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Chalana G, Sihag S, Kumar A, Magotra A. Expression profiling of immune genes associated with black pepper ( Piper nigrum) powder supplementation in the diets of broiler chickens. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2336-2342. [PMID: 35732035 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2088551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on three hundred commercial broiler chicks with the aim to evaluate the effect of black pepper supplementation on expression of TLR gene where the negative control (T1) group was given basal diet without antibiotic and in the control group (T2) basal diet with antibiotic was fed, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were supplemented with black pepper powder (BPP) at levels 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, respectively in diet. After 42 days, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in ileal E. coli count and a higher value of Lactobacilli was recorded in the various black pepper powder supplemented groups, and they differed significantly (p < 0.05) from negative control. The mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLR 2 and TLR 4) had shown significant (p < 0.05) changes in experimental groups. The TLR 2 and TLR 4 genes revealed differential expression in all black pepper supplemented groups in comparison to negative control and control group, while TLR 7 did not show any significant change. Thus, supplementation of black pepper powder can be exploited as an immunomodulator to enhance adaptive immune response of broiler chicks after validation on large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Chalana
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Sajjan Sihag
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Ankit Magotra
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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2
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Duff AF, Chasser KM, McGovern KE, Trombetta M, Bielke LR. Adapted tissue assay for the assessment of ileal granulocyte degranulation following in ovo inoculation with select bacteria or coccidial challenge in chickens. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286532. [PMID: 37498859 PMCID: PMC10374004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously described heterophil degranulation assay was adapted for use with ileal mucosal tissue via quantification of β-D-glucuronidase and assay end product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Three initial experiments evaluated the effect of in ovo inoculations of Citrobacter freundii (CF) or mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on ileal granulocyte degranulation. Inoculations were administered on embryonic d18, body weights (BW) were recorded on day of hatch (DOH) and d10 to calculate body weight gain (BWG), and ileal mucosal scrapings were collected on DOH or d10 for the 4-MU assay. In all experiments, treatments were statistically analyzed relative to control groups. Treatments minimally affected BWG in all in ovo experiments (p > 0.05) relative to respective control groups. Similarly, ileal degranulation in in ovo treatments did not statistically differ (p > 0.05). Based on BWG, in ovo treatments may have induced low-level inflammation unable to elicit detectable changes via the 4-MU assay. Four subsequent experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of Eimeria maxima (EM) on ileal degranulation. Treatments included non-inoculated controls and low, medium, or high EM infection. Across all four experiments, final BW or BWG over the inoculation period were suppressed (p < 0.05) in EM groups relative to respective controls with the exception of EM-low (p = 0.094) and EM-medium (p = 0.096) in one trial. Ileal mucosal scrapings for the 4-MU assay were collected on day of peak lesions. Resulting values were reduced (p < 0.05) for EM treated birds in three experiments with the exception of EM-medium (p = 0.247). No differences were observed in one experiment (p = 0.351), which may have been attributed to a variation in strain of infecting Eimeria. Although refinement for low level inflammation is warranted, results indicate successful adaptation of the 4-MU assay for use with intestinal tissue during significant gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Duff
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kaylin M Chasser
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kate E McGovern
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael Trombetta
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Shoojadoost B, Hodgins D, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:238. [PMID: 36680279 PMCID: PMC9861619 DOI: 10.3390/v15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (CpG ODN 2007 and poly(I:C)) to reduce H9N2 AIV transmission from TLR-treated seeder (trial 1) or inoculated chickens (trial 2) to naive chickens. The results from trial 1 revealed that a low dose of CpG ODN 2007 led to the highest reduction in oral shedding, and a high dose of poly(I:C) was effective at reducing oral and cloacal shedding. Regarding transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to CpG ODN 2007 low-dose-treated seeder chickens showed a maximum reduction in shedding with the lowest number of AIV+ chickens. The results from trial 2 revealed a maximum reduction in oral and cloacal shedding in the poly(I:C) high-dose-treated chickens (recipients), followed by the low-dose CpG ODN 2007 group. In these two groups, the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), viperin, and (interleukin) IL-1β, IL-8, and 1L-18 was upregulated in the spleen, cecal tonsils and lungs. Hence, TLR ligands can reduce AIV transmission in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Biomolecules Triggering Altered Food Intake during Pathogenic Challenge in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023009. [PMID: 36969710 PMCID: PMC10031682 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is regulated by several complicated synergistic mechanisms that are affected by a variety of internal and external influences. Some of these factors include those that are released from pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and most of these factors are associated with suppression of the chick's food intake. Although chicks are well-known to decrease their food intake when they experience a pathogenic challenge, the mechanisms that mediate this type of satiety are poorly understood. One of the goals of our research group has been to better understand these mechanisms in chicks. We recently provided evidence that pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, likely contribute to satiety in chicks that are experiencing a pathogenic challenge. Additionally, we identified several inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide, that likely contribute to satiety during a pathogenic challenge. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pathogen-induced satiety in chicks mainly accumulated through our recent research. The research will give good information to improve the loss of production during infection in poultry production in the future.
