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Hossaini H, Pirsaheb M, Hossini H, Derakhshan AA, Asadi F. Improving the purification of aqueous solutions by controlling the production of reactive oxygen species in non-thermal plasma; a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:199-209. [PMID: 36351327 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with non-thermal plasma is a reliable technology to oxidize chemical impurities that exist in polluted water, wastewater, and leachate, those degradation-resistant and cannot be removed by conventional treatment methods. In this study, the effective factors affecting in the formation ofreactive oxygen species in non-thermal plasma treatment process, as a new advanced oxidation process method explianed. In this manner, all associated manuscripts existed in the main databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Open Access Journal Directory from 1990 until 2022 were explored. The utilized keywords were involved non-thermal plasma, Cold plasma, Measurement, •OH, O3 and UV. Overall, 8,813 articles were gathered and based on the relevance titles and abstracts, 18 paper were selected for further reviewing. In several studies, plasma techniques have been used to treat water, wastewater and leachate, but few studies have evaluated the factors influencing the production of ROS species by non-thermal plasma. The non-thermal plasma destroys pollutants by reactive free radicals spices (hydroxyl, hydrogen atoms, etc.) a combination effect of strong electric fields, energetically charged particles, and ultrasound. Some factors such as water vapor, hydraulic retention time, inter-electrode spacing, discharge power density, and aeration of the effluent as well as use of catalyst have direct effect on the reactive oxygen species formation. If these factors controlled within the best ranges, it will promote the oxidizing radical production and system performance. Also, high-energy electrons and oxidizing species produced in the cold plasma system can well degrade most of pollution in water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Hossaini
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Department of Environmental Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Meghdad Pirsaheb
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Department of Environmental Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hooshyar Hossini
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Department of Environmental Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Asadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Ma Z, Dwivedi AK, Clack HL. Effects of chemically-reductive trace gas contaminants on non-thermal plasma inactivation of an airborne virus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173447. [PMID: 38788942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of airborne infectious diseases poses great risk for public health and socio-economic stability, thus, there is a need for an effective control method targeting the spread and transmission of pathogenic aerosols. The existence of chemically-reductive trace air contaminants in animal agriculture may affect the oxidation inactivation process of pathogens. In this study, we report how the presence of such gasses impacts the effectiveness of using non-thermal plasma (NTP) within a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor to inactivate MS2 bacteriophage. Inactivation of the aerosolized bacteriophage is determined by the combination of viability and polymerase chain reaction assays. Using a plasma power source with a voltage of 20 kV and frequency of 350 Hz, after differentiating and excluding the physical removal effects of viral aerosols potentially caused by plasma, the baseline inactivation of MS2 aerosol in air has been determined based on an overall air flow rate of 200 Liters per minute and plasma discharge power of 1.8 W. When either ammonia or hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced into the airstream at a concentration of 1 part per million, the NTP virus inactivation efficiency is reduced to around 0.5-log from the 1-log baseline inactivation in air alone. Higher concentrations of those gasses will not further inhibit the effectiveness of plasma inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ma
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Anubhav Kumar Dwivedi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Herek L Clack
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Xu Y, Liu N, Lin Y, Mao X, Zhong H, Chang Z, Shneider MN, Ju Y. Enhancements of electric field and afterglow of non-equilibrium plasma by Pb(Zr xTi 1-x)O 3 ferroelectric electrode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3092. [PMID: 38600079 PMCID: PMC11006859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Manipulating surface charge, electric field, and plasma afterglow in a non-equilibrium plasma is critical to control plasma-surface interaction for plasma catalysis and manufacturing. Here, we show enhancements of surface charge, electric field during breakdown, and afterglow by ferroelectric barrier discharge. The results show that the ferroelectrics manifest spontaneous electric polarization to increase the surface charge by two orders of magnitude compared to discharge with an alumina barrier. Time-resolved in-situ electric field measurements reveal that the fast polarization of ferroelectrics enhances the electric field during the breakdown in streamer discharge and doubles the electric field compared to the dielectric barrier discharge. Moreover, due to the existence of surface charge, the ferroelectric electrode extends the afterglow time and makes discharge sustained longer when alternating the external electric field polarity. The present results show that ferroelectric barrier discharge offers a promising technique to tune plasma properties for efficient plasma catalysis and electrified manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Xingqian Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Hongtao Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ziqiao Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Mikhail N Shneider
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Yiguang Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
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4
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Moher D, Ren G, Niedzwiedzki DM, Mishra R, Thimsen E. Photonic Properties of Thin Films Composed of Gallium Nitride Quantum Dots Synthesized by Nonequilibrium Plasma Aerotaxy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17927-17936. [PMID: 38546411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Gallium nitride quantum dots (GaN QDs) are a promising material for optoelectronics, but the synthesis of freestanding GaN QDs remains a challenge. To date, the size-dependent photonic properties of freestanding GaN QDs have not been reported. Here, we examine the photonic properties exhibited by thin films composed of GaN QDs synthesized by nonequilibrium plasma aerotaxy. Each film exhibited two photoluminescence peaks after exposure to ambient air. The first peak was in the ultraviolet spectral region, and the second peak was in the visible region. Both peak positions depended on the QD size. Our findings, supported by transient absorption spectroscopy experiments, suggest that conduction band to valence band recombination was the cause of the ultraviolet photoluminescence and that recombination between the conduction band and an acceptor level was the cause of visible photoluminescence. Furthermore, we show that coating the surface of fresh QDs with Al2O3 suppressed the visible region photoluminescence, corroborating the conclusion that the photoactive defect was caused by oxidation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Moher
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Guodong Ren
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rohan Mishra
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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5
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Tu Q, Poerschke DL, Kortshagen UR. Nonthermal Plasma Synthesis of Metallic Ti Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:264. [PMID: 38334535 PMCID: PMC10856339 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale metallic titanium (Ti) offers unique energetic and biocompatible characteristics for the aerospace and biomedical industries. A rapid and sustainable method to form purified Ti nanocrystals is still in demand due to their high oxygen affinity. Herein, we report the production of highly purified Ti nanoparticles with a nonequilibrium face center cubic (FCC) structure from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) via a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) route. Furthermore, we demonstrate a secondary H2 treatment plasma as an effective strategy to improve the air stability of a thin layer of nanoparticles by further removal of chlorine from the particle surface. Hexagonal and cubic-shaped Ti nanocrystals of high purity were maintained in the air after the secondary H2 plasma treatment. The FCC phase potentially originates from small-sized grains in the initial stage of nucleation inside the plasma environment, which is revealed by a size evolution study with variations of plasma power input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomiao Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - David L. Poerschke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Uwe R. Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ueda H, Saitow KI. Cost-Effective Ultrabright Silicon Quantum Dots and Highly Efficient LEDs from Low-Carbon Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:985-997. [PMID: 38153210 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective methods of synthesizing bright colloidal silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) for use as heavy-metal-free QDs, which have applications as light sources in biomedicine and displays, are required. We report simple protocols for synthesizing ultrabright colloidal SiQDs and fabricating SiQD LEDs based on hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) polymer synthesis. Red photoluminescence with a quantum yield (PLQY) of 60-80% and LEDs with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of >10% were obtained at 1/3600th of the cost of existing methods. This was achieved by using HSiCl3 and a low-polarity solvent to prepare the HSQ polymer and by optimizing the LED hole-injection layer thickness. A stochastic analysis of 31 SiQD syntheses revealed that SiQDs with the highest PLQYs were obtained from a hard, low-carbon HSQ polymer precursor containing many Si-H groups and cage structures. Notably, simple FTIR measurements predicted whether a HSQ polymer would yield high-PLQY SiQDs and high-EQE LEDs. These straightforward, cost-effective protocols should lead to advances in SiQD synthesis and LED fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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7
