1
|
Piquero-Zulaica I, Hu W, Seitsonen AP, Haag F, Küchle J, Allegretti F, Lyu Y, Chen L, Wu K, El-Fattah ZMA, Aktürk E, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Muntwiler M, Barth JV, Zhang YQ. Unconventional Band Structure via Combined Molecular Orbital and Lattice Symmetries in a Surface-Confined Metallated Graphdiyne Sheet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405178. [PMID: 38762788 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY)-based monolayers represent the next generation 2D carbon-rich materials with tunable structures and properties surpassing those of graphene. However, the detection of band formation in atomically thin GY/GDY analogues has been challenging, as both long-range order and atomic precision have to be fulfilled in the system. The present work reports direct evidence of band formation in on-surface synthesized metallated Ag-GDY sheets with mesoscopic (≈1 µm) regularity. Employing scanning tunneling and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopies, energy-dependent transitions of real-space electronic states above the Fermi level and formation of the valence band are respectively observed. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate the observations and reveal that doubly degenerate frontier molecular orbitals on a honeycomb lattice give rise to flat, Dirac and Kagome bands close to the Fermi level. DFT modeling also indicates an intrinsic band gap for the pristine sheet material, which is retained for a bilayer with h-BN, whereas adsorption-induced in-gap electronic states evolve at the synthesis platform with Ag-GDY decorating the (111) facet of silver. These results illustrate the tremendous potential for engineering novel band structures via molecular orbital and lattice symmetries in atomically precise 2D carbon materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chemie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Küchle
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuanhao Lyu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, E-11884, Egypt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, 43511, Egypt
| | - Ethem Aktürk
- Department of Physics, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de Loess, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang H, Bai Y, Zhao H, Qin X, Hu Z, Zhou C, Huang F, Cao Y. Interface Engineering for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2212236. [PMID: 36867581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have made dramatic advancements during the past decades owing to the innovative material design and device structure optimization, with power conversion efficiencies surpassing 19% and 20% for single-junction and tandem devices, respectively. Interface engineering, by modifying interface properties between different layers for OSCs, has become a vital part to promote the device efficiency. It is essential to elucidate the intrinsic working mechanism of interface layers, as well as the related physical and chemical processes that manipulate device performance and long-term stability. In this article, the advances in interface engineering aimed to pursue high-performance OSCs are reviewed. The specific functions and corresponding design principles of interface layers are summarized first. Then, the anode interface layer, cathode interface layer in single-junction OSCs, and interconnecting layer of tandem devices are discussed in separate categories, and the interface engineering-related improvements on device efficiency and stability are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with application of interface engineering are discussed with the emphasis on large-area, high-performance, and low-cost device manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanqing Bai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xudong Qin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cueto C, Hu M, Russell TP, Emrick T. Conjugated Zwitterionic Oligomers as Ligands on Perovskite Nanocrystals: Hybrid Structures with Tunable Interparticle Spacing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8189-8197. [PMID: 38471087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Conventional ligands for CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), composed of polar, coordinating head groups (e.g., ammonium or zwitterionic) and aliphatic tails, are instrumental in stabilizing the NCs against sintering and aggregation. Nonetheless, the aliphatic (insulating) nature of these ligands represents drawbacks with respect to objectives in optoelectronics, and yet removing these ligands typically leads to a loss of colloidal stability. In this paper, we describe the preparation of CsPbBr3 NCs in the presence of discrete conjugated oligomers that were prepared by an iterative synthetic approach and capped at their chain ends with sulfobetaine zwitterions for perovskite coordination. Notably, these zwitterionic oligofluorenes are compatible with the hot injection and ligand exchange conditions used to prepare CsPbBr3 NCs, yielding stable NC dispersions with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY, >90%) and spectral features representative of both the perovskite core and conjugated ligand shell. Controlling the chain length of these capping ligands effectively regulated inter-NC spacing and packing geometry when cast into solid films, with evidence derived from both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cueto
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Conte Center for Polymer Research, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mingqiu Hu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Conte Center for Polymer Research, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Conte Center for Polymer Research, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Conte Center for Polymer Research, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Wu Y, Bin Z, Zhang C, Tan G, You J. Discovery of Organic Optoelectronic Materials Powered by Oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1224-1243. [PMID: 38173272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and streamlined synthetic methods that facilitate the rapid build-up of structurally diverse π-conjugated systems are of paramount importance in the quest for organic optoelectronic materials. Among these methods, transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes have emerged as a concise and effective approach for generating a wide array of bi(hetero)aryl and fused heteroaryl structures. This innovative approach bypasses challenges associated with substrate pre-activation processes, thereby allowing for the creation of frameworks that were previously beyond reach using conventional Ar-X/Ar-M coupling reactions. These inherent advantages have ushered in new design patterns for organic optoelectronic molecules that deviate from traditional methods. This ground-breaking approach enables the transcendence of the limitations of repetitive material structures, ultimately leading to the discovery of novel high-performance materials. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of organic optoelectronic materials through the utilization of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions. We introduce several notable synthetic strategies in this domain, covering both directed and non-directed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling strategies, dual chelation-assisted strategy and directed ortho-C-H arylation/cyclization strategy. Additionally, we shed light on the role of oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions in the advancement of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of existing protocols and offer insights into the future prospects for this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmidt M, Karg M, Thelakkat M, Brendel JC. Correlating Molar Mass, π-Conjugation, and Optical Properties of Narrowly Distributed Anionic Polythiophenes in Aqueous Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300396. [PMID: 37533353 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Polythiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) are attracting increasing attention as sensor or interface materials in chemistry and biology. While cationic polythiophenes are better understood, limited structural information is available on their anionic counterparts. Limited access to well-defined polymers has made the study of structure-property relationships difficult and clear correlations have remained elusive. By combining controlled Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization with a polymer-analog substitution, regioregular and narrowly distributed poly(6-(thiophen-3-yl)hexane-1-sulfonate)s (PTHS) with tailored chain length are prepared. Analysis of their aqueous solution structures by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) revealed a cylindrical conformation for all polymers tested, with a length close to the contour length of the polymer chains, while the estimated radii remain too small (<1.5 nm) for extensive π-stacking of the chains. The latter is particularly interesting as the longest polymer exhibits a concentration-independent structured absorption typical of crystalline polythiophenes. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution diminishes these features as the Coulomb repulsion between the charged repeat units is shielded, allowing the polymer to adopt a more coiled conformation. The extended π-conjugation, therefore, appears to be a key parameter for these unique optical features, which are not present in the corresponding cationic polythiophenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schmidt