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Eimeria tenella 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase stimulates maturation of chicken dendritic cells and mediates DC-induced T cell priming in a Th1 cytokine interface. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fathima S, Hakeem WGA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101958. [PMID: 36296234 PMCID: PMC9610872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE changes the physical properties of the gut, immunological status of birds, and disrupt the gut microbial homeostasis, causing an over-proliferation of C. perfringens. The principal virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NE are the α-toxin, β-toxin, and NetB toxin. The immune response to NE in poultry is mediated by the Th1 pathway or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. C. perfringens type A and C are also pathogenic in humans, and hence are of public health significance. C. perfringens intoxications are the third most common bacterial foodborne disease after Salmonella and Campylobacter. The restrictions on the use of antibiotics led to an increased incidence of NE in poultry. Hence, it is essential to develop alternative strategies to keep the prevalence of NE under check. The control strategies rely principally on the positive modulation of host immune response, nutritional manipulation, and pathogen reduction. Current knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, immune response, effect on the gut microbial homeostasis, and preventative strategies of NE in this post-antibiotic era is addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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Magid M, Wold JR, Moraga R, Cubrinovska I, Houston DM, Gartrell BD, Steeves TE. Leveraging an existing whole genome resequencing population dataset to characterize toll‐like receptor gene diversity in a threatened bird. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2810-2825. [PMID: 35635119 PMCID: PMC9543821 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Species recovery programs are increasingly using genomic data to measure neutral genetic diversity and calculate metrics like relatedness. While these measures can inform conservation management, determining the mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression requires information about functional genes associated with adaptive or maladaptive traits. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are one family of functional genes, which play a crucial role in recognition of pathogens and activation of the immune system. Previously, these genes have been analysed using species‐specific primers and PCR. Here, we leverage an existing short‐read reference genome, whole‐genome resequencing population data set, and bioinformatic tools to characterize TLR gene diversity in captive and wild tchūriwat’/tūturuatu/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae), a threatened bird endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand. Our results show that TLR gene diversity in tchūriwat’/tūturuatu is low, and forms two distinct captive and wild genetic clusters. The bioinformatic approach presented here has broad applicability to other threatened species with existing genomic resources in Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magid
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Jana R. Wold
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Roger Moraga
- Tea Break Bioinformatics, Ltd Palmerston North NZ
| | - Ilina Cubrinovska
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | | | - Brett D. Gartrell
- Wildbase Massey University Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, Manawatu NZ
| | - Tammy E. Steeves
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
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Han F, Zhang Y, Xu A, Wang X, He Y, Song N, Gao T. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Toll-like receptor genes in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and their response mechanisms following poly (I:C) injection. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109277. [PMID: 35085815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are canonical transmembrane receptors that play an important role in defending against invading pathogens. In this study, we identified a total of 12 TLR genes in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) with an analysis of their sequence characterizations. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that 12 distinct TLRs were grouped into five subfamilies (i.e., TLR1, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR11 subfamilies), and each SsTLR gene respectively corresponded to the orthologs genes of other species. The protein domain analysis indicated that TLRs are type I transmembrane proteins, including an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR), a transmembrane region (TM) domain and an intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The evolutionary ratios indicted that 12 SsTLRs were under purifying selection. qRT-PCR assays exhibited diverse TLRs molecular expression patterns in the heart, brain, head kidney, kidney, liver, intestine, and spleen of 3 black rockfish, and the expression levels were high in some immune tissues (e.g., head kidney, kidney, and spleen). Subsequently, 30 fish were equally divided into 2 groups i.e., poly (I:C)-treated and PBS-Control groups. After poly (I:C) injection, eight SsTLRs, i.e., SsTLR2, SsTLR2-1, SsTLR2-2, SsTLR3, SsTLR5S, SsTLR7, SsTLR8 and SsTLR22, were dramatically increased. Altogether these results contribute to understanding how SsTLRs respond to immune defense after poly (I:C) injection and provide researchers with comprehensive TLR gene family data of black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Anle Xu
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Yan He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Na Song
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China.
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Lee J, Hong Y, Vu TH, Lee S, Heo J, Truong AD, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Influenza A pathway analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in genetically disparate Ri chicken lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 246:110404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee K, Lee Y, Kim WH, Nam H, Lillehoj HS. Role of Physiology, Immunity, Microbiota, and Infectious Diseases in the Gut Health of Poultry. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020172. [PMID: 35214631 PMCID: PMC8875638 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
“Gut health” refers to the physical state and physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract and in the livestock system; this topic is often focused on the complex interacting components of the intestinal system that influence animal growth performance and host-microbial homeostasis. Regardless, there is an increasing need to better understand the complexity of the intestinal system and the various factors that influence gut health, since the intestine is the largest immune and neuroendocrine organ that interacts with the most complex microbiome population. As we face the post-antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) era in many countries of the world, livestock need more options to deal with food security, food safety, and antibiotic resilience to maintain agricultural sustainability to feed the increasing human population. Furthermore, developing novel antibiotic alternative strategies needs a comprehensive understanding of how this complex system maintains homeostasis as we face unpredictable changes in external factors like antibiotic-resistant microbes, farming practices, climate changes, and consumers’ preferences for food. In this review, we attempt to assemble and summarize all the relevant information on chicken gut health to provide deeper insights into various aspects of gut health. Due to the broad and complex nature of the concept of “gut health”, we have highlighted the most pertinent factors related to the field performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S. Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyoyoun Nam
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-504-8771
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Kanakachari M, Rahman H, Chatterjee RN, Bhattacharya TK. Signature of Indian native chicken breeds: a perspective. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2026201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Rahman
- Molecular Genetics and Breeding Unit, South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Atli MO, Hitit M, Özbek M, Köse M, Bozkaya F. Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:65-93. [PMID: 35434748 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a part of the innate immune system, have critical roles in protection against infections and involve in basic pathology and physiology. Secreted molecules from the body or pathogens could be a ligand for induction of the TLR system. There are many immune and non-immune types of cells that express at a least single TLR on their surface or cytoplasm. Those cells may be a player in a defense system or in the physiological regulation mechanisms. Reproductive tract and organs contain different types of cells that have essential functions such as hormone production, providing an environment for embryo/fetus, germ cell production, etc. Although lower parts of reproductive organs are in a relationship with outsider contaminants (bacteria, viruses, etc.), upper parts should be sterile to provide a healthy pregnancy and germ cell production. In those areas, TLRs bear controller or regulator roles. In this chapter, we will provide current information about physiological functions of TLR in the cells of the reproductive organs and tract, and especially about their roles in follicle selection, maturation, follicular atresia, ovulation, corpus luteum (CL) formation and regression, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, sperm production, maturation, capacitation as well as the relationship between TLR polymorphism and reproduction in domestic animals. We will also discuss pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-induced TLRs that involve in reproductive inflammation/pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Osman Atli
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özbek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Köse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Faruk Bozkaya
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
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Pal A, Pal A, Baviskar P. RIGI, TLR7, and TLR3 Genes Were Predicted to Have Immune Response Against Avian Influenza in Indigenous Ducks. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:633283. [PMID: 34970593 PMCID: PMC8712727 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.633283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is a disease with every possibility to evolve as a human-to-human pandemic arising out of frequent mutations and genetic reassortment or recombination of avian influenza (AI) virus. The greatest concern is that till date, no satisfactory medicine or vaccines are available, leading to massive culling of poultry birds, causing huge economic loss and ban on export of chicken products, which emphasizes the need to develop an alternative strategy for control of AI. In the current study, we attempt to explore the molecular mechanism of innate immune potential of ducks against avian influenza. In the present study, we have characterized immune response molecules such as duck TLR3, TLR7, and RIGI that are predicted to have potent antiviral activities against the identified strain of avian influenza through in silico studies (molecular docking) followed by experimental validation with differential mRNA expression analysis. Future exploitation may include immunomodulation with the recombinant protein, and transgenic or gene-edited chicken resistant to bird flu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Pal
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Abantika Pal
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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14
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Two Sides to Every Question: Attempts to Activate Chicken Innate Immunity in 2D and 3D Hepatic Cell Cultures. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081910. [PMID: 34440679 PMCID: PMC8394239 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver with resident tissue macrophages is the site of vivid innate immunity, activated also by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leaking through the intestinal barrier. As gut-derived inflammatory diseases are of outstanding importance in broiler chickens, the present study aimed to establish a proper hepatic inflammatory model by comparing the action of different PAMPs from poultry pathogens on chicken 2D and 3D primary hepatocyte—non-parenchymal cell co-cultures, the latter newly developed with a magnetic bioprinting method. The cultures were challenged by the bacterial endotoxins lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus and by enterotoxin (ETxB) from Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium derived flagellin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as a model proinflammatory agent and polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) for mimicking viral RNA exposure. Cellular metabolic activity was assessed with the CCK-8 test, membrane damage was monitored with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay and interleukin-6 and -8 (Il-6 and -8) concentrations were measured in cell culture medium with a chicken specific ELISA. Both LPS and LTA increased the metabolic activity of the 3D cultures, concomitantly decreasing the LDH leakage, while in 2D cultures ETxB stimulated, PMA and poly I:C depressed the metabolic activity. Based on the moderately increased extracellular LDH activity, LTA seemed to diminish cell membrane integrity in 2D and poly I:C in both cell culture models. The applied endotoxins remarkably reduced the IL-8 release of 3D cultured cells, suggesting the effective metabolic adaptation and the presumably initiated anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the 3D spheroids. Notwithstanding that the IL-6 and IL-8 production of 2D cells was mostly not influenced by the endotoxins used, only the higher LTA dose was capable to evoke an IL-8 surge. Flagellin, PMA and poly I:C exerted proinflammatory action in certain concentrations in both 2D and 3D cultures, reflected by the increased cellular IL-6 release. Based on these data, LTA, flagellin, PMA and poly I:C can be considered as potent candidates to induce inflammation in chicken primary hepatic cell cultures, while LPS failed to trigger proinflammatory cytokine production, suggesting the relatively high tolerance of avian liver cells to certain bacterial endotoxins. These results substantiate that the established 3D co-cultures seemed to be proper tools for testing potential proinflammatory molecules; however, the remarkable differences between 2D and 3D models should be addressed and further studied.
