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Lookadoo DB, Schonhorn JE, Harpaldas H, Uherek CM, Schatz P, Lindgren A, Depa M, Kumar AA. Paper-Based Optode Devices (PODs) for Selective Quantification of Potassium in Biological Fluids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9383-9389. [PMID: 34192456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, fabrication, and feasibility of paper-based optode devices (PODs) for sensing potassium selectively in biological fluids. PODs operate in exhaustive mode and integrate with a handheld, smartphone-connected optical reader. This integrated measuring system provides significant advantages over traditional optode membranes and other paper-based designs, by obtaining a linear optical response to potassium concentration via a simple, stackable design and by harnessing a smartphone to provide an easy-to-use interface, thus enabling remote monitoring of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Schatz
- Precision Medicine & Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindgren
- Precision Medicine & Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michal Depa
- Jana Care, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ashok A Kumar
- Jana Care, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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2
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Wei KS, Ibrahim NE, Kumar AA, Jena S, Chew V, Depa M, Mayanil N, Kvedar JC, Gaggin HK. Habits Heart App for Patient Engagement in Heart Failure Management: Pilot Feasibility Randomized Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e19465. [PMID: 33470941 PMCID: PMC7857947 DOI: 10.2196/19465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the complexity and chronicity of heart failure, engaging yet simple patient self-management tools are needed. Objective This study aimed to assess the feasibility and patient engagement with a smartphone app designed for heart failure. Methods Patients with heart failure were randomized to intervention (smartphone with the Habits Heart App installed and Bluetooth-linked scale) or control (paper education material) groups. All intervention group patients were interviewed and monitored closely for app feasibility while receiving standard of care heart failure management by cardiologists. The Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test, a quality of life survey (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), and weight were assessed at baseline and final visits. Results Patients (N=28 patients; intervention: n=15; control: n=13) with heart failure (with reduced ejection fraction: 15/28, 54%; male: 20/28, 71%, female: 8/28, 29%; median age 63 years) were enrolled, and 82% of patients (N=23; intervention: 12/15, 80%; control: 11/13, 85%) completed both baseline and final visits (median follow up 60 days). In the intervention group, 2 out of the 12 patients who completed the study did not use the app after study onboarding due to illnesses and hospitalizations. Of the remaining 10 patients who used the app, 5 patients logged ≥1 interaction with the app per day on average, and 2 patients logged an interaction with the app every other day on average. The intervention group averaged 403 screen views (per patient) in 56 distinct sessions, 5-minute session durations, and 22 weight entries per patient. There was a direct correlation between duration of app use and improvement in heart failure knowledge (Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test score; ρ=0.59, P=.04) and quality of life (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score; ρ=0.63, P=.03). The correlation between app use and weight change was ρ=–0.40 (P=.19). Only 1 out of 11 patients in the control group retained education material by the follow-up visit. Conclusions The Habits Heart App with a Bluetooth-linked scale is a feasible way to engage patients in heart failure management, and barriers to app engagement were identified. A larger multicenter study may be warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of the app. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03238729; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03238729
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Wei
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nasrien E Ibrahim
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph C Kvedar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hanna K Gaggin
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetic Levitation in Chemistry, Materials Science, and Biochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17810-17855. [PMID: 31165560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All matter has density. The recorded uses of density to characterize matter date back to as early as ca. 250 BC, when Archimedes was believed to have solved "The Puzzle of The King's Crown" using density.[1] Today, measurements of density are used to separate and characterize a range of materials (including cells and organisms), and their chemical and/or physical changes in time and space. This Review describes a density-based technique-magnetic levitation (which we call "MagLev" for simplicity)-developed and used to solve problems in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry. MagLev has two principal characteristics-simplicity, and applicability to a wide range of materials-that make it useful for a number of applications (for example, characterization of materials, quality control of manufactured plastic parts, self-assembly of objects in 3D, separation of different types of biological cells, and bioanalyses). Its simplicity and breadth of applications also enable its use in low-resource settings (for example-in economically developing regions-in evaluating water/food quality, and in diagnosing disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan W Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ashok A Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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4
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetische Levitation in Chemie, Materialwissenschaft und Biochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology Harvard University 29 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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5
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Abstract
In this Perspective, we examine the role of cost in sensor design, its meaning within the context of converting academic prototypes into commercial products, and the importance of these issues to clear scientific communication. The possible motivations to consider the cost of a technology, sensor, or assay are both numerous and apparent. However, the idea that the cost of reagents and materials at the laboratory scale will directly translate to the purchase price for a user is inaccurate. While calculating the bill of materials is easy, there are many business considerations that make commercial products entirely different from academic prototypes. With these critical aspects of commercialization considered, academics are often not equipped to predict what the final price of an assay, sensor, or instrument will be to the end user. When used without proper context and accuracy, an overreliance on the phrase "low cost" in the absence of a sufficient discussion of cost weakens the meaning of this popular term and precludes practical scientific advancements. To demonstrate how the relationship between a bill of materials and "expected purchase price" breaks down when considering academic innovations, we discuss pregnancy tests as a case study where an academic bill of materials can lead to both overestimations and underestimations of pricing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Jana Care, 8 St. Mary’s St. #611, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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6
