1
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Qiao C, Liu Y, Wang C, Zeng X, Hou J, Huo D, Hou C. Synergistic enhancement of wearable biosensor through Pt single-atom catalyst for sweat analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116354. [PMID: 38723331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of biological markers in sweat is a valuable tool for health assessment. In this study, we have developed an innovative wearable biosensor for precise analysis of glucose in sweat during physical activities. The sensor is based on a single-atom catalyst of platinum (Pt) uniformly dispersed on tricobalt tetroxide (Co3O4) nanorods and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), featuring a unique three-dimensional nanostructure and excellent glucose electrocatalytic performance with a wide detection range of 1-800 μM. Additionally, density functional theory calculations have revealed the synergetic role of Pt active sites in the Pt single-atom catalyst (Co3O4/rGO/Pt) in glucose adsorption and electron transfer, thereby enhancing sensor performance. To enable application in wearable devices, we designed an S-shaped microfluidic chip and a point-of-care testing (POCT) device, both of which were validated for effectiveness through actual use by volunteers. This research provides valuable insights and innovative approaches for analyzing sweat glucose using wearable devices, contributing to the advancement of personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Cailin Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Cuncun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jingzhou Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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2
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Wei C, Fu D, Ma T, Chen M, Wang F, Chen G, Wang Z. Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116326. [PMID: 38696965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In conventional clinical disease diagnosis and screening based on biomarker detection, most analysis samples are collected from serum, blood. However, these invasive collection methods require specific instruments, professionals, and may lead to infection risks. Additionally, the diagnosis process suffers from untimely results. The identification of skin-related biomarkers plays an unprecedented role in early disease diagnosis. More importantly, these skin-mediated approaches for collecting biomarker-containing biofluid samples are noninvasive or minimally invasive, which is more preferable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, skin-based biomarker detection patches have been promoted, owing to their unique advantages, such as simple fabrication, desirable transdermal properties and no requirements for professional medical staff. Currently, the skin biomarkers extracted from sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF) and wound exudate, are achieved with wearable sweat patches, transdermal MN patches, and wound patches, respectively. In this review, we detail these three types of skin patches in biofluids collection and diseases-related biomarkers identification. Patch classification and the corresponding manufacturing as well as detection strategies are also summarized. The remaining challenges in clinical applications and current issues in accurate detection are discussed for further advancement of this technology (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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3
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Dong S, Wu J, Li L, Zhang Y, Qi S, Xiang M, Yang Z. Facile and efficient synthesis of sweater-ball shaped metal-organic framework/nickel sulfide nanoheterojunction for boosting electrochemical glucose sensing. Talanta 2024; 275:126129. [PMID: 38678929 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of heterojunction materials is regarded as an efficient way to enhance catalytic activities in various catalytic reactions. However, the existing fabrication approaches often rely on complex multi-step synthesis process. In this work, we fabricate sweater-ball shaped nanostructured MOF/TMS (Ni-MOF/NiS1.03) heterojunction by one-pot, one-step solvothermal method. According to the results of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) calculations and experiments, the formation of Ni-MOF/NiS1.03 heterojunction interfaces improves electron transfer and charge redistribution, and increases the adsorption energy of glucose molecules as well, which is conducive to enhance electrochemical activity of electrode materials. The as-prepared Ni-MOF/NiS1.03 heterojunction exhibit enhanced glucose sensitivity, wide detection range and low detection limit. This study paves the way towards the development of MOF-based heterojunctions for electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, 213032, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China
| | - Shanfei Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, 213032, PR China
| | - Meng Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China.
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4
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Peng HL, Zhang Y, Liu H, Gao C. Flexible Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Based on AuNR/PEDOT:PSS for Simultaneous Monitoring of Levodopa and Uric Acid in Sweat. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38829039 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
As a facile substitute for the invasive technique of blood testing, wearable electrochemical sensors exhibit high potential for the noninvasive and real-time monitoring of biomarkers in human sweat. However, owing to enzyme specificity, the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers by enzymatic analysis is challenging. Moreover, sweat accumulation under sensors causes sweat contamination, which hinders real-time biomarker detection from sweat. This study reports the design and fabrication of flexible wearable electrochemical sensors containing a composite comprising Au nanorods (AuNRs) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for the nonenzymatic detection of levodopa (LD) and uric acid (UA) in sweat. Each sensor was integrated with a flexible three-electrode system and a microfluidic patch for sweat sampling. AuNRs immobilized by PEG-doped PEDOT:PSS showed excellent analytical performance for LD and UA at different potentials. Thus, the newly fabricated sensors could detect LD and UA over a broad detection range with high sensitivity and showed a low limit of detection for both species. On-body assessments confirmed the ability of these sensors to simultaneously detect LD and UA in real time. Therefore, this study could open new frontiers in the fabrication of wearable electrochemical sensors for the pharmacokinetic profile tracking of LD and gout management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (Guangxi Normal University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (Guangxi Normal University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunji Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kulkarni MB, Rajagopal S, Prieto-Simón B, Pogue BW. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors for continuous human health monitoring. Talanta 2024; 272:125817. [PMID: 38402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the biochemical and biological research areas have shown great interest in a smart wearable sensor because of its increasing prevalence and high potential to monitor human health in a non-invasive manner by continuous screening of biomarkers dispersed throughout the biological analytes, as well as real-time diagnostic tools and time-sensitive information compared to conventional hospital-centered system. These smart wearable sensors offer an innovative option for evaluating and investigating human health by incorporating a portion of recent advances in technology and engineering that can enhance real-time point-of-care-testing capabilities. Smart wearable sensors have emerged progressively with a mixture of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling, and data acquisition systems incorporated with flexible substrate and bodily attachments for enhanced wearability, portability, and reliability. There is a good chance that smart wearable sensors will be relevant to the early detection and diagnosis of disease management and control. Therefore, pioneering smart wearable sensors into reality seems extremely promising despite possible challenges in this cutting-edge technology for a better future in the healthcare domain. This review presents critical viewpoints on recent developments in wearable sensors in the upcoming smart digital health monitoring in real-time scenarios. In addition, there have been proactive discussions in recent years on materials selection, design optimization, efficient fabrication tools, and data processing units, as well as their continuous monitoring and tracking strategy with system-level integration such as internet-of-things, cyber-physical systems, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States.
