance this disease. The aim of the present report is to describe the occurrence of a cluster of cases of scuticociliatosis in a multispecies marine cold-water system in a public aquarium. Philasterides dicentrarchi was identified by PCR in formalin-fixed tissues of some of the fish showing meningitis or meningoencephalitis, dermatitis and myositis with intralesional protozoa. An increase in water temperature of approximately 2°C was identified as a potential contributing factor for this cluster of infections. Higher temperature may have enhanced the propagation or pathogenicity of scuticociliates or increased host susceptibility of some species of fish, especially wolf-eel Anarrhichthys ocellatus and spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei. This report also highlights the complexity of dealing with mixed species systems housing fish from different natural ecozones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jalenques
- Centre québécois sur la santé des animaux sauvages/Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Molecular characterization and gene expression modulation of the alternative oxidase in a scuticociliate parasite by hypoxia and mitochondrial respiration inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11880. [PMID: 32681023 PMCID: PMC7367826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine benthic microaerophilic scuticociliate and an opportunistic endoparasite that can infect and cause high mortalities in cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). In addition to a cytochrome pathway (CP), the ciliate can use a cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway, which indicates the existence of an alternative oxidase (AOX) in the mitochondrion. Although AOX activity has been described in P. dicentrarchi, based on functional assay results, genetic evidence of the presence of AOX in the ciliate has not previously been reported. In this study, we conducted genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the ciliate and identified the AOX gene and its corresponding mRNA. The AOX gene (size 1,106 bp) contains four exons and three introns that generate an open reading frame of 915 bp and a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 35.6 kDa. The amino acid (aa) sequence of the AOX includes an import signal peptide targeting the mitochondria and the protein is associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the peptide is a homodimeric glycoprotein, although monomeric forms may also appear under native conditions, with EXXH motifs associated with the diiron active centers. The aa sequences of the AOX of different P. dicentrarchi isolates are highly conserved and phylogenetically closely related to AOXs of other ciliate species, especially scuticociliates. AOX expression increased significantly during infection in the host and after the addition of CP inhibitors. This confirms the important physiological roles of AOX in respiration under conditions of low levels of O2 and in protecting against oxidative stress generated during infection in the host.
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Dong J, Li L, Fan X, Ma H, Warren A. Two Urosoma species (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia): A multidisciplinary approach provides new insights into their ultrastructure and systematics. Eur J Protistol 2019; 72:125661. [PMID: 31841799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The general morphology and ultrastructure of two soil hypotrichous ciliates, Urosoma emarginata and U. salmastra, were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the newly sequenced small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA genes, were conducted on three U. emarginata populations and one U. salmastra population. Our findings support for the validity of Perilemmaphora Berger, 2008, a rankless taxon comprising spirotrich ciliates having a perilemma. The cortical granules of both species are extrusomes representing a new type of mucocyst in U. emarginata and possibly a new type of pigmentocyst in U. salmastra. Additionally, the lithosomes were revealed as subglobose structures composed of a low electron-dense, homogeneous inner part and an electron-dense outer part. The ultrastructural features of the cortical granules, together with ontogenetic and molecular phylogenetic data, suggest that the genus Urosoma might need to be divided. It is posited that ultrastructural features of hypotrichous ciliates in general may have important taxonomic value warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Dong
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xinpeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Folgueira I, Lamas J, de Felipe AP, Sueiro RA, Leiro JM. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Superoxide Dismutases Isolated From A Scuticociliate Parasite: Physiological Role in Oxidative Stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13329. [PMID: 31527617 PMCID: PMC6746850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a free-living microaerophilic scuticociliate that can become a facultative parasite and cause a serious parasitic disease in farmed fish. Both the free-living and parasitic forms of this scuticociliate are exposed to oxidative stress associated with environmental factors and the host immune system. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the host are neutralized by the ciliate by means of antioxidant defences. In this study we aimed to identify metalloenzymes with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity capable of inactivating the superoxide anion (•O2-) generated during induction of oxidative stress. P. dicentrarchi possesses the three characteristic types of SOD isoenzymes in eukaryotes: copper/zinc-SOD, manganese-SOD and iron-SOD. The Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes comprise three types of homodimeric proteins (CSD1-3) of molecular weight (MW) 34-44 kDa and with very different AA sequences. All Cu/Zn-SODs are sensitive to NaCN, located in the cytosol and in the alveolar sacs, and one of them (CSD2) is extracellular. Mn- and Fe-SOD transcripts encode homodimeric proteins (MSD and FSD, respectively) in their native state: a) MSD (MW 50 kDa) is insensitive to H2O2 and NaN3 and is located in the mitochondria; and b) FSD (MW 60 kDa) is sensitive to H2O2, NaN3 and the polyphenol trans-resveratrol and is located extracellularly. Expression of SOD isoenzymes increases when •O2- is induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the increase is proportional to the dose of energy applied, indicating that these enzymes are actively involved in cellular protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Folgueira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Paula de Felipe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Sueiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Folgueira I, Lamas J, De Felipe AP, Sueiro RA, Leiro JM. Evidence for the role of extrusomes in evading attack by the host immune system in a scuticociliate parasite. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:802-812. [PMID: 31284047 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Like other ciliates, Philasterides dicentrarchi, the scuticociliate parasite of turbot, produces a feeding-only or growing stage called a trophont during its life cycle. Exposure of the trophonts to heat-inactivated serum extracted from the turbot host and containing specific antibodies that induce agglutination/immobilization leads to the production of a mucoid capsule from which the trophonts later emerge. We investigated how these capsules are generated, observing that the mechanism was associated with the process of exocytosis involved in the release of a matrix material from the extrusomes. The extruded material contains mucin-like glycoproteins that were deposited on the surface of the cell and whose expression increased with time of exposure to the heat-inactivated immune serum, at both protein expression and gene expression levels. Stimulation of the trophonts with the immune serum also caused an increase in discharge of the intracellular storage compartments of calcium necessary for the exocytosis processes in the extrusomes. The results obtained suggest that P. dicentrarchi uses the extrusion mechanism to generate a physical barrier protecting the ciliate from attack by soluble factors of the host immune system. Data on the proteins involved and the potential development of molecules that interfere with this exocytic process could contribute to improving the prevention and control of scuticociliatosis in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Folgueira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Functional, Instituto de Acuicultura, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Paula De Felipe
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Sueiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Kim H, Baek KW, Kim A, Luan NT, Lim Y, Roh HJ, Kim N, Kim DH, Choi YH, Kim S, Kim HS, Ock MS, Cha HJ. Genome based quantification of Miamiensis avidus in multiple organs of infected olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by real-time PCR. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:567-572. [PMID: 30828763 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miamiensis avidus is the major parasitic pathogen affecting the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that M. avidus infections are becoming increasingly severe and frequent in the olive flounder farming industry. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the infection density of M. avidus in various organs of the olive flounder including spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, esophagus, intestine, gill, muscle, heart, and brain. Olive flounders were collected from a local fish farm. METHODS Each fish was injected subcutaneously with 2.75 × 103 CFU M. avidus/ fish. Organs infected with M. avidus were obtained after 7 and 25 days. Each organ was examined for parasitic infection using real-time PCR. The primers were designed according to the sequences of 28 s in M. avidus, which was used as a target gene. RESULTS Each organ was examined for parasitic infection using real-time PCR. The primers were designed according to the sequences of 28 s in M. avidus, which was used as a target gene. The levels of 28 s rRNA were used to calculate quantitative gene copy number. Real-time PCR of brain (60.58 ± 38.41), heart (64.03 ± 62.40), muscle (6.10 ± 3.12), gill (5.06 ± 4.56), intestine (2.38 ± 1.69), esophagus (4.22 ± 3.72), stomach (3.25 ± 2.68), kidney (0.81 ± 0.15), liver (0.63 ± 0.15), and spleen (11.18 ± 4.08) was performed at 3 days post-infection. At 7 days post-infection, heart (754.15 ± 160.85), brain (247.90 ± 62.91), spleen (38.81 ± 17.52), liver (7.47 ± 4.54), kidney (10.90 ± 3.41), stomach (19.50 ± 8.86), esophagus (39.37 ± 14.10), intestine (17.54 ± 12.63), gill (38.27 ± 20.20), and muscle (33.62 ± 15.07) were measured. CONCLUSION The present study, together with previous data, demonstrated that the gill, intestine, and brain are the major target organs of M. avidus in olive flounder. However, this does not mean that tiny amounts of DNA extracted from those tissues of fish during the early stages of infection can guarantee successful detection and/or quantification of M. avidus. Our data suggest that the brain might be the best organ for detection in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Baek
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-703, Republic of Korea.,Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahran Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thanh Luan
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Lim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heyong Jin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Sun Ock
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34, Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-703, Republic of Korea.
