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Zhang G, Zhang Q, Guan X, Liu M, Meng L, Han X, Li Y, Jiang G. Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) exposure and type 2 diabetes risk: A population-based case-control study in East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168192. [PMID: 37924874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants may be associated to type 2 diabetes, but the studies on associations between short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) exposure and type 2 diabetes risk in humans are still scarce. Here, we conducted a case-control study involving 344 participants in Shandong Province, East China, to explore the effects of SCCPs on type 2 diabetes risk and their correlations with glycemic biomarker and serum lipid parameters. SCCPs were detected in all serum samples with a median concentration of 24 ng mL-1 in cases and 19 ng mL-1 in controls. Exposure to C10-CPs, C11-CPs, and ΣSCCPs were positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The associations remained consistent in stratified analyses but stronger in male participants and obese individuals. In the control group, there were significant and positive correlations between SCCP exposure and levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total lipid, and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Significant joint effects on SCCP exposure and lipid parameters were observed in females when analyzed by the quantile-based g-computation model, and C10-CPs showed the highest contribution. Mediation analysis showed that LDL-C had significant mediation effects on the associations between C10-CPs, C11-CPs, and ΣSCCPs exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, TC and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were mediators in the relationship between C11-CPs and type 2 diabetes. Taken together, our study revealed that human exposure to SCCPs may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and disrupt lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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Xu C, Zhou Q, Shen C, Li F, Liu S, Yin S, Aamir M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in agricultural and industrial soils from Shanghai, China: surface and vertical distribution, penetration behavior, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9087-9101. [PMID: 37306889 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) of the soil environment has raised global concern due to their highly persistent and toxic properties. However, little information is available regarding these industrial toxicants' spatial-vertical distribution and penetration potentials. In this study, short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were analyzed in pooled surface and core soils (0-45 cm) samples collected from agricultural and industrial areas in Shanghai. ∑SCCP concentrations in agricultural and industrial surface soils ranged from 52.6 to 237.6 and 98.3 to 977.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. ∑MCCP levels were comparatively higher and ranged from 417.2 to 1690.8 and 370.9 to 10,712.7 ng/g dw in agricultural and industrial soils, respectively. C10Cl5-10 SCCPs and C14-15Cl5-7 MCCPs were the predominant homologues in all samples. Analysis of the soil vertical profiles revealed that MCCP concentrations decreased significantly with depth (P < 0.01). SCCPs more efficiently penetrated into the soils than MCCPs because of their higher water solubility and less octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values. A preliminary risk assessment suggested no potential health risks caused by non-dietary exposure. The daily exposure doses of CPs via ingestion were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for children (5.41 ± 2.11 × 10-3 and 1.68 ± 1.03 × 10-2 μg kg-1 day-1) and adults (2.56 ± 0.99 × 10-4 and 7.94 ± 4.87 × 10-4 μg kg-1 day-1) than dermal permeation exposure. Furthermore, CPs at current levels posed low ecological risks (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) according to the risk quotient model. This study enhanced our understanding of the fates and behaviors of CPs in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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Lu F, Hao X, Dai J, Wang H, Yang G, Sun C, Chen B. Regional variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in East Asian finless porpoises in the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115257. [PMID: 37478784 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Certain polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned for years, however, they still possess the potential to harm marine cetaceans. In this study, 56 East Asian finless porpoises (EAFPs) collected from three locations of the East China Sea between 2009 and 2011, were analyzed to determine the presence of typical PBDE congeners. Among all the samples, BDE47 was the main congener, constituting ∼48.3 % of the ΣPBDEs. Significant variations (p < 0.01) in PBDE abundance were observed among different regions (Pingtan: 172.8 ng/g, Lvsi: 61.2 ng/g and Ningbo: 32.9 ng/g). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between PBDE abundance and male body length. The general ΣPBDEs concentration of this population was lower compared to other populations and cetaceans. Although combined risk assessments indicated a low risk to porpoise health, long-term surveillance is essential as PBDEs are not completely banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jianhua Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bingyao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Girones L, Guida Y, Oliva AL, Machado Torres JP, Marcovecchio JE, Vetter W, Arias AH. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from an anthropized south-western Atlantic estuary, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138575. [PMID: 37011823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic organic compounds of growing environmental and social concern. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2017. Further, in 2021, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were proposed to be listed as POPs. We investigated SCCP and MCCP amounts and homolog profiles in four wild fish species from Bahía Blanca Estuary, a South Atlantic Ocean coastal habitat in Argentina. SCCPs and MCCPs were detected in 41% and 36% of the samples, respectively. SCCP amounts ranged from <12 to 29 ng g-1 wet weight and <750-5887 ng g-1 lipid weight, whereas MCCP amounts ranged from <7 to 19 ng g-1 wet weight and <440-2848 ng g-1 lipid weight. Amounts were equivalent to those found in fish from the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and from some North American and Tibetan Plateau lakes. We performed a human health risk assessment and found no direct risks to human health for SCCP or MCCP ingestion, according to present knowledge. Regarding their environmental behavior, no significant differences were observed among SCCP amounts, sampling locations, species, sizes, lipid content, and age of the specimens. However, there were significant differences in MCCP amounts across species, which could be attributed to fish size and feeding habits. Homolog profiles in all fish were dominated by the medium-chlorinated (Cl6 and Cl7) CPs and shorter chain length CPs were the most abundant, with C10Cl6 (12.8%) and C11Cl6 (10.1%) being the predominant SCCPs and C14Cl6 (19.2%) and C14Cl7 (12.4%) the predominant MCCPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the presence of CPs in the environment in Argentina and the South Atlantic Ocean. CP occurrence in the environment, particularly in the food chain, promotes the need for further research on their occurrence and behavior, and the impact of CPs in marine ecosystems in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Girones
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Yago Guida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge Eduardo Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino, Gascón 3145, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - FRBB, 11 de Abril 445, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (ANCEFN), Av. Alvear 1711, 1014, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), DE-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Wang XT, Wang CL, Zhou Y, Ren GF, Fu R, An J. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in urban road dust of Shanghai, China: concentrations, source apportionment and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3789-3804. [PMID: 36580188 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants that have been found in various environmental media. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations, spatial distribution, possible sources and potential health risk of SCCPs and MCCPs in urban road dust collected from Shanghai, China. The concentrations ranged from 9.74 to 11,400 ng g-1 for ΣSCCPs, 44.1 to 49,900 ng g-1 for ΣMCCPs and 53.9 to 61,400 ng g-1 for total CPs, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant component in all road dust, averagely accounting for 82.8% of total CPs. The concentrations of CPs in dust collected from traffic and commercial areas were significantly higher than those from campus, industrial, park and residential areas (p < 0.01), which could be attributed to tire wear in heavy traffic. All dust samples were divided into two groups by hierarchical cluster analysis for both SCCPs and MCCPs, and the most abundant homologue groups in most samples were C10Cl7-10 and C13Cl7-9 for SCCPs, and C14Cl7-9 and C15Cl8-9 for MCCPs. Correlation analysis showed that all carbon homologues in road dusts were highly correlated each other, suggesting SCCPs and MCCPs in dust maybe came from similar sources. Three sources for CPs in dust samples were apportioned by the PMF model; their relative contributions to the total CPs burden in dust were 25.6% for factor 1 (commercial CP mixture), 13.7% for factor 2 (long-distance transport) and 60.7% for factor 3 (commercial CP mixture). The median estimated daily intakes of total CPs via road dust were 1.78 × 10-5 for children and 3.0 × 10-6 mg kg-1 day-1 for adults, respectively. Quantitative risk assessment using non-cancer hazard index and total margin of exposure of total CPs indicated that total CPs at the present level in road dust pose no significant risk for both children and adults in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guo-Fa Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rui Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Simond AÉ, Ross PS, Cabrol J, Lesage V, Lair S, Woudneh MB, Yang D, Peng H, Colbourne K, Brown TM. Declining concentrations of chlorinated paraffins in endangered St. Lawrence Estuary belugas (Delphinapterus leucas): Response to regulations or a change in diet? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161488. [PMID: 36626992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Very high levels of industrial contaminants in St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) beluga whales represent one of the major threats to this population classified as endangered under the Species at Risk Act in Canada. Elevated concentrations of short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were recently reported in blubber of adult male SLE belugas. Recent regulations for SCCPs in North America, combined with their replacement by medium- (MCCPs) and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), highlight the importance of tracking this toxic chemical class. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) levels and profiles of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in samples obtained from carcasses of adult male, adult female, juvenile, newborn, and fetus beluga, and (2) trends in adult male belugas between 1997 and 2018. Factors potentially influencing CP temporal trends such as age, feeding ecology and sampling year were also explored. SCCPs dominated (64 to 100%) total CP concentrations across all age and sex classes, MCCPs accounted for the remaining proportion of total CPs, and LCCPs were not detected in any sample. The chlorinated paraffin homolog that dominated the most in beluga blubber was C12Cl8. Adult male SCCP concentrations from this study were considerably lower (> 2000-fold) than those recently reported in Simond et al. (2020), likely reflecting a previously erroneous overestimate due to the lack of a suitable analytical method for SCCPs at the time. Both SCCPs and total CPs declined over time in adult males in our study (rate of 1.67 and 1.33% per year, respectively), presumably due in part to the implementation of regulations in 2012. However, there is a need to better understand the possible contribution of a changing diet to contaminant exposure, as stable isotopic ratios of carbon also changed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine É Simond
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Peter S Ross
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, W̱SÁNEĆ Territory, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y3, Canada.