| | - Sivakumar Rajagopal
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, 632014, TN, India
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States
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6
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Jiang J, Fang Z, Kan X. ZIF-8 encapsulated-enzymes integrated nanozyme cascade biocatalysis platform for the colorimetric sensing of glucose and lactose in milk. Food Chem 2024; 438:138025. [PMID: 37983992 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cascade biocatalytic reactions have a wide range of applications, especially in the filed of food analysis. Herein, a multi-enzyme composite (ZGGPC) was prepared by in-situ synthesis of Zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) on Prussian blue (PB) modified carbon cloth (CC). The composite encapsulated both glucose oxidase and β-galactosidase simultaneously during the synthesis process. CC and ZIF-8 showed high loading capacity for PB and natural enzymes, respectively. And ZIF-8 also displayed excellent tolerance in protecting enzyme activity under extreme conditions. Based on the cascade biocatalysis, ZGGPC was used to detect glucose and lactose by colorimetric method with detection limits of 1.2 μM and 1.7 mM, respectively. Benefiting from the merits of low cost, easy preparation, and good stability, the sensing system was used to successfully determine glucose and lactose in different milk samples. The present cascade biocatalysis system is hopeful to develop simple and efficient sensing platforms for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Ziyue Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Xianwen Kan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
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7
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Tang C, Zhou K, Wang R, Li M, Liu W, Li C, Chen X, Lu Q, Chang Y. Wearable biosensors for human sweat glucose detection based on carbon black nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1407-1415. [PMID: 38246908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable glucose biosensors enable noninvasive glucose monitoring, thereby enhancing blood glucose management. In this work, we present a wearable biosensor based on carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) for glucose detection in human sweat. The biosensor consists of CBNPs, Prussian blue (PB), glucose oxidase, chitosan, and Nafion. The fabricated biosensor has a linear range of 5 µM to 1250 µM, sensitivity of 14.64 µA mM-1 cm-2, and a low detection potential (-0.05 V, vs. Ag/AgCl). The detection limit for glucose was calculated as 4.83 µM. This reusable biosensor has good selectivity and stability and exhibits a good response to glucose in real sweat. These results demonstrate the potential of our CBNP-based biosensor for monitoring blood glucose in human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Tang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Mengya Li
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qinwen Lu
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yongjia Chang
- Agricultural Sensors and Intelligent Perception Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Zhongke Hefei Institutes of Collaborative Research and Innovation for Intelligent Agriculture, Hefei, 231131, China.
- Intelligent Agriculture Engineering Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
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8
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Tian H, Ma J, Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhu N, Hou C, Ulstrup J. Electrochemical sensing fibers for wearable health monitoring devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115890. [PMID: 38048721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of health conditions is an emerging strong issue in health care, internet information, and other strongly evolving areas. Wearable electronics are versatile platforms for non-invasive sensing. Among a variety of wearable device principles, fiber electronics represent cutting-edge development of flexible electronics. Enabled by electrochemical sensing, fiber electronics have found a wide range of applications, providing new opportunities for real-time monitoring of health conditions by daily wearing, and electrochemical fiber sensors as explored in the present report are a promising emerging field. In consideration of the key challenges and corresponding solutions for electrochemical sensing fibers, we offer here a timely and comprehensive review. We discuss the principles and advantages of electrochemical sensing fibers and fabrics. Our review also highlights the importance of electrochemical sensing fibers in the fabrication of "smart" fabric designs, focusing on strategies to address key issues in fiber-based electrochemical sensors, and we provide an overview of smart clothing systems and their cutting-edge applications in therapeutic care. Our report offers a comprehensive overview of current developments in electrochemical sensing fibers to researchers in the fields of wearables, flexible electronics, and electrochemical sensing, stimulating forthcoming development of next-generation "smart" fabrics-based electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Junlin Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China
| | - Yaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Gentic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Nan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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9
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Yang H, Ding H, Wei W, Li X, Duan X, Zhuang C, Liu W, Chen S, Wang X. Skin-interfaced microfluidic sweat collection devices for personalized hydration management through thermal feedback. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:356-366. [PMID: 38108440 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-electronic wearables that utilize skin-interfaced microfluidic technology have revolutionized the collection and analysis of human sweat, providing valuable biochemical information and indicating body hydration status. However, existing microfluidic devices often require constant monitoring of data during sweat assessment, thereby impeding the user experience and potentially missing anomalous physiological events, such as excessive sweating. Moreover, the complex manufacturing process hampers the scalability and large-scale production of such devices. Herein, we present a self-feedback microfluidic device with a unique dehydration reminder through a cost-effective "CAD-to-3D device" approach. It incorporates two independent systems for sweat collection and thermal feedback, including serpentine microchannels, reservoirs, petal-like bursting valves and heating chambers. The device operates by sequentially collecting sweat in the channels and reservoirs, and then activating thermal stimulators in the heating chambers through breaking the valves, initiating a chemical exothermic reaction. Human trials validate that the devices effectively alert users to potential dehydration by inducing skin thermal sensations triggered by sweat sampling. The proposed device offers facile scalability and customizable fabrication, and holds promise for managing hydration strategies in real-world scenarios, benefiting individuals engaged in sporting activities or exposed to high-temperature settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Hongyan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Wenkui Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiaojun Duan
- Respiratory medicine department, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Changgen Zhuang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Shangda Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
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10
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Ehtesabi H, Kalji SO. Carbon nanomaterials for sweat-based sensors: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:77. [PMID: 38177621 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sweat is easily accessible from the human skin's surface. It is secreted by the eccrine glands and contains a wealth of physiological information, including metabolites and electrolytes like glucose and Na ions. Sweat is a particularly useful biofluid because of its easy and non-invasive access, unlike other biofluids, like blood. On the other hand, nanomaterials have started to show promise operation as a competitive substitute for biosensors and molecular sensors throughout the last 10 years. Among the most synthetic nanomaterials that are studied, applied, and discussed, carbon nanomaterials are special. They are desirable candidates for sensor applications because of their many intrinsic electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics; their chemical diversity and simplicity of manipulation; their biocompatibility; and their effectiveness as a chemically resistant platform. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene have been intensively investigated as molecular sensors or as components that can be integrated into devices. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of carbon nanomaterials as sweat sensors and consider how they can be utilized to detect a diverse range of analytes in sweat, such as glucose, ions, lactate, cortisol, uric acid, and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Omid Kalji
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Govindaraj M, Srivastava A, Muthukumaran MK, Tsai PC, Lin YC, Raja BK, Rajendran J, Ponnusamy VK, Arockia Selvi J. Current advancements and prospects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126680. [PMID: 37673151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the most current developments and future perspectives in enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which have notably evolved over the preceding quadrennial period. Furthermore, a thorough exploration encompassed the sensor's intricate fabrication processes, the diverse range of materials employed, the underlying principles of detection, and an in-depth assessment of the sensors' efficacy in detecting glucose levels within essential bodily fluids such as human blood serums, urine, saliva, and interstitial fluids. It is worth noting that the accurate quantification of glucose concentrations within human blood has been effectively achieved by utilizing classical enzymatic sensors harmoniously integrated with optical and electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Monitoring glucose levels in various mediums has attracted exceptional attention from industrial to academic researchers for diabetes management, food quality control, clinical medicine, and bioprocess inspection. There has been an enormous demand for the creation of novel glucose sensors over the past ten years. Research has primarily concentrated on succeeding biocompatible and enhanced sensing abilities related to the present technologies, offering innovative avenues for more effective glucose sensors. Recent developments in wearable optical and electrochemical sensors with low cost, high stability, point-of-care testing, and online tracking of glucose concentration levels in biological fluids can aid in managing and controlling diabetes globally. New nanomaterials and biomolecules that can be used in electrochemical sensor systems to identify glucose concentration levels are developed thanks to advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have garnered much interest recently and have made significant strides in detecting glucose levels. In this review, we summarise several categories of non-enzymatic glucose sensor materials, including composites, non-precious transition metals and their metal oxides, hydroxides, precious metals and their alloys, carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts, and wearable device-based glucose sensors deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Magesh Kumar Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Bharathi Kannan Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jerome Rajendran