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Sahoo PK, Pattanayak S, Paul A, Sahoo MK, Rajesh Kumar P, Panda D, Pillai BR. First record of Metanophrys sinensis (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) from India causing large scale mortality in a new host Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1303-1307. [PMID: 29882216 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S Pattanayak
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - A Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - M K Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - P Rajesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - D Panda
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - B R Pillai
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
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New data on flatfish scuticociliatosis reveal that Miamiensis avidus and Philasterides dicentrarchi are different species. Parasitology 2017; 144:1394-1411. [PMID: 28552088 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis is a severe disease in farmed flatfish. However, the causative agent is not always accurately identified. In this study, we identified two isolates of scuticociliates from an outbreak in cultured fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus. Scuticociliate identification was based on morphological data, examination of life stages and the use of molecular approaches. The isolates were compared with a strain of Philasterides dicentrachi from turbot Scophthalmus maximus and with a strain deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as Miamiensis avidus ATCC® 50180™. The use of morphological, biological and molecular methods enabled us to identify the isolates from the fine flouder as P. dicentrarchi. Comparison of P. dicentrachi isolates and M. avidus revealed some differences in the buccal apparatus. Unlike P. dicentrarchi, M. avidus has a life cycle with three forms: macrostomes (capable of feeding on P. dicentrarchi), microstomes and tomites. Additionally, we found differences in the 18S rRNA and α- and β-tubulin gene sequences, indicating that P. dicentrarchi and M. avidus are different species. We therefore reject the synonymy/conspecificity of the two taxa previously suggested. Finally, we suggest that a combination of morphological, biological, molecular (by multigene analysis) and serological techniques could improve the identification of scuticociliates parasites in fish.
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Role of H(+)-pyrophosphatase activity in the regulation of intracellular pH in a scuticociliate parasite of turbot: Physiological effects. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:59-68. [PMID: 27480055 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scuticociliatosis is a very serious disease that affects the cultured turbot, and whose causal agent is the anphizoic and marine euryhaline ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi. Several protozoans possess acidic organelles that contain high concentrations of pyrophosphate (PPi), Ca(2+) and other elements with essential roles in vesicular trafficking, pH homeostasis and osmoregulation. P. dicentrarchi possesses a pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase) that pumps H(+) through the membranes of vacuolar and alveolar sacs. These compartments share common features with the acidocalcisomes described in other parasitic protozoa (e.g. acid content and Ca(2+) storage). We evaluated the effects of Ca(2+) and ATP on H (+)-PPase activity in this ciliate and analyzed their role in maintaining intracellular pH homeostasis and osmoregulation, by the addition of PPi and inorganic molecules that affect osmolarity. Addition of PPi led to acidification of the intracellular compartments, while the addition of ATP, CaCl2 and bisphosphonates analogous of PPi and Ca(2+) metabolism regulators led to alkalinization and a decrease in H(+)-PPase expression in trophozoites. Addition of NaCl led to proton release, intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation and downregulation of H(+)-PPase expression. We conclude that the regulation of the acidification of intracellular compartments may be essential for maintaining the intracellular pH homeostasis necessary for survival of ciliates and their adaptation to salt stress, which they will presumably face during the endoparasitic phase, in which the salinity levels are lower than in their natural environment.