- Applied Functional Polymers (AFUPO), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers (AFUPO), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qian S, Lin HA, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Geng Z, Wu Q, He Y, Zhu B. Chemically revised conducting polymers with inflammation resistance for intimate bioelectronic electrocoupling. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:24-51. [PMID: 36875055 PMCID: PMC9975642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, tunable interfacial barrier with metal, tissue matchable softness, and versatile chemical functionalization, making them robust to bridge the gap between brain tissue and electronic circuits. This review focuses on chemically revised conducting polymers, combined with their superior and controllable electrochemical performance, to fabricate long-term bioelectronic implants, addressing chronic immune responses, weak neuron attraction, and long-term electrocommunication instability challenges. Moreover, the promising progress of zwitterionic conducting polymers in bioelectronic implants (≥4 weeks stable implantation) is highlighted, followed by a comment on their current evolution toward selective neural coupling and reimplantable function. Finally, a critical forward look at the future of zwitterionic conducting polymers for in vivo bioelectronic devices is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hsing-An Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qichao Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yunhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yong He
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu Q, Ding M, Zhou A, Guo P, Wang Q, Li D, Liang J, Liang J, Li J, Woo H, Xia Y. Novel Alcohol-Soluble Nitroxide Radical Conjugated Polymer for Cathode Modifier of Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9773-9783. [PMID: 36757378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers with polar side-chain components have been regarded as one of the most promising cathode interfacial modifers (CIMs) to achieve high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a novel alcohol-soluble nitrogen oxide radical conjugated polymer (PBN-NO) containing dimethylamine groups for regulating metal work function and the dangling of 2,2,6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxy (TEMPO) radical side-chain groups for theoretically improving the conductivity, was prepared and characterized. As compared to the OSCs from PM6:Y6 blends with the most common CIMs of PFN, PDINO, and PDINN, the OSCs with PBN-NO as CIMs provide better or comparable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) (16.19% vs 13.10%, 15.60%, and 16.15%), enhanced photostability, and thermal stability. Besides that, the reasons for the improving PCEs of the OSCs with PBN-NO modifier are systematically investigated and supported by a set of comparative experiments such as exciton dissociation, charge recombination, capacitance-voltage (C-V), etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an alcohol-soluble nitroxide radical conjugated polymer that successfully integrates the interfacial modification of polar groups and improves conductivity by dangling radicals, therefore contributing to efficient OSCs with enhanced stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Mingqiang Ding
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Zhou
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Pengzhi Guo
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- National Green Coating Equipment and Technology Research Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Daoxian Li
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Jianjian Liang
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Junhong Liang
- National Green Coating Equipment and Technology Research Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Hanyoung Woo
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangjun Xia
- Organic Semiconductor Materials and Applied Technology Research Centre of Gansu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su LY, Huang HH, Tsai CE, Hou CH, Shyue JJ, Lu CH, Pao CW, Yu MH, Wang L, Chueh CC. Improving Thermal and Photostability of Polymer Solar Cells by Robust Interface Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107834. [PMID: 35532078 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) approaches 19%, increasing research attention is being paid to enhancing the device's long-term stability. In this study, a robust interface engineering of graphene oxide nanosheets (GNS) is expounded on improving the thermal and photostability of non-fullerene bulk-heterojunction (NFA BHJ) OPVs to a practical level. Three distinct GNSs (GNS, N-doped GNS (N-GNS), and N,S-doped GNS (NS-GNS)) synthesized through a pyrolysis method are applied as the ZnO modifier in inverted OPVs. The results reveal that the GNS modification introduces passivation and dipole effects to enable better energy-level alignment and to facilitate charge transfer across the ZnO/BHJ interface. Besides, it optimizes the BHJ morphology of the photoactive layer, and the N,S doping of GNS further enhances the interaction with the photoactive components to enable a more idea BHJ morphology. Consequently, the NS-GNS device delivers enhanced performance from 14.5% (control device) to 16.5%. Moreover, the thermally/chemically stable GNS is shown to stabilize the morphology of the ZnO electron transport layer (ETL) and to endow the BHJ morphology of the photoactive layer grown atop with a more stable thermodynamic property. This largely reduces the microstructure changes and the associated charge recombination in the BHJ layer under constant thermal/light stresses. Finally, the NS-GNS device is demonstrated to exhibit an impressive T80 lifetime (time at which PCE of the device decays to 80% of the initial PCE) of 2712 h under a constant thermal condition at 65 °C in a glovebox and an outstanding photostability with a T80 lifetime of 2000 h under constant AM1.5G 1-sun illumination in an N2 -controlled environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Su
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsiang Huang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chang-En Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Pao
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Leeyih Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Hamilton I, Suh M, Bailey J, Bradley DDC, Kim JS. Optimizing Interfacial Energetics for Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Electron Injection Layers in High Efficiency and Fast Responding Polymer Light Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24668-24680. [PMID: 35583466 PMCID: PMC9164195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the π-conjugated backbone structure of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) for use as electron injection layers (EILs) in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) has previously brought conflicted results in the literature in terms of device efficiency and turn-on response time. Herein, we determine the energetics at the CPE and the light emitting polymer (LEP) interface as a key factor for PLED device performance. By varying the conjugated backbone structure of both the LEP and CPE, we control the nature of the CPE/LEP interface in terms of optical energy gap offset, interfacial energy level offset, and location of the electron-hole recombination zone. We use a wide gap CPE with a shallow LUMO (F8im-Br) and one with a smaller gap and deeper LUMO (F8imBT-Br), in combination with three different LEPs. We find that the formation of a type II heterojunction at the CPE/LEP interfaces causes interfacial luminance quenching, which is responsible for poor efficiency in PLED devices. The effect is exacerbated with increased energy level offset from ionic rearrangement and hole accumulation occurring near the CPE/LEP interface. However, a deep CPE LUMO is found to be beneficial for fast current and luminance turn-on times of devices. This work provides important CPE molecular design rules for EIL use, offering progress toward a universal PLED-compatible CPE that can simultaneously deliver high efficiency and fast response times. In particular, engineering the LUMO position to be deep enough for fast device turn-on while avoiding the creation of a large energy level offset at the CPE/LEP interface is shown to be highly desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hamilton