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - J Arockia Selvi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Di Matteo P, Petrucci R, Curulli A. Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Molecules 2023; 29:172. [PMID: 38202755 PMCID: PMC10780376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have attracted growing attention in the (bio)sensing area and, in particular, for biomedical applications because of their unique mechanical and physicochemical properties, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area. Graphene (G) and its derivatives represent the most common 2D nanomaterials applied to electrochemical (bio)sensors for healthcare applications. This review will pay particular attention to other 2D nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and MXenes, applied to the electrochemical biomedical (bio)sensing area, considering the literature of the last five years (2018-2022). An overview of 2D nanostructures focusing on the synthetic approach, the integration with electrodic materials, including other nanomaterials, and with different biorecognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and aptamers, will be provided. Next, significant examples of applications in the clinical field will be reported and discussed together with the role of nanomaterials, the type of (bio)sensor, and the adopted electrochemical technique. Finally, challenges related to future developments of these nanomaterials to design portable sensing systems will be shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Matteo
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), 00161 Rome, Italy
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13
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Park S, Nam DY, Jeon HJ, Han JH, Jang D, Hwang J, Park YS, Han YG, Choy YB, Lee DY. Chromophoric cerium oxide nanoparticle-loaded sucking disk-type strip sensor for optical measurement of glucose in tear fluid. Biomater Res 2023; 27:135. [PMID: 38111009 PMCID: PMC10729336 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive monitoring of tear glucose levels can be convenient for patients to manage their diabetes mellitus. However, there are issues with monitoring tear glucose levels, such as the invasiveness of some methods, the miniaturization, inaccuracy, or the high cost of wearable devices. To overcome the issues, we newly designed a sucking disk-type (SD) strip biosensor that can quickly suck tear fluid and contains cerium oxide nanoparticle (CNP) that causes a unique color change according to the glucose level of the tear without complicated electronic components. METHODS The SD strip biosensor composed of three distinct parts (tip, channel, and reaction chamber) was designed to contain the sensing paper, onto which tear fluid can be collected and delivered. The sensing paper treated with CNP/APTS (aminopropyltriethoxysilane) /GOx (glucose oxidase) was characterized. Then we carried out the reliability of the SD strip biosensor in the diabetic rabbit animals. We quantitatively analyzed the color values of the SD strip biosensor through the colorimetric analysis algorithm. RESULTS We contacted the inferior palpebral conjunctiva (IPC) of a diabetic rabbit eye using an SD strip biosensor to collect tears without eye irritation and successfully verified the performance and quantitative efficacy of the sensor. An image processing algorithm that can optimize measurement accuracy is developed for accurate color change measurement of SD strip biosensors. The validation tests show a good correlation between glucose concentrations measured in the tear and blood. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the CNP-embedded SD strip biosensor and the associated image processing can simply monitor tear glucose to manage diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Nam
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-Gil, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Han
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Juil Hwang
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Seo Park
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-Gil, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Han
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) and Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Elixir Pharmatech Inc, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Ma Y, Leng Y, Huo D, Zhao D, Zheng J, Zhao P, Yang H, Li F, Hou C. A portable sensor for glucose detection in Huangshui based on blossom-shaped bimetallic organic framework loaded with silver nanoparticles combined with machine learning. Food Chem 2023; 429:136850. [PMID: 37454613 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a blossom-like Ni, Co bimetallic metal-organic framework (NiCo-MOF) synthesized hydrothermally and decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via chemical reduction for electrochemical enzyme-free glucose sensing. The NiCo-MOF nanostructures had large specific surface area and good sensing performance. The AgNPs enhanced the electrochemical performance of the MOF, resulting in excellent electrochemical activity. The sensor exhibited sensitivities of 1191.84 and 271.19 μA mM-1 cm-2 in the linear ranges of 0.005-1.125 and 1.525-5.325 mM, respectively, with a detection limit of 2.3 μM. The sensor was successfully applied for glucose determination in Huangshui (HS) using an artificial neural network as machine learning (ML) model. The R2 value near 1, low RMSE, and high RPD values of the proposed ML model demonstrate its excellent fitting and prediction performance. This will provide a fast and portable intelligent sensing analysis technology for the detection of glucose in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yibin, China.
| | - Yinjiang Leng
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yibin, China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Chongqing Univ, Bioengn Coll, State & Local Joint Engn Lab Vasc Implants, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biorheol Sci & Technol, Chongqing, China.
| | - Dong Zhao
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Chongqing Univ, Bioengn Coll, State & Local Joint Engn Lab Vasc Implants, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biorheol Sci & Technol, Chongqing, China
| | - Huisi Yang
- Chongqing Univ, Bioengn Coll, State & Local Joint Engn Lab Vasc Implants, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biorheol Sci & Technol, Chongqing, China
| | - Feifeng Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yibin, China
| | - Changjun Hou
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yibin, China; Chongqing Univ, Bioengn Coll, State & Local Joint Engn Lab Vasc Implants, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biorheol Sci & Technol, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Lv M, Qiao X, Fan GC, Luo X. An anti-fouling wearable molecular imprinting sensor based on semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel for the detection of tryptophan in sweat. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341948. [PMID: 37977778 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of heavy biofouling in complex sweat environments limits the potential of electrochemical sweat sensors for noninvasive physiological assessment. In this study, a novel semi-interpenetrating hydrogel of PSBMA/PEDOT:PSS was engineered by interlacing PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer with zwitterionic PSBMA network. This versatile hydrogel served as the foundation for developing an anti-fouling wearable molecular imprinting sensor capable of sensitive and robust detection of tryptophan (Trp) in complex sweat. The incorporation of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer into the semi-interpenetrating hydrogel introduced diverse physical crosslinks, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and chain entanglement. This incorporation considerably boosted the hydrogel's mechanical robustness and imparted commendable self-healing property. At the same time, the synergistic coupling between the well-balanced charge of the zwitterionic network and the high conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS polymer facilitated efficient charge transfer. The formation of the desired molecular imprinting membrane of semi-interpenetrating hydrogel was triggered by self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) in the presence of Trp. The designed biosensor demonstrated good sensitivity, selectivity and stability in detecting the target Trp. Notably, it also exhibited exceptional anti-fouling abilities, allowing for accurate Trp detection in complex real sweat samples, yielding results comparable to commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mingrui Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiujuan Qiao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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16