| | - Jory Cabrol
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Véronique Lesage
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Lair
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Million B Woudneh
- SGS AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., 2045 Mills Road West, Sydney, BC V8L 5X2, Canada.
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hui Peng
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Katerina Colbourne
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Tanya M Brown
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Science Enterprise Center, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
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Chen L, Mai B, Luo X. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Chlorinated Paraffins. TOXICS 2022; 10:778. [PMID: 36548610 PMCID: PMC9783579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a class of persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulated compounds, have received increasing attention for their environmental occurrence and ecological and human health risks worldwide in the past decades. Understanding the environmental behavior and fate of CPs faces a huge challenge owing to the extremely complex CP congeners. Consequently, the aims of the present study are to summarize and integrate the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of CPs, including the occurrence of CPs in biota, tissue distribution, biomagnification, and trophic transfer, and biotransformation of CPs in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in detail. Biota samples collected in China showed higher CP concentrations than other regions, which is consistent with their huge production and usage. The lipid content is the major factor that determines the physical burden of CPs in tissues or organs. Regarding the bioaccumulation of CPs and their influence factors, inconsistent results were obtained. Biotransformation is an important reason for this variable. Some CP congeners are readily biodegradable in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Hydroxylation, dechlorination, chlorine rearrangement, and carbon chain decomposition are potential biotransformation pathways for the CP congeners. Knowledge of the influence of chain length, chlorination degree, constitution, and stereochemistry on the tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation is still scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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9
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Sala B, Garcia-Garin O, Borrell A, Aguilar A, Víkingsson GA, Eljarrat E. Transplacental transfer of plasticizers and flame retardants in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from the North Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120168. [PMID: 36115483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals are one of the groups of animals most affected by marine pollution including that by organic compounds which, besides bearing recognised harmful effects to adults, they may also affect foetuses through placental transfer. In this study we analysed samples of fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) females and their foetuses collected in the western Iceland summer feeding grounds in 2018. Three different families of organic pollutants: organophosphate esters (OPEs); halogenated flame retardants (HFRs); and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), were analysed and their placental transfer investigated. HFRs were detected in 87.5% of females and 100% of foetus samples with concentrations that ranged between nd-15.4 and 6.37-101 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. OPEs were detected in all samples, both from females (85.8-567 ng/g lw) and foetuses (nq-1130 ng/g lw). SCCPs were detected in 87.5% of female samples and 100% of foetal samples with concentrations that ranged between nd-30.9 and nq-574 ng/g lw, respectively. For OPE compounds, a significant negative correlation was observed between the logarithm maternal transfer ratio and their log Kow, indicating that a high lipophilicity reduced placental transfer rate. Interestingly, the decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the compound with the highest log Kow but also the one that was transferred the most from mothers to foetuses, calling for in-depth research on this pollutant. These results constitute the first evidence of mother-calf transfer of plasticizers and flame retardants in fin whales. Further investigations are needed to determine their potential effects on this species and other groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Sala
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Odei Garcia-Garin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Aguilar
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gísli A Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute; Fornubúðum 5, 220 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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A Multi-Matrix Metabolomic Approach in Ringed Seals and Beluga Whales to Evaluate Contaminant and Climate-Related Stressors. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090813. [PMID: 36144217 PMCID: PMC9502077 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a high trophic-level species, ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are particularly vulnerable to elevated concentrations of biomagnifying contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and mercury (Hg). These species also face climate-change-related impacts which are leading to alterations in their diet and associated contaminant exposure. The metabolomic profile of marine mammal tissues and how it changes to environmental stressors is poorly understood. This study characterizes the profiles of 235 metabolites across plasma, liver, and inner and outer blubber in adult ringed seals and beluga whales and assesses how these profiles change as a consequence of contaminants and dietary changes. In both species, inner and outer blubber were characterized by a greater proportion of lipid classes, whereas the dominant metabolites in liver and plasma were amino acids, carbohydrates, biogenic amines and lysophosphatidylcholines. Several metabolite profiles in ringed seal plasma correlated with δ13C, while metabolite profiles in blubber were affected by hexabromobenzene in ringed seals and PBDEs and Hg in belugas. This study provides insight into inter-matrix similarities and differences across tissues and suggests that plasma and liver are more suitable for studying changes in diet, whereas liver and blubber are more suitable for studying the impacts of contaminants.
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11
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Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) in China: A Critical Review. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With being listed in the Stockholm Convention, the ban on short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has been put on the agenda in China. Based on the literature over the past decade, this study comprehensively analyzed the occurrence, distribution of and human exposure to SCCPs in China, aiming to provide a reference for the changes in SCCPs after the ban. SCCPs were ubiquitous in environmental matrices, and the levels were considerably higher than those in other countries. SCCPs from the emission region were 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those in the background area. Environmental processes may play an important role in the SCCP profiles in the environment, and C10 and Cl6 were identified as potential factors distinguishing their spatial distribution. River input was the dominant source in the sea areas, and atmospheric transport was the main source in the remote inland areas. Ingestion and dermal absorption and food intake may pose potential risk to residents, especially for children and infants. More studies are needed on their temporal trend, source emission and environmental degradation. The enactment of the restriction order will have a great impact on China’s CP industry; nevertheless, it will play a positive role in the remediation of SCCP pollution in the environment.