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955−6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Minwon Suh
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Bailey
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Donal D. C. Bradley
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955−6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo Y, Liu M, Yuan C, Ren Z, Liu Y. Combining Polymer Zwitterions and Zinc Oxide for High Performance Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200291. [PMID: 35642107 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely used cathode interlayer material in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). However, there are lots of surface or bulk film defects in ZnO layers, which degrades solar cell performance. Here, the typical phosphorylcholine- and sulfobetaine-based polymer zwitterions (PMPC and PDMAPS) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization to modify ZnO interlayers for inverted OSCs. The polymer zwitterions can efficiently passivate the defects in ZnO films and thus increase the conductivity of the ZnO interlayers. Both PMPC and PDMAPS modified ZnO interlayers show some general advantages on improving the performance of fullerene-based and non-fullerene-based OSCs. A highest efficiency of 16.69% was achieved by using PMPC modified ZnO interlayers in PM6:Y6 based solar cell devices, which is among the best performance in inverted OSCs. Such an improvement on device performance is attribute to the work function reduction of the polymer zwitterions modified ZnO films, which provides an efficient cathode platform to extract and transport electrons from the active layers, to the benefit of suppressing interfacial charge recombination. As a result, the organic-inorganic hybrid composites (ZnO: polymer zwitterions) show efficient interfacial modification to align energy-levels at the device interface, which have promising application prospects in organic electronics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenyuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu X, Peng Q. Hole/Electron Transporting Materials for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104453. [PMID: 35224789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonfullerene acceptor based organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) have witnessed rapid progress over the past few years owing to the intensive research efforts on novel electron donor and nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) materials, interfacial engineering, and device processing techniques. Interfacial layers including electron transporting layers (ETL) and hole transporting layers (HTLs) are crucially important in the OSCs for facilitating electron and hole extraction from the photoactive blend to the respective electrodes. In this review, the lates progress in both ETLs and HTLs for the currently prevailing NF-OSCs are discussed, in which the ETLs are summarized from the categories of metal oxides, metal chelates, non-conjugated electrolytes and conjugated electrolytes, and the HTLs are summarized from the categories of inorganic and organic materials. In addition, some bifunctional interlayer materials served as both ETLs and HTLs are also introduced. Finally, the prospects of ETL/HTL materials for NF-OSCs are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Russell TP. Electroactive Ionenes: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1097-1108. [PMID: 35188380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the advantages of being lightweight, mechanically flexible, and solution-processable over large areas, and for decades, they have been the focus of the academic and industrial communities. Recent progress in the design of high-performance organic semiconductors and device optimization has promoted solar cell efficiencies of up to 19%, showing great promise for commercialization. Optimally designed OPVs are achieved using a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials in between two charge-collecting electrodes. Charge extraction and transport between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are crucial to device operation. The energy-level mismatch when metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are in contact usually induces additional energy barriers and resultant inefficient charge transport and collection, leading to charge carrier recombination at the interface and inferior device performance. To align energy levels at the interface, interlayer materials and their integration into devices have emerged as a widely used strategy to promote the performance of solar cell devices. Interlayer materials have the ability to modify the work functions (WFs) of metal electrodes, holding the potential to enhance the built-in electrostatic field (Vbi) of the devices and suppress the charge recombination loss, which is beneficial to improving the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells.Organic interlayer materials have recently come into focus for fundamental study and practical development because of their diverse molecular design and superior solution processability. Tremendous effort has been devoted to exploring novel organic interlayer materials to achieve all-solution-processed multilayer solar cells. Such interlayer materials usually have orthogonal solubilities relative to the photoactive layer materials, working as multifunctional interfacial layers to manipulate the mechanical and electrical contacts in solar cell devices. Ionenes are a unique class of polyelectrolytes wherein the ionic species reside within the polymer backbone rather than as pendant groups. In ionenes, the charge density is high in comparison to that of other polyelectrolytes, and the periodicity of the charges is easily controlled, providing a tunable density of dipole moments. Ionenes can be readily synthesized from 3° diamines and α,ω-dihaloalkanes to generate polymer chains of ammonium cations connected by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with mobile anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are not limited to such molecules. Recent advances in combining ionenes with conjugated molecules to generate electroactive ionenes have catalyzed a great amount of interest in such polymers for organic electronic devices.In this Account, we first introduce the molecular design and synthesis of electroactive ionenes. Following this, we will discuss the mechanism and effect of ionenes on the modification of metal electrodes. We then review the strategies for controlling the morphology of ionene interlayers. Finally, we compare the doping effect, conductivity, and charge transport of some representative ionenes and their performance as interlayers in solar cell devices. We present our current understanding based on recent progress and outstanding issues of interlayer materials in OPVs and to propose future directions and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Expanding the toolbox
of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction
is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor
(OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction
materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside
a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus
on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed
conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure–property
investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation
principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods
are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed
ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges
in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials
as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed.