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Li H, Hu J, Luo R, Yang K, Du B, Zhou S, Zhou X. Synergy of Organic/Inorganic and Inner/Outer Cooperative Conductive Networks in Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Porous Foam on High-Performance Flexible Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54933-54941. [PMID: 37967098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost and high-performance flexible sensor materials is crucial for the advancement of wearable electronic devices, medical monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. In this study, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-coated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite foam with a uniform organic/inorganic and inner/outer cooperative conductive network was developed to detect tensile and compressive forces. The study demonstrates that the internally cross-linked MWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS coatings within the foam framework play a crucial role in the porous structure and sensing properties of the composite foam. Due to the excellent hierarchical pore structure and dual-channel electronic pathway of the PP@MWCNTs/PDMS foam, the sensor exhibited not only high sensitivity to small pressures but also notable perception capability within the stretchable range. It also maintained excellent stability during multiple stretching and compression loading cycles. In terms of applications, the sensor could be used not only to monitor external stimuli and detect subtle movements within the human body in the field of wearable monitoring but also to sense spatial pressure distribution, which validates its potential in the development of flexible wearable sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Li
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 038507, China
| | - Rubai Luo
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 038507, China
| | - Kenan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Bin Du
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Shisheng Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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17
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Zhu H, Li M, Cheng C, Han Y, Fu S, Li R, Cao G, Liu M, Cui C, Liu J, Yang X. Recent Advances in and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks for Food Safety Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4274. [PMID: 38231710 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The international community has been paying close attention to the issue of food safety as a matter of public health. The presence of a wide range of contaminants in food poses a significant threat to human health, making it vital to develop detection methods for monitoring these chemical contaminants. Electrochemical sensors using emerging materials have been widely employed to detect food-derived contaminants. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have the potential for extensive applications due to their unique structure, high surface area, and tunable pore sizes. The review summarizes and explores recent advances in electrochemical sensors modified with COFs for detecting pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and other food contaminants. Furthermore, future challenges and possible solutions will be discussed regarding food safety analysis using COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition & Foods, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition & Foods, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
- Internal Trade Food Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Cuilin Cheng
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shiyao Fu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | - Can Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition & Foods, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition & Foods, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
- Internal Trade Food Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
- COFCO Corporation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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18
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Meskher H, Belhaouari SB, Sharifianjazi F. Mini review about metal organic framework (MOF)-based wearable sensors: Challenges and prospects. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21621. [PMID: 37954292 PMCID: PMC10632523 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many types of wearable sensors, MOFs-based wearable sensors have recently been explored in both commercialization and research. There has been much effort in various aspects of the development of MOF-based wearable sensors including but not limited to miniaturization, size control, safety, improvements in conformal and flexible features, improvements in the analytical performance and long-term storage of these devices. Recent progress in the design and deployment of MOFs-based wearable sensors are covered in this paper, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This work also highlights the enormous potential for synergistic effects of MOFs used in combination with other nanomaterials for healthcare applications and raise attention toward the economic aspect and market diffusion of MOFs-based wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Meskher
- Division of Process Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid University, 36000, Algeria
| | - Samir Brahim Belhaouari
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa,Doha, Qatar
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Li X, Deng D, He L, Xu Y. A non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a mesoporous carbon sphere immobilized Co-MOF-74 nanocomposite. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15447-15455. [PMID: 37455587 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01544k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of credible non-enzymatic glucose sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity is of great significance for early clinical monitoring of glucose concentration and preventing the threat of diabetes to human health. Here, mesoporous carbon (MC) sphere immobilized Co-MOF-74 nanorods (NRs), denoted as Co-MOF-74 NRs/MC, were successfully prepared, in which the nanostructural porous carbon sphere was obtained using cobalt glycolate as the built-in template followed by a subsequent carbonization and acid treatment, and the MC spheres were then in situ deposited on the surface of Co-MOF-74 NRs via a solvothermal method. Benefiting from the good conductivity of the grafted porous carbon spheres and the abundant active sites, as well as the permeability of microporous MOF-74 nanocrystals, the Co-MOF-74 NRs/MC modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited effective non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance with a fast response time (less than 3 s) and a glucose sensitivity of 98.0 μA cm-2 mM-1. Furthermore, the Co-MOF-74 NRs/MC/GCE showed a favourable anti-interference capability in the presence of various interferents and good long-term reusability. The applicability of Co-MOF-74 NRs/MC/GCE for glucose sensing in real serum samples was also investigated, verifying the applicability of the electrode for targeted glucose monitoring in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China.
- Polymer High Functional Film Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Diwei Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China.
- Polymer High Functional Film Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Lufang He
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, PR China
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Cao X, Xia J, Wang Z. A flexible and wearable three-electrode electrochemical sensing system consisting of a two-in-one enzyme-mimic working electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341688. [PMID: 37709441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a wearable and flexible three-electrode electrochemical sensing system (TESS) by using a two-in-one enzyme-mimic working electrode (TIOWE) is reported. The integrated three-electrode, including working electrodes, reference electrodes, and counter electrodes are formed by transfer printing of Ni2P-based composite electrode ink (Ni2P/G ink), Ag/AgCl ink, and carbon ink onto PDMS substrate, respectively. The Ni2P/G ink-based working electrodes have both good conductivity and enzyme-mimic catalytic activity towards glucose. Under optimized conditions, the TIOWE-TESS has a low detection limit of 0.37 μM and wide linear ranges of 0.001 mM-0.1 mM and 0.1 mM-1.4 mM. Furthermore, the TIOWE-TESS has good applicability in serum samples and reveals remarkable electrochemical performance at fluctuant working temperatures. The proposed TIOWE-TESS can be integrated on a waterproof bandage to fabricate a skin-friendly patch device for sweet glucose monitoring, which highlights its potential applications in flexible and wearable commercial devices for health-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiyue Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Jianfei Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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21
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Xia Y, Su T, Mi Z, Feng Z, Hong Y, Hu X, Shu Y. Wearable electrochemical sensor based on bimetallic MOF coated CNT/PDMS film electrode via a dual-stamping method for real-time sweat glucose analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341754. [PMID: 37709480 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive wearable sweat glucose sensors are expected to be highly desirable for personalized diabetes management. Therefore, developing facile, convenient, and scalable manufacturing method of such wearable sensors is urgently needed. Herein, we report a simple and low-cost stamping-vacuum filtration dry transfer (SVFDT) method for construction of a wearable sweat glucose electrochemical sensor. In this patch, a three-electrode array template was made by using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stamp, followed by the preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (MP) film electrode using the vacuum-filtration dry transfer method. In addition, for further enhancing the conductivity of the electrode, another similar stamp with a raised surface dipping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conductive coating was stamped on the surface of the MP electrode to obtain CNTs/MWCNTs/PDMS (CMP) electrode. CMP electrode was modified with the enzyme-like Ni-Co metal-organic framework (MOF) material which showed good electro-catalytic activity and achieved high sensitivity for glucose detection with a low detection limit of 6.78 μM and a wide linear range of 20 μM - 1.1 mM. More importantly, the Ni-Co MOF modified CMP (NCMP) electrode also displayed high stability under stretching and bending conditions. Finally, the sweat absorbent cloth was combined with the NCMP film electrode to form a wearable flexible electrochemical sensor patch, which could adhere to the skin to enrich sweat and realize real-time detection of sweat glucose with high accuracy. This SVFDT method can also be applied to the fabrication of other electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyuan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Tong Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Ziyi Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Ziyou Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Yawen Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Yun Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China.
