1
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Knoop J, Hammed V, Yoder LD, Maselugbo AO, Sadiku BL, Alston JR. Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Lanthanide-Containing Paramagnetic Ionic Liquids: An Evan's NMR Study. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2023; 1:2831-2846. [PMID: 38031539 PMCID: PMC10683756 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of lanthanide-containing paramagnetic ionic liquids (ILs), [CnC1Im]3[MCl3X3] (n = 4, 6, and 8; M = Gd, Dy, and Ho; X = Br and Cl), derived from 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium anions. These paramagnetic ILs exhibit low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, physiochemical stability, and tunability, along with significant magnetic susceptibility, making them of interest in advanced material applications that may take advantage of neat liquids with magnetic susceptibility. Structural and physical properties were determined using FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC, and TGA. The room temperature density and viscosity of the iron paramagnetic ILs were also reported. Accompanying this report of paramagnetic IL products, we reintroduce and highlight Evan's NMR technique, an accessible magnetic susceptibility measurement technique that can utilize any available proton NMR to characterize the magnetic susceptibility of ILs. This work demonstrates the robustness of Evan's technique by demonstrating the ability to account for the IL water content, a common issue for hygroscopic materials, during the measurement of magnetic susceptibility. A detailed comparison of the ILs is presented, with dysprosium- and holmium-containing paramagnetic ILs exhibiting the highest magnetic susceptibility reported for mononuclear ILs reported to date. These materials have been studied with an eye on applications for mass transfer, eventually seeking to optimize magnetic susceptibility and viscosity using magnetic field gradients to move paramagnetic ILs carrying solute or heat. The study of paramagnetic ILs is important not only for understanding the magnetic properties of these materials but also for potential applications in areas such as magnetic resonance imaging, biomedicine, environmental remediation, and mass transfer. These unique materials have the potential to bring about new advances and technologies in the fields of materials science and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Hammed
- Department of Nanoengineering,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Liberty D. Yoder
- Department of Nanoengineering,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Adesewa O. Maselugbo
- Department of Nanoengineering,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Bolaji L. Sadiku
- Department of Nanoengineering,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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2
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Abbasi N, De Silva S, Biswas A, Anderson JL. Ultra-Low Viscosity and High Magnetic Susceptibility Magnetic Ionic Liquids Featuring Functionalized Diglycolic Acid Ester Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Chelates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27751-27760. [PMID: 37546640 PMCID: PMC10399152 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) comprise a subcategory of ionic liquids (ILs) and contain a paramagnetic metal center allowing them to be readily manipulated by an external magnetic field. While MILs are popularly employed as solvents in catalysis, separations, and organic synthesis, most low viscosity combinations possess a hydrophilic character that limits their use in aqueous matrices. To date, no study has reported the synthesis and characterization of hydrophobic MILs with viscosities similar to those of hydrophilic MILs and organic solvents while simultaneously exhibiting enhanced magnetic and thermal properties. In this study, diglycolic acid esters are employed as ligands to chelate with paramagnetic metals to produce cations that are paired with metal chelates composed of hexafluoroacetylacetonate ligands to form MILs incorporating multiple metal centers in the cation and anion. Viscosity values below 31.6 cP were obtained for these solvents, the lowest ever reported for hydrophobic MILs. Solubilities in nonpolar solvents such as benzene were observed to be as high as 50% (w/v) MIL-to-solvent ratio while being insoluble in water at concentrations as low as 0.01% (w/v). Effective paramagnetic moment values for these solvents ranged from 5.33 to 15.56 Bohr magnetons (μB), with mixed metal MILs containing multiple lanthanides in the anion generally offering higher magnetic susceptibilities. MILs composed of ligands containing octyl substituents were found to possess thermal stabilities up to 190 °C. The synthetic strategies explored in this study exploit the highly tunable nature of the employed cation and anion pairs to design versatile ultra-low viscosity magnetoactive solvents that possess tremendous potential and applicability in liquid-liquid separation systems, catalysis, and microfluidics where the mechanical movement of the solvent can be easily facilitated using electromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashini De Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Anis Biswas
- Ames
National Laboratory—USDOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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3
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Xia L, Liu R, Liu J, Zhu X, Ding A, Cao Q. Radial Magnetic Levitation and Its Application to Density Measurement, Separation, and Detection of Microplastics. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37216472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development of radial magnetic levitation (MagLev) using two radially magnetized ring magnets to solve the problem of limited operational spaces in standard MagLev and the major shortcoming of a short working distance in axial MagLev. Interestingly and importantly, we demonstrate that for the same magnet size, this new configuration of MagLev doubles the working distance over the axial MagLev without significantly sacrificing the density measurement range, whether for linear or nonlinear analysis. Meanwhile, we develop a magnetic assembly method to fabricate the magnets for the radial MagLev, where multiple magnetic tiles with single-direction magnetization are used as assembly elements. On this basis, we experimentally demonstrate that the radial MagLev has good applicability in density-based measurement, separation, and detection and show its advantages in improving separation performance compared with the axial MagLev. The open structure of two-ring magnets and good levitation characteristics make the radial MagLev have great application potential, and the performance improvement brought by adjusting the magnetization direction of magnets provides a new perspective for the magnet design in the field of MagLev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Xia
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jialuo Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Anzi Ding