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Karthik C, Sarngadharan SC, Thomas V. Low-Temperature Plasma Techniques in Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:524. [PMID: 38203693 PMCID: PMC10779006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma, the fourth fundamental state of matter, comprises charged species and electrons, and it is a fascinating medium that is spread over the entire visible universe. In addition to that, plasma can be generated artificially under appropriate laboratory techniques. Artificially generated thermal or hot plasma has applications in heavy and electronic industries; however, the non-thermal (cold atmospheric or low temperature) plasma finds its applications mainly in biomedicals and therapeutics. One of the important characteristics of LTP is that the constituent particles in the plasma stream can often maintain an overall temperature of nearly room temperature, even though the thermal parameters of the free electrons go up to 1 to 10 keV. The presence of reactive chemical species at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure makes LTP a bio-tolerant tool in biomedical applications with many advantages over conventional techniques. This review presents some of the important biomedical applications of cold-atmospheric plasma (CAP) or low-temperature plasma (LTP) in modern medicine, showcasing its effect in antimicrobial therapy, cancer treatment, drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, implant modifications, interaction with biomolecules, etc., and overviews some present challenges in the field of plasma medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Karthik
- Department of Materials & Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1150 10th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | | | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials & Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1150 10th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
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8
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Wen T, Wang J, Zhang J, Long C. Regulating oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups of α-MnO 2 nanorods for enhancing post-plasma catalytic removal of toluene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117176. [PMID: 37729962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Although nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology has high removal efficiency for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it has limited carbon dioxide (CO2) selectivity, which hinders its practical application. In this study, α-MnO2 nanorods with tunable oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups were synthesized by two-step hydrothermal process to enhance their activity for deep oxidation of toluene. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to assist in synthesis of α-MnO2 nanorods with tunable oxygen vacancies, furtherly, more hydroxyl groups were introduced to HCl-assisted synthesized α-MnO2 by K+ supplement. The results showed that the as-synthesized nanorods exhibited superior activity, improved by nearly 30% removal efficiency of toluene compared to pristine MnO2 at SIE = 339 J/L, and reaching high COx selectivity of 72% at SIE = 483 J/L, successfully promoting the deep oxidation of toluene. It was affirmed that oxygen vacancies played an important role in toluene conversion, improving the conversion of ozone (O3) and resulting in higher mobility of surface lattice oxygen species. Besides, the enhancement of deep oxidation performance was caused by the increase of hydroxyl groups concentration. In-situ DRIFTS experiments revealed that the adsorbed toluene on catalyst surface was oxidized to benzyl alcohol by surface lattice oxygen, and hydroxyl groups were also found participating in toluene adsorption. Overall, this study provides a new approach to designing catalysts for deep oxidation of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Chao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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9
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Abuyazid NH, Üner NB, Peyres SM, Mohan Sankaran R. Charge decay in the spatial afterglow of plasmas and its impact on diffusion regimes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6776. [PMID: 37919301 PMCID: PMC10622414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial afterglow is a region at the boundary of a non-equilibrium plasma where charged species relax into ambient equilibrium. In many applications, the spatial afterglow is the part of the plasma that interacts with surfaces, such as suspended particles or a material substrate. However, compared to the bulk plasma, there has been little effort devoted to studying the properties of the spatial afterglow, and a fundamental analysis has not yet been developed. Here, we apply double Langmuir probe measurements and develop an advection-diffusion-recombination model to provide a detailed description of charged species in the spatial afterglow over a wide range of pressures, temperatures, plasma dimensions, and flow rates. We find that the density of charged species in the spatial afterglow decays by orders of magnitude, which leads to a transition from ambipolar to free diffusion. These insights can be used to explain or predict experimental observations of phenomena, such as the charging of dust grains and the dose of charged species to a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabiel H Abuyazid
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Necip B Üner
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sean M Peyres
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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10
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Luo Y, Yang H, Ying C, Wang R, Bo Z, Yan J, Cen K, Ostrikov KK. Plasma-Activated Solutions Regulate Surface-Terminating Groups Enhancing Pseudocapacitive Ti 3 C 2 T x Electrode Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2305383. [PMID: 37661349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are actively pursued as pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors owing to their advantages in electronic conductivity and surface reactivity. Increasing the fraction of ─O terminal groups in Ti3 C2 Tx is a promising approach to improve the pseudocapacitive charge storage in H2 SO4 electrolytes, but it suffers from a lack of effective functionalization methods and stability of the groups in practical operation. Here a low-temperature and environment-friendly approach via the interaction of nonequilibrium plasmas with Ti3 C2 Tx dispersion is demonstrated to generate abundant and stable surface-terminating O groups. The impact of the discharge environment (Ar, O2 , and H2 ) on the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance of Ti3 C2 Tx nanosheets is studied. The Ti3 C2 Tx modified in Ar and H2 maintains their original morphology but a significantly lower F content. Consequently, an extraordinarily high content (78.5%) of surface-terminating O groups is revealed by the high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra for the Ti3 C2 Tx samples modified in H2 plasma-treated solutions. Additionally, the Ti3 C2 Tx treated using H2 plasmas exhibits the best capacitive performance of 418.3 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1 , which can maintain 95.88% capacity after 10 000 cycles. These results contribute to the development of advanced nanostructured pseudocapacitive electrode materials for renewable energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Huachao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chongyan Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zheng Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics & Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
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11
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Xiong Z, Andaraarachchi HP, Held JT, Dorn RW, Jeong YJ, Rossini A, Kortshagen UR. Inductively Coupled Nonthermal Plasma Synthesis of Size-Controlled γ-Al 2O 3 Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101627. [PMID: 37242045 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gamma alumina (γ-Al2O3) is widely used as a catalyst and catalytic support due to its high specific surface area and porosity. However, synthesis of γ-Al2O3 nanocrystals is often a complicated process requiring high temperatures or additional post-synthetic steps. Here, we report a single-step synthesis of size-controlled and monodisperse, facetted γ-Al2O3 nanocrystals in an inductively coupled nonthermal plasma reactor using trimethylaluminum and oxygen as precursors. Under optimized conditions, we observed phase-pure, cuboctahedral γ-Al2O3 nanocrystals with defined surface facets. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that nanocrystal surfaces are populated with AlO6, AlO5 and AlO4 units with clusters of hydroxyl groups. Nanocrystal size tuning was achieved by varying the total reactor pressure yielding particles as small as 3.5 nm, below the predicted thermodynamic stability limit for γ-Al2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichang Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Himashi P Andaraarachchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jacob T Held
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rick W Dorn
- Ames National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yong-Jin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aaron Rossini
- Ames National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Eslamisaray MA, Wray PR, Lee Y, Nelson GM, Ilic O, Atwater HA, Kortshagen UR. A Single-Step Bottom-up Approach for Synthesis of Highly Uniform Mie-Resonant Crystalline Semiconductor Particles at Visible Wavelengths. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1930-1937. [PMID: 36815711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optically Mie-resonant crystalline silicon nanoparticles have long attracted interest for their unique scattering behaviors. Here, we report a bottom-up nonthermal plasma process that produces highly monodisperse particles, with diameters controllable between 60 and 214 nm, by temporarily electrostatically trapping nanoparticles inside a continuous-flow plasma reactor. The particle size is tuned by adjusting the gas residence time in the reactor. By dispersing the nanoparticles in water, optical extinction measurements indicate colloidal solutions of a particle-based metafluid in which particles support both strong magnetic and electric dipole resonances at visible wavelengths. The spectral overlap of the electric and magnetic resonances gives rise to directional Kerker scattering. The extinction measurements show excellent agreement with Mie theory, supporting the idea that the fabrication process enables particles with narrow distributions in size, shape, and composition. This single-step gas-phase process can also produce Mie-resonant nanoparticles of dielectric materials other than silicon and directly deposit them on the desired substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Eslamisaray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Parker R Wray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yeonjoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gunnar M Nelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ognjen Ilic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Tamadate T, Yang S, Hogan CJ. A neural network parametrized coagulation rate model for <3 nm titanium dioxide nanoclusters. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:084301. [PMID: 36859082 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is a key factor governing the size distribution of nanoclusters during the high temperature synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials. Population balance models are strongly influenced by the coagulation rate coefficient utilized. Although simplified coagulation models are often invoked, the coagulation process, particularly for nanoscale particles, is complex, affected by the coagulating nanocluster sizes, the surrounding temperature, and potential interactions. Toward developing improved models of nanocluster and nanoparticle growth, we have developed a neural network (NN) model to describe titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocluster coagulation rate coefficients, trained with molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory calculations. Specifically, we first calculated TiO2 nanocluster coagulation probabilities via MD trajectory calculations varying the nanocluster diameters from 0.6 to 3.0 nm, initial relative velocity from 20 to 700 m s-1, and impact parameter from 0.0 to 8.0 nm. Calculations consider dipole-dipole interactions, dispersion interactions, and short-range repulsive interactions. We trained a NN model to predict whether a given set of nanocluster diameters, impact parameter, and initial velocity would lead to the outcome of coagulation. The accuracy between the predicted outcomes from the NN model and the MD trajectory calculation results is >95%. We subsequently utilized both the NN model and MD trajectory calculations to examine coagulation rate coefficients at 300 and 1000 K. The NN model predictions are largely within the range 0.65-1.54 of MD predictions, and importantly NN predictions capture the local minimum coagulation rate coefficients observed in MD trajectory calculations. The NN model can be directly implemented in population balances of TiO2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tamadate
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Suo Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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14
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Taplick M, Ruhmlieb C, Kipp T, Mews A. Two-Dimensional Superstructures from the Gas Phase: Directed Assembly of Copper-Sulfide Nanoplatelets. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1313-1319. [PMID: 36758116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel plasma-assisted approach for the deposition of free-standing two-dimensional superstructures via directed assembly of copper-sulfide nanoplatelets in the gas phase. For this, the copper-organic complex bis-[bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)-copper(II)] is thermally evaporated and transported into a capacitively coupled rf plasma to form two-dimensional nanoplatelets upon fragmentation. On a substrate, the highly anisotropic platelets are attached in a directed edge-to-edge configuration. We found that a high substrate temperature of 400 °C is necessary for the 2D vertical growth of copper sulfide. Using plasma reinforces the directional assembly and leads to nanowalls which are several micrometers high with the thickness of a single nanoplatelet. The morphology and crystallographic composition of the emerging superstructures were extensively investigated via scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as electron diffraction. The data reveal the (010) plane to be the preferred axis for the arrangement of the nanoplatelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Taplick
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Ruhmlieb
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kipp
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alf Mews
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Chinnathambi S, Shirahata N, Kumar M, Karthikeyan S, Abe K, Thangavel V, Pandian GN. Nano-bio interaction between human immunoglobulin G and nontoxic, near-infrared emitting water-borne silicon quantum dot micelles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6051-6064. [PMID: 36814879 PMCID: PMC9939978 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of nanomaterials has exponentially expanded with versatile biological applications. However, one of the roadblocks to their clinical translation is the critical knowledge gap about how the nanomaterials interact with the biological microenvironment (nano-bio interactions). When nanomaterials are used as drug carriers or contrast agents for biological imaging, the nano-bio interaction-mediated protein conformational changes and misfolding could lead to disease-related molecular alterations and/or cell death. Here, we studied the conformation changes of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) upon interaction with silicon quantum dots functionalized with 1-decene, Pluronic-F127 (SiQD-De/F127 micelles) using UV-visible, fluorescence steady state and excited state kinetics, circular dichroism, and molecular modeling. Decene monolayer terminated SiQDs are accumulated inside the Pluronic F127 shells to form SiQD-De/F127 micelles and were shown to bind strongly with IgG. In addition, biological evaluation studies in cell lines (HeLa, Fibroblast) and medaka fish (eggs and larvae) showed enhanced uptake and minimal cytotoxicity. Our results substantiate that engineered QDs obviating the protein conformational changes could have adept bioefficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan .,International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba 305-0047 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Naoto Shirahata
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0814 Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), NIMS Namiki Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan .,Department of Physics, Chuo University 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Mahima Kumar
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Subramani Karthikeyan
- Centre for Healthcare Advancement, Innovation and Research, Vellore Institute of TechnologyChennai600 127India
| | - Katsuhiko Abe
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Vaijayanthi Thangavel
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto UniversityKyoto 606-8501Japan
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16
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Saifutdinov AI, Germanov NP, Saifutdinova AA, Sorokina AR. Investigation of the Conversion of Small Ethanol Impurities in Argon in Atmospheric-Pressure Glow Discharge. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143923010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Zhou J, Wei T, An X. Combining non-thermal plasma technology with photocatalysis: a critical review. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1538-1545. [PMID: 36541425 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the excellent application prospects in the fields of new energy generation and environmental remediation, photocatalysis technology has attracted the increasing attention of researchers. Although significant progress has been made in the past decades, the practical application of this technology is still restricted by the moderate catalytic efficiency. To improve the performance of catalysts, new methods are extremely required for the controllable synthesis of high-efficiency catalysts. To further comprehend the relationship between material structure and catalytic activity, the surface active sites of catalysts should be regulated at the atomic and molecular levels. As the fourth state of matter, plasma can generate diverse active species with low energy consumption. As a subset of plasmas, non-thermal plasma (NTP), defined by the great temperature difference between ions (near room temperature) and electrons (usually hotter than 2 orders of magnitude), contributes to the rapid synthesis of functional nanomaterials under relatively mild conditions. Furthermore, NTP has been widely used for the surface modification of materials. Therefore, the combination of NTP and photocatalysis is expected to provide an ideal approach to synthesize high-performance catalysts and precisely customize their surface structures, which is becoming a new direction in the field of catalysis research. This paper fundamentally reviews the progress in the combination of NTP with photocatalysis for versatile applications. Beginning with the principles of photocatalysis and plasma technology, the application of NTP for catalyst synthesis, the plasma-assisted modification of surface actives sites, and the impact of plasma-involved processes on the catalytic performance are discussed, which will provide useful insights into the performance enhancement of catalysts via plasma-assisted processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tingcha Wei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics, College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Xiaoqiang An
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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18
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Processing laser ablated plasmonic nanoparticle aerosols with nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge jets of argon and helium and plasma induced effects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:77. [PMID: 36596835 PMCID: PMC9810672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma jets provide viable state-of-the-art nonthermal processes for a wide range of nanomaterials including particle transport and deposition. We report the interaction of argon and helium plasma jets with the particle aerosol, produced by ns laser ablation of a silver target and subsequently their transport for deposition on a distant substrate. The nanofeatures and functionality of the nanoparticles, entrained and deposited with the two plasma jets were compared using high-resolution electron microscopy, helium ion microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and in terms of the SERS effect. The plasma jet facilitates the transport of the particle aerosol under the upshot of plasma ionic wind, caused by the high electric field in the plasma. Compared to the helium plasma jet, the argon plasma jet leads to a relatively large particle deposition and promotes the formation of aggregates. The helium plasma jet enabled the deposition of spatially well dispersed particles. In both cases, the deposited particle was crystalline and plasmonic active. The plasma-driven altered morphology, expedient particle transport, and formation of agglomerates or spatially well dispersed particles are explained in plasma-induced ionic-wind, and dusty plasma framework. The findings are novel and interesting from the perspective of plasma-surface deposition, surface nanoengineering, and nanomaterial processing for applications in sensing, catalysis, surgical tools, futuristic coating technology, and heat-sensible biological activities.