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Wei KS, Ibrahim NE, Kumar AA, Jena S, Chew V, Depa M, Mayanil N, Kvedar JC, Gaggin HK. First Experience with Feasibility and Implementation of the Smartphone Habits Heart® App: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Patient Engagement in Heart Failure Management. J Card Fail 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.07.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Dani P, Patnaik N, Singh A, Jaiswal A, Agrawal B, Kumar AA, Varkhande SR, Sharma A, Vaish U, Ghosh P, Sharma VK, Sharma P, Verma G, Kar HK, Gupta S, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS, Rani R. Association and expression of the antigen-processing gene PSMB8, coding for low-molecular-mass protease 7, with vitiligo in North India: case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:482-491. [PMID: 28207947 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a multifactorial, autoimmune, depigmenting disorder of the skin where aberrant presentation of autoantigens may have a role. OBJECTIVES To study the association of two antigen-processing genes, PSMB8 and PSMB9, with vitiligo. METHODS In total 1320 cases of vitiligo (1050 generalized and 270 localized) and 752 healthy controls were studied for the PSMB9 exon 3 G/A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), PSMB8 exon 2 C/A SNP and PSMB8 intron 6 G/T SNP at site 37 360 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Real-time PCR was used for transcriptional expression of PSMB8 and cytokines. Expression of ubiquitinated proteins and phosphorylated-p38 (P-p38) was studied by Western blotting. RESULTS Significant increases in PSMB8 exon 2 allele A (P < 2.07 × 10-6 , odds ratio 1·93) and genotypes AA (P < 1.03 × 10-6 , odds ratio 2·51) and AC (P < 1.29 × 10-6 , odds ratio 1·63) were observed in patients with vitiligo. Interferon-γ stimulation induced lower expression of PSMB8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cases compared with controls, suggesting impaired antigen processing, which was confirmed by accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with vitiligo. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-8 - was higher in the lesional skin. P-p38 expression was variable but correlated with the amount of ubiquitinated proteins in the lesional and nonlesional skin, suggesting that the inflammatory cytokine responses in lesional skin could be a result of both P-p38-dependent and -independent pathways. CONCLUSIONS The PSMB8 exon 2 SNP is significantly associated with vitiligo. Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in skin of cases of vitiligo suggests their aberrant processing, which may promote the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dani
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - N Patnaik
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A Singh
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - A Jaiswal
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - B Agrawal
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A A Kumar
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - S R Varkhande
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A Sharma
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - U Vaish
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - P Ghosh
- Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - V K Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - G Verma
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - H K Kar
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V T Natarajan
- Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R S Gokhale
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R Rani
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
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Trikha A, Kumar AA. Non-invasive ventilation – An effective way of delivering air for two? J Obstet Anaesth Crit Care 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/joacc.joacc_16_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Wiltschko AB, Patton MR, Lee SYR, Brugnara C, Adams RP, Whitesides GM. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia using density-based fractionation of red blood cells. Lab Chip 2016; 16:3929-3939. [PMID: 27713998 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00875e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a nutritional disorder that impacts over one billion people worldwide; it may cause permanent cognitive impairment in children, fatigue in adults, and suboptimal outcomes in pregnancy. IDA can be diagnosed by detection of red blood cells (RBCs) that are characteristically small (microcytic) and deficient in hemoglobin (hypochromic), typically by examining the results of a complete blood count performed by a hematology analyzer. These instruments are expensive, not portable, and require trained personnel; they are, therefore, unavailable in many low-resource settings. This paper describes a low-cost and rapid method to diagnose IDA using aqueous multiphase systems (AMPS)-thermodynamically stable mixtures of biocompatible polymers and salt that spontaneously form discrete layers having sharp steps in density. AMPS are preloaded into a microhematocrit tube and used with a drop of blood from a fingerstick. After only two minutes in a low-cost centrifuge, the tests (n = 152) were read by eye with a sensitivity of 84% (72-93%) and a specificity of 78% (68-86%), corresponding to an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89. The AMPS test outperforms diagnosis by hemoglobin alone (AUC = 0.73) and is comparable to methods used in clinics like reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration (AUC = 0.91). Standard machine learning tools were used to analyze images of the resulting tests captured by a standard desktop scanner to 1) slightly improve diagnosis of IDA-sensitivity of 90% (83-96%) and a specificity of 77% (64-87%), and 2) predict several important red blood cell parameters, such as mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. These results suggest that the use of AMPS combined with machine learning provides an approach to developing point-of-care hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex B Wiltschko
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | | | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, USA and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, USA
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11
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Abstract
Children with autistic spectrum disorders are often encountered in anesthesia practice mainly for outdoor procedural sedation or anesthesia in endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging suites. We describe a case of a 7-year-old autistic boy who required management of dental caries. He had a phobia to intravenous cannulation, displayed increasing anxiety and became combative on the day of surgery. With parental involvement and distraction, we succeeded in giving oral midazolam by concealing it, with the intent of avoiding intramuscular injection or unnecessary restraint. Lack of knowledge about the medical condition of such a patient can lead to inadequate preoperative preparation and use of restraint on the patient, which might cause anxiety or panic attacks in the operative room. To effectively manage children with special needs one needs to have clear guidelines on the management of uncooperative children, involve parents perioperatively, plan ahead with an emphasis on perioperative analgesia and sometimes incorporate the ethical use of restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Pai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Dhar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A A Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Wang CC, Hennek JW, Ainla A, Kumar AA, Lan WJ, Im J, Smith B, Zhao M, Whitesides GM. A Paper-Based "Pop-up" Electrochemical Device for Analysis of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6326-33. [PMID: 27243791 PMCID: PMC5633928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and fabrication of a "pop-up" electrochemical paper-based analytical device (pop-up-EPAD) to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)-a biomarker