- Wuhan Electric Power Technical College, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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4
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Ren X, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Magnetism-Assisted Density Gradient Separation of Microplastics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17947-17955. [PMID: 36469617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A versatile method for the efficient separation of different types of microplastics from particle mixtures is presented. Magnetism-assisted density gradient separation (Mag-DG-Sep) relies on a bespoke separation cell connected to a gradient pump and located between two like-pole-facing neodymium magnets. In Mag-DG-Sep, particle mixtures initially sunk in water are subjected to a gradient of increasing concentration of MnCl2, enabling the sequential suspension and collection of particles with different densities. The suspension process is assisted by the paramagnetism of the MnCl2 solution placed between the two magnets, which contributes to focusing the ascending particles from the bottom of the separation cell to the outlet, thus enhancing the resolution of the separation process. To demonstrate the concept, a mixture of polyethylene (PE) polymer particles with a similar size range (180-212 μm) but different densities (ca. 0.98, 1.025, 1.08, and 1.35 g cm-3) was selectively separated in a single Mag-DG-Sep run. These particles were also efficiently separated when mixed with other types of particles, such as glass or soil. A generic linear MnCl2 gradient can be directly applied for sample screening covering a broad range of densities (0.98-2.20 g cm-3), while steps can be introduced in the gradient, increasing the separation resolution of particles with close densities (1.025-1.08 g cm-3). As a proof-of-concept application, Mag-DG-Sep facilitated sample preparation of microplastics present in a soil sample prior to their examination by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ren
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
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5
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Crespy D. Advanced density-based methods for the characterization of materials, binding events, and kinetics. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8612-8651. [PMID: 36172819 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00232e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the densities of chemicals and materials bring valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of matter and processes. Recently, advanced density-based methods have been developed with wide measurement ranges (i.e. 0-23 g cm-3), high resolutions (i.e. 10-6 g cm-3), compatibility with different types of samples and the requirement of extremely low volumes of sample (as low as a single cell). Certain methods, such as magnetic levitation, are inexpensive, portable and user-friendly. Advanced density-based methods are, therefore, beneficially used to obtain absolute density values, composition of mixtures, characteristics of binding events, and kinetics of chemical and biological processes. Herein, the principles and applications of magnetic levitation, acoustic levitation, electrodynamic balance, aqueous multiphase systems, and suspended microchannel resonators for materials science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
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6
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Qamar Farooq M, Tryon-Tasson N, Biswas A, Anderson JL. Preparation of ternary hydrophobic magnetic deep eutectic solvents and an investigation into their physicochemical properties. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Langtry AE, Thompson KB, Redeker ND, Quintana AS, Bui DL, Greeson KT, Cena N, Marcischak JC, M. J. Moore L, Ghiassi KB. Fluorinated phosphonium salts and ionic liquids prepared via thiol-ene click chemistry: a physical and thermal property study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Mujtaba Abbasi N, Zeger VR, Biswas A, Anderson JL. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic ionic liquids containing multiple paramagnetic lanthanide and transition metal centers and functionalized diglycolamide ligands. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ren X, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Biphasic Magnetic Levitation to Detect Organic Pollutants on Microplastics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9033-9039. [PMID: 35579259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics have the potential to adsorb organic pollutants due to their lipophilic nature. Evaluating the distribution of multiple organic pollutants in different types of microplastics coexisting in a sample is a strenuous and challenging analytical task. Here, we report position-dependent microplastic trapping in a biphasic medium comprising a paramagnetic aqueous donor phase containing the mixed microplastics and a diamagnetic organic acceptor phase. Depending on the relative height of the sample container positioned in a magnetic field, the selective density-dependent trapping of microplastics is achieved. Concurrently, the organic pollutants adsorbed on the microplastics are desorbed in the organic acceptor phase, which is easily solidified, separated, and transferred for organic pollutant determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. This facilitates analytical studies involving multiple organic pollutants distributed in solid heterogeneous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ren
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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10
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Zeptomole detection of DNA based on microparticle dissociation from a glass plate in a combined acoustic-gravitational field. Talanta 2022; 238:123042. [PMID: 34801899 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel detection principle based on the dissociation of microparticles immobilized on a glass plate through weak hybridization involving 4-6 base pairs (bps) in a combined acoustic-gravitational field. Particle dissociation from the glass plate occurs when the resultant of the acoustic radiation force (Fac) and the sedimentation force (Fsed) exerted on the particle exceeds the binding force owing to the weak hybridization (Fbind). Because Fac and Fsed can be controlled by the microparticle density, and Fac is a function of the applied voltage to the transducer (V), an increase in V induces particle dissociation. The binding of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto silica microparticles (SPs) resulting from the strong hybridization of 20 bps induces an increase in the density of SPs, leading to an increase in Fac and Fsed; consequently, the voltage V required for dissociation becomes lower than that required without AuNP binding. We demonstrate that the dependence of the binding number of AuNPs per SP on V follows the theoretical prediction. The binding of 7500 AuNPs per SP can be detected as a 10 V change in V. The present approach allows the detection of 2000 DNA molecules involved in the strong hybridization between AuNPs and SP.