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Swelum AA, Elbestawy AR, El-Saadony MT, Hussein EOS, Alhotan R, Suliman GM, Taha AE, Ba-Awadh H, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101039. [PMID: 33752065 PMCID: PMC8010699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
On the commercial level, the poultry industry strives to find new techniques to combat bird's infection. During the first week, mortality rate increases in birds because of several bacterial infections of about ten bacterial species, especially colisepticemia. This affects the flock production, uniformity, and suitability for slaughter because of chronic infections. Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes various disease syndromes in poultry, including yolk sac infection (omphalitis), respiratory tract infection, and septicemia. The E. coli infections in the neonatal poultry are being characterized by septicemia. The acute septicemia may cause death, while the subacute form could be characterized through pericarditis, airsacculitis, and perihepatitis. Many E. coli isolates are commonly isolated from commercial broiler chickens as serogroups O1, O2, and O78. Although prophylactic antibiotics were used to control mortality associated with bacterial infections of neonatal poultry in the past, the commercial poultry industry is searching for alternatives. This is because of the consumer's demand for reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Despite the vast and rapid development in vaccine technologies against common chicken infectious diseases, no antibiotic alternatives are commercially available to prevent bacterial infections of neonatal chicks. Recent research confirmed the utility of probiotics to improve the health of neonatal poultry. However, probiotics were not efficacious to minimize death and clinical signs associated with neonatal chicks' bacterial infections. This review focuses on the causes of the increased mortality in broiler chicks during the first week of age and the methods used to minimize death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El Beheira 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22578, Egypt
| | - Hani Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Xing T, Luo D, Zhao X, Xu X, Li J, Zhang L, Gao F. Enhanced cytokine expression and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways in broiler chickens affected by wooden breast myopathy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:279-286. [PMID: 32623748 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wooden breast (WB) myopathy in broiler chickens is a growing challenge for the poultry industry. Previous multi-omic data have implied that the pathogenesis of WB is associated with the activation of immune system and inflammatory response. However, the intricate mechanisms are not fully understood. This study was therefore conducted to systematically investigate the morphology, expression of cytokines as well as the underlying signaling pathways regulating the inflammatory response in pectoralis major (PM) muscle of WB myopathic broilers. RESULTS wHistopathological changes, increased plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, elevated myeloperoxidase activity and overproduction of nitric oxide in muscle indicated the enhancement of muscle damage and inflammation in WB broilers. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of inflammatory cytokines were dysregulated in PM muscle and contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased in serum of WB myopathic broilers, indicating this myopathy was associated with immune disorder and systemic inflammation response. Additionally, toll-like receptor (TLR) levels were upregulated, the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway was activated and the mRNA expression levels of downstream inflammatory mediators were enhanced in PM muscle of WB myopathy affected birds. CONCLUSION The results indicated an immune disorder and a systemic inflammation response in WB myopathic broilers, which might be related to a synergetic effect of TLRs and NF-κB pathway. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Lakho SA, Haseeb M, Huang J, Yang Z, Hasan MW, Aleem MT, Memon MA, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Actin-depolymerizing factor from Eimeria tenella promotes immunogenic function of chicken dendritic cells. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:579-592. [PMID: 33438042 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a crucial role in inducing antigen-specific immunity to pathogens. During host-parasite interaction, host immune response to the parasite molecules is considered essential for recognizing novel antigens for control strategies. Therefore, in the present study, chicken dendritic cells (DCs) (ChDCs), derived from spleens were used to evaluate their capacity to proliferate and differentiate autologous T lymphocytes in response to actin-depolymerizing factor from Eimeria tenella (EtADF). Immunoblot analysis showed that recombinant EtADF protein (rEtADF) was able to interact with rat anti-rEtADF antibodies. The immunofluorescence test confirmed rEtADF binding on ChDCs surface. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that phenotypes for MHCII, CD1.1, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 were increased in ChDCs after rEtADF treatment. qRT-PCR results indicated that ChDCs triggered TLR signaling in response to rEtADF, and suppressed Wnt signaling. Transcript levels of CD83, CCL5, and CCR7 in ChDCs were improved following rEtADF treatment. In addition, rEtADF promoted DC-directed T cell proliferation and differentiation of naïve T cells into CD3+/CD4+ T cells in DC/T cell co-incubation system. Cytokine analysis of rEtADF-pulsed ChDCs showed increased levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ, while IL-10 and TGF-β remained unchanged. Moreover, rEtADF-treated ChDCs enhanced production of IFN-γ when incubated with T cells, and IL-4 secretion remained unchanged. Our findings indicted that rEtADF could facilitate the polarization of Th1 immune cells by triggering both host DCs and T cells. Our findings provide useful insights into future work aimed at anticoccidial vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Murine Models for the Investigation of Colonization Resistance and Innate Immune Responses in Campylobacter Jejuni Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:233-263. [PMID: 33620654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human infections with the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni are progressively increasing worldwide and constitute a significant socioeconomic burden to mankind. Intestinal campylobacteriosis in humans is characterized by bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and severe malaise. Some individuals develop chronic post-infectious sequelae including neurological and autoimmune diseases such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Studies unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis and post-infectious sequelae have been hampered by the scarcity of appropriate experimental in vivo models. Particularly, conventional laboratory mice are protected from C. jejuni infection due to the physiological colonization resistance exerted by the murine gut microbiota composition. Additionally, as compared to humans, mice are up to 10,000 times more resistant to C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS) constituting a major pathogenicity factor responsible for the immunopathological host responses during campylobacteriosis. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in overcoming these fundamental obstacles in Campylobacter research in mice. Modification of the murine host-specific gut microbiota composition and sensitization of the mice to C. jejuni LOS by deletion of genes encoding interleukin-10 or a single IL-1 receptor-related molecule as well as by dietary zinc depletion have yielded reliable murine infection models resembling key features of human campylobacteriosis. These substantial improvements pave the way for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen-host interactions. The ongoing validation and standardization of these novel murine infection models will provide the basis for the development of innovative treatment and prevention strategies to combat human campylobacteriosis and collateral damages of C. jejuni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Meijerink N, Kers JG, Velkers FC, van Haarlem DA, Lamot DM, de Oliveira JE, Smidt H, Stegeman JA, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. Early Life Inoculation With Adult-Derived Microbiota Accelerates Maturation of Intestinal Microbiota and Enhances NK Cell Activation in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:584561. [PMID: 33330708 PMCID: PMC7710667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.584561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in mammals, including chickens, have shown that the development of the immune system is affected by interactions with intestinal microbiota. Early life microbial colonization may affect the development of innate and adaptive immunity