This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed
conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing
the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to
frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative
work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design
strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles
that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even
further for future OMIEC materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu LN, Khlil M, Li J, Xu ZW, Xie G, Li J, Gao X, Li H, Yao J, Li WS. Zwitterionic side chain-modified conjugated polymers with greatly enhanced ambipolar charge-transport mobilities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11181-11184. [PMID: 34618880 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A small amount of the 3-(hexyldimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate zwitterionic side chain was integrated into a diketopyrrolopyrrole ambipolar polymer to modulate its field-effect carrier-transport characteristics. It was found that such a modification can strengthen the interchain interaction, promote crystallization, and thus improve the hole and electron mobilities by 3.9- and 8.2-fold, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Maria Khlil
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Guanghui Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang C, Guo J, Zou X, Guo S, Guo Y, Shi R, Yan F. Acridine-Based Covalent Organic Framework Photosensitizer with Broad-Spectrum Light Absorption for Antibacterial Photocatalytic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100775. [PMID: 34165250 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is considered as one of the serious public health issues. Antibacterial photocatalytic therapy, a clinically proven antibacterial therapy, is gaining increasing attention in recent years owing to its high efficacy. Here, an acridine-based covalent organic framework (COF) photosensitizer, named TPDA, with multiple active sites is synthesized via Schiff base condensation between 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) and 3,6-diaminoacridine (DAA). Owing to the increased conjugation effect of the COF skeleton and outstanding light harvesting ability of DAA, TPDA exhibits a narrow optical band gap (1.6 eV), enhancing light energy transformation and conferring a wide optical absorption spectrum (intensity arbitrary unit > 0.8) ranging from the UV to near-infrared region. Moreover, TPDA shows high antibacterial activities against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria within a short time (10 min) of light irradiation and is found to efficiently protect fish from skin infections. Molecular dynamics simulation data show that the introduction of DAA and TFP facilitates the interaction between TPDA and bacteria and is conducive to reactive oxygen species migration, which further improves the antimicrobial performance. These findings indicate the potential of TPDA as a novel photosensitive material for photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rongwei Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu M, Li M, Jiang Y, Ma Z, Liu D, Ren Z, Russell TP, Liu Y. Conductive Ionenes Promote Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41810-41817. [PMID: 34254795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive ionenes were synthesized by integrating the electron donor dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) with the electron acceptor naphthalene diimide (NDI) using the Menshutkin reaction. The crystallinity and morphology of the films of these polymers can be optimized by varying the DAN-to-NDI ratio. These ionenes show strong charge transfer from DAN to NDI, though absent conjugated backbones, affording self-doping polymers with enhanced π-π interactions and excellent electronic properties. This is the first example where an electron donor can dope the electron acceptor in nonconjugated polymers, opening a new avenue for designing efficient interlayer materials. These ionenes markedly modify the electrode interface and promote efficient interfacial self-doping to boost the performance of fullerene-based, non-fullerene-based, and ternary organic solar cells, affording high power conversion efficiencies over a wide range of interlayer thicknesses, from ∼8 to ∼40 nm, with a maximum efficiency of 17.05%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Duanzijing Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen X, Han Y, Fang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Xia D, Dong X, Xiao C, Wu Y, You S, Li W. Ti-Oxo Clusters with Peripheral Alkyl Groups as Cathode Interlayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39671-39677. [PMID: 34396767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three independent Ti-oxo clusters (TOCs) that contain 6, 8, and 12 Ti atoms in the cores and alkyl groups on the surface were developed as cathode interlayers in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). These TOCs have precise chemical structures with a single crystal, excellent solubility in methanol, and well-aligned work function. Smooth films can be facilely obtained by spin-casting their solution on top of the active layer. Therefore, they can be used as an interlayer in OSCs to provide a high power conversion efficiency (17.29%). Further studies reveal that these TOCs can not only reduce the work function of the silver electrode to provide better energy level alignment but also exhibit a significant n-doping effect with the non-fullerene acceptors to facilitate efficient electron extraction and transport. Our results demonstrate that TOCs as semiconductors have great potential application in OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yingzi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaona Dong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Bin H, Wang J, Li J, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Efficient Electron Transport Layer Free Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Superior Device Stability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008429. [PMID: 33656220 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport layers (ETLs) placed between the electrodes and a photoactive layer can enhance the performance of organic solar cells but also impose limitations. Most ETLs are ultrathin films, and their deposition can disturb the morphology of the photoactive layers, complicate device fabrication, raise cost, and also affect device stability. To fully overcome such drawbacks, efficient organic solar cells that operate without an ETL are preferred. In this study, a new small-molecule electron donor (H31) based on a thiophene-substituted benzodithiophene core unit with trialkylsilyl side chains is designed and synthesized. Blending H31 with the electron acceptor Y6 gives solar cells with power conversion efficiencies exceeding 13% with and without 2,9-bis[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f ']diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone (PDINO) as the ETL. The ETL-free cells deliver a superior shelf life compared to devices with an ETL. Small-molecule donor-acceptor blends thus provide interesting perspectives for achieving efficient, reproducible, and stable device architectures without electrode interlayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Junke Wang