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11
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Dabbagh SR, Alseed MM, Saadat M, Sitti M, Tasoglu S. Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Levitation. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
| | - M. Munzer Alseed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey 34684
| | - Milad Saadat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- School of Medicine Koç University Istanbul 34450 Turkey
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey 34684
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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12
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Libring S, Enríquez Á, Lee H, Solorio L. In Vitro Magnetic Techniques for Investigating Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4440. [PMID: 34503250 PMCID: PMC8430481 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, there are currently around 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths yearly. Although cancer diagnosis and treatment has improved greatly in the past several decades, a complete understanding of the complex interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment during primary tumor growth and metastatic expansion is still lacking. Several aspects of the metastatic cascade require in vitro investigation. This is because in vitro work allows for a reduced number of variables and an ability to gather real-time data of cell responses to precise stimuli, decoupling the complex environment surrounding in vivo experimentation. Breakthroughs in our understanding of cancer biology and mechanics through in vitro assays can lead to better-designed ex vivo precision medicine platforms and clinical therapeutics. Multiple techniques have been developed to imitate cancer cells in their primary or metastatic environments, such as spheroids in suspension, microfluidic systems, 3D bioprinting, and hydrogel embedding. Recently, magnetic-based in vitro platforms have been developed to improve the reproducibility of the cell geometries created, precisely move magnetized cell aggregates or fabricated scaffolding, and incorporate static or dynamic loading into the cell or its culture environment. Here, we will review the latest magnetic techniques utilized in these in vitro environments to improve our understanding of cancer cell interactions throughout the various stages of the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Libring
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.L.); (Á.E.)
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ángel Enríquez
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.L.); (Á.E.)
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.L.); (Á.E.)
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.L.); (Á.E.)
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Miyagawa A, Okada T. Particle Manipulation with External Field; From Recent Advancement to Perspectives. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:69-78. [PMID: 32921654 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces, such as dielectric, magnetic, electric, optical, and acoustic force, provide useful principles for the manipulation of particles, which are impossible or difficult with other approaches. Microparticles, including polymer particles, liquid droplets, and biological cells, can be trapped at a particular position and are also transported to arbitrary locations in an appropriate external physical field. Since the force can be externally controlled by the field strength, we can evaluate physicochemical properties of particles from the shift of the particle location. Most of the manipulation studies are conducted for particles of sub-micrometer or larger dimensions, because the force exerted on nanomaterials or molecules is so weak that their direct manipulation is generally difficult. However, the behavior, interactions, and reactions of such small substances can be indirectly evaluated by observing microparticles, on which the targets are tethered, in a physical field. We review the recent advancements in the manipulation of particles using a physical force and discuss its potentials, advantages, and limitations from fundamental and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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14
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Abdelaziz MA, Mansour FR, Danielson ND. A gadolinium-based magnetic ionic liquid for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:205-214. [PMID: 33095289 PMCID: PMC7581952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophobic gadolinium-based magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) was investigated for the first time as an extraction solvent in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME). The tested MIL was composed of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cations and paramagnetic gadolinium chloride anions. The prepared MIL showed low water miscibility, reasonable viscosity, markedly high magnetic susceptibility, adequate chemical stability, low UV background, and compatibility with reversed-phase HPLC solvents. These features resulted in a more efficient extraction than the corresponding iron or manganese analogues. Accordingly, the overall method sensitivity and reproducibility were improved, and the analysis time was reduced. The applicability of the proposed MIL was examined through the microextraction of four sartan antihypertensive drugs from aqueous samples followed by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 240 nm. The DLLME procedures were optimized for disperser solvent type, MIL mass, disperser solvent volume, as well as acid, base, and salt addition. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) obtained with the analysis of 1.2-mL samples after DLLME and HPLC were 80, 30, 40, and 160 ng/mL for azilsartan medoxomil, irbesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan, respectively. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9988 and RSD values were in the range of 2.48–4.07%. Under the optimized microextraction conditions and using a 5-mL sample volume, enrichment factors were raised from about 40 for all sartans using a 1.2-mL sample to 175, 176, 169, and 103 for azilsartan medoxomil, irbesartan, valsartan, and telmisartan, respectively. The relative extraction recoveries for the studied sartans in river water varied from 82.5 to 101.48% at a spiked concentration of 0.5 μg/mL for telmisartan and irbesartan and 1 μg/mL for azilsartan medoxomil and valsartan. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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15