for diabetic ketoacidosis-using a commercial combination BHB/glucometer. Pop-up-EPADs are inspired by pop-up greeting cards and children's books. They are made from a single sheet of paper folded into a three-dimensional (3D) device that changes shape, and fluidic and electrical connectivity, by simply folding and unfolding the structure. The reconfigurable 3D structure makes it possible to change the fluidic path and to control timing; it also provides mechanical support for the folded and unfolded structures that enables good registration and repeatability on folding. A pop-up-EPAD designed to detect BHB shows performance comparable to commercially available plastic test strips over the clinically relevant range of BHB in blood when used with a commercial glucometer that integrates the ability to measure glucose and BHB (combination BHB/glucometer). With simple modifications of the electrode and the design of the fluidic path, the pop-up-EPAD also detects BHB in buffer using a simple glucometer-a device that is more available than the combination BHB/glucometer. Strategies that use a "3D pop-up"-that is, large-scale changes in 3D structure and fluidic paths-by folding/unfolding add functionality to EPADs (e.g., controlled timing, fluidic handling and path programming, control over complex sequences of steps, and alterations in electrical connectivity) and should enable the development of new classes of paper-based diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alar Ainla
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wen-Jie Lan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Judy Im
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mengxia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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13
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Abstract
This paper presents methods that use Magnetic Levitation (MagLev) to measure very small differences in density of solid diamagnetic objects suspended in a paramagnetic medium. Previous work in this field has shown that, while it is a convenient method, standard MagLev (i.e., where the direction of magnetization and gravitational force are parallel) cannot resolve differences in density <10(-4) g/cm(3) for macroscopic objects (>mm) because (i) objects close in density prevent each other from reaching an equilibrium height due to hard contact and excluded volume, and (ii) using weaker magnets or reducing the magnetic susceptibility of the medium destabilizes the magnetic trap. The present work investigates the use of weak magnetic gradients parallel to the faces of the magnets as a means of increasing the sensitivity of MagLev without destabilization. Configuring the MagLev device in a rotated state (i.e., where the direction of magnetization and gravitational force are perpendicular) relative to the standard configuration enables simple measurements along the axes with the highest sensitivity to changes in density. Manipulating the distance of separation between the magnets or the lengths of the magnets (along the axis of measurement) enables the sensitivity to be tuned. These modifications enable an improvement in the resolution up to 100-fold over the standard configuration, and measurements with resolution down to 10(-6) g/cm(3). Three examples of characterizing the small differences in density among samples of materials having ostensibly indistinguishable densities-Nylon spheres, PMMA spheres, and drug spheres-demonstrate the applicability of rotated Maglev to measuring the density of small (0.1-1 mm) objects with high sensitivity. This capability will be useful in materials science, separations, and quality control of manufactured objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - A A Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Siowling Soh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel V Harburg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ‡Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and §Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios C. Christodouleas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Bloxham
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli
Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna A. Walz
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Charles R. Mace
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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17
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Derda R, Gitaka J, Klapperich CM, Mace CR, Kumar AA, Lieberman M, Linnes JC, Jores J, Nasimolo J, Ndung’u J, Taracha E, Weaver A, Weibel DB, Kariuki TM, Yager P. Enabling the Development and Deployment of Next Generation Point-of-Care Diagnostics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003676. [PMID: 25973602 PMCID: PMC4431858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Catherine M. Klapperich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Future Technologies in Cancer Care, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Diagnostics For All, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Unites States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline C. Linnes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Future Technologies in Cancer Care, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnson Nasimolo
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Ndung’u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evans Taracha
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abigail Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Departments of Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Kariuki
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Yager
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Kumar AA, Hennek JW, Smith BS, Kumar S, Beattie P, Jain S, Rolland JP, Stossel TP, Chunda-Liyoka C, Whitesides GM. From the Bench to the Field in Low-Cost Diagnostics: Two Case Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5836-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kumar AA, Hennek JW, Smith BS, Kumar S, Beattie P, Jain S, Rolland JP, Stossel TP, Chunda-Liyoka C, Whitesides GM. Vom Labortisch zur Feldforschung: zwei Fallstudien kostengünstiger Diagnostik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kumar AA, Lim C, Moreno Y, Mace CR, Syed A, Van Tyne D, Wirth DF, Duraisingh MT, Whitesides GM. Enrichment of reticulocytes from whole blood using aqueous multiphase systems of polymers. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:31-6. [PMID: 25263455 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the enrichment of reticulocytes by centrifuging whole blood through aqueous multiphase systems (AMPSs)-immiscible phases of solutions of polymers that form step-gradients in density. The interfaces of an AMPS concentrate cells; this concentration facilitates the extraction of blood enriched for reticulocytes. AMPS enrich reticulocytes from blood from both healthy and hemochromatosis donors. Varying the osmolality and density of the phases of AMPS provides different levels of enrichment and yield of reticulocytes. A maximum enrichment of reticulocytemia of 64 ± 3% was obtained from donors with hemochromatosis. When used on peripheral blood from normal donors, AMPS can provide a higher yield of enriched reticulocytes and a higher proportion of reticulocytes expressing CD71 than differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. Blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPS could be useful for research on malaria. Several species of malaria parasites show a preference to invade young erythrocytes and reticulocytes; this preference complicates in vitro cultivation of these species in human blood. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria parasites invade normal human blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPSs at a rate 2.2 times greater (P < 0.01) than they invade unenriched blood. Parasite invasion in normal blood enriched by AMPS was 1.8 times greater (P < 0.05) than in blood enriched to a similar reticulocytemia by differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. The enrichment of reticulocytes that are invaded by malaria parasites demonstrates that AMPSs can provide a label-free method to enrich cells for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok A. Kumar