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12
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Chen C, Chen A, Zhan F, Wania F, Zhang S, Li L, Liu J. Global Historical Production, Use, In-Use Stocks, and Emissions of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7895-7904. [PMID: 35536664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen ubiquitous and increasing contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) worldwide. Here, we develop the first global inventories of production, use, in-use stocks, and emissions of total CPs, including the short-, medium- and long-chain components (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) during 1930-2020 using a dynamic substance flow analysis model named Chemical in Products Comprehensive Anthroposhpheric Fate Estimation. The model estimates that a total of ∼33 million metric tons of CPs have been produced and used globally, ∼40% of which still resided in in-use products by 2020 and is available for long-term emissions in the next decades. Global cumulative emissions of CPs have increased to ∼5.2 million metric tons by 2020, with SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs accounting for ∼30, 40, and 30%, respectively. While the production, use, and emissions of CPs started declining in regions such as Western Europe, they remain high in China. The model also suggests that homologues with 10, 14, and 22-23 carbons were predominant in the cumulatively produced and emitted SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The emission estimates were evaluated by generating environmental concentrations that are comparable to literature-reported environmental monitoring data. Our estimates provide opportunities to link the environmental fate and occurrence of CPs to emission sources and lay the basis for future risk-reduction strategies of CPs around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, 89557-274 Nevada, United States
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Choo G, Ekpe OD, Park KW, Chung D, Lee J, Oh JE. Temporal and spatial trends of chlorinated paraffins and organophosphate flame retardants in black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) eggs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150137. [PMID: 34788941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eggs of black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris), a top trophic level predator of marine ecosystem were, for the first time, monitored to assess the temporal and spatial trends of emerging pollutants in South Korea. Two Island regions, namely, Baekryeong-do (Site A) and Hong-do (Site B) were investigated from 2012 to 2018, and the total levels of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium chain CPs (MCCPs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) for both Site A and B were 1180-2931 and 694-2023 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 1287-4898 and 1034-3075 ng/g lw, and 203-499 and 233-409 ng/g lw, respectively. The time-trends of the concentration of pollutants showed an increasing tendency from 2012 to 2018, with the levels predicted to be doubled within three years, following the results of regression analysis. A shift in temporal-trends from shorter to longer chain CPs was noted, suggesting the effect of industrial-related contamination. Especially, significantly high levels of CPs and OPFRs were found in the site adjacent to China, which is reasonable as China is the largest producer and consumer of FRs and plasticizers worldwide. This study is valuable to understand the temporal increment of emerging pollutants as the alternatives of phased-out FRs and plasticizers, while raising the need for continuous environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan 48943, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - David Chung
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Niu S, Harner T, Chen R, Parnis JM, Saini A, Hageman K. Guidance on the Application of Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers for Measuring Nonane and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air: Results from a Screening Study in Urban Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11693-11702. [PMID: 34431673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study provides guidance on using polyurethane foam-based passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) for atmospheric nonane chlorinated paraffins (C9-CPs) and short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and reports SCCP concentrations in air in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada. We estimated the partition coefficients between PUF and air (KPUF-A) and between octanol and air (KOA) for C9-CP and SCCP congeners using the COSMO-RS method, so that PUF disk uptake profiles for each formula group could be calculated. We then measured SCCP concentrations in PUF disk samples collected from distinct source sectors in urban air across the GTA. Concentrations in samplers were used to calculate C9-CP and SCCP concentrations in air and the PUF disk uptake profiles revealed that time-weighted linear phase sampling was possible for congeners having log KOA values greater than 8.5. The highest SCCP concentrations, with an annual average concentration of 35.3 ng/m3, were measured at the industrial site, whereas lower but comparable SCCP concentrations were found in residential and background sites, with annual averages of 7.73 and 10.5 ng/m3, respectively. No consistent seasonal variation in SCCP concentrations was found in the six distinct source sectors. Direct measurements of KPUF-A and KOA values as a function of temperature could be used to increase accuracy in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Department of Chemistry and Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Kimberly Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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15
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Li J, Ruan Y, Mak YL, Zhang X, Lam JCW, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Occurrence and Trophodynamics of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins in a Subtropical Marine Food Web. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8829-8838. [PMID: 34142818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) are produced by toxigenic microalgae and cause foodborne illnesses. However, there is little information on the trophic transfer potential of MLPs in marine food webs. In this study, various food web components including 17 species of mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes were collected for an analysis of 17 representative MLPs, including azaspiracids (AZAs), brevetoxins (BTXs), gymnodimine (GYM), spirolides (SPXs), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), yessotoxins (YTXs), and ciguatoxins (CTXs). Among the 17 target MLPs, 12, namely, AZAs1-3, BTX3, GYM, SPX1, OA, DTXs1-2, PTX2, YTX, and the YTX derivative homoYTX, were detected, and the total MLP concentrations ranged from 0.316 to 20.3 ng g-1 wet weight (ww). The mean total MLP concentrations generally decreased as follows: mollusks (8.54 ng g-1, ww) > crustaceans (1.38 ng g-1, ww) > fishes (0.914 ng g-1, ww). OA, DTXs, and YTXs were the predominant MLPs accumulated in the studied biota. Trophic dilution of the total MLPs was observed with a trophic magnification factor of 0.109. The studied MLPs might not pose health risks to residents who consume contaminated seafood; however, their potential risks to the ecosystem can be a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Office of the President, The Open University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong SAR 518000, China
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16
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Xu C, Wang K, Gao L, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang L, Wu Y, Qiao L, Huang D, Wang S, Li D. Highly elevated levels, infant dietary exposure and health risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk from China: Comparison with short-chain chlorinated paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116922. [PMID: 33743436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants which are toxic to human. Median-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) have similar toxicity to SCCPs. The productions of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in China were 1 million tons in 2013 and remained high after that, which may lead to high risks for human exposure to CPs. To investigate temporal trends and health risks of SCCPs and MCCPs in breast milk in China, samples (n = 2020) were collected from urban and rural areas of 11 Chinese provinces in 2017 and mixed into 42 pooled samples. SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron-capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ECNI-MS). The MCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 472 (94-1714) and 567 (211-1089) ng g-1 lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively, which showed continuously rapidly increasing during 2007-2017. The SCCP concentrations (median (range)) were 393 (131-808) and 525 (139-1543) ng g-1 lipid in urban and rural areas, respectively. The results showed SCCP levels decreased in urban areas between 2007 and 2017. Significant increases in MCCP/SCCP ratios might arise from extensive manufacturing and use of MCCPs. The median estimated dietary intake via breast milk in urban and rural samples were 1230 and 2510 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively, for SCCPs and 2150 and 1890 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively, for MCCPs. Preliminarily risk assessment showed that SCCPs posed a significant health risk to infants via breastfeeding. The high MCCP levels should also be of concern because of continuous growth and negative effect on infants. Correspondence analysis indicated congeners with higher carbon and chlorine numbers in dietary tend to accumulate in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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17
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Han X, Chen H, Deng M, Du B, Zeng L. Chlorinated paraffins in infant foods from the Chinese market and estimated dietary intake by infants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125073. [PMID: 33454569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Food intake has been identified as a major route for infants to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively), but evaluations of SCCPs and MCCPs exposure for infants via dietary sources are limited. Here, SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed in three categories of commonly used infant foods from the Chinese market. The mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs in infant formulas, cereals, and purees were 7.95 (2.32-54.2), 4.26 (2.73-8.81), and 4.66 (1.33-8.43) ng g-1 fresh weight, respectively, and the mean (range) MCCP concentrations were 4.77 (1.67-20.9), 2.91 (1.21-8.24), and 1.89 (0.53-5.41) ng g-1 fresh weight, respectively. Chlorinated paraffins (CP) concentrations in whole milk samples were significantly higher than those detected in the other infant foods (p < 0.01). This study is the first to determine the occurrence of CPs in baby purees. The estimated margin of exposure (MOE) values (SCCPs-MOE and MCCPs-MOE) in this study were all greater than 1000, indicating that there were no health risks posed by CP contamination in infant foods. Principal component analysis indicated that foods of animal origin were more influenced by MCCPs than those of plant-origin, indicating different contamination patterns of CPs between food groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Man Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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18