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22
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Luo G, Liu J, Xie J, Jing W, Li M, Zhao L, Li Z, Yang P, Jiang Z. A highly electrocatalytic, stretchable, and breathable enzyme-free electrochemical patch based on electrospun fibers decorated with platinum nano pine needles for continuous glucose sensing in neutral conditions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12988-12998. [PMID: 37650562 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the worldwide increase in diabetes, there is an urgent need for glucose sensors that can achieve the on-body detection of glucose concentration. With the development of nanomaterials and flexible electronics, wearable electrochemical enzyme-free glucose biosensors that can conveniently, continuously and stably monitor the glucose concentrations of diabetes patients without invasion and risk of infection are coming into focus. However, despite the enormous efforts toward wearable electrochemical enzyme-free glucose sensors, there have been limited achievements in developing a stretchable and breathable glucose sensor with high sensitivity, low detection limit, and excellent catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation in neutral media, to meet the need for continuous wearable glucose monitoring in scenarios such as the on-body detection of glucose in human sweat. Herein, we demonstrate a novel electrochemical enzyme-free glucose-sensing patch on the foundation of electrospun polyurethane (PU) fibrous mats to address some of the aforementioned challenges. The sensing patch was fabricated through a facile technology of electrospinning, followed by magnetron sputtering of gold (Au) to enable high conductivity. After that, ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition was utilized to in situ introduce well-dispersed platinum nano pine needles along each fiber. Due to the good stretchability of PU materials, porous structure, and large specific surface area of electrochemical sites, the glucose-sensing patch promises merits such as good stretchability (performs well under 10% strain), high sensitivity (203.13 μA mM-1 cm-1), prominently low detection limit (14.77 μM), excellent selectivity, and efficient vapor permeability. Notably, the advanced hierarchical nanostructures with excellent catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation could be capable of detecting glucose in neutral conditions (pH = 7.4) without the assistance of enzymes. Given the facile fabrication methods and the integrated superior performances, this enzyme-free glucose-sensing patch could play a vital role in wearable glucose sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Jielun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiaqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weixuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
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23
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Luo J, Luo X, Gan Y, Xu X, Xu B, Liu Z, Ding C, Cui Y, Sun C. Advantages of Bimetallic Organic Frameworks in the Adsorption, Catalysis and Detection for Water Contaminants. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2194. [PMID: 37570512 PMCID: PMC10421224 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The binary metal organic framework (MOF) is composed of two heterometallic ions bonded to an organic ligand. Compared with monometallic MOFs, bimetallic MOFs have greatly improved in terms of structure, porosity, active site, adsorption, selectivity, and stability, which has attracted wide attention. At present, many effective strategies have been designed for the synthesis of bimetallic MOF-based nanomaterials with specific morphology, structure, and function. The results show that bimetallic MOF-based nanocomposites could achieve multiple synergistic effects, which will greatly improve their research in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and so on. In this review, the main preparation methods of bimetallic MOFs-based materials are summarized, with emphasis on their applications in adsorption, catalysis, and detection of target pollutants in water environments, and perspectives on the future development of bimetallic MOFs-based nanomaterials in the field of water are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Xiao Luo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yonghai Gan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Chengcheng Ding
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yibin Cui
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Sun
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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24
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Li Z, Zeng W, Li Y. Recent Progress in MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection. Molecules 2023; 28:4891. [PMID: 37446552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the development of enzyme-free glucose sensors utilizing pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their combinations. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of various MOF-based glucose sensors, encompassing monometallic MOF sensors as well as multi-metal MOF combinations. These approaches demonstrate improved glucose detection capabilities, facilitated by the augmented surface area and availability of active sites within the MOF structures. Furthermore, the paper delves into the application of MOF complexes and derivatives in enzyme-free glucose sensing. Derivatives incorporating carbon or metal components, such as carbon cloth synthesis, rGO-MOF composites, and core-shell structures incorporating noble metals, exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance. Additionally, the integration of MOFs with foams or biomolecules, such as porphyrins, enhances the electrocatalytic properties for glucose detection. Finally, this paper concludes with an outlook on the future development prospects of enzyme-free glucose MOF sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 400030, China
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25
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Gong L, Bonmarin M, Spano F, Shen Y, Shen L, Han G, Wei S, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Zhao F. Integrated Device Based on a Sudomotor Nanomaterial for Sweat Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37318096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The compositions of sweat and blood are related. Therefore, sweat is an ideal noninvasive test body fluid that could replace blood for linear detection of many biomarkers, especially blood glucose. However, access to sweat samples remains limited to physical exercise, thermal stimulation, or electrical stimulation. Despite intensive research, a continuous, innocuous, and stable method for sweat stimulation and detection has not yet been developed. In this study, a nanomaterial for a sweat-stimulating gel based on the transdermal drug delivery system is presented, which transports acetylcholine chloride into the receptors of sweat glands to achieve the function of biological stimulation of skin sweating. The nanomaterial was applied to a suitable integrated sweat glucose detection device for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. The total amount of evaporated sweat enabled by the nanomaterial is up to 35 μL·cm-2 for 24 h, and the device detects up to 17.65 μM glucose under optimal conditions, showing stable performance regardless of the user's activity level. In addition, the in vivo test was performed and compared with several studies and products, which showed excellent detection performance and osmotic relationship. The nanomaterial and associated integrated device represent a significant advance in continuous passive sweat stimulation and noninvasive sweat glucose measurement for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Gong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Mathias Bonmarin
- School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 9, Winterthur, Zurich 8400, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Spano
- School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 9, Winterthur, Zurich 8400, Switzerland
| | - Ya Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guocheng Han
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qihan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Feijun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
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26
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Li J, Zhang K, Yan F, Lang C. A novel single-particle multiple-signal sensor array combined with multidimensional data mining for the detection of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and discrimination of cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04736-1. [PMID: 37278743 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites in cancer cells show a marked difference from those in normal cells. Herein, we report a single-particle multiple-signal lanthanide/europium-based metal-organic framework (Tb/Eu MOF) sensor array for the detection of TCA metabolites and discrimination of cancer cells. In the presence of TCA metabolite, 6 characteristic peaks of Tb/Eu MOF showed dramatic changes due to host-guest interactions, allowing sensor array-based qualitative and quantitative detection to be performed. In the qualitative detection ability test, 18 TCA metabolites at 4 concentrations (50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 300 μM) were accurately discriminated by the sensor array via linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Significantly, these 4 concentrations include the clinical detection criteria for most TCA metabolites. In the quantitative detection ability test, a good linear relationship between Euclidean distances and the concentrations of L-valine (Val) could be obtained in the range of 50 to 500 μM (R2 = 0.9755). On this basis, the provided method was successfully applied for the classification of 2 normal cells and 5 cancer cells via principal components analysis (PCA), LDA and a radial basis function neural network (RBFN). What's more, by verifying the weight coefficient of each point, detection and discrimination results are proved as a trustworthy balanced evaluation of multiple factors. Depending on precise data processing, the experimental operation was simplified on the premise of ensuring accuracy, so our method is a meaningful exploration for array design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chunhui Lang
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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27
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Zhang S, Zhao W, Zeng J, He Z, Wang X, Zhu Z, Hu R, Liu C, Wang Q. Wearable non-invasive glucose sensors based on metallic nanomaterials. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100638. [PMID: 37128286 PMCID: PMC10148187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable non-invasive glucose sensors provides a convenient technical means to monitor the glucose concentration of diabetes patients without discomfortability and risk of infection. Apart from enzymes as typical catalytic materials, the active catalytic materials of the glucose sensor are mainly composed of polymers, metals, alloys, metal compounds, and various metals that can undergo catalytic oxidation with glucose. Among them, metallic nanomaterials are the optimal materials applied in the field of wearable non-invasive glucose sensing due to good biocompatibility, large specific surface area, high catalytic activity, and strong adsorption capacity. This review summarizes the metallic nanomaterials used in wearable non-invasive glucose sensors including zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) monometallic nanomaterials, bimetallic nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials, etc. Besides, the applications of wearable non-invasive biosensors based on these metallic nanomaterials towards glucose detection are summarized in detail and the development trend of the wearable non-invasive glucose sensors based on metallic nanomaterials is also outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Junyan Zeng