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Caeul Lim
- Harvard School of Public Health; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yovany Moreno
- Harvard School of Public Health; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Abeer Syed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Harvard School of Public Health; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Dyann F. Wirth
- Harvard School of Public Health; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
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Kumar AA, Chunda-Liyoka C, Hennek JW, Mantina H, Lee SYR, Patton MR, Sambo P, Sinyangwe S, Kankasa C, Chintu C, Brugnara C, Stossel TP, Whitesides GM. Evaluation of a density-based rapid diagnostic test for sickle cell disease in a clinical setting in Zambia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114540. [PMID: 25490722 PMCID: PMC4260838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although simple and low-cost interventions for sickle cell disease (SCD) exist in many developing countries, child mortality associated with SCD remains high, in part, because of the lack of access to diagnostic tests for SCD. A density-based test using aqueous multiphase systems (SCD-AMPS) is a candidate for a low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic for SCD. In this paper, the field evaluation of SCD-AMPS in a large (n = 505) case-control study in Zambia is described. Of the two variations of the SCD-AMPS used, the best system (SCD-AMPS-2) demonstrated a sensitivity of 86% (82–90%) and a specificity of 60% (53–67%). Subsequent analysis identified potential sources of false positives that include clotting, variation between batches of SCD-AMPS, and shipping conditions. Importantly, SCD-AMPS-2 was 84% (62–94%) sensitive in detecting SCD in children between 6 months and 1 year old. In addition to an evaluation of performance, an assessment of end-user operability was done with health workers in rural clinics in Zambia. These health workers rated the SCD-AMPS tests to be as simple to use as lateral flow tests for malaria and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok A. Kumar
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hamakwa Mantina
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - S. Y. Ryan Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Patton
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pauline Sambo
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chifumbe Chintu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Stossel
- Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Naik D, Viswamitra S, Kumar AA, Srinath MG. Susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brain: A multifaceted powerful sequence that adds to understanding of acute stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:58-61. [PMID: 24753661 PMCID: PMC3992771 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: To evaluate the additional information that susceptibility weighted sequences and datasets would provide in acute stroke. Aims: The aim of this study were to assess the value addition of susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SWI) of brain in patients with acute arterial infarct. Materials and Methods: All patients referred for a complete brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between March 2010 and March 2011 at our institution had SWI as part of routine MRI (T1, T2, and diffusion imaging). Retrospective study of 62 consecutive patients with acute arterial infarct was evaluated for the presence of macroscopic hemorrhage, petechial micro-bleeds, dark middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign and prominent vessels in the vicinity of infarct. Results: SWI was found to detect hemorrhage not seen on other routine MRI sequences in 22 patients. Out of 62 patients, 17 (10 petechial) had hemorrhage less than 50% and 5 patients had greater than 50% area of hemorrhage. A “dark artery sign” due to thrombus within the artery was seen in 8 out of 62 patients. Prominent cortical and intraparenchymal veins were seen in 14 out of 62 patients. Conclusions: SWI has been previously shown to be sensitive in detecting hemorrhage; however is not routinely used in stroke evaluation. Our study shows that SWI, by virtue of identifying unsuspected hemorrhage, central occluded vessel, and venous congestion is additive in value to the routine MR exam and should be part of a routine MR brain in patients suspected of having an acute infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Naik
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjaya Viswamitra
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok A Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - M G Srinath
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3 has been mostly implicated in pneumonic pasteurellosis in ruminants. In contrast, our previous studies have reported that both serotypes A:1 and A:3 were responsible for respiratory diseases in cattle and buffaloes. However, the pathology and pathogenesis of P. multocida serotype A:1 (Pm A:1) infection have not been studied in ruminants. In the present study, 12- to 15-week-old buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) infected by Pm A:1 had fibrinous and suppurative bronchopneumonia with focal areas of coagulation necrosis typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. For the first time, this study reports the lung pathology and pathogenecity of Pm A:1 infection in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Praveena
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - S Periasamy
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - A A Kumar
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - N Singh
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
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Atkinson MBJ, Bwambok DK, Chen J, Chopade PD, Thuo MM, Mace CR, Mirica KA, Kumar AA, Myerson AS, Whitesides GM. Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Atkinson MBJ, Bwambok DK, Chen J, Chopade PD, Thuo MM, Mace CR, Mirica KA, Kumar AA, Myerson AS, Whitesides GM. Using magnetic levitation to separate mixtures of crystal polymorphs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10208-11. [PMID: 23939940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manza B J Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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Kumar AA, Naidu AA, Mahapatra BR, Porichha D. Trend in decline in leprosy disabilities of a LEPRA project in Malkangiri district, Odisha, India. Indian J Lepr 2013; 85:101-108. [PMID: 24724231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This a retrospective analysis of the changes in 646 disabilities occurred amongst 3979 cases registered during 19 years from 1992 to 2010 in Malkangiri district. This amounted to 16.2% of cases with disability segregated to 310 (48%) Grade 1 and 336 (52%) Grade 2. In this project, managed by LEPRA India, POD care was in practice from the year 1992 and records were updated regularly. An analysis of the annual records showed that the next year-end balance increased up to the year 2001 followed by gradual decline. Within this period the total cases with disabilities declined by about 369 (57%) due to death by aging 204 (55%), migration from the area 77 (21%) and reversing to normal 88 (24%) in cases. Deletion due to recovery to normal especially with sensory impairment is fairly good with or without steroid. Disability percentage in new cases declined steadily especially Grade 2 from 30% to 1%, initial high rate attributed mostly to backlog cases. In later years the rate is erratic high amongst low number of new cases. Absolute number indicates the situation better. Such study helps to roughly extrapolate the existing disability load in a particular area and assists in planning for care and prevention.