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Hu L, Luo D, Wang L, Yu M, Zhao S, Wang Y, Mei S, Zhang G. Levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk in China and their potential health risks to breastfed infants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142028. [PMID: 32906049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were prohibited or limited in use several decades ago, they are still frequently detected in the human body. The purpose of this study was to understand the levels and profiles of POPs in breast milk in China and assess their potential health risks among breastfed infants under six months of age. A literature review focused on China was performed for studies published from 2001 to 2020. The POP levels in breast milk along with other important variables were extracted, and then the average individual POP levels in breast milk were estimated. This review summarises the distribution of traditional and new POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and reported notably high levels of short-chain chlorinated paraffins and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) in breast milk. Although the levels of traditional POPs generally declined over time, especially p,p'-DDE and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), women living in coastal areas, urban areas, and southern China still have a high body burden of certain POPs. In the present study, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of POPs through breastfeeding was used to evaluate the health risk for infants by comparing with acceptable levels. The findings suggested that infants born in coastal areas most likely suffered potential health risk from exposure to DDT, and the health risk of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in infants in most nationwide regions remains a concern. More importantly, the EDI of PCBs for infants exceeds the safe limit on a national scale. Continuous surveillance of PCBs in breast milk is critical to evaluate the potential health effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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19
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Chen H, Xu L, Zhou W, Han X, Zeng L. Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of chlorinated paraffins in coral communities from South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123529. [PMID: 32721639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in marine organisms. However, little is known about the occurrence and distribution of CPs in coral reef ecosystems. In this study, the levels of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were determined in ten common coral species from the coastal regions of Hainan Island, South China Sea. SCCPs and MCCPs were detected in all coral species in concentrations ranging from 184 to 7,410 and 305 to 14,800 ng g-1 lw, respectively. In most of the coral species, congener group patterns of the SCCPs and MCCPs were dominated by C10Cl6-8 and C14Cl7-8, respectively. The CP levels and congener group patterns changed slightly between the dry and wet seasons. Redundancy analyses indicated that the accumulation patterns of CPs in different corals were partly influenced by Symbiodinium densities and coral species. Significant negative correlations were found between Symbiodinium densities and CP levels. This is the first report of CP exposure in reef corals and highlights the need for CP toxicity data to evaluate the health of coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou, 510650, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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20
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Du X, Zhou Y, Li J, Wu Y, Zheng Z, Yin G, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Yuan G. Evaluating oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of indoor dust-borne short- and median-chain chlorinated paraffins using in vitro Tenax-assisted physiologically based method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123449. [PMID: 32683154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Though ingestion and inhalation of dust have been suggested as important exposure routes contributing chlorinated paraffins (CPs) build-up in humans, the bioaccessibility of dust-borne CPs in the organ environment has not been well-studied, which may hinder an accurate estimation of exposure risks. In this study, the ingestion and inhalation bioaccessibility of dust-borne short- and median-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) was assessed using (colon-extended) physiologically based extraction test with the addition of Tenax. The ingestion bioaccessibility of SCCPs 51.5 %Cl, SCCPs 63 %Cl, MCCPs 42 %Cl, and MCCPs 57 %Cl was in ranges of 21.1-44.0 %, 11.7-45.8 %, 21.9-36.6 %, and 7.9-32.9 %, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant associations of ingestion bioaccessibility with carbon chain length and chlorine substitution. The ingestion bioaccessibility of CPs also increased with co-existence of carbohydrate/protein. The inhalation bioaccessibility of SCCPs (16.7-38.7 % in artificial lysosomal fluid and 15.5-34.1 % in modified Gamble solution) was significantly higher than MCCPs (<5 %), and varied with dust particle size/total organic carbon content. Our study indicates that modest bioaccessible fractions of CPs in dust should be taken into account to refine the estimation of human exposure, and their bioaccessibility may be affected by CP molecular size, nutritional content and dust property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Ziye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guoli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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Li J, Xu L, Zhou Y, Yin G, Wu Y, Yuan GL, Du X. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in soils indicate landfills as local sources in the Tibetan Plateau. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128341. [PMID: 33297267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Background contamination levels of contemporary persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may be elevated due to local discharges, and hence it is of high importance to assess and monitor them in alpine and Polar Regions. This study investigated the role of waste disposal in the Tibetan plateau as the local source of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). SCCPs were determined in soils from the urban landfill and rural dumpsites, with a concentration range of 56.8-1348 ng/g dw. The gradient descent of SCCP levels from Lhasa landfill to the surrounding soils with increasing distances suggested a significant SCCP release from waste disposal. The transport pattern was well fitted by the Boltzmann equation after normalization in terms of soil organic carbon contents. Compared to the landfill cells closed in early years, the recently closed cells contained higher concentrations but lower proportions of the short-chain congener groups, likely reflecting the SCCP use history in Tibet. In open-burning dumpsites, higher SCCP levels and dominance of lighter congener groups indicates that such crude waste treatment process might cause an extra release of volatile SCCPs. This study elucidates local SCCP inputs to the background environment, and demonstrates that both urbanization and badly-managed landfill have been contributing to the presence of contemporary POPs in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Liu Y, Han X, Zhao N, Fang X, Zhang S, Li S, Jiang W, Ding L. The association of liver function biomarkers with internal exposure of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in residents from Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115762. [PMID: 33049485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants which have been reported to be hepatotoxic by laboratory cell and animal studies. However, the related epidemiological reports on their hepatotoxic effects to humans are sparse. In this study, we evaluated the associations between six liver enzymes and serum short-chain CP (SCCP) or medium-chain CP (MCCP) concentrations of 197 residents in Jinan, China. Serum S/MCCPs were detected by quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI-QTOF-HRMS), and quantified by pattern deconvolution method. The associations between total serum S/MCCP concentrations (ΣS/MCCPs) and continuous liver enzyme levels were assessed by linear regression. Odds ratios (ORs) for the effects of serum ΣS/MCCPs concentrations on liver function biomarkers dichotomized by clinical reference intervals were predicted by logistic regression, either treating ΣS/MCCPs as continuous or categorical dependents. After multivariable adjustment, linear regression results illustrated that 1-ln unit increase in serum ΣSCCPs was negatively associated with male PA levels [-6.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): -11.90, -3.25, p < 0.05], positively associated with male TB levels (1.80, 95% CI: 0.28, 3.31, p < 0.05), and positively associated with female AST levels (1.39, 95% CI: 0.07, 2.70, p < 0.05). One-ln unit increase in serum ΣMCCPs was negatively associated male PA levels (-7.56, 95% CI: -17.15, -4.03, p < 0.05). Logistic regression results suggested that male serum ΣSCCPs were associated with increased prevalence of abnormal PA (OR = 1.47 per 1 ln-unit increase, CI = 1.18, 1.82) and TB (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.12, 2.76) levels, and male serum ΣMCCPs were significantly associated with increased prevalence of abnormal PA (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.97) levels. In addition, male participants with concentrations above the median ΣS/MCCPs were associated with increased risk for abnormal PA levels [SCCPs, 2.11-fold (95% CI = 1.15, 3.87); MCCPs, 1.94-fold (95% CI = 1.24, 3.03)]. Male participants with concentrations above the median ΣSCCPs were also associated with increased risk for abnormal TB levels (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.12, 2.76). Conclusively, our results revealed that CP internal exposure was associated with disturbed liver biomarker levels, suggesting the hepatotoxicity of both SCCPs and MCCPs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Fang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shixue Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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23
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Knobloch MC, Schinkel L, Schilling I, Kohler HPE, Lienemann P, Bleiner D, Heeb NV. Transformation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins by the bacterial haloalkane dehalogenase LinB - Formation of mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128288. [PMID: 33182101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. Such substances are toxic, bioaccumulating, transported over long distances and degrade slowly in the environment. Certain bacterial strains of the Sphingomonadacea family are able to degrade POPs, such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). The haloalkane dehalogenase LinB, expressed in certain Sphingomonadacea, is able to catalyze the transformation of haloalkanes to hydroxylated compounds. Therefore, LinB is a promising candidate for conversion of SCCPs. Hence, a mixture of chlorinated tridecanes was exposed in vitro to LinB, which was obtained through heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analyze chlorinated tridecanes and their transformation products. A chloride-enhanced soft ionization method, which favors the formation of chloride adducts [M+Cl]- without fragmentation, was applied. Mathematical deconvolution was used to distinguish interfering mass spectra of paraffinic, mono-olefinic and di-olefinic compounds. Several mono- and di-hydroxylated products including paraffinic, mono-olefinic and di-olefinic compounds were found after LinB exposure. Mono- (rt = 5.9-6.9 min) and di-hydroxylated (rt = 3.2-4.5 min) compounds were separated from starting material (rt = 7.7-8.5 min) by reversed phase LC. Chlorination degrees of chlorinated tridecanes increased during LinB-exposure from nCl = 8.80 to 9.07, indicating a preferential transformation of lower chlorinated (Cl<9) tridecanes. Thus, LinB indeed catalyzed a dehalohydroxylation of chlorinated tridecanes, tridecenes and tridecadienes. The observed hydroxylated compounds are relevant CP transformation products whose environmental and toxicological effects should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Knobloch
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lena Schinkel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology Eawag, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Iris Schilling
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology Eawag, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology Eawag, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lienemann
- Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 3, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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24