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhaotao He
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zehui Zhu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Runqing Hu
- NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Corresponding author. Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Corresponding author. Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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28
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Liu T, Liu L, Gou GY, Fang Z, Sun J, Chen J, Cheng J, Han M, Ma T, Liu C, Xue N. Recent Advancements in Physiological, Biochemical, and Multimodal Sensors Based on Flexible Substrates: Strategies, Technologies, and Integrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21721-21745. [PMID: 37098855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices have been widely used in biomedical applications, the Internet of Things, and other fields, attracting the attention of many researchers. The physiological and biochemical information on the human body reflects various health states, providing essential data for human health examination and personalized medical treatment. Meanwhile, physiological and biochemical information reveals the moving state and position of the human body, and it is the data basis for realizing human-computer interactions. Flexible wearable physiological and biochemical sensors provide real-time, human-friendly monitoring because of their light weight, wearability, and high flexibility. This paper reviews the latest advancements, strategies, and technologies of flexibly wearable physiological and biochemical sensors (pressure, strain, humidity, saliva, sweat, and tears). Next, we systematically summarize the integration principles of flexible physiological and biochemical sensors with the current research progress. Finally, important directions and challenges of physiological, biochemical, and multimodal sensors are proposed to realize their potential applications for human movement, health monitoring, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Zhucheng Jiayue Central Hospital, Shandong 262200, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianqun Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tianjun Ma
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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29
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Su T, Mi Z, Xia Y, Jin D, Xu Q, Hu X, Shu Y. A wearable sweat electrochemical aptasensor based on the Ni-Co MOF nanosheet-decorated CNTs/PU film for monitoring of stress biomarker. Talanta 2023; 260:124620. [PMID: 37148688 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring cortisol, a hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, is essential to evaluate the endocrine response to stress stimuli. While the current cortisol sensing methods require large laboratory settings, complex assay, and professional personnel. Herein, a novel flexible and wearable electrochemical aptasensor based on a Ni-Co metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanosheet-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyurethane (PU) film is developed for rapid and reliable detection of cortisol in sweat. First, the CNTs/PU (CP) film was prepared by a modified wet spinning technology, and the CNTs/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was thermally deposited on the surface of CP film to form the highly flexible CNTs/PVA/CP (CCP) film with excellent conductivity. Then aminated Ni-Co MOF nanosheet prepared by a facile solvothermal method was conjugated with streptavidin and modified on the CCP film. Biofunctional MOF can effectively capture cortisol aptamer due to its excellent specific surface area. In addition, the MOF with peroxidase activity can catalytic oxidization of hydroquinone (HQ) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which could amplify the peak current signal. The catalytic activity of Ni-Co MOF was substantially suppressed in the HQ/H2O2 system due to the formation of the aptamer-cortisol complex, which reduced the current signal, thereby realizing highly sensitive and selective detection of cortisol. The sensor has a linear range of 0.1-100 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.032 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the sensor showed high accuracy for cortisol detection under mechanical deformation conditions. More importantly, the prepared MOF/CCP film based three-electrode was assembled with the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, and the sweat-cloth was used as the sweat collection channel to fabricate a wearable sensor patch for monitoring of cortisol in volunteers' sweat in the morning and evening. This flexible and non-invasive sweat cortisol aptasensor shows great potential for quantitative stress monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Ziyi Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Youyuan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Dangqin Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Yun Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
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30
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Yang Y, Ji W, Yin Y, Wang N, Wu W, Zhang W, Pei S, Liu T, Tao C, Zheng B, Wu Q, Li L. Catalytic Modification of Porous Two-Dimensional Ni-MOFs on Portable Electrochemical Paper-Based Sensors for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050508. [PMID: 37232869 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of changes in glucose (Glu) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations is essential for the predictive diagnosis of diseases. Electrochemical biosensors exhibiting high sensitivity, reliable selectivity, and rapid response provide an advantageous and promising solution. A porous two-dimensional conductive metal-organic framework (cMOF), Ni-HHTP (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), was prepared by using a one-pot method. Subsequently, it was employed to construct enzyme-free paper-based electrochemical sensors by applying mass-producing screen-printing and inkjet-printing techniques. These sensors effectively determined Glu and H2O2 concentrations, achieving low limits of detection of 1.30 μM and 2.13 μM, and high sensitivities of 5573.21 μA μM-1 cm-2 and 179.85 μA μM-1 cm-2, respectively. More importantly, the Ni-HHTP-based electrochemical sensors showed an ability to analyze real biological samples by successfully distinguishing human serum from artificial sweat samples. This work provides a new perspective for the use of cMOFs in the field of enzyme-free electrochemical sensing, highlighting their potential for future applications in the design and development of new multifunctional and high-performance flexible electronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yutao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wanxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Siying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Chao Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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31
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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32
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Chi L, Zhang C, Wu X, Qian X, Sun H, He M, Guo C. Research Progress on Biomimetic Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensors. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020167. [PMID: 37092419 PMCID: PMC10123724 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become a chronic disease that necessitates timely and accurate detection. Among various detection methods, electrochemical glucose sensors have attracted much attention because of low cost, real-time detection, and simple and easy operation. Nonenzymatic biomimetic nanomaterials are the vital part in electrochemical glucose sensors. This review article summarizes the methods to enhance the glucose sensing performance of noble metal, transition metal oxides, and carbon-based materials and introduces biomimetic nanomaterials used in noninvasive glucose detection in sweat, tear, urine, and saliva. Based on these, this review provides the foundation for noninvasive determination of trace glucose for diabetic patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuanyu Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xianghao Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Mengru He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chunxian Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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33
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Mao Y, Chen T, Hu Y, Son K. Ultra-thin 2D bimetallic MOF nanosheets for highly sensitive and stable detection of glucose in sweat for dancer. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:62. [PMID: 37382700 PMCID: PMC10409940 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of glucose concentration in sweat is expected to replace the existing blood glucose detection, which realize the effective way of non-invasive monitoring of human glucose concentration in dancing. High precision glucose detection can be achieved by adjusting the electrode material of the sensor. Thus, in this work, the bimetallic organic frameworks (bi-MOFs) materials containing Mn and Ni ions (NiMn-MOF) with ultrathin nanosheets have been exquisitely designed. The ultrathin nanosheet and heterogeneous metal ions in the structure optimize the electronic structure, which improves the electrical conductivity of MOFs. The success of the preparation strategy leads the good electrocatalytic performance of NiMn-MOF for glucose detection. Detailedly, NiMn-MOF shows high sensitivity of 1576 μA mM-1 cm-2 in the linear range from 0 to 0.205 mM and the wide linear region of 0.255-2.655 mM and 3.655-5.655 mM were also observed. In addition, the high repeatability, reproductivity, long-term stability and ultra-low limited of detection (LOD, 0.28 μM, S/N = 3) provide foundation for the practical sensor application of this NiMn-MOF nanosheets. Remarkably, as designed NiMn-MOF sensor can accurately measure glucose in sweat showing great potential in the field of wearable glucose monitoring during dancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Mao
- Department of Dance, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Tangchun Chen
- Department of Dance, Sichuan Conservatory of Music, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Department of Music, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - KwanJung Son
- Department of Dance, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
- Department of Dance, Sichuan Conservatory of Music, Chengdu, 610500, China.
- Department of Music, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China.