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pagaduan JN, Hight-Huf N, Datar A, Nagar Y, Barnes M, Naveh D, Ramasubramaniam A, Katsumata R, Emrick T. Electronic Tuning of Monolayer Graphene with Polymeric "Zwitterists". ACS NANO 2021; 15:2762-2770. [PMID: 33512145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Work function engineering of two-dimensional (2D) materials by application of polymer coatings represents a research thrust that promises to enhance the performance of electronic devices. While polymer zwitterions have been demonstrated to significantly modify the work function of both metal electrodes and 2D materials due to their dipole-rich structure, the impact of zwitterion chemical structure on work function modulation is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we synthesized a series of sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic random copolymers with variable substituents and used them in lithographic patterning for the preparation of negative-tone resists (i.e., "zwitterists") on monolayer graphene. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy indicated a significant work function reduction, as high as 1.5 eV, induced by all polymer zwitterions when applied as ultrathin films (<10 nm) on monolayer graphene. Of the polymers studied, the piperidinyl-substituted version, produced the largest dipole normal to the graphene sheet, thereby inducing the maximum work function reduction. Density functional theory calculations probed the influence of zwitterion composition on dipole orientation, while lithographic patterning allowed for evaluation of surface potential contrast via Kelvin probe force microscopy. Overall, this polymer "zwitterist" design holds promise for fine-tuning 2D materials electronics with spatial control based on the chemistry of the polymer coating and the dimensions of the lithographic patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yehiel Nagar
- Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen Q, Yang X, Zhou Y, Song B. Zwitterions: promising interfacial/doping materials for organic/perovskite solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent progress in zwitterionic materials through the concepts of interfacial dipoles and passivating defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bo Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu M, Fan P, Hu Q, Russell TP, Liu Y. Naphthalene-Diimide-Based Ionenes as Universal Interlayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18131-18135. [PMID: 32558039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-doping ionene polymers were efficiently synthesized by reacting functional naphthalene diimide (NDI) with 1,3-dibromopropane (NDI-NI) or trans-1,4-dibromo-2-butene (NDI-CI) via quaternization polymerization. These NDI-based ionene polymers are universal interlayers with random molecular orientation, boosting the efficiencies of fullerene-based, non-fullerene-based, and ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) over a wide range of interlayer thicknesses, with a maximum efficiency of 16.9 %. NDI-NI showed a higher interfacial dipole (Δ), conductivity, and electron mobility than NDI-CI, affording solar cells with higher efficiencies. These polymers proved to efficiently lower the work function (WF) of air-stable metals and optimize the contact between metal electrode and organic semiconductor, highlighting their power to overcome energy barriers of electron injection and extraction processes for efficient organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pu Fan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Qin Hu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu M, Fan P, Hu Q, Russell TP, Liu Y. Naphthalene‐Diimide‐Based Ionenes as Universal Interlayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Pu Fan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Qin Hu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao J, Qiu B, Zhang ZG, Xue L, Wang R, Zhang C, Chen S, Zhou Q, Sun C, Yang C, Xiao M, Meng L, Li Y. Cathode engineering with perylene-diimide interlayer enabling over 17% efficiency single-junction organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2726. [PMID: 32483159 PMCID: PMC7264349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In organic solar cells (OSCs), cathode interfacial materials are generally designed with highly polar groups to increase the capability of lowering the work function of cathode. However, the strong polar group could result in a high surface energy and poor physical contact at the active layer surface, posing a challenge for interlayer engineering to address the trade-off between device stability and efficiency. Herein, we report a hydrogen-bonding interfacial material, aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide (PDINN), which simultaneously down-shifts the work function of the air stable cathodes (silver and copper), and maintains good interfacial contact with the active layer. The OSCs based on PDINN engineered silver-cathode demonstrate a high power conversion efficiency of 17.23% (certified value 16.77% by NREL) and high stability. Our results indicate that PDINN is an effective cathode interfacial material and interlayer engineering via suitable intermolecular interactions is a feasible approach to improve device performance of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Beibei Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- Analysis & Testing Center, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Chenkai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gu Y, Liu Y, Russell TP. Fullerene‐Based Interlayers for Breaking Energy Barriers in Organic Solar Cells. Chempluschem 2020; 85:751-759. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- Polymer Science and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu Y, Liu Y, Emrick T, Russell TP. Polymer design to promote low work function surfaces in organic electronics. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Zhang YQ, Lin HA, Pan QC, Qian SH, Zhang SH, Qiu G, Luo SC, Yu HH, Zhu B. Tunable Protein/Cell Binding and Interaction with Neurite Outgrowth of Low-Impedance Zwitterionic PEDOTs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12362-12372. [PMID: 32057222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is an effective electronic material for bioelectronics because it exhibits efficient electrical trade-off and diminishes immune response. To promote the use of zwitterionic PEDOTs in bioelectronic devices, especially for cell alignment control and close electrocoupling, features such as tunable interaction of PEDOTs with proteins/cells and spatially modulating cell behavior are required. However, there is a lack of reliable methods to assemble zwitterionic EDOTs with other functionalized EDOT materials, having different polarities and oxidation potentials, to prepare PEDOTs with the aforementioned surface properties. In this study, we have developed a surfactant-assisted electropolymerization to assemble phosphorylcholine (PC)-functionalized EDOT with other functionalized EDOTs. By adjusting compositions, the interaction of PEDOT copolymers with proteins/cells can be finely tuned; the composition adjustment has an ignorable influence on the impedance of the copolymers. We also demonstrate that the cell-repulsive force generated from PC can spatially guide the neurite outgrowth to form a neuron network at single-cell resolution and greatly enhance the neurite outgrowth by 179%, which is significantly more distinctive than the reported topography effect. We expect that the derived tunable protein/cell interaction and the PC-induced repulsive guidance for the neurite outgrowth can make low-impedance zwitterionic PEDOTs more useful in bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201600, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hsing-An Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qi-Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201600, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Si-Hao Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201600, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Gao Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Shyh-Chyang Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica, 128 Academic Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Keith JR, Ganesan V. Ion transport mechanisms in salt‐doped polymerized zwitterionic electrolytes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Keith