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Farzana S, Ruan Y, Wang Q, Wu R, Kai Z, Meng Y, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Developing interim water quality criteria for emerging chemicals of concern for protecting marine life in the Greater Bay Area of South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111792. [PMID: 33197792 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish marine water quality criteria (MWQC) for emerging chemicals of concern (ECCs) for protecting aquatic life in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) of South China. Despite the frequent occurrence and elevated concentrations of these ECCs in the GBA, there is a lack of regional MWQC for these contaminants. We screened 21 common ECCs that were classified into the following six groups: (1) new persistent organic contaminants; (2) brominated flame retardants; (3) perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances; (4) pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs); (5) plasticizers; and (6) personal care products. Globally, MWQC for PhACs remain largely unavailable despite their increasing occurrence in marine environments. Using an integrative scientific approach, we derived interim MWQC for the GBA with specific protection goals. The approach described herein can be applied for the derivation of MWQC for ECCs and the establishment of guidelines for ecological risk assessment in the GBA and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Farzana
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang Kai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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25
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Wu Y, Gao S, Ji B, Liu Z, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soils and sediments from Dongguan City, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114181. [PMID: 32806426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a group of emerging organic pollutants, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have attracted rising global attention due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, we have investigated the concentration levels and profiles of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in soils and sediments from Dongguan City, an industrial area in South China, and have also screened very short-chain chlorinated paraffins (vSCCPs) by means of ultra-high resolution liquid chromatograph coupled with an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. The results indicated that total SCCP concentrations ranged from 6.75 to 993 ng/g (mean 172 ng/g) in soils and from 4.00 to 613 ng/g (mean 153 ng/g) in sediments, respectively. Higher MCCP levels were observed with a range of 23.9-2427 ng/g (mean 369 ng/g) in soils and 14.0-1581 ng/g (mean 493 ng/g) in sediments, respectively. The results indicated that MCCPs dominated over SCCPs in the studied region. The dominant homologues in soils and sediments were C13Cl6-7 and C14Cl7-8, C13Cl7, and C14Cl7-8, respectively. Furthermore, six vSCCP homologues (C8Cl7-8 and C9Cl5-8) in soils and four vSCCPs (C9Cl5-8) in sediments have been identified. Because of their higher detection frequencies, further studies should focus on the transformation mechanisms and toxicities of these vSCCPs in environmental media and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bingjing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Liu Y, Luo X, Zeng Y, Wang Q, Tu W, Yang C, Mai B. Trophic Magnification of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Terrestrial Food Webs and Their Bioamplification in Insects and Amphibians during Metamorphosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11282-11291. [PMID: 32822158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the biomagnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in terrestrial ecosystems and their bioamplification during metamorphosis in insects and amphibians are scarce. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the occurrence and trophic dynamics of SCCPs and MCCPs in an insect-dominated terrestrial food web in an e-waste recycling site in South China. Median ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs concentrations in the organisms ranged from 2200 to 34 000 ng/g lipid weight and from 990 to 19 000 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The homologue profiles of CPs in the predators were distinct from those in insects, presenting more short chain-high chlorinated congeners (C10-12Cl8-10). The trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were 2.08 and 2.45, respectively, indicating biomagnification in the terrestrial food web. A significant positive relationship between the TMFs and octanol-air partition coefficients was observed. TMFs were also positively correlated with chlorination degree but did not correlate with carbon chain length. Nonlinear correlations between metamorphosis-associated bioamplification and the octanol-water partition coefficients of SCCPs and MCCPs were observed for insects, whereas negative linear correlations were observed for amphibians, which suggested species-specific alterations to the chemicals during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanghong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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27
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Sun R, Chen J, Shao H, Tang L, Zheng X, Li QX, Wang Y, Luo X, Mai B. Bioaccumulation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in chicken (Gallus domesticus): Comparison to fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122590. [PMID: 32315939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a complex group of chlorinated organic pollutants that have raised an increasing public attention. However, limited information is currently available on the bioaccumulation of SCCPs in terrestrial birds which are abundant and widely distributed around the world. In the present study, chicken (Gallus domesticus) was used as a model organism to provide significant implications for other avian species. We investigated the transfer of SCCPs from dietary sources (feed and topsoil) to chicken and their tissue distribution behavior. SCCPs were detected in chicken feed (54-170 ng/g, dry weight), topsoil (170-860 ng/g, dry weight), and adult chicken tissues (460-13000 ng/g, lipid weight). Adult chicken tended to accumulate SCCP congeners with lower n-octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) and octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA). The accumulation ratio values for SCCPs of the chicken were more influenced by KOA than by KOW, which was contrary to those for aquatic fish. Levels and homologue profiles of SCCPs varied among chicken tissues. SCCP levels in the livers were significantly lower than those in the other tissues (p < 0.05). The accumulation potential for SCCP congeners with higher KOW increased in the order of muscle < liver < fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiemin Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liang Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Chen H, Zhou W, Lam JCW, Ge J, Li J, Zeng L. Blood partitioning and whole-blood-based maternal transfer assessment of chlorinated paraffins in mother-infant pairs from South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105871. [PMID: 32590282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As a new group of persistent organic pollutants of concern, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been widely detected in the environment and biota, but their occurrence, partitioning, and transfer in humans have been not well documented. In this study, 32 pairs of maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta samples were collected from pregnant women in South China, and the blood was further separated into plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) for blood partitioning study. Short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were detected in all the five human biological matrices, suggesting prevalent exposure and maternal transfer of CPs in the pregnant women. Discrepant congener group profiles of CPs were observed in different human biological matrices. Significant differences in the plasma-RBC partitioning of CPs in the maternal and cord bloods were identified (p < 0.001). CP partitioning to plasma was stronger than that to RBCs in maternal blood, but the converse was true for cord blood. Mass fractions in plasma (Fp) for SCCPs (mean, 0.78) and MCCPs (0.74) in maternal blood were significantly higher than the values in cord blood. Transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) were evaluated based on the whole blood concentrations of CPs in the maternal and cord bloods, and the TTEs ranged from 0.50 to 0.69 (first to third quartiles) for SCCPs and MCCPs, indicating that the placenta can partially restrict maternal transfer. The extent of CP retention in the placenta was assessed by the concentration ratio (RPM) of matched placenta and maternal blood, and interestingly, a U-shaped trend for placental retention (RPM) with increasing chain length was observed for individual congener groups. Significant relationships of the CP concentrations among the maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta were observed (p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the plasma-RBC partitioning of CPs in human maternal and cord bloods, as well as the first study to evaluate TTEs based on whole blood concentrations. Our study confirmed that whole blood is the preferred matrix for accurately assessing human internal exposure and transplacental transfer of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Jiali Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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29
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Liu Y, Aamir M, Li M, Liu K, Hu Y, Liu N, Xu Y, Du J, Xu J, Liu W. Prenatal and postnatal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in mothers and neonates: Occurrence, congener profile, and transfer behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122660. [PMID: 32344298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gestation and lactation are very sensitive and vulnerable stages for human growth and development. During these two periods, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) can be transported to neonates via transplacental and breastfeeding transfers, and eventually posing potential adverse effects to neonates. Up to date, no simultaneous investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure of CPs is reported. To bridge this knowledge gap, we have analyzed SCCPs and MCCPs in 20 complete sets of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, placenta, and breast milk. The levels of both ∑SCCP and ∑MCCP followed the order of maternal serum > breast milk > cord serum > placenta. The breastfeeding transfer ratios (RBM, ≈ 1.0) of CPs were greater than the corresponding transplacental transfer ratios (RCM, < 1.0), demonstrating the higher transport of CPs during the lactation period. The placental retention/or accumulation ratios (RPM) showed that CPs were effectively retained by the placental barrier. Furthermore, the total exposure amount of SCCPs and MCCPs during the lactation period was> 100 times higher than the gestation exposure amounts. This study helps to better understand the prenatal and postnatal exposure of CPs and provides a solid basis for accurate human health risk assessment of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuhong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Mianyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- Mianyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- Mianyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Mianyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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30
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Wu J, Gao W, Liang Y, Fu J, Shi J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in multi-environmental matrices in the Tibetan Plateau environment of China: A regional scale study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105767. [PMID: 32361576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental fate and behavior of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively), especially in high-altitude remote mountain areas, has rarely been conducted. In this study, the distribution and profiles of SCCPs and MCCPs in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses in the Tibetan Plateau area were investigated during the period from 2010 to 2016. The total CP concentrations in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses increased with increasing altitude from 1983 to 5147 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering a range of 1843.5 km × 370.6 km. Generally, the mean SCCP levels were higher than mean MCCP levels in different environmental matrices. Moreover, as-obtained linear relationships between CP concentrations in different environmental matrices and altitudes (p < 0.05) indicated that the mountain cold-trapping could affect the presence and congener patterns of both SCCPs and MCCPs in the Tibetan Plateau environment. C10-11 and C14 congener groups were found to be the dominant groups in SCCPs and MCCPs in the environmental samples, respectively. Finally, the back-trajectory model was employed to reveal the differences of the potential sources in different regions of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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31