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Shantha GPS, Kumar AA, Mancha A, Christopher M, Koshi R, Abraham G. Is abdominal aortic calcification score a cost-effective screening tool to predict atherosclerotic carotid plaque and cardiac valvular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease? Indian J Nephrol 2013; 22:431-7. [PMID: 23440913 PMCID: PMC3573484 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), cardiac valvular calcification (CVC), and atherosclerotic carotid plaque (CP) are known cardiovascular risk factors. The accuracy of the AAC score in predicting CP and CVC in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is assessed in this study. Twenty-two consecutive prevalent dialysis patients (group 1) and 26 consecutive nondialysis stage V chronic kidney disease patients (group 2) were assessed for their demographic and laboratory variables. Lateral radiograph of the lumbosacral spine was used to assess the AAC score. CP and CVC were assessed using carotid sonography and echocardiogram, respectively. Prevalence of AAC, CP, and CVC in groups 1 and 2 was, respectively, 72.7%, 81.8%, and 72.7% and 76.9%, 80.8%, and 57.7%. AAC was strongly associated with CP and CVC in both groups (P < 0.001). Tests of accuracy for the AAC score as a predictor of CP and CVC showed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratio of a positive test, and likelihood ratio of a negative test, respectively, in group 1: 83%, 75%, 93%, 50%, 3.32, and 0.23 and 85%, 77%, 87%, 70%, 4.5, and 0.29, and in group 2: 90%, 95%, 83%, 69%, 3.9, 0.41, and 82%, 91%, 77%, 71%, 4.1, and 0.21. Reproducibility of the AAC score among observers was acceptable. The AAC score can predict CP and CVC with moderate accuracy in ESRD patients. However, as our study was underpowered, the findings need validation in larger, adequately powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P S Shantha
- Department of Nephrology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
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Jensen MA, Patterson KC, Kumar AA, Kumabe M, Franek BS, Niewold TB. Functional genetic polymorphisms in ILT3 are associated with decreased surface expression on dendritic cells and increased serum cytokines in lupus patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2012. [PMCID: PMC3467540 DOI: 10.1186/ar3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Akbulut O, Mace CR, Martinez RV, Kumar AA, Nie Z, Patton MR, Whitesides GM. Separation of nanoparticles in aqueous multiphase systems through centrifugation. Nano Lett 2012; 12:4060-4. [PMID: 22668343 DOI: 10.1021/nl301452x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the use of aqueous multiphase systems (MuPSs) as media for rate-zonal centrifugation to separate nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes. The properties of MuPSs do not change with time or during centrifugation; this stability facilitates sample collection after separation. A three-phase system demonstrates the separation of the reaction products (nanorods, nanospheres, and large particles) of a synthesis of gold nanorods, and enriches the nanorods from 48 to 99% in less than ten minutes using a benchtop centrifuge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Akbulut
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Mace CR, Akbulut O, Kumar AA, Shapiro ND, Derda R, Patton MR, Whitesides GM. Aqueous multiphase systems of polymers and surfactants provide self-assembling step-gradients in density. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9094-7. [PMID: 22594904 DOI: 10.1021/ja303183z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This Communication demonstrates the generation of over 300 phase-separated systems-ranging from two to six phases-from mixtures of aqueous solutions of polymers and surfactants. These aqueous multiphase systems (MuPSs) form self-assembling, thermodynamically stable step-gradients in density using a common solvent, water. The steps in density between phases of a MuPS can be very small (Δρ ≈ 0.001 g/cm(3)), do not change over time, and can be tuned by the addition of co-solutes. We use two sets of similar objects, glass beads and pellets of different formulations of Nylon, to demonstrate the ability of MuPSs to separate mixtures of objects by differences in density. The stable interfaces between phases facilitate the convenient collection of species after separation. These results suggest that the stable, sharp step-gradients in density provided by MuPSs can enable new classes of fractionations and separations based on density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Naik
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, 560054 India ; Department of Radiodiagnosis, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, 560054 India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report acute pancreatitis in a patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving exenatide and critically review previous reports. METHODS We describe clinical and laboratory data of a woman with probable exenatide-induced pancreatitis and apply the same criteria to previously published cases. RESULTS A 64-year-old, nonalcoholic woman with NIDDM presented with a 1-month history of epigastric pain beginning 2 days after starting exenatide. Serum lipase concentration was 2700 U/L (reference range, 114-320 U/L), and serum amylase concentration was 131 U/L (reference range, 30-110 U/L). Liver function test results, lipid profile, and serum creatinine concentration were normal. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed changes consistent with pancreatitis, and the gallbladder was absent. Exenatide was discontinued. Conservative therapy resulted in rapid resolution of symptoms, normal lipase concentration (151 U/L), and normal findings from CT of the pancreas 90 days later. The US Food and Drug Administration has reported 36 cases of presumed pancreatitis associated with exenatide. However, none of the selection criteria were specified, two-thirds of the patients did not have CT, and 90% had at least 1 other risk factor for acute pancreatitis. A single published case report of exenatide-induced pancreatitis contains no description of the pancreas on abdominal CT, does not mention alcohol use, and does not report normal lipase values. CONCLUSIONS This is the most thoroughly documented example of probable exenatide-induced pancreatitis. In any diabetic patient with acute pancreatitis, exenatide must be ruled out as the cause and its use discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Ayoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fairview General Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Health System, Westlake, Ohio 44145, USA.