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11
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Presence of a plant-like proton-translocating pyrophosphatase in a scuticociliate parasite and its role as a possible drug target. Parasitology 2014; 142:449-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe proton-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatases (H+-PPases) are primary electrogenic H+ pumps that derive energy from the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). They are widely distributed among most land plants and have also been found in several species of protozoan parasites. Here we describe, for the first time, the molecular cloning and functional characterization of a gene encoding an H+-pyrophosphatase in the protozoan scuticociliate parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi, which infects turbot. The predicted P. dicentrarchi PPase (PdPPase) consists of 587 amino acids of molecular mass 61·7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5·0. Several motifs characteristic of plant vacuolar H+-PPases (V–H+-PPases) were also found in the PdPPase, which contains all the sequence motifs of the prototypical type I V–H+-PPase from Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar pyrophosphatase type I (AVP1) plant. The PdPPase has a characteristic residue that determines strict K+-dependence, but unlike AVP1, PdPPase contains an N-terminal signal peptide (SP) sequence. Antibodies generated by vaccination of mice with a genetic or recombinant protein containing a partial sequence of the PdPPase and a common motif with the polyclonal antibody PABHK specific to AVP1 recognized a single band of about 62 kDa in western blots. These antibodies specifically stained both vacuole and the alveolar membranes of trophozoites of P. dicentrarchi. H+ transport was partially inhibited by the bisphosphonate pamidronate (PAM) and completely inhibited by NaF. The bisphosphonate PAM inhibited both H+-translocation and gene expression. PdPPase and PAM also inhibited in vitro growth of the ciliates. The apparent lack of V–H+-PPases in vertebrates and the parasite sensitivity to PPI analogues may provide a molecular target for developing new drugs to control scuticociliatosis.
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Piazzon MC, Leiro J, Lamas J. Reprint of "fish immunity to scuticociliate parasites". DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:280-289. [PMID: 24309548 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some species of scuticociliates (Ciliophora) behave as facultative parasites and produce severe mortalities in cultured fish. Pathogenic scuticociliates can cause surface lesions and can also penetrate inside the body, where they feed on tissue and proliferate in the blood and most internal organs, killing the host in a few days. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the protective role of fish cellular and humoral immune responses against these parasites. Immune humoral factors, especially complement, are of particular importance in defending fish against these ciliates. However, knowledge about how the fish immune system responds to scuticociliates is scant, and the cellular and molecular events that occur during the response are not known. We also describe the possible mechanisms used by scuticociliates to avoid or resist the defensive reaction of the host. For example, the release of proteases can help parasites enter fish tissues and impair the fish cellular and humoral responses. Several vaccine formulations containing scuticociliates have induced a good antibody response and protection in fish immunized and challenged with homologous strains of particular species. However, protection was not achieved in fish immunized and challenged with heterologous strains, and the antigens involved in protection and the antigenic differences between heterologous strains have not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen PG 6709, Netherlands
| | - José Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Zhan Z, Stoeck T, Dunthorn M, Xu K. Identification of the pathogenic ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus (Oligohymenophorea: Scuticociliatia) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Eur J Protistol 2013; 50:16-24. [PMID: 24287159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many scuticociliatid ciliates are regarded as devastating pathogens in aquaculture. Among these, Pseudocohnilembus persalinus is a facultative pathogen that often results in refractory diseases of mariculture fish. Although traditional silver staining methods have been successfully used to identify these ciliates, their identification is hampered by their small size and their morphological similarity to closely related species. We designed an alternative method of identification of P. persalinus using an SSU-rDNA targeted oligonucleotide probe labeled with a fluorochrome, and optimized in a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. The assay results in a clear identification by strong fluorescence signals from the oligonucleotide probe. The method can be used for quick and early detection of P. persalinus infections on host fish, as well as other susceptible organisms in aquiculture water. It may also be used in studies of the geographical distribution of this scuticociliate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zhan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Kuidong Xu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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14