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Simond AE, Houde M, Lesage V, Michaud R, Verreault J. Metabolomic profiles of the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population and associations with organohalogen contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137204. [PMID: 32065898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endangered beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) population residing in the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE; Eastern Canada) is declining. The elevated tissue concentrations of a wide range of organohalogen contaminants might play a role in the non-recovery of this whale population. Organohalogens have been reported to impair the regulation of several metabolic products from cellular reactions in mammals such as amino acids and fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate a suite of organohalogens including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected emerging flame retardants in blubber (biopsy) collected from 40 SLE male belugas, and their relationships to skin concentrations of targeted metabolites (i.e., 21 amino acids, 22 biogenic amines, 18 fatty acids, and 17 energy metabolites). A cluster analysis based on metabolomic profiles distinguished two main subgroups of belugas in the upper and lower sector of their summer habitat in the SLE. These results indicate that ecological factors such as local prey availability and diet composition played a role in shaping the metabolite profiles of belugas. Moreover, SCCP concentrations in SLE male belugas correlated negatively with those of four unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1ω7, C22:5ω3c1, C22:5ω3c2, and C22:6ω3), and positively with those of acetylornithine (biogenic amine). These findings suggest that biological functions such as lipid metabolism represent potential targets for organohalogens in this population, and further our understanding on potential health risks associated with elevated organohalogen exposure in cetaceans. Our results also underscore the necessity of considering ecological factors (e.g., diet and habitat use) in metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine E Simond
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Véronique Lesage
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 1000, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Michaud
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Éducation sur les Mammifères Marins (GREMM), 870 avenue Salaberry, Bureau R24, Québec, QC G1R 2T9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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32
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Zhou Y, Yuan B, Nyberg E, Yin G, Bignert A, Glynn A, Odland JØ, Qiu Y, Sun Y, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Yin D, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Bergman Å. Chlorinated Paraffins in Human Milk from Urban Sites in China, Sweden, and Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4356-4366. [PMID: 32101003 PMCID: PMC7343287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were analyzed in human milk from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Scandinavia. Individual samples were collected from Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), and Bodø (Norway) between 2010 and 2016. Mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from the YRD were 124 [<limit of detection (LOD)-676], 146 (<LOD-1260), and 19.1 (<LOD-184) ng g-1 fat, respectively, all of which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 15.9 (<LOD-120), 45.0 (<LOD-311), and 5.50 (<LOD-29.0) ng g-1 fat, respectively, in samples from Scandinavia. MCCPs predominate in most samples, and LCCP concentrations exceed reported for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the same regions. This study is the first to confirm LCCP exposure via breastfeeding. Principal component analysis showed that the YRD samples were more influenced by SCCPs than the Scandinavian samples, which mirror different exposures to CPs between the regions. Because of a large variation in concentrations among individuals, SCCP intake via breastfeeding indicated a potential health concern in the 90th percentile among Chinese infants. Further, CP concentrations in the YRD samples from first-time mothers were on average three times higher than from second-time mothers. In order to limit the worldwide CP contamination, the inclusion of SCCPs as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention needs to be followed up, with the inclusion of MCCPs and LCCPs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Nyberg
- Department
of Contaminants, Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency, Virkesvägen
2, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ge Yin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Shimadzu
Scientific Instrument Company, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Anders Bignert
- Department
of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box
50007, SE-104 15 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department
of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qianfen Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Science and Technology, Örebro
University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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33
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van Mourik LM, Toms LML, He C, Banks A, Hobson P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Mueller JF. Evaluating age and temporal trends of chlorinated paraffins in pooled serum collected from males in Australia between 2004 and 2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125574. [PMID: 32050349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals of which some show resistance to environmental degradation, long-rang transport, bioaccumulation and toxicity potential. Information regarding their presence in humans is limited, including their human bioaccumulation potential. The present study aimed to evaluate CP levels in human serum from Australia in order to better understand their exposure and current pollution status as well as trends associated with age and time between 2004 and 2015. For this, we selected a male sub-group of the Australian population under 60 years old (n = 16 pools, total 1600 serum samples). While long-chain CP (C18-20) and most short-chain CP (C10-13, SCCPs) levels were below method detection limits (MDL), medium-chain CPs (C14-17, MCCPs) were found in most serum samples (detection frequency 94%) as well as CPs with a carbon chain length of nine (detection frequency 76%). The levels of ΣSCCPs and ΣMCCPs ranged from <MDL-140 and <MDL-520 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively, with a median value of 97 ng/g lw for SCCPs and 190 ng/g lw for MCCPs. Analysis by age stratification did not identify any trends but an increase of a factor of 2 in MCCPs levels was observed over time (p < 0.05). Plotting the MCCP/SCCP ratio of all available data in humans over time showed also an increasing trend, including for China. The reported levels are relatively low considering the levels reported in environmental media from Australia such which raises the question to what extent CPs accumulate in humans. Future studies on this aspect are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M van Mourik
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia; Vrije Universiteit, Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | - Chang He
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Banks
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth Street, Bowen Hills 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brüschweiler B, Leonards P, Rose M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Ramos Bordajandi L, Nielsen E. Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05991. [PMID: 32874241 PMCID: PMC7447893 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL 10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health-based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.
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Li Y, Chen W, Kong W, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Transformation of 1,1,1,3,8,10,10,10-octachlorodecane in air phase increased by phytogenic volatile organic compounds of pumpkin seedlings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135455. [PMID: 31791777 PMCID: PMC7029796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely distributed persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Airborne chlorodecanes were hypothesized to be transformed by reactive phytogenic volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) in our previous work. To test this hypothesis, PVOCs of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) were collected and reacted with 1,1,1,3,8,10,10,10-octachlorodecane in the air phase of a sealed glass bottle under illumination for 10 days (reaction system I, simulating atmospheric reaction conditions with PVOCs). The reaction control group (reaction system II) was set at the same conditions but only had chlorodecane (without PVOCs) inside the bottle. Transformation of SCCPs in the air phase of reaction control group was unexpectedly found. Results showed that 1,1,1,3,8,10,10,10-octachlorodecane was transformed to a great extent to C10Cl5-8, C9Cl6-8, and C8Cl7-8 in the air phase after 10-d illumination in both with and without the presence of PVOCs, which is explained by carbon chain decomposition, dechlorination and chlorine rearrangement products of the parent SCCP. Those transformation processes were increased to some extent by the PVOCs from pumpkin seedlings. This study provides the first experimental data on atmospheric transformation of SCCPs and also the first evidence that plant emissions (PVOCs) can increase the transformation of SCCPs in air under light and experimental conditions. It provides new insight into the potential transformation and fate of CPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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36
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van Mourik LM, Lava R, O'Brien J, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Ricci M. The underlying challenges that arise when analysing short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460550. [PMID: 31547958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are listed on several monitoring programs, validated methods are essential. However, their complexity and the lack of commercially available certified reference materials (RMs) hinder a proper validation of methods. Instead, one method is usually 'validated' by evaluating performances and results of spiked materials with that of one other method, which could easily lead to unreliable results. This study evaluated four analytical methods with different principles (i.e. comprehensive two dimensional GC coupled to a micro electron capture detector, developed for this study, chloride enhanced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization triple quadrupole time of flight MS (APCI-QToF-HRMS), GC coupled to an electron capture negative ion low resolution MS (GC-ECNI-LRMS) and carbon skeleton GC-MS), investigated the comparability in SCCP determination in spiked and naturally contaminated samples and determined SCCP amounts in candidate RMs for possible certification. The results cast doubt on the use of the most commonly applied method (i.e. GC-ECNI-LRMS), as well as using spiked materials for method validation. The APCI-QToF-HRMS method was found most promising as it achieves the required MS resolution (>21,000), is relatively fast and can detect also other CPs. The suitable identified SCCP levels in the candidate RMs and the agreement in results between the methods bring the first certification of a RM for SCCPs within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M van Mourik