and may contribute to lasting effects on health and resilience of broiler chickens. We inoculated broiler chickens with adult-derived-microbiota (AM) to investigate their effects on intestinal microbiota composition and natural killer (NK) cells, amongst other immune cells. We hypothesized that AM inoculation directly upon hatch (day 0) would induce an alteration in microbiota composition shortly after hatch, and subsequently affect (subsets of) intestinal NK cells and their activation. Microbiota composition of caecal and ileal content of chickens of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of age was assessed by sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. In parallel, subsets and activation of intestinal NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. In caecal content of 1- and 3-day-old AM chickens, a higher alpha-diversity (Faith's phylogenetic diversity) was observed compared to control chickens, whereas ileal microbiota were unaffected. Regarding beta-diversity, caecal microbiota profiles could be clustered into three distinct community types. Cluster A represented caecal microbiota of 1-day-old AM chickens and 1- and 3-day-old control chickens. Cluster B included microbiota of seven of eight 3- and 7-day-old AM and 7-day-old control chickens, and cluster C comprised microbiota of all chickens of 14-days and older, independent of inoculation. In 3-day-old AM chickens an increase in the percentages of intestinal IL-2Rα+NK cells and activated NK cells was observed compared to control chickens of the same age. In addition, an increase in relative numbers of intestinal cytotoxic CD8αα+T cells was observed in 14- and 21-day-old AM chickens. Taken together, these results indicate that early exposure to AM shapes and accelerates the maturation of caecal microbiota, which is paralleled by an increase in IL-2Rα+NK cells and enhanced NK cell activation. The observed association between early life development of intestinal microbiota and immune system indicates possibilities to apply microbiota-targeted strategies that can accelerate maturation of intestinal microbiota and strengthen the immune system, thereby improving the health and resilience of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Meijerink
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jannigje G. Kers
- Division Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francisca C. Velkers
- Division Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daphne A. van Haarlem
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David M. Lamot
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Velddriel, Netherlands
| | | | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Arjan Stegeman
- Division Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Lakho SA, Haseeb M, Huang J, Yang Z, Hasan MW, Aleem MT, Naqvi MAUH, Memon MA, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria acervulina modulates the functions of chicken dendritic cells to boost Th1 type immune response and stimulates autologous CD4 + T cells differentiation in-vitro. Vet Res 2020; 51:138. [PMID: 33203464 PMCID: PMC7672913 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role to amplify antigen-specific immune responses. Antigens that sensitize T cells via antigen-presentation by DCs could enhance the capacity of host immunity to fight infections. In this study, we tested the immunogenic profiles of chicken DCs towards Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria acervulina (EaGAPDH). Immunoblot analysis showed that recombinant EaGAPDH (rEaGAPDH) protein was successfully recognized by rat sera generated against rEaGAPDH. Interaction and internalisation of rEaGAPDH by chicken splenic-derived DCs (chSPDCs) was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. Flow cytometry revealed that chSPDCs upregulated MHCII, CD1.1, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 cell-surface markers. Moreover, mRNA expressions of DC maturation biomarkers (CCL5, CCR7, and CD83) and TLR signalling genes (TLR15 and MyD88) were also upregulated whereas those of Wnt signalling were non-significant compared to negative controls. rEaGAPDH treatment induced IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion in chSPDCs but had no effect on IL-10 and TGF-β. Likewise, DC-T cell co-culture promoted IFN-γ secretion and the level of IL-4 was unaffected. Proliferation of T cells and their differentiation into CD3+/CD4+ T cells were triggered in chSPDCs-T cells co-culture system. Taken together, rEaGAPDH could promote Th1 polarization by activating both host DCs and T cells and sheds new light on the role of this important molecule which might contribute to the development of new DCs-based immunotherapeutic strategies against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Burmenskaya OV, Poltavtseva RA, Panova IG. mRNAs of Genes of Toll-Like Receptors are Expressed in Human Fetal Eye Tissues. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effects of cLFchimera peptide on intestinal morphology, integrity, microbiota, and immune cells in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17704. [PMID: 33077741 PMCID: PMC7573599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments of 6 replicates to evaluate the effects of cLFchimera, a recombinant antimicrobial peptide (AMP), on gut health attributes of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. Treatments were as follows: (T1) unchallenged group fed with corn-soybean meal (CSM) without NE challenge and additives (NC); (T2) group fed with CSM and challenged with NE without any additives (PC); (T3) PC group supplemented with 20 mg cLFchimera/kg diet (AMP); (T4) PC group supplemented with 45 mg antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate)/kg diet (antibiotic). Birds were sampled for villi morphology, ileal microbiota, and jejunal gene expression of cytokines, tight junctions proteins, and mucin. Results showed that AMP ameliorated NE-related intestinal lesions, reduced mortality, and rehabilitated jejunal villi morphology in NE challenged birds. While the antibiotic non-selectively reduced the count of bacteria, AMP restored microflora balance in the ileum of challenged birds. cLFchimera regulated the expression of cytokines, junctional proteins, and mucin transcripts in the jejunum of NE challenged birds. In conclusion, cLFchimera can be a reliable candidate to substitute growth promoter antibiotics, while more research is required to unveil the exact mode of action of this synthetic peptide.
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Immunomodulation of Avian Dendritic Cells under the Induction of Prebiotics. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040698. [PMID: 32316442 PMCID: PMC7222706 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dendritic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns in chicken intestines and are part of the initial immune response. The immunoregulatory properties of prebiotics acting in several ways in poultry have been known for many years. According to their function, dendritic cells should play an indispensable role in the proven effects of prebiotics on the intestinal immune system, such as through activation of T and B cells and cytokine production. Currently, there are no studies concerning direct interactions in poultry between non-digestible feed components and dendritic cells. Whereas most in vitro experiments with chicken dendritic cells have studied their interactions with pathogens, in vitro studies are now needed to determine the impacts of prebiotics on the gastrointestinal dendritic cells themselves. The present lack of information in this area limits the development of effective feed additives for poultry production. The main purpose of this review is to explore ideas regarding potential mechanisms by which dendritic cells might harmonize the immune response after prebiotic supplementation and thereby provide a basis for future studies. Abstract Although the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics were demonstrated many years ago in poultry, not all mechanisms of action are yet clear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main antigen-presenting cells orchestrating the immune response in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, and they are the first line of defense in the immune response. Despite the crucial role of DCs in prebiotic immunomodulatory properties, information is lacking about interaction between prebiotics and DCs in an avian model. Mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, fructooligosaccharides, and chitosan-oligosaccharides are the main groups of prebiotics having immunomodulatory properties. Because pathogen-associated molecular patterns on these prebiotics are recognized by many receptors of DCs, prebiotics can mimic activation of DCs by pathogens. Short-chain fatty acids are products of prebiotic fermentation by microbiota, and their anti-inflammatory properties have also been demonstrated in DCs. This review summarizes current knowledge about avian DCs in the gastrointestinal tract, and for the first-time, their role in the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics within an avian model.