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19
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Yamada H, Watanabe J, Nemoto K, Sun HT, Shirahata N. Postproduction Approach to Enhance the External Quantum Efficiency for Red Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Silicon Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234314. [PMID: 36500937 PMCID: PMC9735803 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite bulk crystals of silicon (Si) being indirect bandgap semiconductors, their quantum dots (QDs) exhibit the superior photoluminescence (PL) properties including high quantum yield (PLQY > 50%) and spectral tunability in a broad wavelength range. Nevertheless, their low optical absorbance character inhibits the bright emission from the SiQDs for phosphor-type light emitting diodes (LEDs). In contrast, a strong electroluminescence is potentially given by serving SiQDs as an emissive layer of current-driven LEDs with (Si-QLEDs) because the charged carriers are supplied from electrodes unlike absorption of light. Herein, we report that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of Si-QLED was enhanced up to 12.2% by postproduction effect which induced by continuously applied voltage at 5 V for 9 h. The active layer consisted of SiQDs with a diameter of 2.0 nm. Observation of the cross-section of the multilayer QLEDs device revealed that the interparticle distance between adjacent SiQDs in the emissive layer is reduced to 0.95 nm from 1.54 nm by “post-electric-annealing”. The shortened distance was effective in promoting charge injection into the emission layer, leading improvement of the EQE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Junpei Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nemoto
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoto Shirahata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-859-2743
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20
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Effect of the surface coverage of an alkyl carboxylic acid monolayer on waterborne and cellular uptake behaviors for silicon quantum dots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17211. [PMID: 36241686 PMCID: PMC9568572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports the development of highly waterborne silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) terminated with a reactive group for grafting of biomolecules. Hydrogen-terminated QDs were prepared by thermal disproportionation of amorphous hydrogen silsesquioxane derived from triethoxysilane followed by hydrofluoric etching. Next, the hydrogenated Si surfaces were exposed to 10-undecenoic acid at different temperatures in Ar atmosphere, yielding the termination of the QDs with a carboxyl group. The thermal hydrosilylation of 10-undecenoic acid yielded the termination of the QDs with a carboxyl group. An increase in molecular coverage of an undecanoic acid (UA) monolayer resulted in both the enhanced increase of zeta-potential in a negative direction for a greater water-dispersity and the increase of absolute quantum yield (QY) of photoluminescence (PL). PLQY improved for ~ 1% to 26% with increasing UA coverage. We assessed the molecular interaction between the UA-SiQDs and HeLa cells by means of cellular uptake experiments using the QDs with different UA coverages. Results showed that the QDs with the highest dispersity in water were not internalized in the cells under confocal fluorescence microscopic observation. In contrast, the QDs with lower coverage of UA monolayer were internalized by endocytosis when incubated with HeLa cells. This contrasting observation opens the possibility of successfully preparing carboxy-capped SiQDs that do not allow cellular uptake but are targeted to specific cells by appropriate conjugation with biomolecules.
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21
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Yang H, Ding D, Skyttä A, Cai R, Kulmala M, Kangasluoma J. Electrical Mobility as an Indicator for Flexibly Deducing the Kinetics of Nanoparticle Evaporation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:8794-8800. [PMID: 35655937 PMCID: PMC9150095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Condensation and evaporation of vapor species on nanoparticle surfaces drive the aerosol evolution in various industrial/atmospheric systems, but probing these transient processes is challenging due to related time and length scales. Herein, we present a novel methodology for deducing nanoparticle evaporation kinetics using electrical mobility as a natural size indicator. Monodispersed nanoparticles are fed to a differential mobility analyzer which serves simultaneously as an evaporation flowtube and an instrument for measuring the electrical mobility, realizing measurements of evaporation processes with time scales comparable to the instrument response time. A theoretical framework is derived for deducing the evaporation kinetics from instrument responses through analyzing the nanoparticle trajectory and size-mobility relationship, which considers the coupled mass and heat transfer effect and is applicable to the whole Knudsen number range. The methodology is demonstrated against evaporation but can potentially be extended to condensation and other industrial/atmospheric processes involving rapid size change of nanoparticles.