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetic Levitation in Chemistry, Materials Science, and Biochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17810-17855. [PMID: 31165560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All matter has density. The recorded uses of density to characterize matter date back to as early as ca. 250 BC, when Archimedes was believed to have solved "The Puzzle of The King's Crown" using density.[1] Today, measurements of density are used to separate and characterize a range of materials (including cells and organisms), and their chemical and/or physical changes in time and space. This Review describes a density-based technique-magnetic levitation (which we call "MagLev" for simplicity)-developed and used to solve problems in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry. MagLev has two principal characteristics-simplicity, and applicability to a wide range of materials-that make it useful for a number of applications (for example, characterization of materials, quality control of manufactured plastic parts, self-assembly of objects in 3D, separation of different types of biological cells, and bioanalyses). Its simplicity and breadth of applications also enable its use in low-resource settings (for example-in economically developing regions-in evaluating water/food quality, and in diagnosing disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan W Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ashok A Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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16
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetische Levitation in Chemie, Materialwissenschaft und Biochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology Harvard University 29 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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17
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Futamura R, Takasaki Y, Otsuka H, Ozeki S, Kaneko K, Iiyama T. Configurational evidence for antiferromagnetic interaction in disordered magnetic ionic liquids by X-ray scattering-aided hybrid reverse Monte Carlo simulation. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Duranty ER, McCardle H, Reichert WM, Davis JH. Acoustic levitation and infrared thermography: a sound approach to studying droplet evaporation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4224-4227. [PMID: 32181777 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a new technique combining acoustic levitation and infrared thermography to directly monitor droplet surface temperatures. Using it, temperature profiles were recorded during the evaporation of deionized water, methanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Results support the viability of this inexpensive and easily-accessed technique for studying chemical and physical changes in droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Duranty
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, 6040 USA South Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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19
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Ozefe F, Arslan Yildiz A. Smartphone-assisted Hepatitis C detection assay based on magnetic levitation. Analyst 2020; 145:5816-5825. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01111h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes development of smartphone-assisted magnetic levitation assay for Point-of-Care (PoC) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozefe
- Department of Bioengineering
- Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH)
- Izmir
- Turkey
| | - Ahu Arslan Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering
- Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH)
- Izmir
- Turkey
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20
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Transition metal containing ionic liquid-assisted one-pot synthesis of pyrazoles at room temperature. J CHEM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-019-1659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Nguyen J, Conca DV, Stein J, Bovo L, Howard CA, Llorente Garcia I. Magnetic control of graphitic microparticles in aqueous solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2425-2434. [PMID: 30683726 PMCID: PMC6377480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817989116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphite is an inexpensive material with useful electrical, magnetic, thermal, and optical properties. It is also biocompatible and used universally as a substrate. Micrometer-sized graphitic particles in solution are therefore ideal candidates for novel lab-on-a-chip and remote manipulation applications in biomedicine, biophysics, chemistry, and condensed-matter physics. However, submerged graphite is not known to be amenable to magnetic manipulation, the optimal manipulation method for such applications. Here, we exploit the diamagnetism of graphite and demonstrate contactless magnetic positioning control of graphitic microflakes in diamagnetic aqueous solutions. We develop a theoretical model for magnetic manipulation of graphite microflakes and demonstrate experimentally magnetic transport of such particles over distances [Formula: see text] with peak velocities [Formula: see text] in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. We achieve fully biocompatible transport for lipid-coated graphite in NaCl aqueous solution, paving the way for previously undiscovered biomedical applications. Our results prove that micrometer-sized graphite can be magnetically manipulated in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Valter Conca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Stein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bovo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Innovation and Enterprise, University College London, London W1T 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Llorente Garcia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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22