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paulsen BD, Tybrandt K, Stavrinidou E, Rivnay J. Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:13-26. [PMID: 31427743 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials that efficiently transport and couple ionic and electronic charge are key to advancing a host of technological developments for next-generation bioelectronic, optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Here we highlight key progress in the design and study of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), a diverse family of soft synthetically tunable mixed conductors. Across applications, the same interrelated fundamental physical processes dictate OMIEC properties and determine device performance. Owing to ionic and electronic interactions and coupled transport properties, OMIECs demand special understanding beyond knowledge derived from the study of organic thin films and membranes meant to support either electronic or ionic processes only. We address seemingly conflicting views and terminology regarding charging processes in these materials, and highlight recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials. Further progress is predicated on multimodal and multi-scale approaches to overcome lingering barriers to OMIEC design and implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Singh A, Gupta R, Siddiqui N, Kumar Iyer SS, Ramanathan G. Tuning Thin Film Properties by Structural Modulations in Red Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singh
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Raghav Gupta
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
- Samtel Centre for Display TechnologiesIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Nazia Siddiqui
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - S. Sundar Kumar Iyer
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
- Samtel Centre for Display TechnologiesIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xia C, Liu C, Zhou F, Gu P, Li H, He J, Li Y, Xu Q, Lu J. Tunable Electronic Memory Performances Based on Poly(Triphenylamine) and Its Metal Complex via a SuFEx Click Reaction. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4296-4302. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Xia
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional MaterialsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Peiyang Gu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jinghui He
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional MaterialsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Xu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyNational Center for International ResearchSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang D. The Effects of Side Chains on the Charge Mobilities and Functionalities of Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers beyond Solubilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903104. [PMID: 31483542 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of semiconducting polymers in terms of high charge mobilities and applications in transistors. Significant efforts have been made to develop various conjugated frameworks and linkers. However, studies are increasingly demonstrating that the side chains of semiconducting polymers can significantly affect interchain packing, thin film crystallinity, and thus semiconducting performance. Ways to modify the side alkyl chains to improve the interchain packing order and charge mobilities for conjugated polymers are first discussed. It is shown that modifying the branching chains by moving the branching points away from the backbones can boost the charge mobilities, which can also be improved through partially replacing branching chains with linear ones. Second, the effects of side chains with heteroatoms and functional groups are discussed. The siloxane-terminated side chains are utilized to enhance the semiconducting properties. The fluorinated alkyl chains are beneficial for improving both charge mobility and air stability. Incorporating H bonding group side chains can improve thin film crystallinities and boost charge mobilities. Notably, incorporating functional groups (e.g., glycol, tetrathiafulvalene, and thymine) into side chains can improve the selectivity of field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors, while photochromic group containing side chains in conjugated polymers result in photoresponsive semiconductors and optically tunable FETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Takagi K, Yano H, Ito H, Kishi N. Charge-neutral and self-doped cyclopentadithiophene-based conjugated polymers: Influence of side chain on optical, electrical, and thermoelectric properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Jafari F, Patil BR, Mohtaram F, Cauduro ALF, Rubahn HG, Behjat A, Madsen M. Inverted organic solar cells with non-clustering bathocuproine (BCP) cathode interlayers obtained by fullerene doping. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10422. [PMID: 31320718 PMCID: PMC6639309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bathocuproine (BCP) is a well-studied cathode interlayer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, where it for standard device configurations has demonstrated improved electron extraction as well as exciton blocking properties, leading to high device efficiencies. For inverted devices, however, BCP interlayers has shown to lead to device failure, mainly due to the clustering of BCP molecules on indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces, which is a significant problem during scale-up of the OPV devices. In this work, we introduce C70 doped BCP thin films as cathode interlayers in inverted OPV devices. We demonstrate that the interlayer forms smooth films on ITO surfaces, resulting from the introduction of C70 molecules into the BCP film, and that these films possess both improved electron extraction as well exciton blocking properties, as evidenced by electron-only devices and photoluminescence studies, respectively. Importantly, the improved cathode interlayers leads to well-functioning large area (100 mm2) devices, showing a device yield of 100%. This is in strong contrast to inverted devices based on pure BCP layers. These results are founded by the effective suppression of BCP clustering from C70, along with the electron transport and exciton blocking properties of the two materials, which thus presents a route for its integration as an interlayer material towards up-scaled inverted OPV devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Jafari
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark.,Atomic and Molecular Groups, Faculty of Physics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Bhushan R Patil
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Fatemeh Mohtaram
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark.,Atomic and Molecular Groups, Faculty of Physics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - André L Fernandes Cauduro
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, 94720, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Abbas Behjat
- Atomic and Molecular Groups, Faculty of Physics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Morten Madsen
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene for third-generation solar cells and fuel cells. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
37
|
Park M, Hong KI, Kang M, Kim TW, Lee H, Jang WD, Jeong KU. Hierarchical Hybrid Nanostructures Constructed by Fullerene and Molecular Tweezer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6101-6112. [PMID: 31042357 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the construction of well-defined hierarchical superstructures of pristine [60]fullerene (C60) arrays, pyrene-based molecular tweezers (PT) were used as host molecules for catching and arranging C60 guest molecules. The formation of host-guest complexes was systematically studied in solution as well as in the solid state. Two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies revealed that PT-host and C60-guest complexes were closely related to the molecular self-assembly of PT. Ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopic titrations indicated the formation of stable 1:1 and 2:1 (PT/C60) complexes. From the nonlinear curve-fitting analysis, equilibrium constants for the 1:1 (log K1) and 2:1 (log K2) complexes were estimated to be 4.96 and 5.01, respectively. X-ray diffraction results combined with transmission electron microscopy observations clearly exhibited the construction of well-defined layered superstructures of the PT-host and C60-guest complexes. From electron mobility measurements, it was demonstrated that the well-defined hierarchical hybrid nanostructure incorporating a C60 array exhibited a high electron mobility of 1.7 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1. This study can provide a guideline for the hierarchical hybrid nanostructures of host-guest complex and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of BIN Convergence Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Jeonbuk 54896 , Korea