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Qld, Australia; Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R Lava
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - J O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Qld, Australia
| | - P E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Ricci
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Yang X, Zhang B, Gao Y, Chen Y, Yin D, Xu T. The chlorine contents and chain lengths influence the neurobehavioral effects of commercial chlorinated paraffins on zebrafish larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 377:172-178. [PMID: 31158586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern has arisen regarding ubiquitous environmental distribution and potential ecological and health risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), especially short chain congeners. Four commercial CP products with different carbon chain lengths and chlorine contents were employed to investigate and compare the possible neurotoxic effects on zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization using behavioral tests, including locomotion, path angle, and two-fish social interaction. The high-chlorinated short-chain CP-70 product resulted in the strongest effects in all three tests, while the low-chlorinated long-chain CP-42 product was on the other end of the spectrum. The consequences of the chain length of two CP-52 products could be clearly distinguished by the tests. Although exposure to the two products both caused inhibition in the locomotion test, they resulted in different kinds of effects in the path angle and interaction tests. Our results suggested, as evidenced by the sensitivity and resolution of the behavioral tests, that the influence of the chain length and chlorine content of CPs could be well characterized and that chlorine content consistently showed a more significant impact than chain length. The health threats of long-chain CPs could also not be overlooked when they contained relatively high chlorine contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 200092, PR China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Li H, Bu D, Fu J, Gao Y, Cong Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhang A, Jiang G. Trophic Dilution of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in a Plant-Plateau Pika-Eagle Food Chain from the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9472-9480. [PMID: 31310123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is currently known about the trophic transfer behavior of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in terrestrial ecosystems. The trophodynamics of SCCPs were investigated in a typical terrestrial food chain (plant-plateau pika-eagle) from the interior of the Tibetan Plateau with an altitude of 4730 m. Pervasive contamination by SCCPs was found in the Tibetan Plateau samples, and the average concentrations of SCCPs in soil, plant, plateau pika, eagle, and gut content of eagle samples were 81.6 ± 31.1, 173 ± 70.3, 258 ± 126, 108 ± 59.6, and 268 ± 93.9 ng/g (average ± standard deviation, dry weight, dw), respectively. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) of SCCPs was 0.37, implying the trophic dilution of SCCPs in this terrestrial food chain. The TMF values of individual congener groups were positively correlated with the values of log Kow, log Koa and biotransformation half-life. As a result of long-range transport, SCCPs congeners with low molecular weight dominated in Tibetan Plateau species (C10+11 congeners = 76.9%, Cl5+6+7 congeners = 71.5%), which could partly explain the low biomagnification factors (BMFs) of SCCPs in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) , Jinan 250014 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Duo Bu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science , Tibet University , Lhasa 850000 , China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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Du B, Ge J, Yang R, Han X, Chen H, Li J, Zeng L. Altitude-dependent accumulation of short chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from alpine lakes and Lhasa river on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:594-600. [PMID: 31026708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High mountain cold-trapping effects can play important roles in the global long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have recently been included into the Stockholm Convention as a new class of POPs. However, the long-range transport behavior and environmental fate of SCCPs still remain largely unknown in high-altitude mountain areas. In this study, a total of 51 fish samples were collected from five high-altitude mountain lakes and Lasha river across the Tibetan Plateau. SCCPs were positively detected in all fish samples, and the concentrations ranged from 3.9 to 107 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) with an average of 26.6 ng g-1 dw. Compared to aquatic organisms from the Artic and Antarctica, the SCCP levels found in alpine fish from the Tibetan Plateau were lower. A significant increasing trend in accumulation levels of SCCPs in alpine fish with the increasing altitude was found on the Tibetan Plateau (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). Shorter chain congener group C10 showed a significant increase in percentage contribution to total SCCPs with increasing altitude, but a contrary tendency was found for longer chain congener group C13. The widespread occurrence of SCCPs in Tibetan fish was mainly sourced from the long-range atmospheric transport, and the altitude-dependent distribution of SCCPs was due to the mountain cold-trapping effects and potential susceptibility to bioaccumulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the altitude-dependent accumulation of SCCPs in biota in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibai Du
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Casà MV, van Mourik LM, Weijs L, Mueller J, Nash SB. First detection of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) foraging in Antarctic waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:953-959. [PMID: 31085482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are particularly prone to environmental dispersal through long range atmospheric transport. Consequently, they have been detected in biota and environmental matrices at both the North Pole and South Pole. This study shows the first detection of SCCPs in southern hemisphere humpback whales feeding in Antarctic waters. Blubber of specimens stranded along the Australian coastline was analysed and SCCPs were detected in 7 out of 9 individuals. Levels of SCCPs detected in this study were generally low with concentrations up to only 46 ng/g lw. These results were significantly lower than those detected in Northern Hemisphere odontocetes from previous studies, although no reported burdens in northern hemisphere baleen whales are available for comparison. Both the highest level and lowest (<MDL) were measured in calves-of-the-year. Congener group profile in the samples showed that the predominant carbon chain length was C11, followed by C10 = C12 > C13. Further investigation is needed in order to evaluate the presence and distribution of SCCPs in the remote Antarctica ecosystem, and delineate longer term environmental consequences of recent inclusion of SCCPs under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, securing their phase out in ratifying nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Casà
- Environmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI), School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Louise M van Mourik
- Dept. of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Liesbeth Weijs
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- Environmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI), School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
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Li Y, Hou X, Chen W, Liu J, Zhou Q, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Carbon Chain Decomposition of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Mediated by Pumpkin and Soybean Seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6765-6772. [PMID: 31099560 PMCID: PMC6931393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a group of complex emerging persistent organic pollutants. In this study, the uptake, translocation, and transformation of four constitutionally defined SCCP isomers were studied using whole pumpkin ( Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) and soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) seedlings via hydroponic exposure. Results showed that the daughter SCCPs were C10Cl5-8 and C11-13Cl5-6. The metabolic transformation of all tested isomers included dechlorination and chlorine rearrangement. In addition, carbon chain decomposition products were found for isomers with trichlorinated carbon atoms (CCl3-groups) in both pumpkin and soybean seedlings. This study provides the first evidence of carbon chain decomposition of SCCPs in whole plants, and it suggests new metabolism pathways of SCCPs in the environment. The influence of carbon chain length and degree of chlorination of SCCPs on their fate and behavior within different plant species were also investigated. Bioaccumulation of SCCPs in pumpkin and soybean increased with increasing carbon chain length and degree of chlorination. In comparison, soybean translocated and degraded parent SCCPs faster and to a greater extent than pumpkin, but pumpkin accumulated parent SCCPs to a greater extent than soybean. After 10 days exposure, less than 4% of the initial mass of exposed chemicals remained in solution of exposure groups. The parent chemicals accumulated in roots ranging from 23.6% to 59.9% for pumpkin and 1.98% to 54.5% for soybean and in stems ranging from 0.7% to 3.81% for pumpkin and 0.50% to 2.54% for soybean. These results give new perspectives on the transport, transformation, and fate of SCCPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Du X, Yuan B, Zhou Y, Zheng Z, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Yin G. Tissue-Specific Accumulation, Sexual Difference, and Maternal Transfer of Chlorinated Paraffins in Black-Spotted Frogs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4739-4746. [PMID: 30977643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The restriction on usage of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) under Stockholm Convention may promote the production and application of medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) as substitutes. This study focused on the tissue-specific exposure to SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in black-spotted frog, a prevalent amphibian species in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The total CP concentrations in frog liver, muscle, and egg samples ranged of 35-1200, 6.3-97, and 6.8-300 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Livers and eggs contained primary SCCPs (on average 78%) while MCCPs (43%) together with SCCPs (41%) were dominant in muscles. A significantly negative correlation was observed between hepatosomatic index and CPs concentration in liver ( p < 0.01), indicating that CP exposure may lower survival rates of frogs by suppressing the energy storage in liver. Additionally, maternal transfer, an important uptake pathway for CPs, was evaluated for the first time by calculating the ratios of CP levels in eggs to those in their paired liver tissues. The ratio of egg to liver for CP congener groups raised with the increasing of log Kow values, indicating mother to egg transport of CPs was related to the lipophilicity of the chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Ziye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Yanling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Ge Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
- Shimadzu (China) Company, Limited , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