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34
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Li QF, Chen X, Wang H, Liu M, Peng HL. Pt/MXene-Based Flexible Wearable Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor for Continuous Glucose Detection in Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13290-13298. [PMID: 36862063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable non-invasive sensors facilitate the continuous measurement of glucose in sweat for the treatment and management of diabetes. However, the catalysis of glucose and sweat sampling are challenges in the development of efficient wearable glucose sensors. Herein, we report a flexible wearable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for continuous glucose detection in sweat. We synthesized a catalyst (Pt/MXene) by the hybridization of Pt nanoparticles onto MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets with a broad linear range of glucose detection (0-8 mmol/L) under neutral conditions. Furthermore, we optimized the structure of the sensor by immobilizing Pt/MXene with a conductive hydrogel to enhance the stability of the sensor. Based on Pt/MXene and the optimized structure, we fabricated a flexible wearable glucose sensor by integrating a microfluidic patch for sweat collection onto a flexible sensor. We evaluated the utility of the sensor for the detection of glucose in sweat, and the sensor could detect the glucose change with the replenishment and consumption of energy by the body, and a similar trend was observed in the blood. An in vivo glucose test in sweat indicated that the fabricated sensor is promising for the continuous measurement of glucose, which is essential for the treatment and management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Microsystems, School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Microsystems, School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Microsystems, School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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36
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Tang Y, Yan J, Xiao W, Huang X, Tang L, Shi Y, Song P, Gao J. Stretchable, durable and asymmetrically wettable nanofiber composites with unidirectional water transportation capability for temperature sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:893-902. [PMID: 36972624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The one-way transportation of liquids plays an important role in smart and wearable electronics. Here, we report an asymmetric nanofibrous membrane (ANM) with unidirectional water transport (UWT) capability by integrating one superhydrophilic MXene/Chitosan/Polyurethane (PU) nanofiber membrane (MCPNM) and one ultrathin hydrophobic PU/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layer with a "bead-on-string" structure. The UWT performance shows long-term stability and can be well maintained during the cyclic stretching, abrasion and ultrasonic washing tests. The ANM exhibits negative temperature coefficient and is served as a temperature sensor to monitor the temperature variation of the environment, which can provide efficient alarm signals in a hot or cold condition. When attached on person's skin, the ANM displays a unique anti-gravity UWT behavior. The stretchable, wearable and multi-functional nanofibrous composite membrane with an asymmetric wettability shows potential applications in flexible and wearable electronics, health monitoring, etc.
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37
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Garcia-Rey S, Gil-Hernandez E, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. Colorimetric Determination of Glucose in Sweat Using an Alginate-Based Biosystem. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051218. [PMID: 36904459 PMCID: PMC10007516 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an analyte of great importance, both in the clinical and sports fields. Since blood is the gold standard biofluid used for the analytical determination of glucose, there is high interest in finding alternative non-invasive biofluids, such as sweat, for its determination. In this research, we present an alginate-based bead-like biosystem integrated with an enzymatic assay for the determination of glucose in sweat. The system was calibrated and verified in artificial sweat, and a linear calibration range was obtained for glucose of 10-1000 µM. The colorimetric determination was investigated, and the analysis was carried out both in the black and white and in the Red:Green:Blue color code. A limit of detection and quantification of 3.8 µM and 12.7 µM, respectively, were obtained for glucose determination. The biosystem was also applied with real sweat, using a prototype of a microfluidic device platform as a proof of concept. This research demonstrated the potential of alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for the fabrication of biosystems and their possible integration in microfluidic devices. These results are intended to bring awareness of sweat as a complementary tool for standard analytical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garcia-Rey
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eva Gil-Hernandez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, Calle María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Wei Y, Hui Y, Lu X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Chen W. One-pot preparation of NiMn layered double hydroxide-MOF material for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of glucose. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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40
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Das R, Nag S, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring. Molecules 2023; 28:1259. [PMID: 36770925 PMCID: PMC9920341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat contains a broad range of important biomarkers, which may be beneficial for acquiring non-invasive biochemical information on human health status. Therefore, highly selective and sensitive electrochemical nanosensors for the non-invasive detection of sweat metabolites have turned into a flourishing contender in the frontier of disease diagnosis. A large surface area, excellent electrocatalytic behavior and conductive properties make nanomaterials promising sensor materials for target-specific detection. Carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., CNT, carbon quantum dots, and graphene), noble metals (e.g., Au and Pt), and metal oxide nanomaterials (e.g., ZnO, MnO2, and NiO) are widely used for modifying the working electrodes of electrochemical sensors, which may then be further functionalized with requisite enzymes for targeted detection. In the present review, recent developments (2018-2022) of electrochemical nanosensors by both enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic sensors for the effectual detection of sweat metabolites (e.g., glucose, ascorbic acid, lactate, urea/uric acid, ethanol and drug metabolites) have been comprehensively reviewed. Along with this, electrochemical sensing principles, including potentiometry, amperometry, CV, DPV, SWV and EIS have been briefly presented in the present review for a conceptual understanding of the sensing mechanisms. The detection thresholds (in the range of mM-nM), sensitivities, linear dynamic ranges and sensing modalities have also been properly addressed for a systematic understanding of the judicious design of more effective sensors. One step ahead, in the present review, current trends of flexible wearable electrochemical sensors in the form of eyeglasses, tattoos, gloves, patches, headbands, wrist bands, etc., have also been briefly summarized, which are beneficial for on-body in situ measurement of the targeted sweat metabolites. On-body monitoring of sweat metabolites via wireless data transmission has also been addressed. Finally, the gaps in the ongoing research endeavors, unmet challenges, outlooks and future prospects have also been discussed for the development of advanced non-invasive self-health-care-monitoring devices in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyanka Das
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somrita Nag
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyabrata Banerjee
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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41
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Kalasin S, Surareungchai W. Challenges of Emerging Wearable Sensors for Remote Monitoring toward Telemedicine Healthcare. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1773-1784. [PMID: 36629753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Digitized telemedicine tools with the Internet of Things (IoT) started advancing into our daily lives and have been incorporated with commercial wearable gadgets for noninvasive remote health monitoring. The newly established tools have been steered toward a new era of decentralized healthcare. The advancement of a telemedicine wearable monitoring system has attracted enormous interest in the multimodal big data acquisition of real-time physiological and biochemical information via noninvasive methods for any health-related industries. The expectation of telemedicine wearable creation has been focused on early diagnosis of multiple diseases and minimizing the cost of high-tech and invasive treatments. However, only limited progress has been directed toward the development of telemedicine wearable sensors. This Perspective addresses the advancement of these wearable sensors that encounter multiple challenges on the forefront and technological gaps hampering the realization of health monitoring at molecular levels related to smart materials mostly limited to single use, issues of selectivity to analytes, low sensitivity to targets, miniaturization, and lack of artificial intelligence to perform multiple tasks and secure big data transfer. Sensor stability with minimized signal drift, on-body sensor reusability, and long-term continuous health monitoring provides key analytical challenges. This Perspective also focuses on, promotes, and highlights wearable sensors with a distinct capability to interconnect with telemedicine healthcare for physical sensing and multiplex sensing at deeper levels. Moreover, it points out some critical challenges in different material aspects and promotes what it will take to advance the current state-of-art wearable sensors for telemedicine healthcare. Ultimately, this Perspective is to draw attention to some potential blind spots of wearable technology development and to inspire further development of this integrated technology in mitigating multimorbidity in aging societies through health monitoring at molecular levels to identify signs of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachate Kalasin
- Faculty of Science and Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- Pilot Plant Research and Development Laboratory, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
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Chen Y, Pu X, Xu X, Shi M, Li HJ, Wang D. PET/ZnO@MXene-Based Flexible Fabrics with Dual Piezoelectric Functions of Compression and Tension. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010091. [PMID: 36616693 PMCID: PMC9823752 DOI: 10.3390/s23010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The traditional self-supported piezoelectric thin films prepared by filtration methods are limited in practical applications due to their poor tensile properties. The strategy of using flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric as the flexible substrate is beneficial to enhancing the flexibility and stretchability of the flexible device, thus extending the applications of pressure sensors. In this work, a novel wearable pressure sensor is prepared, of which uniform and dense ZnO nanoarray-coated PET fabrics are covered by a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet. The ternary structure incorporates the advantages of the three components including the superior piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanorod arrays, the excellent flexibility of the PET substrate, and the outstanding conductivity of MXene, resulting in a novel wearable sensor with excellent pressure-sensitive properties. The PET/ZnO@MXene pressure sensor exhibits excellent sensing performance (S = 53.22 kPa-1), fast response/recovery speeds (150 ms and 100 ms), and superior flexural stability (over 30 cycles at 5% strain). The composite fabric also shows high sensitivity in both motion monitoring and physiological signal detection (e.g., device bending, elbow bending, finger bending, wrist pulse peaks, and sound signal discrimination). These findings provide insight into composite fabric-based pressure-sensitive materials, demonstrating the great significance and promising prospects in the field of flexible pressure sensing.