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Lakho SA, Haseeb M, Huang J, Hasan MW, Naqvi MAUH, Zhou Z, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Recombinant ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme of Eimeria maxima induces immunogenic maturation in chicken splenic-derived dendritic cells and drives Th1 polarization in-vitro. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104162. [PMID: 32194180 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key linkages between innate immunity and acquired immunity. The antigens that promote the functions of DCs might be the effective candidates of novel vaccine. In this research, the ability of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UCE), a recognized common antigens among chicken Eimeria species, to stimulate DCs of chickens were evaluated. We cloned UCE gene from Eimeria maxima (EmUCE), and its protein expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western-blot. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed the binding of rEmUCE on the surface of chicken splenic-derived DCs (ChSP-DCs). Flow cytometric analysis showed that rEmUCE-treated ChSP-DCs increased MHCII, CD1.1, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 phenotypes. qRT-PCR indicated that transcript levels of maturation markers CCL5, CCR7, and CD83 in ChSP-DCs were upregulated in response to rEmUCE. Following rEmUCE treatment, chSP-DCs activated TLR signaling and inhibited Wnt signaling. Moreover, rEmUCE promoted DC-mediated T-cell proliferation in DC/T-cell co-incubation. Interestingly, CD3+/CD4+ T-cells were significantly enhanced when rEmUCE-treated chSP-DCs were co-incubated with T-cells. Cytokine secretion pattern of rEmUCE-stimulated ChSP-DCs revealed that the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ was increased whereas IL-10 and TGF-β were unchanged. Likewise, the co-incubation of ChSP-DCs with T-cells indicated increased production of IFN-γ but not IL-4. Collectively, rEmUCE could polarize DCs to immunogenic phenotype and shift the immune cells towards Th1 response. Our observations provide valuable insight for future research aimed at vaccine development against avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Liu L, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhao H, Li F. Dietary addition of garlic straw improved the intestinal barrier in rabbits1. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4248-4255. [PMID: 31433053 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weanling rabbits frequently exhibit diarrhea or flatulence. Our experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of garlic straw on the performance and intestinal barrier of rabbits. Hyla rabbits (60 d, n = 160) with similar body weight were divided into 4 groups (4 replicates per group and 10 rabbits per replicate): fed a basal diet (control) or fed an experimental diet with 5%, 10%, or 15% garlic straw powder supplement. The results showed that the dietary addition of garlic straw increased significantly the average daily gain and average daily feed intake. Compared with the control, dietary addition of 10% and 15% garlic straw decreased significantly the death rate of rabbit. Rabbits in 10% garlic straw group had a higher secretory immunoglobulins A and immunoglobulins G concentration in jejunum and ileum than control while lower tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) concentration in jejunum. Compared with the control, dietary addition of 10% garlic straw increased significantly genes expression of zonula occluden protein 2 (ZO2) in jejunum and ileum and mucin4 in ileum while did not alter the genes expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2), JAM3, ZO1, occluding, claudin1, mucin1, mucin6, and toll-like receptor 4 in jejunum and ileum and mucin4 in jejunum. In conclusion, dietary supplement of garlic straw modulates immune responses and enhances intestinal barrier, meanwhile inhibits the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokine of TNFα. Besides, our experiment offers positive evidence in improving rabbit health of garlic instead of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yongxu Liu
- Qingdao Kangda Food Co., LTD., Changjiang West Road, Huangdao, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Qingdao Kangda Food Co., LTD., Changjiang West Road, Huangdao, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fuchang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, P. R. China
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Nawab A, An L, Wu J, Li G, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Xiao M. Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:284-306. [PMID: 31662000 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1659258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major challenge for the poultry industry that causes widespread production losses. Thus, management and control of poultry health and diseases are essential for the viability of the industry. Toll-like receptors are best characterized as membrane-bound receptors that perform a central role in immune homeostasis and disease resistance by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In response to pathogen recognition, TLRs initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses which may help to develop immunomodulatory therapeutics for TLR associated diseases. Vaccination produces specific immunity in the animal's body towards pathogens. However, due to certain disadvantages of vaccines, (inactivation of attenuated pathogens into the virulent strains and weak immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines) there is a crucial need to develop the safe and effective therapeutic intervention. TLR ligands have been classified as a potential adjuvant against the infectious diseases in farm animals. TLR adjuvants induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in chickens to combat several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the chicken TLR4 and their role in immune responses and disease resistance to develop disease resistance poultry breeds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Nawab
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimin Wu
- Mechanical and Power Engineering College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Kannaki TR, Priyanka E, Reddy MR. Co-administration of toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and 4 ligands augments immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in chicken. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:225-230. [PMID: 31446518 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate first line of host defence to pathogens. TLR agonists are potent immunostimulatory agents that help to prime a robust adaptive immune response. In the present study, adjuvant potential of Poly I:C and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Cornish chickens were immunized with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine (R2B-mesogenic strain) adjuvanted either with Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist) or LPS-TLR4 agonist and both. Humoral Immune response to ND vaccine was evaluated through haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and ELISA, while the cellular immune response (CMI) was quantified by lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). IL-1β cytokine mRNA levels in spleen tissue were also quantified by real time PCR. The results suggest that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists are an efficient immune-stimulators separately, as LPS co-administered group has shown significantly higher serum titre on second week post-immunization and Poly I:C group on third week post-immunization both by HI and ELISA (P < 0.01), however, the combined administration of both LPS and Poly I:C did not give any complementary effect on serum titre. There were no significant differences in stimulation indices (SI) and IL-1β cytokine levels between groups at different intervals post-immunization. Hence, TLR agonists LPS followed by Poly I:C could be used as adjuvant to enhance the immune response to NDV vaccine in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannaki
- Avian Health Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India.