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Farooq MQ, Chand D, Odugbesi GA, Varona M, Mudryk Y, Anderson JL. Investigating the effect of ligand and cation on the properties of metal fluorinated acetylacetonate based magnetic ionic liquids. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chemical structure on various physiochemical properties including thermal stability, solvent miscibility, magnetic susceptibility and viscosity is studied for acetylacetone based magnetic ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Chand
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | | | - Yaroslav Mudryk
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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23
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24
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Ge S, Whitesides GM. “Axial” Magnetic Levitation Using Ring Magnets Enables Simple Density-Based Analysis, Separation, and Manipulation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12239-12245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Greeson KT, Hall NG, Redeker ND, Marcischak JC, Gilmore LV, Boatz JA, Le TC, Alston JR, Guenthner AJ, Ghiassi KB. Synthesis and properties of symmetrical N,N′-bis(alkyl)imidazolium bromotrichloroferrate(III) paramagnetic, room temperature ionic liquids with high short-term thermal stability. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Zhang C, Zhao P, Gu F, Xie J, Xia N, He Y, Fu J. Single-Ring Magnetic Levitation Configuration for Object Manipulation and Density-Based Measurement. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9226-9233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Ge S, Wang Y, Deshler NJ, Preston DJ, Whitesides GM. High-Throughput Density Measurement Using Magnetic Levitation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7510-7518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Deshler
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J. Preston
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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28
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Cheng KL, Yuan WL, He L, Tang N, Jian HM, Zhao Y, Qin S, Tao GH. Fluorescigenic Magnetofluids Based on Gadolinium, Terbium, and Dysprosium-Containing Imidazolium Salts. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6376-6390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lun Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen-Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hong-Mei Jian
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Song Qin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guo-Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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29
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Lage-Estebanez I, Olmo LD, López R, García de la Vega JM. Molecular modeling and physicochemical properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-FeX 4 and -Fe 2 X 7 (X = Cl and Br) magnetic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Ge S, Semenov SN, Nagarkar AA, Milette J, Christodouleas DC, Yuan L, Whitesides GM. Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18688-18697. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sergey N. Semenov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Amit A. Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jonathan Milette
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dionysios C. Christodouleas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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31
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Kimani FW, Mwangi SM, Kwasa BJ, Kusow AM, Ngugi BK, Chen J, Liu X, Cademartiri R, Thuo MM. Rethinking the Design of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E317. [PMID: 30400509 PMCID: PMC6190021 DOI: 10.3390/mi8110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the global diseases burden requires effective diagnosis and treatment. In the developing world, accurate diagnosis can be the most expensive and time-consuming aspect of health care. Healthcare cost can, however, be reduced by use of affordable rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). In the developed world, low-cost RDTs are being developed in many research laboratories; however, they are not being equally adopted in the developing countries. This disconnect points to a gap in the design philosophy, where parameterization of design variables ignores the most critical component of the system, the point-of-use stakeholders (e.g., doctors, nurses and patients). Herein, we demonstrated that a general focus on reducing cost (i.e., "low-cost"), rather than efficiency and reliability is misguided by the assumption that poverty reduces the value individuals place on their well-being. A case study of clinicians in Kenya showed that "zero-cost" is a low-weight parameter for point-of-use stakeholders, while reliability and standardization are crucial. We therefore argue that a user-driven, value-addition systems-engineering approach is needed for the design of RDTs to enhance adoption and translation into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith W Kimani
- Kiambu District Hospital, Kiambu 00900, Kenya.
- School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Samuel M Mwangi
- School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Department of Sociology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Benjamin J Kwasa
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Abdi M Kusow
- Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 00100, USA.