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22
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Wray PR, Eslamisaray MA, Nelson GM, Ilic O, Kortshagen UR, Atwater HA. Broadband, Angle- and Polarization-Invariant Antireflective and Absorbing Films by a Scalable Synthesis of Monodisperse Silicon Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23624-23636. [PMID: 35549027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optically induced magnetic resonances (OMRs) are highly tunable scattering states that cannot be reproduced in systems that only support electric resonances, such as in metals, lossy, or low-index materials. Despite offering unique scattering and coupling behavior, the study of OMRs in thin films has been limited by synthesis and simulation constraints. We report on the absorption and scattering response of OMR-based thin films composed of monodisperse crystalline silicon nanoparticles synthesized using a scalable nonthermal plasma growth technique and tractable simulation framework. The synthesis is solvent and ligand free, ensuring minimal contamination, and crystalline particles form with high yield and a narrow size distribution at close to room temperature. Using a scalable high-throughput deposition method, we deposit random particle films, without the need of a solid host matrix, showing near complete blackbody absorption at the collective OMR. This is achieved using 70% less material than an optimized antireflective-coated crystalline silicon thin film. The film exhibits strongly directional forward scattering with very low reflectivity, thus giving rise to angle- and polarization-insensitive antireflection properties across the visible spectrum. We find that, while commonly used effective medium models cannot capture the optical response, a modified effective medium accounting for multipole resonances and interparticle coupling shows excellent agreement with experiment. The effective permittivity and permeability are written in a mode and cluster resolved form, providing useful insight into how individual resonances and nanoparticle clusters affect the overall film response. Electric and magnetic-mode coupling show dramatically different behavior, resulting in uniquely different spectral broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker R Wray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mohammad Ali Eslamisaray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gunnar M Nelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ognjen Ilic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Zhuang H, Huo S, Alzaim S, Iqbal Z, Ravindra NM, Wang X. Synthesis of polymeric nitrogen with non-thermal radio frequency plasma. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Men YL, Liu P, Liu Y, Meng XY, Pan YX. Noble-Metal-Free WO 3-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes with Strong W–C Bonds for Boosting an Electrocatalytic Glucose Oxidation Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Men
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Xiang Pan
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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25
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Huang T, Song D, Zhou L, Tao H, Li A, Zhang SW, Liu LF. Non-thermal plasma irradiated polyaluminum chloride for the heterogeneous adsorption enhancement of Cs + and Sr 2+ in a binary system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127441. [PMID: 34673396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural ecosystem will continually deteriorate for decades by the leakage of Cs and Sr isotopes. The exploration of the new materials or techniques for the efficient treatment of radioactive wastewater is critically important. In this study, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration was constructed to operate the non-thermal plasma (NTP). The NTP was incorporated into the synthesis of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in two different procedures to intensify the synthesis of PAC (NTP-PAC) and enhance the further removal of Cs and Sr from wastewater. The employment of NTP in two procedures both had significantly changed the physicochemical characteristics of PAC materials, which facilitated the further adsorption application of NTP-PAC on the treatment of Cs+ and Sr2+. Different molecular, morphological, and adsorption characteristics were confirmed to the NTP-PAC materials. The heterogeneous adsorption of the NTP-PAC can be appropriately fitted by both the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Elovich model. Both physisorption and chemisorption reaction mechanisms were ensured for the heterogeneous adsorption of the NTP-PAC material towards Cs+ and Sr2+, which guaranteed the excellent adsorption performance of NTP-PAC materials compared to PAC. The electron collisions caused by NTP with alum pulp created highly reactive growth precursors and intensified the nucleation and hydrolysis polymerization of PAC. The employment of NTP explicitly broadens the reaction pathways between PAC and cationic contaminants in the aqueous environment, which expands the application area of PAC materials in environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Ceramic Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China; School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Dongping Song
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Chongqing Water Affairs Group Co., Ltd., No. 1, Longjiawan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Aiyin Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- Nuclear Resources Engineering College, University of South China, 421001, China
| | - Long-Fei Liu
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
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26
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Zhang C, Tu Q, Francis LF, Kortshagen UR. Band Gap Tuning of Films of Undoped ZnO Nanocrystals by Removal of Surface Groups. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030565. [PMID: 35159909 PMCID: PMC8838492 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are widely used in optoelectronic devices such as flat-panel displays and solar cells. A significant optical property of TCOs is their band gap, which determines the spectral range of the transparency of the material. In this study, a tunable band gap range from 3.35 eV to 3.53 eV is achieved for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals (NCs) films synthesized by nonthermal plasmas through the removal of surface groups using atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating of Al2O3 and intense pulsed light (IPL) photo-doping. The Al2O3 coating is found to be necessary for band gap tuning, as it protects ZnO NCs from interactions with the ambient and prevents the formation of electron traps. With respect to the solar spectrum, the 0.18 eV band gap shift would allow ~4.1% more photons to pass through the transparent layer, for instance, into a CH3NH3PbX3 solar cell beneath. The mechanism of band gap tuning via photo-doping appears to be related to a combination of the Burstein–Moss (BM) and band gap renormalization (BGN) effects due to the significant number of electrons released from trap states after the removal of hydroxyl groups. The BM effect shifts the conduction band edge and enlarges the band gap, while the BGN effect narrows the band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; (C.Z.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qiaomiao Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; (C.Z.); (Q.T.)
| | - Lorraine F. Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; (C.Z.); (Q.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.F.F.); (U.R.K.)
| | - Uwe R. Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Correspondence: (L.F.F.); (U.R.K.)
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27
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Uchida G, Nagai K, Habu Y, Hayashi J, Ikebe Y, Hiramatsu M, Narishige R, Itagaki N, Shiratani M, Setsuhara Y. Nanostructured Ge and GeSn films by high-pressure He plasma sputtering for high-capacity Li ion battery anodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1742. [PMID: 35110578 PMCID: PMC8810848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated nanostructured Ge and GeSn films using He radio-frequency magnetron plasma sputtering deposition. Monodisperse amorphous Ge and GeSn nanoparticles of 30–40 nm size were arranged without aggregation by off-axis sputtering deposition in the high He-gas-pressure range of 0.1 Torr. The Ge film porosity was over 30%. We tested the charge/discharge cycle performance of Li-ion batteries with nanostructured Ge and GeSn anodes. The Ge anode with a dispersed arrangement of nanoparticles showed a Li-storage capacity of 565 mAh/g after the 60th cycle. The capacity retention was markedly improved by the addition of 3 at% Sn in Ge anode. The GeSn anode (3 at% Sn) achieved a higher capacity of 1128 mAh/g after 60 cycles with 92% capacity retention. Precise control of the nano-morphology and electrical characteristics by a single step procedure using low temperature plasma is effective for stable cycling of high-capacity Ge anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giichiro Uchida
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Kenta Nagai
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yuma Habu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Junki Hayashi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ikebe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Mineo Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Ryota Narishige
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naho Itagaki
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuichi Setsuhara
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
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Ono T, Xu Y, Sakata T, Saitow KI. Designing Efficient Si Quantum Dots and LEDs by Quantifying Ligand Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1373-1388. [PMID: 34967610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The impact of colloidal silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) on next-generation light sources is promising. However, factors determining the efficiency of SiQDs, such as the photoluminescence (PL) wavelength, PL quantum yield (PLQY), and the SiQD LED performance based on the type of ligand, ligand coverage, stress, and dangling bonds, have not been quantified. Characterizing these variables would accelerate the design and implementation of SiQDs. Herein, colloidal SiQDs were synthesized by pyrolyzing hydrogen silsesquioxane and their surfaces were terminated with 1-decene by either thermal hydrosilylation (HT-SiQDs) or room-temperature hydrosilylation using PCl5 (RT-SiQD). As a result, PL, PL-excitation, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were similar, but their PLQYs were significantly different: 54% (RT-SiQDs) vs 19% (HT-SiQDs). To understand their similarities and differences, surface coverages (dangling bonds, Si-H (≡Si-H1, ═Si-H2, and -Si-H3), Si-O-Si, Si-C, Si-Cl) were determined. A core stress analysis established that a single ligand terminated to a SiQD bond site stretched the Si-Si bond length by 0.3%. From the two well-defined SiQDs, the PLQY and SiQD LED efficiency were attributed to four factors: low coverage of insulator ligands, the Cl ligand effect on radiative and nonradiative rates, negligible dangling bonds, and a SiQD core with low tensile stress. The PLQY of the RT-SiQDs in toluene was 80%. In addition, the 20× electroluminescence intensity difference of the LEDs originated from a 10× difference in current density and a 2× difference in Auger recombination. The concepts demonstrated here can be applied to further improve the PLQY and LED efficiencies of SiQDs with other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yuping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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29
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Li X, Li S, Jia W, Sun Q, Zhang Y. Reusable citric acid modified V/AC catalyst prepared by dielectric barrier discharge for hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reusable and efficient citric acid modified V/AC catalyst for benzene hydroxylation was prepared using an environmentally benign DBD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Wenting Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
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30
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhang K, Lu Y, Chen J, Wang S, Hu B, Wang X. Application of carbon dots and their composite materials for the detection and removal of radioactive ions: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132313. [PMID: 34592206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive ions with high-heat release or long half-life could cause long-term influence on environment and they might enter the food chain to damage human body for their toxicity and radioactivity. It is of great importance to develop methods and materials to detect and remove radioactive ions. Carbon dots and their composite materials has been applied widely in many fields due to their plentiful raw materials, facile synthesis and functional process, unique optical property and abundant functional groups. This comprehensive review focuses on the preparation of CDs and composite materials for the detection and adsorption of radioactive ions. Firstly, the recent-developed synthetic methods for CDs were summarized briefly, including hydrothermal/solvothermal, microwave, electrochemistry, microplasma, chemical oxidation methods, focusing on the influence of CDs properties. Secondly, the synthetic methods for CDs composite materials were classified to four categories and summarized generally. Thirdly, the application of CDs for radioactive ions detection and adsorption were explored and concluded including uranium, iodine, europium, strontium, samarium et al. Finally, the detection and adsorption mechanism for radioactive ions were searched and the perspective and outlook of CDs for detection and adsorption radioactive ions have been proposed based on our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China; College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, PR China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Kangjie Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Lu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, PR China
| | - Baowei Hu
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, PR China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China; College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, PR China.