| | - Kyeong-Im Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Jeonju , Jeonbuk 565-905 , Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Jeonju , Jeonbuk 565-905 , Korea
| | - Hosoowi Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of BIN Convergence Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Jeonbuk 54896 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Goel M, Heinrich CD, Krauss G, Thelakkat M. Principles of Structural Design of Conjugated Polymers Showing Excellent Charge Transport toward Thermoelectrics and Bioelectronics Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800915. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Goel
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - C. David Heinrich
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Yu DM, Emrick T, Russell TP. Transforming Ionene Polymers into Efficient Cathode Interlayers with Pendent Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5677-5681. [PMID: 30861272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new and highly efficient cathode interlayer material for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) was produced by integrating C60 fullerene monomers into ionene polymers. The power of these novel "C60 -ionenes" for interface modification enables the use of numerous high work-function metals (e.g., silver, copper, and gold) as the cathode in efficient OPV devices. C60 -ionene boosted power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of solar cells, fabricated with silver cathodes, from 2.79 % to 10.51 % for devices with a fullerene acceptor in the active layer, and from 3.89 % to 11.04 % for devices with a non-fullerene acceptor in the active layer, demonstrating the versatility of this interfacial layer. The introduction of fullerene moieties dramatically improved the conductivity of ionene polymers, affording devices with high efficiency by reducing charge accumulation at the cathode/active layer interface. The power of C60 -ionene to improve electron injection and extraction between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors highlights its promise to overcome energy barriers at the hard-soft materials interface to the benefit of organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Marcus D Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Yu DM, Emrick T, Russell TP. Transforming Ionene Polymers into Efficient Cathode Interlayers with Pendent Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carulli F, Scavia G, Lassi E, Pasini M, Galeotti F, Brovelli S, Giovanella U, Luzzati S. A bifunctional conjugated polyelectrolyte for the interfacial engineering of polymer solar cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 538:611-619. [PMID: 30553094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work a novel combination of side chain functionalities, alkyl-phosphonate (EP) and alkyl-ammonium bromide (NBr) groups, on a polyfluorene backbone (PF-NBr-EP) was studied as cathode interfacial material (CIM) in polymer-based solar cells. The devices were made with a conventional geometry, with PTB7:PC71 BM as active layer and aluminum as metal electrode. The CIM showed good solubility in ethanol and film forming ability onto the active layer so that its deposition could be finely tuned. The interface engineering imparted by this CIM was assessed and discussed through kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), impedance spectroscopy, charge recombination and electron transport characterizations. To discriminate between the interfacial modifications imparted by the interlayer and its solvent, we included in this study a surface ethanol treated device. In the optimized conditions an average power conversion efficiency of 7.24% was obtained, which is about 60% higher when compared to devices made with bare Al and 26% when compared to devices made with a standard calcium/aluminum cathode. Besides performances, some insights about the devices shelf life stability are also presented. A good persistency through aging was found for the cathode interfacial engineering capabilities of PF-NBr-EP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carulli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Guido Scavia
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Lassi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Brovelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Luzzati
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac - CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ly JT, Burnett EK, Thomas S, Aljarb A, Liu Y, Park S, Rosa S, Yi Y, Lee H, Emrick T, Russell TP, Brédas JL, Briseno AL. Efficient Electron Mobility in an All-Acceptor Napthalenediimide-Bithiazole Polymer Semiconductor with Large Backbone Torsion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40070-40077. [PMID: 30379059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An all-acceptor napthalenediimide-bithiazole-based co-polymer, P(NDI2OD-BiTz), was synthesized and characterized for application in thin-film transistors. Density functional theory calculations point to an optimal perpendicular dihedral angle of 90° between acceptor units along isolated polymer chains; yet optimized transistors yield electron mobility of 0.11 cm2/(V s) with the use of a zwitterionic naphthalene diimide interlayer. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements of annealed films reveal that P(NDI2OD-BiTz) adopts a highly ordered edge-on orientation, exactly opposite to similar bithiophene analogs. This report highlights an NDI and thiazole all-acceptor polymer and demonstrates high electron mobility despite its nonplanar backbone conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Ly
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Edmund K Burnett
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Simil Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Division of Physical Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Soohyung Park
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Rosa
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbok Lee
- Department of Physics , Kangwon National University , 1 Gangwondaehak-gil , Chuncheon-si , Gangwon-do 24341 , Republic of Korea
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Division of Physical Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16803 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vinokur J, Deckman I, Sarkar T, Nouzman L, Shamieh B, Frey GL. Interlayers Self-Generated by Additive-Metal Interactions in Organic Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706803. [PMID: 29989224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental structure of all organic electronic devices is a stack of thin layers sandwiched between electrodes, with precise intralayer morphology and interlayer interactions. Solution processing multilayers with little to no intermixing is, however, technically challenging and often incompatible with continuous roll-to-roll, high-speed manufacturing. Here, an overview of a recently developed methodology for self-generation of interlayers positioned between the active layer and metal contact is presented. The interlayer material is blended as an additive in the active layer and migrates to the organic/metal interface during metal deposition. The driving force for this migration is additive-metal interactions. The generated interlayer positions an interfacial dipole that reduces barriers for charge transfer across the organic/metal interface. This methodology is generic and, as reported here, the self-generated interlayers significantly improve the performance of many devices. Importantly, this approach is compatible with printing and reel-to-reel processing. Directives toward additive selection, processing conditions and integration in future applications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Vinokur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Igal Deckman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Room 550 Cory Hall, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tanmoy Sarkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Liza Nouzman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Basel Shamieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gitti L Frey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tsai KW, Wu YC, Jen TH, Chen SA. Electric-Field-Induced Excimer Formation at the Interface of Deep-Blue Emission Poly(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene) with Polyelectrolyte or Its Precursor as Electron-Injection Layer in Polymer Light-Emitting Diode and Its Prevention for Stable Emission and Higher Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:26422-26433. [PMID: 30011176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes and their precursors as electron-injection layer (EIL) in polymer light-emitting diode have attracted extensive attention because they allow the use of environmentally stable high work function metals as cathode with efficient electron injection. Here, for the first time, we find that an undesirable green emission component (470-650 nm) in the electroluminescence spectra is observed during continuous operation of deep-blue emission β-phase poly(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene) (β-PFO) device upon introducing polyelectrolyte poly[9,9-bis(6'-(18-crown-6)methoxy)hexyl fluorene] chelating to potassium ion (PFCn6:K+) as EIL. This phenomenon also happens to nonchelating PFCn6, poly[(9,9-bis(3'-( N, N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)- alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)], or even nonemissive poly[4-((18-crown-6)methoxy)methyl styrene] chelating to K+ (PSCn6:K+). It can be ascribed to electric-field induction accompanied by thermal motion of a highly polar side chain in the polyelectrolyte leading to local segmental alignment of PFO main chains at the emitting layer (EML)/EIL interface and thus formation of green emission excimer, which is supported by the following observations: appearance of green emission component using nonemissive PSCn6:K+ as EIL, absence of green emission component as the device is operated at low-temperature (78 K) at which molecular thermal motion are frozen, and absence of green emission upon introducing 2,2',2″-(1,3,5-phenylbenzenetriyl)tris[1-phenyl-1 H-benzimidazole] as buffer layer in between EML and EIL for the prevention of direct contact of EML with polyelectrolyte or its precursor EIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Wei Tsai
- Chemical Engineering Department , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Yun-Chung Wu
- Chemical Engineering Department , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Hao Jen
- Chemical Engineering Department , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Show-An Chen
- Chemical Engineering Department , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Emrick T, Russell TP. Combining Fullerenes and Zwitterions in Non‐Conjugated Polymer Interlayers to Raise Solar Cell Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9675-9678. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Emrick T, Russell TP. Combining Fullerenes and Zwitterions in Non‐Conjugated Polymer Interlayers to Raise Solar Cell Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ibanez JG, Rincón ME, Gutierrez-Granados S, Chahma M, Jaramillo-Quintero OA, Frontana-Uribe BA. Conducting Polymers in the Fields of Energy, Environmental Remediation, and Chemical–Chiral Sensors. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4731-4816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G. Ibanez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, 01219 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina. E. Rincón
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580, Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gutierrez-Granados
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada S/N, Pueblito
de Rocha, 36080 Guanajuato, GTO Mexico
| | - M’hamed Chahma
- Laurentian University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
| | - Oscar A. Jaramillo-Quintero
- CONACYT-Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580 Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca 50200, Estado de México Mexico
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu Y, Cole MD, Jiang Y, Kim PY, Nordlund D, Emrick T, Russell TP. Chemical and Morphological Control of Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705976. [PMID: 29504157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based processing of materials for electrical doping of organic semiconductor interfaces is attractive for boosting the efficiency of organic electronic devices with multilayer structures. To simplify this process, self-doping perylene diimide (PDI)-based ionene polymers are synthesized, in which the semiconductor PDI components are embedded together with electrolyte dopants in the polymer backbone. Functionality contained within the PDI monomers suppresses their aggregation, affording self-doping interlayers with controllable thickness when processed from solution into organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). Optimal results for interfacial self-doping lead to increased power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the fullerene-based OPVs, from 2.62% to 10.64%, and of the nonfullerene-based OPVs, from 3.34% to 10.59%. These PDI-ionene interlayers enable chemical and morphological control of interfacial doping and conductivity, demonstrating that the conductive channels are crucial for charge transport in doped organic semiconductor films. Using these novel interlayers with efficient doping and high conductivity, both fullerene- and nonfullerene-based OPVs are achieved with PCEs exceeding 9% over interlayer thicknesses ranging from ≈3 to 40 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Marcus D Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hsu HL, Chao YC, Liao YH, Chung CL, Peng YJ, Chen CP, Jeng RJ. Embedding a Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Cross-linking Interfacial Layer Enhances the Performance of Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8885-8892. [PMID: 29457715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we prepared DPPBTDA, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based small molecule presenting a terminal cross-linkable azido group, as a cathode modifying layer for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) having the inverted device structure glass/indium tin oxide/zinc oxide (ZnO) with or without the interfacial layer (IFL)/active layer/MoO3/Ag. The active layer comprising a blend of poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thien-2-yl)benzo[1,2- b;4,5- b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl- alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4- b]thiophene)-2-carboxylate-2,6-diyl] (PTB7-Th) as the electron donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the electron acceptor. Atomic force microscopy, space-charge-limited current mobility, surface energy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis depth profile, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and OPV performance data revealed that the surface status of ZnO changed after inserting the DPPBTDA/PCBM hybrid IFL and induced an optimized blend morphology, having a preferred gradient distribution of the conjugated polymer and PC71BM, for efficient carrier transport. The power conversion efficiency (AM 1.5 G, 1000 W m-2) of the device incorporating the hybrid IFL increased to 9.4 ± 0.11% from 8.5 ± 0.15% for the preoptimized PTB7-Th/PCBM device (primarily because of an enhancement in the fill factor from 68.7 ± 1.1 to 72.1 ± 0.8%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Chao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Chung
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Juan Peng
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jia J, Fan B, Xiao M, Jia T, Jin Y, Li Y, Huang F, Cao Y. N-Type Self-Doped Water/Alcohol-Soluble Conjugated Polymers with Tailored Energy Levels for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Baobing Fan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Manjun Xiao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yaocheng Jin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|