| | - Benjamin K Ngugi
- Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, Suffolk University, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Cademartiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Martin M Thuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
- Center for Bioplastics and Biocomposites (CB2), Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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32
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Iranmanesh M, Hulliger J. Magnetic separation: its application in mining, waste purification, medicine, biochemistry and chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5925-5934. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of strong magnetic field gradients and high magnetic fields generated by permanent magnets or superconducting coils has found applications in many fields such as mining, solid state chemistry, biochemistry and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iranmanesh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - J. Hulliger
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
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33
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Mats L, Logue F, Oleschuk RD. “Particle-Free” Magnetic Actuation of Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using Dissolved Paramagnetic Salts. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9486-9494. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Mats
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader
Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Fiona Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader
Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D. Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader
Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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34
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Clark KD, Nacham O, Purslow JA, Pierson SA, Anderson JL. Magnetic ionic liquids in analytical chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Zhao W, Cheng R, Miller JR, Mao L. Label-Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3916-3932. [PMID: 28663720 PMCID: PMC5487005 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating particles and cells in magnetic liquids through so-called "negative magnetophoresis" is a new research field. It has resulted in label-free and low-cost manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems and many exciting applications. It is the goal of this review to introduce the fundamental principles of negative magnetophoresis and its recent applications in microfluidic manipulation of particles and cells. We will first discuss the theoretical background of three commonly used specificities of manipulation in magnetic liquids, which include the size, density and magnetic property of particles and cells. We will then review and compare the media used in negative magnetophoresis, which include paramagnetic salt solutions and ferrofluids. Afterwards, we will focus on reviewing existing microfluidic applications of negative magnetophoresis, including separation, focusing, trapping and concentration of particles and cells, determination of cell density, measurement of particles' magnetic susceptibility, and others. We will also examine the need for developing biocompatible magnetic liquids for live cell manipulation and analysis, and its recent progress. Finally, we will conclude this review with a brief outlook for this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Joshua R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Leidong Mao
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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36
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37
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Baday M, Calamak S, Durmus NG, Davis RW, Steinmetz LM, Demirci U. Integrating Cell Phone Imaging with Magnetic Levitation (i-LEV) for Label-Free Blood Analysis at the Point-of-Living. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1222-1229. [PMID: 26523938 PMCID: PMC4775401 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging need for portable, robust, inexpensive, and easy-to-use disease diagnosis and prognosis monitoring platforms to share health information at the point-of-living, including clinical and home settings. Recent advances in digital health technologies have improved early diagnosis, drug treatment, and personalized medicine. Smartphones with high-resolution cameras and high data processing power enable intriguing biomedical applications when integrated with diagnostic devices. Further, these devices have immense potential to contribute to public health in resource-limited settings where there is a particular need for portable, rapid, label-free, easy-to-use, and affordable biomedical devices to diagnose and continuously monitor patients for precision medicine, especially those suffering from rare diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Here, a magnetic levitation-based diagnosis system is presented in which different cell types (i.e., white and red blood cells) are levitated in a magnetic gradient and separated due to their unique densities. Moreover, an easy-to-use, smartphone incorporated levitation system for cell analysis is introduced. Using our portable imaging magnetic levitation (i-LEV) system, it is shown that white and red blood cells can be identified and cell numbers can be quantified without using any labels. In addition, cells levitated in i-LEV can be distinguished at single-cell resolution, potentially enabling diagnosis and monitoring, as well as clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Baday
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Semih Calamak
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Naside Gozde Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Lars M. Steinmetz
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
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38
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Nemiroski A, Kumar AA, Soh S, Harburg DV, Yu HD, Whitesides GM. High-Sensitivity Measurement of Density by Magnetic Levitation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2666-74. [PMID: 26815205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents methods that use Magnetic Levitation (MagLev) to measure very small differences in density of solid diamagnetic objects suspended in a paramagnetic medium. Previous work in this field has shown that, while it is a convenient method, standard MagLev (i.e., where the direction of magnetization and gravitational force are parallel) cannot resolve differences in density <10(-4) g/cm(3) for macroscopic objects (>mm) because (i) objects close in density prevent each other from reaching an equilibrium height due to hard contact and excluded volume, and (ii) using weaker magnets or reducing the magnetic susceptibility of the medium destabilizes the magnetic trap. The present work investigates the use of weak magnetic gradients parallel to the faces of the magnets as a means of increasing the sensitivity of MagLev without destabilization. Configuring the MagLev device in a rotated state (i.e., where the direction of magnetization and gravitational force are perpendicular) relative to the standard configuration enables simple measurements along the axes with the highest sensitivity to changes in density. Manipulating the distance of separation between the magnets or the lengths of the magnets (along the axis of measurement) enables the sensitivity to be tuned. These modifications enable an improvement in the resolution up to 100-fold over the standard configuration, and measurements with resolution down to 10(-6) g/cm(3). Three examples of characterizing the small differences in density among samples of materials having ostensibly indistinguishable densities-Nylon spheres, PMMA spheres, and drug spheres-demonstrate the applicability of rotated Maglev to measuring the density of small (0.1-1 mm) objects with high sensitivity. This capability will be useful in materials science, separations, and quality control of manufactured objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - A A Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Siowling Soh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel V Harburg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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39
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Chatzimitakos T, Binellas C, Maidatsi K, Stalikas C. Magnetic ionic liquid in stirring-assisted drop-breakup microextraction: Proof-of-concept extraction of phenolic endocrine disrupters and acidic pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:53-9. [PMID: 26873468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) is in constant growth due to their switchable properties in the presence of an external magnetic field along with the outstanding properties of ionic liquids. In this study, a novel stirring-assisted drop-breakup microextraction (SADBME) approach is put forward, based on the synthesis and utilization of methyltrioctylammonium tetrachloroferrate (N8 8,8,1[FeCl4]), as a MIL. The proposed procedure complies with the principles of the green chemistry, since it uses low volumes of easily synthesized ILs-based magnetic extracting phases avoiding the use of toxic solvents. To demonstrate its applicability, the proposed microextraction procedure is studied in conjunction with HPLC for the determination of selected phenols and acidic pharmaceuticals in aqueous matrices, taking into account the main experimental variables involved. The results obtained are accurate and highly reproducible, thus making it a good alternative approach for routine analysis of phenols and acidic pharmaceuticals. The low-cost approach is straightforward, environmentally safe and exhibits high enrichment factors and absolute extraction percentages and satisfactory recoveries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a MIL is used for analytical purposes in a practical, efficient and environmentally friendly drop-breakup microextraction approach for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Chatzimitakos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampos Binellas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Maidatsi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantine Stalikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece.