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31
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Xu S, Lukes P. Gas-liquid interface influencing electronic structure of phenol based on molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Tao X, Zheng K, Huang L. Plasma induced liquid-phase synthesis of Ce/Mo metal oxides as photocatalysts. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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33
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Saleem F, Rehman A, Ahmad F, Khoja AH, Javed F, Zhang K, Harvey A. Removal of toluene as a toxic VOC from methane gas using a non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27583-27588. [PMID: 35480659 PMCID: PMC9037792 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04772h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane is the main component of biogas, which could be used as a renewable energy source for electricity, source of heat, and biofuel production after upgrading from biogas. It also contains toxic compounds which cause environmental and human health problems. Therefore, in this work, the removal of a toxic compound (toluene) from methane gas was studied using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. It was observed that the removal of the toxic compound could be achieved from methane carrier gas using a dielectric barrier discharge reactor, and it depends on plasma input power. The maximum removal of the toxic compound was 85.9% at 40 W and 2.86 s. The major gaseous products were H2 and lower hydrocarbons (LHC) and the yield of these products also increases with input power. In the current study, the yield of gaseous products depends on the decomposition of toxic compounds and methane, because the decomposition of methane also produces H2 and lower hydrocarbons. The percentage yield of H2 increases from 0.43-4.74%. Similarly, the yield of LHC increases from 0.56-7.54% under the same reaction conditions. Hence, input power promoted the decomposition of the toxic compound and enhanced the yield of gaseous products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Saleem
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK .,Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Faisalabad Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK .,Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Faisalabad Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Asif Hussain Khoja
- Fossil Fuels Laboratory, Department of Thermal Energy Engineering, U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) Sector H-12 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Farhan Javed
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Faisalabad Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Adam Harvey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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34
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Cendejas AJ, Sun H, Hayes SE, Kortshagen U, Thimsen E. Predicting plasma conditions necessary for synthesis of γ-Al 2O 3 nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11387-11395. [PMID: 34160531 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02488d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) offers a unique synthesis environment capable of producing nanocrystals of high melting point materials at relatively low gas temperatures. Despite the rapidly growing material library accessible through NTP synthesis, designing processes for new materials is predominantly empirically driven. Here, we report on the synthesis of both amorphous alumina and γ-Al2O3 nanocrystals and present a simple particle heating model that is suitable for predicting the plasma power necessary for crystallization. The heating model only requires the composition, temperature, and pressure of the background gas along with the reactor geometry to calculate the temperature of particles suspended in the plasma as a function of applied power. Complete crystallization of the nanoparticle population was observed when applied power was greater than the threshold where the calculated particle temperature is equal to the crystallization temperature of amorphous alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Cendejas
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - He Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sophia E Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Uwe Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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35
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Abstract
The synthesis of nanomaterials, with characteristic dimensions of 1 to 100 nm, is a key component of nanotechnology. Vapor-phase synthesis of nanomaterials has numerous advantages such as high product purity, high-throughput continuous operation, and scalability that have made it the dominant approach for the commercial synthesis of nanomaterials. At the same time, this class of methods has great potential for expanded use in research and development. Here, we present a broad review of progress in vapor-phase nanomaterial synthesis. We describe physically-based vapor-phase synthesis methods including inert gas condensation, spark discharge generation, and pulsed laser ablation; plasma processing methods including thermal- and non-thermal plasma processing; and chemically-based vapor-phase synthesis methods including chemical vapor condensation, flame-based aerosol synthesis, spray pyrolysis, and laser pyrolysis. In addition, we summarize the nanomaterials produced by each method, along with representative applications, and describe the synthesis of the most important materials produced by each method in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Malekzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. and RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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36
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Liu T, Bai X. In situ preparation of highly dispersed Pd supported on exfoliated layered double hydroxides via nitrogen plasma for 4-nitrophenol reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30090-30100. [PMID: 33582960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and environmental-friendly nitrogen glow discharge plasma reduction method has been developed for synthesizing palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) supported on exfoliated Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (Pd/LDH) catalysts. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by means of characterizations methods, which contain X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Highly dispersed ultrafine PdNPs were supported on exfoliated, defect-induced LDHs uniformly without agglomeration. The effects of treatment time of nitrogen plasma and Pd loading amount on structure, morphology, and catalytic performance of Pd/LDHs were investigated. The comparisons of structure and morphology between LDHs and Pd/LDHs were also discussed. The average particle size of as-synthesized PdNPs with face-centered cubic structure is 2.01 nm, which ranges from 1.18 to 3.01 nm. Nitrogen plasma cannot only reduce Pd2+, but also exfoliate LDHs, introduce defects, and even destroy the structure of LDHs. The Pd/LDH catalyst with 1 wt% Pd loading under nitrogen plasma treatment for 60 min showed the best catalytic performance in 4-nitrophenol reduction. The turnover frequency (TOF) of as-prepared catalyst is 20-fold higher than that of commercial Pd/C catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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37
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He J, Jiang X, Xu F, Li C, Long Z, Chen H, Hou X. Low Power, Low Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Plasma‐Induced Polymerization: Facile Synthesis and Crystal Regulation of Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University Chengdu Sichuan 610066 China
| | - Fujian Xu
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- College of Chemistry and Environment Southwest Minzu University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Zhou Long
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Hanjiao Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
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38