| | - E Priyanka
- Avian Health Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India
| | - M R Reddy
- Avian Health Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India
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Ebrahimi MM, Shahsavandi S, Shayan P. TIR-TLR7 as a Molecular Adjuvant: Simultaneous Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Against Inactivated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:252-257. [PMID: 31107184 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the robust induction of humoral immune responses, a limitation of many adjuvants is their weak stimulation of cellular immunity. The development of synthetic gene-encoding adjuvants for simultaneous induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses is under study. In this study, we examined the impact of toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) as molecular adjuvants on potency of inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines. A total of 60 specific pathogen-free week-old chicks were randomized grouped to receive either TIR-TLR7-adjuvanted IBD-inactivated vaccine or inactivated IBD antigen along with an unvaccinated control. Serum antibody titers were measured to estimate the humoral immunity, as well as lymphocyte proliferation activity for cellular immune responses. The protection was estimated after challenge with a very virulent IBD virus (IBDV) strain at 4 weeks postvaccination. The results indicated that one dose of IBD/TIR-TLR7 vaccine induced specific antibody responses, whereas a lower response after administration of inactivated IBD antigen was observed. The stimulation of splenocytes results indicated that the TIR-TLR7 adjuvanted IBD vaccine is capable of modulating cell-mediated immune response in treated chickens. A full protection against IBDV infection was achieved by injection of one dose IBD/TIR-TLR7 vaccine in the challenge trial. This study demonstrated that codelivery of TIR-TLR7 with inactivated IBD antigen resulted in simultaneous enhancing immune responses against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Majid Ebrahimi
- 1Poultry Research and Viral Vaccines Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.,2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Shahsavandi
- 1Poultry Research and Viral Vaccines Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parviz Shayan
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Aalaei M, Khatibjoo A, Zaghari M, Taherpou K, Akbari-Gharaei M, Soltani M. Effect of single- and multi-strain probiotics on broiler breeder performance, immunity and intestinal toll-like receptors expression. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1618311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aalaei
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Khatibjoo
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zaghari
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, University of Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mahdi Soltani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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The Postembryonic Development of the Immunological Barrier in the Chicken Spleens. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:6279360. [PMID: 31192265 PMCID: PMC6525938 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6279360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian immune system improves with the development of the lymphoid organs. The chickens' spleen serves as the largest peripheral lymphoid organ, but little immunological research has been conducted on that spleen during postembryonic development. We investigated the blood-spleen barrier (BSB) by developing morphological architecture, resistance to the corpuscular antigen, immunocyte distribution, gene expression levels of TLR2/4 and cytokines in the spleens of hatched chickens of differing ages. Results demonstrated that the resistance of exogenous carbon particles of the BSB improved with the morphological and structural development of the chicken spleens. The cuboidal endothelial cells which lined the sheathed capillaries were gradually visible, and the discontinuous basement membrane was thickened during postembryonic development. There was an increased number of T and B cells and antigen-presenting cells in the chicken spleen between hatching and adulthood. The mRNA expression levels of TLR2/4, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were higher two weeks after hatching, but these decreased and remain stable between 21 and 60 days. As the age increased, the BSB developed structurally and functionally. Our findings provide a better understanding of splenic immune function and the pathogenesis of avian immunology in infectious diseases.
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Adhikari P, Lee CH, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Kim WK. Effect of probiotics on fecal excretion, colonization in internal organs and immune gene expression in the ileum of laying hens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1235-1242. [PMID: 30265331 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of probiotics on Salmonella colonization in the ceca and various internal organs as well as immune response in laying hens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Thirty-two 46-wk-old White Leghorns (W-36) were housed individually in wired laying cages under 16L:8D lighting schedule. Hens were challenged individually with nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SENAR) after which time they were grouped into four treatments: T1 = SENAR unchallenged control, T2 = SENAR challenged control, T3 = SENAR challenged + 0.05% probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum), and T4 = SENAR challenged + 0.1% probiotics. All hens, including T1, were euthanized and sampled for the liver with gall bladder (L/GB), ileum, ovary, spleen, and ceca on 7-days post-infection (dpi). Fecal screening was performed on individual hens at both 3 and 6 dpi. No difference was detected between the treatments in cecal SENAR enumeration, and the mean log 10 cfu/gm of SENAR in the ceca was 3.7 for all three treatments. The prevalence of SENAR was lowest for ovary in all treatments and was highest in the spleen. However, there were no significant differences among the treatments in the internal organs. There was no significant difference in the fecal shedding among the treatments on either 3 or 6 dpi, with incidence of positive feces higher at 3 dpi compared to 6 dpi (100 vs. 70% to 80%). SENAR challenge resulted in significant upregulation (P < 0.05) of interleukin (IL)-1β, 6, 10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 mRNA expression. Highest level of probiotics resulted in a significant decrease in IFN-γ and elevation of IL-6 and IL-10 gene expression in the ileum. However, IL-1B and TLR-4 gene expression were not different from the SENAR challenge control. This study reveals that there was important regulation of immune genes by probiotics supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - C H Lee
- Genebiotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D E Cosby
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States of America
| | - N A Cox
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States of America
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
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Panova IG, Nizyaeva NV, Sinitsyna VA, Poltavtseva RA, Sukhikh GT. Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Early Prenatal Development of the Human Retina. Russ J Dev Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Walugembe M, Bertolini F, Dematawewa CMB, Reis MP, Elbeltagy AR, Schmidt CJ, Lamont SJ, Rothschild MF. Detection of Selection Signatures Among Brazilian, Sri Lankan, and Egyptian Chicken Populations Under Different Environmental Conditions. Front Genet 2019; 9:737. [PMID: 30693019 PMCID: PMC6339939 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions are a major challenge in livestock production. Changes in climate, particularly those that contribute to weather extremes like drought or excessive humidity, may result in reduced performance and reproduction and could compromise the animal's immune function. Animal survival within extreme environmental conditions could be in response to natural selection and to artificial selection for production traits that over time together may leave selection signatures in the genome. The aim of this study was to identify selection signatures that may be involved in the adaptation of indigenous chickens from two different climatic regions (Sri Lanka = Tropical; Egypt = Arid) and in non-indigenous chickens that derived from human migration events to the generally tropical State of São Paulo, Brazil. To do so, analyses were conducted using fixation index (Fst) and hapFLK analyses. Chickens from Brazil (n = 156), Sri Lanka (n = 92), and Egypt (n = 96) were genotyped using the Affymetrix Axiom®600k Chicken Genotyping Array. Pairwise Fst analyses among countries did not detect major regions of divergence between chickens from Sri Lanka and Brazil, with ecotypes/breeds from Brazil appearing to be genetically related to Asian-Indian (Sri Lanka) ecotypes. However, several differences were detected in comparisons of Egyptian with either Sri Lankan or Brazilian populations, and common regions of difference on chromosomes 2, 3 and 8 were detected. The hapFLK analyses for the three separate countries suggested unique regions that are potentially under selection on chromosome 1 for all three countries, on chromosome 4 for Sri Lankan, and on chromosomes 3, 5, and 11 for the Egyptian populations. Some of identified regions under selection with hapFLK analyses contained genes such as TLR3, SOCS2, EOMES, and NFAT5 whose biological functions could provide insights in understanding adaptation mechanisms in response to arid and tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Matheus P Reis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ahmed R Elbeltagy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Production Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Max F Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Induction profiles of mRNA of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:200-205. [PMID: 29476788 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the induction of TLRs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was studied. Four groups (1-4) of chickens inoculated with 106 EID50 of H9N2 virus were challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post H9N2 inoculation, respectively. In groups (1-4) TLRs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken PBMCs on day 3 post H5N1 challenge. In H5N1 control group TLRs (1, 2, 5 and 7) cytokines (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL8 and TGF β3) were down regulated. In group 1 down regulation of cytokines and TLRs was similar to H5N1 control birds. Down regulation of TLRs and cytokines in H5N1 control and group 1 resulted death of all the chickens. In group 2, up-regulation of TLRs (3, 7 and 15) and induction of TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ aided virus clearance leading to survival of all the chickens. In group 3 significant up-regulation of TLRs (3, 4 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TGF β3) was detected. In group 4 significant up-regulation of TLRs (2, 3, 7 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8 and IL10) was detected. In groups 3 and 4 simultaneous and significant induction of pro-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokine resulted cytokine dysregulation leading to death of (2/6) and (3/6) chickens respectively. Hence, the study revealed TLRs and cytokines role in modulating the H5N1 infection outcome in chickens pre-exposed to H9N2 virus.