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40
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Kumar S, Ali Faridi MR, Dasmahapatra AK, Bandyopadhyay D. Magnetic field induced push–pull motility of liquibots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-propelling liquibots as transport and delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- India
- Centre for Nanotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- India
- Centre for Nanotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
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41
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Durmus NG, Tekin HC, Guven S, Sridhar K, Arslan Yildiz A, Calibasi G, Ghiran I, Davis RW, Steinmetz LM, Demirci U. Magnetic levitation of single cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3661-8. [PMID: 26124131 PMCID: PMC4507238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509250112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cellular events cause permanent or transient changes in inherent magnetic and density properties of cells. Characterizing these changes in cell populations is crucial to understand cellular heterogeneity in cancer, immune response, infectious diseases, drug resistance, and evolution. Although magnetic levitation has previously been used for macroscale objects, its use in life sciences has been hindered by the inability to levitate microscale objects and by the toxicity of metal salts previously applied for levitation. Here, we use magnetic levitation principles for biological characterization and monitoring of cells and cellular events. We demonstrate that each cell type (i.e., cancer, blood, bacteria, and yeast) has a characteristic levitation profile, which we distinguish at an unprecedented resolution of 1 × 10(-4) g ⋅ mL(-1). We have identified unique differences in levitation and density blueprints between breast, esophageal, colorectal, and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines, as well as heterogeneity within these seemingly homogenous cell populations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that changes in cellular density and levitation profiles can be monitored in real time at single-cell resolution, allowing quantification of heterogeneous temporal responses of each cell to environmental stressors. These data establish density as a powerful biomarker for investigating living systems and their responses. Thereby, our method enables rapid, density-based imaging and profiling of single cells with intriguing applications, such as label-free identification and monitoring of heterogeneous biological changes under various physiological conditions, including antibiotic or cancer treatment in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naside Gozde Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304; Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - H Cumhur Tekin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Sinan Guven
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Kaushik Sridhar
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Ahu Arslan Yildiz
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Gizem Calibasi
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Ronald W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304; Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304;
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42
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Tasoglu S, Khoory J, Tekin HC, Thomas C, Ghiran IC, Demirci U. Levitational Image Cytometry with Temporal Resolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3901-8. [PMID: 26058598 PMCID: PMC4631436 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple, yet powerful magnetic-levitation-based device is reported for real-time, label-free separation, as well as high-resolution monitoring of cell populations based on their unique magnetic and density signatures. This method allows a wide variety of cellular processes to be studied, accompanied by transient or permanent changes in cells' fundamental characteristics as a biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tasoglu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - J. Khoory
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - H. C. Tekin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - C. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - I. C. Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - U. Demirci
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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43
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Klingele J. Low-melting complexes with cationic side chains – Phosphonium-, ammonium- and imidazolium-tagged coordination compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Hennek JW, Nemiroski A, Subramaniam AB, Bwambok DK, Yang D, Harburg DV, Tricard S, Ellerbee AK, Whitesides GM. Using magnetic levitation for non-destructive quality control of plastic parts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1587-1592. [PMID: 25589230 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic levitation (MagLev) enables rapid and non-destructive quality control of plastic parts. The feasibility of MagLev as a method to: i) rapidly assess injection-molded plastic parts for defects during process optimization, ii) monitor the degradation of plastics after exposure to harsh environmental conditions, and iii) detect counterfeit polymers by density is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Hennek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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45
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Atkinson MBJ, Oyola-Reynoso S, Luna RE, Bwambok DK, Thuo MM. Pot-in-pot reactions: a simple and green approach to efficient organic synthesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, flux controlled, technique to circumvent the tedium and wastage in organic synthesis is review. Pot-in-pot reactions, like matryoshka dolls, houses one reaction pot inside another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Oyola-Reynoso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - R. E. Luna
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - D. K. Bwambok