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Chaudhuri P. Molecular characterization of Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-A:1 based on amplification of repetitive regions by PCR. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:47-62. [PMID: 17537513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR (polymerase chain reaction), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and single primer PCR assays were employed to characterize 66 strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A:1 isolated from avian species belonging to different regions of India. REP-PCR resulted in amplification of REP sequences from the genome which were in the range of approximately 200 to approximately 3000 bp and accounted for a total of 54 distinguishing profiles (D=0.99). ERIC-PCR analysis also generated amplified products in the range of approximately 200 to approximately 3200 bp categorizing strains into a total of 50 different profiles (D=0.98). Amplification of repetitive regions using a microsatellite primer (GTG)(5), resulted in clear distinctive bands ranging from approximately 200 to approximately 2400 bp. Strains were assigned to 43 profiles (D=0.96). No correlation could be drawn between genotypic profiles and avian hosts with their geographical area of origin. Avian strains of P. multocida serogroup A:1 were found to be highly heterogeneous with diverse profiles. REP-PCR was found to be highly discriminatory and simple method for differentiation of phenotypically similar strains. The present study also indicated that PCR based amplification of repetitive regions of P. multocida is a rapid technique with good discrimination and could be employed directly for routine typing of field isolates from fowl cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India.
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Saxena MK, Singh VP, Kumar AA, Chaudhuri P, Singh VP, Shivachandra SB, Biswas A, Sharma B. REP-PCR analysis of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wild and domestic animals in India. Vet Res Commun 2007; 30:851-61. [PMID: 17139535 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) was used to characterize 67 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida originating from different animal species and geographical regions of India. REP-PCR was found to be rapid and reproducible (three repeats were done). These isolates yielded different 23 profiles which were clustered into eight groups. The discrimination index was moderate (D value 0.83). Somatic and antigenic typing of the isolates did not reveal any correlation with REP-PCR profiles. There was no host-specific, type-specific, region-specific or pathenogenicity-specific pattern. The REP profiles of isolates obtained from wild animals were similar to those obtained from domestic animals. Two common bands were present in all the isolates irrespective of somatic or antigenic types. The results were not comparable with earlier findings, which had shown high discrimination index and correlation with disease presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Saxena
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India
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Dey S, Singh VP, Kumar AA, Sharma B, Srivastava SK, Singh N. Comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Pasteurella multocida serogroup B isolates from different animal species. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:1-4. [PMID: 17459437 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of five isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 belonging to buffalo, cattle, pig, sheep and goat were investigated by comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The 1468bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that the isolates of cattle (PM75), pig (PM49) and sheep (PM82) shared 99.9% homology with the buffalo isolate (vaccine strain P52) whereas, the goat isolate (PM86) shared 99.8% homology with the vaccine strain. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates were also found monophyletic with type B reference strain NCTC 10323 of P. multocida subsp. multocida. The present study indicated the close relationships of haemorrhagic septicaemia causing P. multocida serotype B:2 isolates of buffalo and cattle with other uncommon hosts (pig, sheep and goat).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dey
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 242 122, UP, India
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, UP, India.
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Siju J, Kumar AA, Shivachandra SB, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK, Singh VP. Cloning and Characterization of Type 4 Fimbrial Gene (ptfA) of Pasteurella multocida Serogroup B:2 (Strain P52). Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:397-404. [PMID: 17216317 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Siju
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P. India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Singh VP, Saxena MK, Srivastava SK. Identification of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida in India by conventional and PCR assays. Vet J 2006; 172:561-4. [PMID: 15994103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of capsular and somatic serotypes were studied among 123 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from chickens (n=94), ducks (22), quails (4), turkeys (2) and geese (1) from different geographical regions of India. All strains exhibited similar cultural and morphological characteristics. Ninety-two of the isolates belonged to serotype A:1, the most prevalent serotype, with serotypes A:3, A:1,3, D:3 and F:3 having two isolates each. Only one isolate was positive for serotypes A:4 and D:1. Twenty isolates were untyped. A multiplex capsular PCR assay generated amplicons of sizes approximately 460, approximately 1044, approximately 657 and approximately 854 bp in 106 isolates identified as capsular serotype-A, 15 in serotype D and two in serotype F. Capsular types B and E were not detected in any of the avian isolates studied. The present findings suggest that a multiplex capsular PCR assay may be suitable for the rapid initial identification serotypes P. multocida during epidemiological studies of fowl cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India.