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Gasvoda RJ, Xu W, Zhang Z, Wang S, Hudson EA, Agarwal S. Selective Gas-Phase Functionalization of SiO 2 and SiN x Surfaces with Hydrocarbons. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3960-3969. [PMID: 33729812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective functionalization of dielectric surfaces is required for area-selective atomic layer deposition and etching. We have identified precursors for the selective gas-phase functionalization of plasma-deposited SiO2 and SiNx surfaces with hydrocarbons. The corresponding reaction mechanism of the precursor molecules with the two surfaces was studied using in situ surface infrared spectroscopy. We show that at a substrate temperature of 70 °C, cyclic azasilanes preferentially react with an -OH-terminated SiO2 surface over a -NHx-terminated SiNx surface with an attachment selectivity of ∼5.4, which is limited by the partial oxidation of the SiNx surface. The cyclic azasilane undergoes a ring-opening reaction where the Si-N bond cleaves upon the reaction with surface -OH groups forming a Si-O-Si linkage. After ring opening, the backbone of the grafted hydrocarbon is terminated with a secondary amine, -NHCH3, which can react with water to form an -OH-terminated surface and release CH3NH2 as the product. The surface coverage of the grafted cyclic azasilane is calculated as ∼3.3 × 1014 cm-2, assuming that each reacted -OH group contributes to one hydrocarbon linkage. For selective attachment to SiNx over SiO2 surfaces, we determined the reaction selectivity of aldehydes. We demonstrate that aldehydes selectively attach to SiNx over SiO2 surfaces, and for the specific branched aliphatic aldehyde used in this work, almost no reaction was detected with the SiO2 surface. A fraction of the aldehyde molecules reacts with surface -NH2 groups to form an imine (Si-N═C) surface linker with H2O released as the byproduct. The other fraction of the aldehydes also reacts with surface -NH2 groups but do not undergo the water-elimination step and remains attached to the surface as an aminoalcohol (Si-NH-COH-). The surface coverage of the grafted aldehyde is calculated as ∼9.8 × 1014 cm-2 using a known infrared absorbance cross-section for the -C(CH3)3 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Gasvoda
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Wanxing Xu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhonghao Zhang
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Parkway, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Scott Wang
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Parkway, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Eric A Hudson
- Lam Research Corporation, 4650 Cushing Parkway, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Sumit Agarwal
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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39
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Li S, Lu Z, Yuan B, Hu R, Zhu M. Applications of Plasma-Assisted Systems for Advanced Electrode Material Synthesis and Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13909-13919. [PMID: 33730485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on advanced electrode materials (AEMs) has been explosive for the past decades and constantly promotes the development of batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, and photovoltaic applications. However, traditional preparation and modification methods can no longer meet the increasing requirements of some AEMs because some of the special reactions are thermodynamically and/or kinetically unfavorable and thus need harsh conditions. Among various recently developed advanced materials synthesis and modification routes, the plasma-assisted (PA) method has received increasing attention because of its unique and different "species reactivity" nature, as well as its wider and adjustable operating conditions. In this Spotlight on Applications, we highlight some recent developments and describe our recent progress by applying PA systems in the synthesis and modification of AEMs, including direct processing, PA deposition, and plasma milling (P-milling). The mechanisms of how plasma works for specific reactions are reviewed and discussed. It is shown that the PA technique has become a powerful and efficient tool in the following areas, including but not limited to materials synthesis, doping, surface modification, and functionalization. Finally, the prospect and challenges are also proposed for AEM preparation and modification using PA systems. This article aims to provide up-to-date information about the progress of PA technology in the fields of chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchen Lu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Renzong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
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40
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He J, Jiang X, Xu F, Li C, Long Z, Chen H, Hou X. Low Power, Low Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Plasma‐Induced Polymerization: Facile Synthesis and Crystal Regulation of Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9984-9989. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University Chengdu Sichuan 610066 China
| | - Fujian Xu
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- College of Chemistry and Environment Southwest Minzu University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Zhou Long
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Hanjiao Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
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41
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Brunet P, McGlynn RJ, Alessi B, Smail F, Boies A, Maguire P, Mariotti D. Surfactant-free synthesis of copper nanoparticles and gas phase integration in CNT-composite materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:781-788. [PMID: 36133850 PMCID: PMC9419625 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) represent a viable low-cost alternative to replace bulk copper or other more expensive NPs (e.g. gold or silver) in various applications such as electronics for electrical contact materials or high conductivity materials. This study deals with the synthesis of well dispersed Cu-NPs by using an Ar + H2 microplasma using a solid copper precursor. The morphological analysis is carried out by electron microscopy showing particles with a mean diameter of 8 nm. Crystallinity and chemical analyses were also carried out by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. In the second step, the Cu-NPs were successfully deposited onto porous carbon nanotube ribbons; surface coverage and the penetration depth of the Cu-NPs inside the CNT ribbon structure were investigated as these can be beneficial for a number of applications. The oxidation state of the Cu-NPs was also studied in detail under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunet
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University Newtownabbey BT370QB UK
| | - Ruairi J McGlynn
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University Newtownabbey BT370QB UK
| | - Bruno Alessi
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University Newtownabbey BT370QB UK
| | - Fiona Smail
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University Cambridge UK
| | - Adam Boies
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University Cambridge UK
| | - Paul Maguire
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University Newtownabbey BT370QB UK
| | - Davide Mariotti
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University Newtownabbey BT370QB UK
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42
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Tuesta AD, Fisher BT, Skiba AW, Williams LT, Osborn MF. Low-pressure multipass Raman spectrometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:773-784. [PMID: 33690456 DOI: 10.1364/ao.412054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonintrusive, quantitative measurements of thermodynamic properties of flows associated with propulsion systems are pivotal to advance their design and optimization. Laser-based diagnostics are ideal to provide quantitative results without influencing the flow; however, the environments in which such flows exist are often not conducive for such techniques. Namely, they often lack the optical accessibility required to facilitate the delivery of incident laser radiation and the subsequent collection of induced signals. A particularly challenging, yet crucial, task is to measure thermodynamic properties of plumes issuing from thrusters operating within a vacuum chamber. Large chambers used to simulate the vacuum of space generally lack optical ports that can facilitate complex laser-based measurements. Additionally, the near-vacuum environments within such chambers coupled with the ability of thrusters to efficiently expand the gas flowing through their nozzles lead to plumes with prohibitively low number densities (pressures below 1 Torr). Thus, there is a need to develop a diagnostic system that can offer high throughput without the use of free-space optical ports. Moreover, facilities where propulsion systems are tested typically lack vibrationally isolated space for diagnostic equipment and accurate climate control. As a result, such a high-throughput system must also be compact, versatile, and robust. To this end, the present work describes a fiber-coupled, multipass cell, spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy system. This system is intended to provide accurate temperature measurements within low-pressure environments via H2 rotational Raman thermometry. Proof-of-principle measurements are successfully performed at pressures as low as 67 Pa (500 mTorr). Techniques to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio at lower pressures, and the trade-offs associated with them, are discussed and evaluated. Finally, the ability of this system to facilitate additional quantitative measurements is also discussed.