- Warner Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - M. M. Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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46
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Hu SS, Cao W, Dai HB, Da JH, Ye LH, Cao J, Li XY. Ionic-liquid-micelle-functionalized mesoporous Fe3O4 microspheres for ultraperformance liquid chromatography determination of anthraquinones in dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8822-8829. [PMID: 25119112 DOI: 10.1021/jf502323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic solid-phase extraction method using ionic liquid (IL)-micelle-functionalized mesoporous Fe3O4 microspheres (MFMs) was proposed for the preconcentration of anthraquinones in dietary supplements. The analytes were then determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with an ultraviolet detector. The extraction parameters, such as the choice of ILs, the concentrations of ILs and MFMs, the pH of diluent, and the concentration of acetic acid in the eluent, were presented. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.4-2.8 ng mL(-1) and 1.4-9.4 ng mL(-1), respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was investigated by recovery in herb and granules of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, yielding values between 89.25% and 96.48%. The use of the proposed method in the sample pretreatment of complex dietary supplements is feasible due to the high surface area and excellent adsorption capacity of MFMs after modification with IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Hu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310036, China
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47
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Noncontact orientation of objects in three-dimensional space using magnetic levitation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12980-5. [PMID: 25157136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408705111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes several noncontact methods of orienting objects in 3D space using Magnetic Levitation (MagLev). The methods use two permanent magnets arranged coaxially with like poles facing and a container containing a paramagnetic liquid in which the objects are suspended. Absent external forcing, objects levitating in the device adopt predictable static orientations; the orientation depends on the shape and distribution of mass within the objects. The orientation of objects of uniform density in the MagLev device shows a sharp geometry-dependent transition: an analytical theory rationalizes this transition and predicts the orientation of objects in the MagLev device. Manipulation of the orientation of the levitating objects in space is achieved in two ways: (i) by rotating and/or translating the MagLev device while the objects are suspended in the paramagnetic solution between the magnets; (ii) by moving a small external magnet close to the levitating objects while keeping the device stationary. Unlike mechanical agitation or robotic selection, orienting using MagLev is possible for objects having a range of different physical characteristics (e.g., different shapes, sizes, and mechanical properties from hard polymers to gels and fluids). MagLev thus has the potential to be useful for sorting and positioning components in 3D space, orienting objects for assembly, constructing noncontact devices, and assembling objects composed of soft materials such as hydrogels, elastomers, and jammed granular media.
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48
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García-Saiz A, de Pedro I, Migowski P, Vallcorba O, Junquera J, Blanco JA, Fabelo O, Sheptyakov D, Waerenborgh JC, Fernández-Díaz MT, Rius J, Dupont J, Gonzalez JA, Fernández JR. Anion-π and halide-halide nonbonding interactions in a new ionic liquid based on imidazolium cation with three-dimensional magnetic ordering in the solid state. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8384-96. [PMID: 25079377 DOI: 10.1021/ic500882z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the first magnetic phase of an ionic liquid with anion-π interactions, which displays a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic ordering below the Néel temperature, TN = 7.7 K. In this material, called Dimim[FeBr4], an exhaustive and systematic study involving structural and physical characterization (synchrotron X-ray, neutron powder diffraction, direct current and alternating current magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, heat capacity, Raman and Mössbauer measurements) as well as first-principles analysis (density functional theory (DFT) simulation) was performed. The crystal structure, solved by Patterson-function direct methods, reveals a monoclinic phase (P21 symmetry) at room temperature with a = 6.745(3) Å, b = 14.364(3) Å, c = 6.759(3) Å, and β = 90.80(2)°. Its framework, projected along the b direction, is characterized by layers of cations [Dimim](+) and anions [FeBr4](-) that change the orientation from layer to layer, with Fe···Fe distances larger than 6.7 Å. Magnetization measurements show the presence of 3D antiferromagnetic ordering below TN with the existence of a noticeable magneto-crystalline anisotropy. From low-temperature neutron diffraction data, it can be observed that the existence of antiferromagnetic order is originated by the antiparallel ordering of ferromagnetic layers of [FeBr4](-) metal complex along the b direction. The magnetic unit cell is the same as the chemical one, and the magnetic moments are aligned along the c direction. The DFT calculations reflect the fact that the spin density of the iron ions spreads over the bromine atoms. In addition, the projected density of states (PDOS) of the imidazolium with the bromines of a [FeBr4](-) metal complex confirms the existence of the anion-π interaction. Magneto-structural correlations give no evidence for direct iron-iron interactions, corroborating that the 3D magnetic ordering takes place via superexchange coupling, the Fe-Br···Br-Fe interplane interaction being defined as the main exchange pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel García-Saiz
- CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria , 39005 Santander, Spain
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