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Ebrahimi MM, Shahsavandi S, Shayan P, Goudarzi H, Masoudi S. Recombinant VP2 expressed in baculovirus and adjuvanted with TIR-TLR7: a vaccine candidate against infectious bursal disease virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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36
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Sheoran N, Kumar R, Kumar A, Batra K, Sihag S, Maan S, Maan NS. Nutrigenomic evaluation of garlic ( Allium sativum) and holy basil ( Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on growth performance and immune characteristics in broilers. Vet World 2017; 10:121-129. [PMID: 28246456 PMCID: PMC5301171 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.121-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, a planned research work was conducted to investigate the nutrigenomic aspects of supplementation of Allium sativum (garlic) and Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) leaf powder on the growth performance and immune characteristics of broilers. Materials and Methods: A 6 weeks feeding trial was conducted with 280-day-old Ven Cobb broilers, distributed randomly into seven experimental groups. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated as per BIS standards. The broilers of treatment groups T2 and T3 were fed basal diet supplemented with the commercially available garlic powder (GP) at levels of 0.5% and 1.0% of the feed, respectively, while broilers in T4 and T5 were fed basal diet supplemented with commercial grade holy basil leaf powder (HBLP) at levels 0.5% and 1.0% of the feed, respectively. Birds in the T6 were fed with 0.5% GP and 0.5% HBLP, whereas T7 was fed with 1.0% GP and 1.0% HBLP. At the end of the feeding trial (6th week), blood samples were collected and analyzed for relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The mean body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were improved (p<0.05) in broilers fed the GP and HBLP incorporated diets compared with the control group. The relative mRNA expression levels of TLR 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 in the peripheral blood of the broilers were found to be increased (p<0.05) in the birds supplemented with graded levels of the GP and HBLP as compared to the untreated group. Conclusion: The present work concludes that the inclusion of GP and HBLP could enhance the production performance and immune status of birds by augmenting the T-cell mediated immune response and thereby protects them from disease without decreasing growth traits as a possible substitution to conventional antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sheoran
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - K Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - S Sihag
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - S Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - N S Maan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
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Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Mishra N, Sood R, Kumar M, SenthilKumar D, Bhat S, Dass Prakash M. Elevated level of pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in chicken bone marrow and monocyte derived dendritic cells following LPS induced maturation. Cytokine 2016; 85:140-7. [PMID: 27344111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to characterize and compare chicken bone marrow and peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells (chBM-DC and chMoDC) and to evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine alterations in response upon LPS stimulation. Typical morphology was observed in DCs from 48h of culture using recombinant chicken GM-CSF and IL-4. Maturation of DCs with LPS (1μg/ml) showed significant up regulation of mRNA of surface markers (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-II and DC-LAMP (CD208)), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (LITAF)), iNOS, chemokine CXCli2 and TLRs4 and 15. Basal level of TLR1 mRNA expression was higher followed by TLR15 in both DCs irrespective of their origin. Expression of iNOS and CXCLi2 mRNA in mature DCs of both origins were higher than other surface molecules and cytokines studied. Hence, its level of expression can also be used as an additional maturation marker for LPS induced chicken dendritic cell maturation along with CD83 and CD40. LPS matured DCs of both origins upregulated IL-12 and IFN-γ. Based on CD40 and CD83 mRNA expression, it was observed that LPS induced the maturation in both DCs, but chMoDCs responded better in expression of surface markers and inflammatory mediator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - D SenthilKumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Sushant Bhat
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - M Dass Prakash
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
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Zhang L, Lu L, Li S, Zhang G, Ouyang L, Robinson K, Tang Y, Zhu Q, Li D, Hu Y, Liu Y. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 Induces Avian β-Defensin Gene Expression in Chickens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154546. [PMID: 27135828 PMCID: PMC4852925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) play a critical role in innate immunity. Specific modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis by dietary compounds has been regarded as a novel approach to boost immunity and disease resistance in animal production. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) is well known as a powerful HDP inducer in humans, but limited information about the effect of 1,25D3 on HDPs in poultry is available. Here, we sought to examine whether 1,25D3 could stimulate avian β-defensin (AvBD) expression in chickens. We used chicken embryo intestinal epithelial cells (CEIEPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to study the effect of 1,25D3 on the expression of AvBDs. We observed that 1,25D3 is able to up-regulate the expression of several AvBDs in CEIEPCs and PBMCs, whereas it increased the amounts of AvBD4 mRNA in CEIEPCs only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the other hand, LPS treatment not only inhibited the expression of CYP24A1 but also altered the expression pattern of VDR in CEIEPCs. Furthermore, AvBDs were not directly regulated by 1,25D3, as cycloheximide completely blocked 1,25D3-induced expression of AvBDs. Our observations suggest that 1,25D3 is capable of inducing AvBD gene expression and is a potential antibiotic alternative through augmentation of host innate immunity as well as disease control in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Siming Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States of America
| | - Linghua Ouyang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States of America
| | - Yanqiang Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yaodong Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
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Eren U, Kum S, Nazligul A, Gules O, Aka E, Zorlu S, Yildiz M. The several elements of intestinal innate immune system at the beginning of the life of broiler chicks. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:604-14. [PMID: 27115541 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional capacity of digestive system and intestinal adaptive immunity are immature at hatching of broiler chicks. Therefore, intestinal innate immunity after hatching is vital to young chicks. The purpose of this study was to investigate expression and tissue distributions of several elements of the innate immune system (i.e., TLR2, TLR4, CD83, and MHC class II expressing cells) in the intestine of one-day-old chicks. For this purpose, ileum and cecum were examined the under different conditions, which included the control and 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phosphate buffered saline. The findings indicated that regardless of the antigenic stimulation, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expressing cells were present in the intestinal tissues of one-day-old chicks. We noticed that the intestinal segments have different TLR expression levels after LPS stimulation. Dendritic cells were identified, and they left the intestinal tissue after LPS treatment. MHC class II molecules were diffusely present in both the ileum and cecum. This study demonstrates that the intestinal tissue of one-day-old chicks has remarkable defensive material, including histological properties and several elements of the innate immune system. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:604-614, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Eren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - S Kum
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - A Nazligul
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - O Gules
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - E Aka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Enstitute of Health Sciences, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - S Zorlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Enstitute of Health Sciences, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - M Yildiz
- Gynecology-Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Aydin, Turkey
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40