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Qi C, Zhang C, Yang Z. Constructing heterointerface of crystalline Au nanoparticles and amorphous porous CoSnO3 nanocubes for sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang Q, Xiao W, Luo X, Wang L, Gao J. Flexible and hydrophobic nanofiber composites with self-enhanced interfacial adhesion for high performance strain sensing and body motion detection. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yang X, Yi J, Wang T, Feng Y, Wang J, Yu J, Zhang F, Jiang Z, Lv Z, Li H, Huang T, Si D, Wang X, Cao R, Chen X. Wet-Adhesive On-Skin Sensors Based on Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wireless Monitoring of Metabolites in Sweat. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201768. [PMID: 36134533 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with well-defined porous structures and tailored functionalities have been widely used in chemical sensing. However, the integration of MOFs with flexible electronic devices for wearable sensing is challenging because of their low electrical conductivity and fragile mechanical properties. Herein, a wearable sweat sensor for metabolite detection is presented by integrating an electrically conductive Ni-MOF with a flexible nanocellulose substrate. The MOF-based layered film sensor with inherent conductivity, highly porous structure, and active catalytic properties enables the selective and accurate detection of vitamin C and uric acid. More importantly, the lightweight sensor can conformably self-adhere to sweaty skin and exhibits high water-vapor permeability. Furthermore, a wireless epidermal nutrition tracking system for the in situ monitoring of the dynamics of sweat vitamin C is demonstrated, the results of which are comparable to those tested by high-performance liquid chromatography. This study opens a new avenue for integrating MOFs as the active layer in wearable electronic devices and holds promise for the future development of high-performance electronics with enhanced sensing, energy production, and catalytic capabilities through the implementation of multifunctional MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Yi
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Haicheng Li
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Duanhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshi Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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Ji G, Chen Z, Li H, Awuye DE, Guan M, Zhu Y. Electrospinning-Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:876. [PMID: 36291013 PMCID: PMC9599869 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many different biosensors are being used to monitor physical health. Electrospun nanofiber materials have the advantages of high specific surface area, large porosity and simple operation. These properties play a vital role in biosensors. However, the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers are poor relative to other techniques of nanofiber production. At the same time, the organic solvents used in electrospinning are generally toxic and expensive. Meanwhile, the excellent performance of electrospun nanofibers brings about higher levels of sensitivity and detection range of biosensors. This paper summarizes the principle and application of electrospinning technology in biosensors and its comparison with other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Ji
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
| | - Desire Emefa Awuye
- Department of Minerals and Materials Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa 03123, Ghana
| | - Mengdi Guan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
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Dehdashtian S, Pourreza N, Rostamnia S. Electrochemical sensing of indole in plasma using Pd nanoparticles modified metal-organic framework Cr-MIL-101/ionic liquid sensor. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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48
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Wei J, Zhang X, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. A Portable Sweat Sensor Based on Carbon Quantum Dots for Multiplex Detection of Cardiovascular Health Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12772-12780. [PMID: 36066349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The future of personalized diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases lies in the use of portable sensors. Portable sensors can acquire biomarker information in biological fluids such as sweat, an approach that mitigates the shortcomings of conventional hospital-centered healthcare. Low sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity remain bottlenecks for the widespread use of portable sensors. Herein, we demonstrate a portable sensor that simultaneously detects Na+, ascorbic acid, and human neuropeptide Y in sweat, all useful biomarkers to index cardiovascular health. The portable sensor comprises a six-electrode system containing three working electrodes, two reference electrodes, and one counter electrode. The working electrodes were prepared by depositing sensing components on carbon quantum dot (CQD) electrodes. The sensing mechanisms were based on selective ion recognition, enzyme catalytic reaction, and immune response, which guarantees specificity to corresponding targets. The CQDs offer massive reactive sites and effectively reduce the interfacial impedance during the sensing reaction, thereby enhancing the three biomarkers' detection sensitivity. As evidence of portable sensor capability, we demonstrate herein its effective simultaneous detection of the three biomarkers in a real sweat from healthy volunteers during routine activities including exercise, extra ascorbic acid ingestion, and extra Na+ ingestion. As such, the sensor shows promise for real-time noninvasive personalized medical diagnostics and metabolic wellness management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xieli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Science Department, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Yang C, Shi H, Xu C. Current Technological Trends in Transdermal Biosensing. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Institute of Materials Research Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen City 518055 Guangdong Province China
| | - Haibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
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Manoj D, Rajendran S, Hoang TKA, Soto-Moscoso M. The role of MOF based nanocomposites in the detection of phenolic compounds for environmental remediation- A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134516. [PMID: 35398074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds would be the emerging pollutant by 2050, because of their wide spread applicability in daily life and therefore the adoption of suitable detection methods in which identification and separation of isomers is highly desirable. Owing to the fascinating features, Metal-organic framework (MOF), a class of reticular materials holds a large surface area with tunable shape and adjustable porosity will provide strong interaction with analytes through abundant functional groups resulting in high selectivity towards electrochemical determination of phenolic isomers. Nevertheless, the sensing performance can still be further improved by building MOF network (intrinsic resistance) with functional (conducting) materials, resulting in MOF based nanocomposite. Herein, this review provides the summary of MOF based nanocomposites for electrochemical sensing of phenolic compounds developed from 2015. In this review, we discussed the demerits of pristine MOF as electrode materials, and the requirement of new class of MOF with functional materials such as nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, graphene and MXene. The history and evolution of MOF nanocomposite-based materials are discussed and also featured the impressive physical and chemical properties. Besides this review discusses the factors influencing the conducting pathway and mass transport of MOF based nanocomposite for enhanced sensing performance of phenolic compounds with suitable mechanistic illustrations. Finally, the major challenges governing the determination of phenolic compounds and the future advancements required for the development of MOF based electrodes for various applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Manoj
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Tuan K A Hoang
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Québec, 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, Canada
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