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Mariya R, Chaudhary P, Kumar AA, Thangapandian E, Amutha R, Srivastava SK. Evaluation of a recombinant LipL41 antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola in ELISA for serodiagnosis of bovine Leptospirosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29:269-77. [PMID: 16979238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a recombinant leptospiral lipoprotein LipL41 as an antigen for conducting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis was evaluated. Using known positive and known negative cattle sera the recombinant antigen was found to be highly reactive in the concentration of 100 ng/well. Using a total of 321 field cattle sera the sensitivity of ELISA as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was calculated to be 100% whereas the specificity was 85.3%. The seropositivity of leptospirosis among bovine population was found to be 21.18% having the predominance of serovars Sejroe and Pomona. It was concluded that rLipL41 protein could be a putative diagnostic candidate for serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mariya
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Joseph S, Saxena MK, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. Characterization of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida by restriction endonuclease and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:8-18. [PMID: 16427104 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were typed by employing restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and single enzyme-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to evaluate their applicability for epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks. A total of 72 strains isolated from different avian species (chicken, duck, turkey, quail and goose) belonging to various geographical regions of India were characterized. REA using two different enzymes HhaI and HpaII produced 9 and 18 clusters respectively, whereas Single enzyme-AFLP recognized 32 patterns out of 72 strains typed. The study indicated that REA using HpaII is a simple and resource efficient method, however, further typing with more stringent and rapid method like Single enzyme-AFLP, could drastically enhance investigation in epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Joseph S, Chaudhuri P, Saxena MK, Srivastava SK, Singh N. Detection of Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken eggs by PCR assay. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:321-4. [PMID: 16629376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken egg was assessed in the present study. PCR assay rapidly and specifically detected the genome of P. multocida in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid and homogenates of infected embryo and its membranes. The sensitivity of detection was as low as 20 bacterial cells/ml of allantoic or amniotic fluids. Detection of P. multocida in dead embryos by PCR was possible up to 6 and 30 days or more following storage of dead embryos at 37 degrees C, and at 4 degrees C as well as at -20 degrees C, respectively. The study revealed that PCR assays could be employed directly for detection and confirmation of P. multocida infection in experimentally infected chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Saxena MK, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. Detection of multiple strains ofPasteurella multocidain fowl cholera outbreaks by polymerase chain reaction-based typing. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:456-62. [PMID: 16537159 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500367963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Applicability of molecular methods for the detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strains involved in two separate fowl cholera outbreaks in a single poultry farm was investigated. A total of 12 and 18 strains of P. multocida obtained from two separate outbreaks were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Phenotypically, all strains were similar; however, DNA-based techniques by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were found to be highly specific and sensitive for rapid detection and differentiation of strains. All 30 strains gave amplicons of approximately 460 bp and approximately 1,044 bp specific for P. multocida and capsular serogroup A in the Multiplex Capsular PCR typing system. Molecular typing techniques such as repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and single primer PCR differentiated all 30 strains into different profiles. However, similar patterns of genome fragments were observed among all strains following restriction endonuclease analysis using the enzyme HpaII. The current investigation revealed involvement of the same and multiple strains of P. multocida in two outbreaks. The results also indicated that molecular methods of detection and typing are rapid in comparison with conventional methods for epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India.
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Saxena MK, Kumar AA, Chaudhari P, Shivachandra SB, Singh VP, Sharma B. Ribotyping of Indian Isolates of Pasteurella multocida Based on 16S and 23S rRNA Genes. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29:527-35. [PMID: 16215843 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-1864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of ribotyping based on 16S and 23S rRNA was evaluated for molecular epidemiological studies. Forty-eight isolates of Pasteurella multocida isolated from different hosts and geographical locations and one reference isolate were ribotyped. Only four ribotypes were found. All the isolates including reference isolate from wild carnivores had the same ribotype, though they had different serotypes. The isolate from a tiger had one band in addition to the bands present in the major ribotype. The isolates from lions represented two ribotypes; of these ribotypes, one (r2) had an additional band of 3.6 kbp, which was absent in all other ribotypes. The second ribotype (r4) from a lion had one band missing (6 kbp) that was present in the other ribotypes. These isolates were further typed using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR. With ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR, higher D values of 0.83 and 0.89 were obtained. The current study revealed that ribotyping is not a very efficient typing tool for use in molecular epidemiology for differentiation of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Saxena
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Amaranath J, Joseph S, Srivastava SK, Chaudhuri P. Cloning and Characterization of tbpA Gene Encoding Transferrin-Binding Protein (TbpA) from Pasteurella multocida Serogroup B:2 (strain P52). Vet Res Commun 2005; 29:537-42. [PMID: 16215844 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-2495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India.