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43
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Xu J, Nagasawa H, Kanezashi M, Tsuru T. TiO 2 Coatings Via Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Enhancing the UV-Resistant Properties of Transparent Plastics. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1370-1377. [PMID: 33490796 PMCID: PMC7818591 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, TiO2 coatings were deposited on photodegradable polymers for protection from UV irradiation using the atmospheric-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (AP-PECVD) technique. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) substrates were coated with titanium tetraisopropoxide as the precursor in an open-air atmospheric-pressure nonequilibrium argon plasma jet. The AP-PECVD-derived TiO2 coatings exhibited good adhesion to PMMA and PC. The TiO2 coatings could shield more than 99% of UV light in the wavelength range of 200-300 nm, without affecting the transmittance of visible light. UV irradiation tests on polymer films demonstrated that the degradation rates of PMMA and PC were significantly reduced by one-tenth after they were coated with TiO2 films.
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44
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Kagan CR, Bassett LC, Murray CB, Thompson SM. Colloidal Quantum Dots as Platforms for Quantum Information Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3186-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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45
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Ono T, Kortshagen UR, Hogan CJ. Ion attachment rates and collection forces on dust particles in a plasma sheath with finite ion inertia and mobility. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:063212. [PMID: 33465977 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.063212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion attachment and ion drag to dust particles near the edge of a nonthermal plasma sheath are of interest to better understand how particles become trapped in such sheath regions. While electron-particle collisions in plasmas and sheaths can often be described by orbital motion limited theory, quantification of ion transport about dust particles in collisional sheath regions requires a distinct modeling approach. In this work, the dimensionless ion attachment coefficients and dimensionless collection forces on negatively charged particles are calculated using ion trajectory models accounting for an external electric field in a collisional sheath, ion inertia, and finite ion mobility. By considering both ion inertia and finite ion mobility, results apply for ion transport from the fully collisional regime into a regime of intermediate collisionality. Ion collection forces are calculated in two related limits; first, the nondissipative limit, wherein the dimensionless collection force function coincides with the dimensionless attachment coefficient (anticipated in the collisionless regime), and second, a dissipative limit, wherein neutral gas collisions dissipate ion momentum, which strongly affects the resulting collection force (anticipated in the fully collisional regime). We show that ion motion about a charged particle can be parametrized by the ion Stokes number, which is the ratio of ion inertia to gas resistance to motion and dimensionless electric field strength (the external field strength normalized by the electric field at the particle surface). At intermediate Stokes numbers (10^{1}-10^{2}), ions adopt trajectories that are extremely sensitive to the initial ion-particle impact parameter. Plots of the resulting collision angle at fixed Stokes number and dimensionless field strength as a function of impact parameter contain multiple discontinuities. Nonetheless, we obtain smooth curves for the ion attachment rates and collection forces in both the nondissipative and fully dissipative limits. Increasing the ion Stokes number is found to significantly decrease the dimensionless ion attachment coefficients and ion collection forces in comparison to coefficients evaluated with expressions derived in the fully collisional limit. In all instances, including the dissipative limit, we find the ion collection force acts in the direction of ion migration. Neural network fits are utilized to parametrize the resulting attachment coefficients and ion collection forces, and we apply these fits to examine the charge levels on 1-μm radius particles in external fields in the 3×10^{2}-3×10^{3}Vm^{-1} range and pressures in the 5×10^{-1}-5×10^{1} Torr (66.7-6667 Pa) range. We find the charge level is strongly sensitive to both field strength and pressure in the plasma sheath, ranging from 6 × 10^{3} to 1.8 × 10^{4} over the conditions examined. Calculations are also used to demonstrate that the ion collection force can be sufficiently strong to trap particles not only close to the bottom electrode of a parallel-plate reactor, but also close to the top electrode, with a critical ion density required for trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshisato Ono
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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46
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Kulyk DS, Amoah E, Badu-Tawiah AK. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Screening Platform for Discovering New Chemical Reactions under Uncatalyzed, Solvent-Free Experimental Conditions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15025-15033. [PMID: 33151666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gas-phase high-throughput reaction screening platform was developed for the first time to study chemical structures of closely related functional groups and for the discovery of novel organic reaction pathways. Experiments were performed using the contained atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source that enabled nonthermal, nonequilibrium plasma chemistry to be monitored by mass spectrometry (MS) in real time. This contained-APCI MS platform allowed an array of reagents to be tested, resulting in the studies of multiple gas-phase reactions in parallel. By exposing headspace vapor of the selected reagents to corona discharge, solvent-free Borsche-Drecsel cyclization reaction, Katritzky chemistry, and Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis were examined in the gas phase, outside the high vacuum environment of the mass spectrometer. A new radical-mediated hydrazine coupling reaction was also discovered, which provided a selective pathway to synthesize secondary amines without using a catalyst. The mechanisms of these atmospheric pressure gas-phase reactions were explored through the direct capture of intermediates and via comparison with the corresponding bulk solution and droplet-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Enoch Amoah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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47
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Nano-Bio Interaction between Blood Plasma Proteins and Water-Soluble Silicon Quantum Dots with Enabled Cellular Uptake and Minimal Cytotoxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112250. [PMID: 33202926 PMCID: PMC7696914 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the compatibility of water-soluble semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) upon contact with the bloodstream is important for biological applications, including biomarkers working in the first therapeutic spectral window for deep tissue imaging. Herein, we investigated the conformational changes of blood plasma proteins during the interaction with near-infrared light-emitting nanoparticles, consisting of Pluronic F127 shells and cores comprised of assembled silicon QDs terminated with decane monolayers. Albumin and transferrin have high quenching constants and form a hard protein corona on the nanoparticle. In contrast, fibrinogen has low quenching constants and forms a soft protein corona. A circular dichroism (CD) spectrometric study investigates changes in the protein’s secondary and tertiary structures with incremental changes in the nanoparticle concentrations. As expected, the addition of nanoparticles causes the denaturation of the plasma proteins. However, it is noteworthy that the conformational recovery phenomena are observed for fibrinogen and transferrin, suggesting that the nanoparticle does not influence the ordered structure of proteins in the bloodstream. In addition, we observed enabled cellular uptake (NIH3T3 Fibroblasts) and minimal cytotoxicity using different cell lines (HeLa, A549, and NIH3T3). This study offers a basis to design QDs without altering the biomacromolecule’s original conformation with enabled cellular uptake with minimal cytotoxicity.
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48
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Schwan J, Nava G, Mangolini L. Critical barriers to the large scale commercialization of silicon-containing batteries. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4368-4389. [PMID: 36132933 PMCID: PMC9419004 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has received a considerable amount of attention in the last few years because of its large lithiation capacity. Its widespread utilization in real-life lithium-ion batteries has so far been prevented by the plethora of challenges presented by this material. This review discusses the most promising technologies that have been put forward to address these issues. While silicon is now much closer to being compatible with commercial-grade storage devices, some critical barriers still deserve further attention. Most importantly, device performance is strongly dependent on particle size and size distribution, with these parameters strongly controlled by the particle synthesis technique. Moreover, the nanoparticle synthesis technique ultimately controls the material manufacturing cost and compatibility with large-scale utilization. These issues are discussed in detail, and recommendations to the community are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schwan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Giorgio Nava
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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49
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhu M, Jin R. Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6443-6514. [PMID: 32760953 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure-property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Chen X, Seto T, Kortshagen UR, Hogan CJ. Size and structural characterization of Si nanocrystal aggregates from a low pressure nonthermal plasma reactor. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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