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Cox CM, Dalloul RA. Immunomodulatory role of probiotics in poultry and potential in ovo application. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:45-52. [PMID: 25213028 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increasing debate regarding the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics in animal feed. This stems from worries that this practice may result in microbial resistance to human antibiotics employed in treating infections, thus causing a human health concern. Due to this tension, the poultry industry is under mounting pressure to reduce the use of these agents as feed additives and alternative control methods have taken the forefront in the research community. Investigators are searching for the latest alternative that will protect flocks from disease, while not hindering performance or negatively impacting profit margins. Probiotic supplementation is one option currently being explored as a means of improving performance and reducing the amount and severity of enteric diseases in poultry, and subsequent contamination of poultry products for human consumption. Probiotics are live, nonpathogenic microorganisms known to have a positive effect on the host by beneficially modifying gut microbiota and modulating the immune system. This review will discuss the role of probiotics in poultry, including their effects on performance, immune response and host defence against disease. Also addressed will be the recent applications of supplementing probiotics in ovo as an innovative means to administer such additives to promote early colonisation of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cox
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 3170 Litton-Reaves Hall, VA 24061, USA
| | - R A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 3170 Litton-Reaves Hall, VA 24061, USA
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41
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Boucher CE, Theron CW, Hitzeroth AC, Bragg RR. Regulation of chicken immunity-related genes and host response profiles against Avibacterium paragallinarum pathogen challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:70-4. [PMID: 26117375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious coryza (IC) is a well-recognised and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. The aim of this study was to monitor aspects of the immune response of chickens infected with Avibacterium paragallinarum. Gene expression profiling of 30 genes was carried out for 11 chicken nasal area samples belonging to four groups, including one non-infected control group. For this purpose, 30 biomarker transcripts were selected for comparative gene expression analysis and were analysed by real-time PCR using TaqMan(®) assays. The biomarkers included three reference genes. The reference genes were used to normalise the results in a relative quantification approach. The gene expression changes of the 27 biomarker transcripts (genes of interest) were quantified between all treated groups in six pair-wise comparisons. It was concluded from the data that immune response initiation is via TLR4, which leads to a Th2 dominant type response. Furthermore, TLR4 results in signalling via the MyD88-dependent pathway, resulting in early onset of NF-kβ leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines. This work provides an informative outlay of immune response initiation upon infection with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Boucher
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Chrispian W Theron
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Arina C Hitzeroth
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Robert R Bragg
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Kannaki TR, Reddy MR, Verma PC, Shanmugam M. Differential Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) mRNA Expression Patterns during Chicken Embryological Development. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 26:130-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.939658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ramasamy KT, Verma P, Reddy MR. Toll-like receptors gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract of Salmonella serovar Pullorum-infected broiler chicken. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:356-64. [PMID: 24706267 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum causes substantial mortality in chicks as well as results in persistent infection and vertical transmission in layer birds. An effective innate immune response in the early stages of infection could reduce bacterial colonization and mortality in chicks and persistency of infection in later stages. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), important components of innate immune response, plays a pivotal role in early recognition of pathogen as well as in the initiation of robust and specific adaptive immune response. In the present study, we quantified the expression levels of chicken TLRs (1LA, 1LB, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, and 21) mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR in the gastrointestinal (GI) tissues (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum) of 3-day-old broiler chicks after 24 h of oral infection with S. enterica serovar Pullorum. We found significant upregulation of TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, TLR21) mRNA expressions in GI tract tissues after S. Pullorum infection. The exceptions were for TLR3 and TLR15 with decrease in the expression levels in the jejunum after infection. TLR4 gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in the duodenum and ileum of infected chicks. Gene expression for some of the TLRs (TLR1LA, ILB, 2B, and TLR5) remained unchanged after infection with S. Pullorum in all the GI tissues studied. Most substantial change in gene expression was found for TLR21, being significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in all the tissues investigated. The differential expression levels of TLRs shed light on tailored innate immune response induced by S. Pullorum during the early stages of infection in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaki T Ramasamy
- Immunology section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India,
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Induction of innate immune response following infectious bronchitis corona virus infection in the respiratory tract of chickens. Virology 2013; 450-451:114-21. [PMID: 24503073 PMCID: PMC7111962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) replicates in the epithelial cells of trachea and lungs of chicken, however the mechanism of generation of innate immune response against IBV infection in these tissues has not been fully characterized. Our objective was to study innate responses induced early following IBV infection in chickens. Initiation of the transcription of selected innate immune genes such as TLR3, TLR7, MyD88, IL-1β and IFN-β, as well as recruitment of macrophages, were evident following an initial down regulation of some of the observed genes (TLR3, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in trachea and lung. This initial down-regulation followed by the induction of innate immune response to IBV infection appears to be inadequate for the control of IBV genome accumulation and consequent histopathological changes in these tissues. Potential induction of innate immunity before infection occurs may be necessary to reduce the consequences since vaccine induced immunity is slow to develop. Innate immune response against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) studied. IBV induces toll-like receptor mRNA in lungs and trachea. IBV induces pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokine mRNA expression. IBV increases macrophages in respiratory tissues.
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Gautham K, Ramamurthy N, Churchil RR, Kannaki TR. Differential expression of duck Toll-like receptor 7 (dTLR7) in various organs of indigenous ducks. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.931-935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Liang J, Fu J, Kang H, Lin J, Yu Q, Yang Q. The stimulatory effect of TLRs ligands on maturation of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:205-10. [PMID: 23876303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands combine with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on the DC surface and induce DC maturation. The potential effect of three types of TLR ligands (Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) on chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBM-DCs) maturation was studied. The chBM-DCs cultured in presence of recombinant chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 displayed the typical morphology of DCs after 7 days of culture. These immature chBM-DCs up-regulated the expression of MHC-II and of the putative CD11c, but had yet low to moderate levels of the CD40 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. After stimulation by the TLR ligands, the chBM-DCs displayed a more mature morphologic phenotype, significantly increased the CD40 and CD86 cell surface expression levels and gained the ability to stimulate proliferation of naive T cells in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, compared to the immature chBM-DCs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that all three TLR ligands were strong stimuli for driving chBM-DCs maturation in vitro, with B. subtilis spores being the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Bai S, Wu A, Ding X, Lei Y, Bai J, Zhang K, Chio J. Effects of probiotic-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:663-70. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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48
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Yitbarek A, Echeverry H, Brady J, Hernandez-Doria J, Camelo-Jaimes G, Sharif S, Guenter W, House J, Rodriguez-Lecompte J. Innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1105-12. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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