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Piazzon MC, Leiro J, Lamas J. Fish immunity to scuticociliate parasites. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:248-256. [PMID: 23764255 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some species of scuticociliates (Ciliophora) behave as facultative parasites and produce severe mortalities in cultured fish. Pathogenic scuticociliates can cause surface lesions and can also penetrate inside the body, where they feed on tissue and proliferate in the blood and most internal organs, killing the host in a few days. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the protective role of fish cellular and humoral immune responses against these parasites. Immune humoral factors, especially complement, are of particular importance in defending fish against these ciliates. However, knowledge about how the fish immune system responds to scuticociliates is scant, and the cellular and molecular events that occur during the response are not known. We also describe the possible mechanisms used by scuticociliates to avoid or resist the defensive reaction of the host. For example, the release of proteases can help parasites enter fish tissues and impair the fish cellular and humoral responses. Several vaccine formulations containing scuticociliates have induced a good antibody response and protection in fish immunized and challenged with homologous strains of particular species. However, protection was not achieved in fish immunized and challenged with heterologous strains, and the antigens involved in protection and the antigenic differences between heterologous strains have not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen PG 6709, Netherlands
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15
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SCUTICOCILIATID CILIATE OUTBREAK IN AUSTRALIAN POT-BELLIED SEAHORSE,HIPPOCAMPUS ABDOMINALIS(LESSON, 1827): CLINICAL SIGNS, HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS, AND TREATMENT WITH METRONIDAZOLE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:435-40. [DOI: 10.1638/2012-127r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Korean mistletoe enriched diet enhances innate immune response in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:146-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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PIAZZON C, LAMAS J, LEIRO JM. Role of scuticociliate proteinases in infection success in turbot, Psetta maxima (L.). Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:535-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Intraspecific variability in several isolates of Philasterides dicentrarchi (syn. Miamiensis avidus), a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:260-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Small subunit ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequences of 21 strains of the parasitic scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1153-61. [PMID: 21113725 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus is a histophagous parasite that causes high mortality in cultured marine fishes. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes were analyzed for 21 strains of M. avidus isolated from diseased olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), ridged-eye flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus), and spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus fasciatus) in Korea and Japan (collected in 2003-2007). Analysis of SSU rRNA gene sequences (1,759 bp) indicates they are very conserved with less than 0.17% (3 nucleotides) differences suggesting that SSU rRNA are useful to identify M. avidus; however, the cox1 gene (900 bp) has higher variations with intraspecific divergences up to 5.67% (51 nucleotides). A distance tree of cox1 gene sequences based on a neighbor-joining analysis can separate 21 strains into five cox1 types (two heterogeneous clusters and three individual branches). The cox1-type matches with serotype of strains but do not reflect geographical origins, host species, or pathogenicity.
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20
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Santos MJ, Cavaleiro F, Campos P, Sousa A, Teixeira F, Martins M. Impact of amoeba and scuticociliatidia infections on the aquaculture European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in Portugal. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Scuticociliatosis and its recent prophylactic measures in aquaculture with special reference to South Korea Taxonomy, diversity and diagnosis of scuticociliatosis: Part I Control strategies of scuticociliatosis: Part II. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:15-31. [PMID: 20211263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis caused by about 20 species belonging to the Phylum Ciliophora has been recognized as an emerging problem inflicting significant economic loss in aquaculture industry in the world. Among these Philasterides dicentrarchi, Miamiensis avidus, and Uronema marinum are the three species responsible for scuticociliatosis in olive flounder farms of South Korea. Some of the parasites living or scavenger ciliates also have become parasites of aquaculture fish. The major clinico-pathological manifestations of scuticociliatosis infected fishes are anemia, weight loss, dark coloration, enteritis, excessive body mucus, yellowish intestinal mucus, loss of scales, hemorrhagic and/or bleached spots on the skin, and dermal necrotic lesions that finally destroy tissues lead to high mortalities. Affected fish exhibit organ-specific pathological changes in the brain, eyes, muscle, gills, liver, kidney, intestine, and stomach that lead to severe mortality. At present, farmers in South Korea manage scuticociliatosis by using therapeutic measures, such as application of antibiotics like oxytetracycline, gentamycine, tetracycline, amoxycililin, and cefazolin and chemicals, such as formalin, hydrogen peroxide, malachite green, and jenoclean at a concentration of 350 +/- 150 ppm. However till date, no systematic scientific study has been conducted under field condition on the efficacy of these management measures. Under laboratory condition the ciliate can be effectively controlled with the antibiotics and chemicals while on the host, but on entering the host no systemic chemotherapeutic treatment has been yet proven effective. Furthermore the indiscriminate uses of harmful chemicals in aquaculture are increasingly becoming a cause of concern. Recently formalin and malachite green, the most widely used chemicals have been banned in food fish production by FDA as not consumer friendly and being carcinogenic respectively. Vaccines and immunostimulants can induce good immune response and protect against scuticociliatosis as it has been proved in the case of freshwater Ich. Now a days a number of probiotics and herbal formulations are in use against freshwater bacterial and fungal diseases, while, little information is available regarding the different prophylactic measures against marine scuticociliatosis. This review attempts to provide information on the various prophylaxic measures practiced against scuticociliatosis with special reference to olive flounder farms in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes & Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Science & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Effectiveness and immunomodulation of chemotherapeutants against scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi in olive flounder. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Jin CN, Harikrishnan R, Moon YG, Kim MC, Kim JS, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Effectiveness of chemotherapeutants against scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi, a parasite of olive flounder. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Song JY, Sasaki K, Okada T, Sakashita M, Kawakami H, Matsuoka S, Kang HS, Nakayama K, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Kitamura SI. Antigenic differences of the scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus from Japan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:1027-1034. [PMID: 19702624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Japan and Korea, outbreaks of scuticociliatosis have frequently occurred in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Morphological observations and small subunit rRNA gene sequences have shown that the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in the flounder is Miamiensis avidus (syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi). In this study, we elucidated the antigenic differences between six Japanese M. avidus isolates as an initial step toward developing an effective vaccine against the disease. Four Japanese flounder isolates (IyoI, Nakajima, JF05To and Mie0301 isolates), one spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus, isolate (SK05Kyo), and one ridged-eye flounder, Pleuronichthys cornutus, isolate (RF05To) were subjected to serological analysis. Antisera against IyoI, SK05Kyo, Nakajima and Mie0301 isolates were raised in rabbits and used for immobilization assays and Western blotting. Immobilization assays showed that the six isolates could be divided into three groups, tentatively designated serotype I for IyoI, JF05To, RF05To, SK05Kyo, serotype II for Nakajima and serotype III for Mie0301. Western blotting results supported these three serotypes, with marked similarities in the banding profiles of IyoI, JF05To, RF05To and SK05Kyo isolates, which were distinct from the Nakajima and Mie0301 isolates. Three isolates, IyoI, Nakajima and Mie0301 that were selected as representatives of each serotype, were highly pathogenic to Japanese flounder by experimental infection. Based on these findings, we propose that there are at least three M. avidus serotypes in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Song
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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25
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Rossteuscher S, Wenker C, Jermann T, Wahli T, Oldenberg E, Schmidt-Posthaus H. Severe scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) infection in a population of sea dragons (Phycodurus eques and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus). Vet Pathol 2008; 45:546-50. [PMID: 18587104 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis is a disease of fish induced by ciliated parasites of the genus Scuticociliatida. It has been described in sea horses (Hippocampus sp.), flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus), and turbots (Scophthalmus maximus). Here we present a case study of a population of sea dragons chronically infected with scuticociliates identified as Philasterides dicentrarchi by histopathology and PCR. Beginning in 2004, over a period of 19 months, 10 sea dragons (Phycodurus eques and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) were found dead in an aquarium of the Zoological Garden Basle, Switzerland. Clinically, the animals showed only faint symptoms of disease over a short period of time. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions were confined to the skin with multiple, often hemorrhagic, ulcerations. Histologically, epidermal ulcers were associated with necrosis and inflammation of the underlying dermis and musculature. Numerous ciliates, with a morphology consistent with scuticociliates, were present in these lesions. In several animals these ciliates had invaded blood vessels and were detected in gills and internal organs including kidney, thyroid gland, and central nervous system (CNS). In these organs, mild degenerative lesions and inflammatory reactions were evident. The ciliates were identified as Philasterides dicentrarchi based on small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Our report shows that scuticociliate infections of sea dragons can develop into a systemic infection and that both species of sea dragons can be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossteuscher
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, PO Box 8466, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Piazzón C, Lamas J, Castro R, Budiño B, Cabaleiro S, Sanmartín M, Leiro J. Antigenic and cross-protection studies on two turbot scuticociliate isolates. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:417-424. [PMID: 18602012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The protection induced in turbot by inactivated vaccines containing either of two isolates (I(1) and C(1)) of the scuticociliate parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi, which causes important mortalities in turbot cultures, was evaluated in the present study. The results obtained after challenging the fish with the two isolates show that vaccination protected fish only against the homologous isolate, but did not confer cross-protection. The two isolates constitute two serotypes, as shown in the immobilization tests with mouse and turbot anti-I(1) and anti-C(1) antisera, in which only the homologous antisera immobilized the ciliates. ELISA assays, using total antigen free of proteases (TAWP), cytosolic antigens (CYA), ciliar antigens (CA) or membrane protein fraction (MPF), were also carried out. Differences in the levels of antibodies produced in mouse against the homologous and heterologous antigens were observed; these differences were significantly different when the antigen preparations used in the ELISA were TAWP, CYA or CA. Nevertheless, ELISA assays using turbot sera against TAWP did not show significant differences in the levels of antibodies against the homologous and heterologous antigens. Antigenic cross-reactivity was also detected in the Western blot assays, as well as significant differences in the patterns of antigenic recognition in the two isolates - in both reduced and non-reduced TAWP antigens, but which was noteworthy when mouse antisera were used. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate for the first time the existence of serotypes of the ciliate parasite of turbot Philasterides dicentrarchi that display clear antigenic differences, which must be taken into consideration in the future development of a vaccine against scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Piazzón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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27
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Pardo BG, Fernández C, Millán A, Bouza C, Vázquez-López A, Vera M, Alvarez-Dios JA, Calaza M, Gómez-Tato A, Vázquez M, Cabaleiro S, Magariños B, Lemos ML, Leiro JM, Martínez P. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from immune tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) challenged with pathogens. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:37. [PMID: 18817567 PMCID: PMC2569028 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus; Scophthalmidae; Pleuronectiformes) is a flatfish species of great relevance for marine aquaculture in Europe. In contrast to other cultured flatfish, very few genomic resources are available in this species. Aeromonas salmonicida and Philasterides dicentrarchi are two pathogens that affect turbot culture causing serious economic losses to the turbot industry. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms for disease resistance and host-pathogen interactions in this species. In this work, thousands of ESTs for functional genomic studies and potential markers linked to ESTs for mapping (microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) are provided. This information enabled us to obtain a preliminary view of regulated genes in response to these pathogens and it constitutes the basis for subsequent and more accurate microarray analysis. Results A total of 12584 cDNAs partially sequenced from three different cDNA libraries of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, Philasterides dicentrarchi and from healthy fish were analyzed. Three immune-relevant tissues (liver, spleen and head kidney) were sampled at several time points in the infection process for library construction. The sequences were processed into 9256 high-quality sequences, which constituted the source for the turbot EST database. Clustering and assembly of these sequences, revealed 3482 different putative transcripts, 1073 contigs and 2409 singletons. BLAST searches with public databases detected significant similarity (e-value ≤ 1e-5) in 1766 (50.7%) sequences and 816 of them (23.4%) could be functionally annotated. Two hundred three of these genes (24.9%), encoding for defence/immune-related proteins, were mostly identified for the first time in turbot. Some ESTs showed significant differences in the number of transcripts when comparing the three libraries, suggesting regulation in response to these pathogens. A total of 191 microsatellites, with 104 having sufficient flanking sequences for primer design, and 1158 putative SNPs were identified from these EST resources in turbot. Conclusion A collection of 9256 high-quality ESTs was generated representing 3482 unique turbot sequences. A large proportion of defence/immune-related genes were identified, many of them regulated in response to specific pathogens. Putative microsatellites and SNPs were identified. These genome resources constitute the basis to develop a microarray for functional genomics studies and marker validation for genetic linkage and QTL analysis in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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28
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Sanmartín ML, Paramá A, Castro R, Cabaleiro S, Leiro J, Lamas J, Barja JL. Vaccination of turbot, Psetta maxima (L.), against the protozoan parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi: effects on antibody production and protection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:135-140. [PMID: 18234021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a vaccine against the fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi was evaluated in turbot by measuring the production of specific antibodies and duration of protection. Four groups of turbot were vaccinated twice, on days 0 and 30, with phosphate-buffered saline, mineral oil adjuvant, antigen or antigen plus adjuvant. Specific serum antibodies were determined on day 0 and 1 month after the first and the second vaccinations. Protection was evaluated 1 month after the first vaccination and 1 and 5 months after the second vaccination. Serum antibody titres, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protection, assessed by challenges, increased significantly 1 month after the second vaccination in the group injected with antigen plus adjuvant and the protection lasted for at least a further 5 months in this group. The relative protection was 77% and 66% 1 and 5 months after the second vaccination, respectively. Administration of antigen or adjuvant separately had no effect on antibody response or protection. The results indicate that emulsion containing antigen plus adjuvant induced durable protection against P. dicentrarchi after the administration of the two vaccinations, and that this preparation can be used as a vaccine against the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sanmartín
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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29
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Castro R, Paramá A, Barja JL, Leiro J, Sanmartin ML, Lamas J. Culture of the histophagous ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatia) in fish tissues. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:239-42. [PMID: 17394526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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