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Lemche E, Surguladze SA, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Kumar AA, David AS, Joraschky P, Phillips ML. Segregable loci of orbitofrontal trigger regions for emotion release following happy and sad facial expression stimulation in ER-fMRI - fMRI-online psychophysiology and BOLD signal time series extraction in depersonalization patients and normal volunteers. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-863395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dandona L, Sisodia P, Ramesh YK, Kumar SGP, Kumar AA, Rao MC, Someshwar M, Hansl B, Marshall N, Marseille E, Kahn JG. Cost and efficiency of HIV voluntary counselling and testing centres in Andhra Pradesh, India. Natl Med J India 2005; 18:26-31. [PMID: 15835489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] As part of the effort to control HIV/AIDS, the number of HlV voluntarycounselling and testingcentres (VCTCs) is increasing rapidly in the public health system of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, which is estimated to have one of the highest rates of HIV infection in India. However, systematic data on the cost and efficiency of providing VCT services in India are not available to help guide efficient use of resources for these services. METHODS We used standardized methods to obtain detailed cost and output data for the 2002-03 fiscal year from written records and interviews in 17 VCTCs in the public health system in Andhra Pradesh. We calculated the economic cost per client receiving VCT services, and analysed the variation and determinants of total and unit costs across VCTCs. We used multivariate regression techniques to estimate incremental unit costs. We assessed hurdles towards serving an optimal number of clients by VCTCs. RESULTS In the 2002-03 fiscal year, 32 413 clients received the complete sequence of services at the 17 VCTCs, including post-HIV test counselling. The number of clients served by each VCTC ranged from 334 to 7802 (median 979). The overall HIV-positive rate in post-test counselled clients was 20.5% (range 5.4%-52.6%). The cost per client for the complete VCT sequence varied 6-fold between VCTCs (range Rs 141.5-829.6 [US 2.92-17.14 dollars], median Rs 363.5 [US 7.51 dollars]). The cost per client was significantly lower at VCTCs with more clients (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.83; power function) due to substantial fixed costs. Personnel made up the largest component of cost (53.7%). The cost per client had a significant direct relation with percent personnel cost for VCTCs (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.58; exponential function). A multiple regression model revealed that the incremental cost of providing complete VCT services to each HIV-positive and -negative client was Rs 123.5 (US 2.54 dollars) and Rs 59.2 (US 1.22 dollars), respectively. Fourteen VCTCs (82.4%) reported that they could serve more clients with the available personnel and infrastructure, and that inadequate demand for their services was the main hurdle towards achieving this. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the efforts of the National AIDS Control Organisation of India and the Andhra Pradesh State AIDS Control Society in increasing VCTCs could yield even higher benefit if the demand for these services was enhanced, as this would increase the number of clients served and reduce the cost per client. Ongoing systematic cost-efficiency analysis is necessary to help guide efficient use of HIV-control resources in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dandona
- Centre for Public Health Research, Administrative Staff College of India, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Singh VP, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. PCR assay for rapid detection of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A in morbid tissue materials from chickens with fowl cholera. Vet J 2004; 168:349-52. [PMID: 15501155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Biswas A, Ramakrishnan MA, Singh VP, Srivastava SK. Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns among Indian Strains of Avian Pasteurella multocida. Trop Anim Health Prod 2004; 36:743-50. [PMID: 15643810 DOI: 10.1023/b:trop.0000045950.35070.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to study the antibiotic sensitivity of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida and to select an effective antimicrobial agent for control of avian pasteurellosis in India. A total of 123 strains of P. multocida recently isolated from different avian species (chicken, duck, turkey, quail, and goose), from different regions of India were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 20 different antibiotics. Absolute resistance was observed against sulfadiazine. The studies indicated that the strains were most sensitive to chloramphenicol (73.98%), followed by enrofloxacin (71.54%), lincomycin (64.23%), norfloxacin (61.79%) and doxycycline-HCl (56.91%). The majority of the strains were found to exhibit intermediate sensitivity. Chloramphenicol was selected and suggested for treatment. Antibiogram studies also revealed the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of P. multocida among Indian poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP) India.
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Kumar AA, Shivachandra SB, Biswas A, Singh VP, Singh VP, Srivastava SK. Prevalent Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Different Animal and Avian Species in India. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28:657-67. [PMID: 15609866 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000045959.36513.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification and estimation of the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida organisms in different animal and avian species in India during November 2000 to July 2003 was carried out. Out of 418 samples collected from different outbreaks suspected to be caused by P. multocida, a total of 206 bacterial cultures were identified as P. multocida on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the 206 cultures were isolated from different domestic animal species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and rabbit), avian species (chicken, duck, quail, turkey, goose) and wild animals such as leopard and deer. Serotyping of P. multocida cultures revealed the presence of various serotypes (A:1, A:3, A:1,3, A:4, B:2, D:1 and -:1) among the livestock population. P. multocida polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay applied on different forms of bacterial cultures (bacterial culture lysate, direct bacterial colony and mixed bacterial culture lysate) yielded an amplified product of approximately 460 bp specific for P. multocida. The results of PCR assay correlated well with conventional methods of identification. The present investigation revealed the presence of varied serotypes among livestock and PCR assay was found to be useful for rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of pasteurellosis in animals and avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kumar
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP India.
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Biswas A, Shivachandra SB, Saxena MK, Kumar AA, Singh VP, Srivastava SK. Molecular variability among strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia in India. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28:287-98. [PMID: 15222733 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000026656.77847.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of conventional and molecular methods for rapid detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida serogroup B isolates involved in an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia affecting Indian buffaloes, was studied. Five isolates were obtained and were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. None of the five isolates could be differentiated on the basis of cultural, biochemical, pathogenicity and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques were found to be specific and sensitive for rapid detection and differentiation of isolates. Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP-) PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-) PCR and single-primer PCR differentiated all the five isolates into different profiles. All the isolates involved in the outbreak were found to have a genetic profile different from standard P. multocida strain (P52). However, three isolates had similar profiles, whereas each of the remaining two had a different profile. The study indicates the involvement of multiple strains of P. multocida in a single outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffaloes. The results also indicate that molecular methods of detection and typing are superior to conventional methods for rapid epidemiological investigations of haemorrhagic septicaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biswas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP India
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