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Yuan B, Vorkamp K, Roos AM, Faxneld S, Sonne C, Garbus SE, Lind Y, Eulaers I, Hellström P, Dietz R, Persson S, Bossi R, de Wit CA. Accumulation of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Marine and Terrestrial Animals from Scandinavia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3526-3537. [PMID: 30848596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) have a wide range of physical-chemical properties, indicating their varying bioaccumulation tendencies in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are few empirical data to reveal such bioaccumulation tendencies. In this study, we analyzed SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from 18 species at both low and high trophic levels of marine and terrestrial ecosystems from the Scandinavian region collected during the past decade. These included fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and terrestrial birds and mammals. SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were present in all the species, with concentrations ranging from 26-1500, 30-1600, 6.0-1200 ng/g lipid, respectively. Although MCCPs and SCCPs predominated in most species, many terrestrial species had generally higher concentrations of LCCPs than marine species. Terrestrial raptors in particular accumulated higher concentrations of LCCPs, including C24/25-which are predominant among very-long-chain components. LCCP concentrations were highest and predominated (55% of total CPs) in peregrine falcons in this study, which is the first report where concentrations of LCCPs surpass those of SCCPs and MCCPs in wildlife. The results also indicate biomagnification of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in both marine and terrestrial food chains, but in-depth studies of specific food webs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Anna Maria Roos
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Svend Erik Garbus
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Ylva Lind
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Peter Hellström
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Sara Persson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
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Yuan B, Muir D, MacLeod M. Methods for trace analysis of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins: Critical review and recommendations. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:16-32. [PMID: 31159936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many methods for quantifying chlorinated paraffins (CPs) yield only a total concentration of the mixture as a single value. With appropriate analytical instrumentation and quantification methods, more reliable and detailed analysis can be performed by quantifying total concentrations of short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs), and in the current optimal situation by quantifying individual carbon-chlorine congener groups (CnClm). Sample extraction and clean-up methods for other persistent organochlorines that have been adapted for recovery of CPs must be applied prior to quantification with appropriate quality assurance and quality control to ensure applicability of the methods for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs. Part critical review, part tutorial, and part perspective, this paper provides practical guidance to analytical chemists who are interested in establishing a method for analysis of CPs in their lab facilities using commercial reference standards, or for expanding existing analysis of total CPs or SCCPs to analysis of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, or to analysis of CnClm congener groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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HUANG XM, WU Y, CUI JT, WANG FH, WANG X, LI YF, WU WY. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Determination of Chlorinated Paraffins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang XT, Jia HH, Hu BP, Cheng HX, Zhou Y, Fu R. Occurrence, sources, partitioning and ecological risk of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in river water and sediments in Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:475-484. [PMID: 30412892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of regional environmental pollution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in river system from Shanghai were comprehensively investigated in this study for the first time. The total concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 15.0 to 1640 ng L-1 (median: 278 ng L-1) and 40.3 to 3870 ng L-1 (median: 939 ng L-1) in water, and from not detected (ND) to 2020 ng g-1 (median: 89.3 ng g-1) and 10.1 to 10,800 ng g-1 (median: 947 ng g-1) in sediments, respectively. The higher levels of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in water from Jinhui and Yexie rivers, and in sediments from Huangpu River, respectively. The concentrations of MCCPs were higher than those of SCCPs in both water and sediments, suggesting that the river system was mainly contaminated by MCCPs. Compared with other areas around the world, the concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were at medium to high levels in water and sediments. Factor analysis results revealed that SCCPs and MCCPs had different sources in both water and sediments. The log Koc values of CPs were significantly correlated with carbon chain lengths (p < 0.01), but not with chlorine number for both SCCPs and MCCPs (p > 0.05). A significant second-order polynomial relationship was observed between log Koc values and molecular weights of homologue groups of SCCPs (p < 0.001) and MCCPs (p < 0.01), respectively. SCCPs in water posed a low ecological risk at all sampling sites, and MCCPs in water posed a moderate ecological risk to aquatic life at nearly a fifth of sampling sites. SCCPs and MCCPs in sediments posed a low ecological risk to sediment dwelling organisms at most sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Hao-Hao Jia
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bao-Ping Hu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hang-Xin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China; Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geoscience, Langfang 065000, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200444, China
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Zhuo M, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Chlorinated paraffins in the indoor and outdoor atmospheric particles from the Pearl River Delta: Characteristics, sources, and human exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1041-1049. [PMID: 30308793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment due to their abundant production and consumption. Information on CPs as part of indoor particles is very limited although a significant amount of time is spent in indoor environments. Seventy-two indoor and 66 outdoor TSP/PM10/PM2.5 samples (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter <100, 10, and 2.5μm) from 24 homes of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were analyzed for CPs. PM2.5 were found to be the dominant particles both indoors and outdoors. CPs were mainly distributed in PM2.5 that accounted for 89.1% and 93.0% of the total particles indoors and outdoors, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) exceeded those of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) (22.0 vs. 9.2ng/m3) in all particle samples. Both SCCPs and MCCPs in the indoor particles (GM: 13.4 and 30.9ng/m3) were approximately twice as high as in the outdoor environment (GM: 6.1 and 15.2ng/m3). C11 and C14 carbon chains as well as six and seven chlorine homologues were found to be predominant in all samples with average percentages of 43.0% and 55.4%, respectively. The estimated daily CP intakes via PM2.5 inhalation were 8.1-24.6 and 25.1-76.0ng/kg·bw/day for all age subgroups based on both mean and 95th percentile concentrations of CPs. However, the estimated daily uptakes decreased to 4.4-16.4 and 13.5-50.6ng/kg·bw/day, respectively, when the deposition fractions of PM2.5 in the human lung were considered. Indoor PM2.5 attributed to 93.8% exposure of CPs based on both total estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs), indicating that the indoor PM2.5 exposure was very important. Infants and toddlers suffered higher exposure risks of CPs compared to other subgroups, indicating higher potential health risks; however, based on the margin of the exposure analysis these risks could be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Zhuo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Aamir M, Yin S, Zhou Y, Xu C, Liu K, Liu W. Congener-specific C 10C 13 and C 14C 17 chlorinated paraffins in Chinese agricultural soils: Spatio-vertical distribution, homologue pattern and environmental behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:789-798. [PMID: 30502708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive spatio-vertical survey of short-chain (SCCPs, C10-13) and medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-17) chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was performed in surface and core soils from Chinese nation-wide agricultural lands in 2016, and a total of 48 congener groups were measured. The shorter carbon chain C10-11 in SCCP and C14-15 in MCCP homologue groups, and the lower chlorinated congeners (Cl5-7) for both CP groups were predominant. The ∑SCCP and ∑MCCP concentrations in surface soils ranged from 39 to 1609 ng/g and 127-1969 ng/g, dry weight (dw), respectively. The spatial distribution trend showed that SCCP congener groups with relatively low octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) and octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) are uniformly distributed across surface soils compared to MCCP congener groups. Significant relationships were observed between the spatial variation of SCCP concentrations and the driving factors responsible for dispersion and deposition. The distribution behavior of SCCPs and MCCPs in highland and plain surface soils showed an increasing trend of MCCP concentrations with elevation, indicating the "mountain cold-trapping effect". Vertical distribution profile revealed similar homologue group composition patterns of SCCP and MCCP congener groups as those of surface soils. Furthermore, the penetration potential ratios (r) of chlorine and carbon atoms of CPs demonstrated that the lower chlorinated (Cl5-7) and the shorter carbon chain (C10-13) congener groups are more prone to vertical movement into deeper soil layers compared to the longer carbon chain (C14-17) and highly chlorinated (Cl8-10) congener groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenye Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Sprengel J, Vetter W. Synthesis and characterization of eight single chain length chlorinated paraffin standards and their use for quantification. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:49-56. [PMID: 30334592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantification of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) via gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) is a very common practice, although the quality of the results has been disputed due to insufficient mass resolution and the strong impact of the degree of chlorination on the GC/ECNI-MS response. METHODS For further tests we synthesized eight single chain length CP standards (C10 -C17 ) with chlorine contents between 51.1% and 61.3%. The individual single chain length standards, 1 + 1 mixtures of two chain length standards and self-prepared mixtures of short-chain and medium-chain CPs were quantified by linear regression according to a previously reported method (method 1) as well as by exponential regression (method 2). RESULTS Concentrations obtained from single chain length CP standards deviated between -74% and 152% from the target value. However, the error became smaller when self-prepared CP mixes with two and four chain lengths were analysed. For short-chain CP (SCCP) mixture analysis, both methods produced good results (<25% deviation from the target value). In the case of medium-chain CP (MCCP) mixtures, however, method 2 (17-34% deviation) was more accurate than method 1 (43-52% deviation). CONCLUSIONS Both methods 1 and 2 are fit for GC/ECNI-MS analysis of SCCP mixtures, while the improved method 2 is recommended for quantification of MCCP mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Sprengel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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50
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Zhou W, Shen M, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Liu L, Chen H, Du B, Zeng L, Zeng EY. Size-dependent distribution and inhalation exposure characteristics of particle-bound chlorinated paraffins in indoor air in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:675-682. [PMID: 30316183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are now attracting special concerns worldwide as one type of new persistent toxic substances as classified by the Stockholm Convention. CPs are extensively applied in household goods and indoor decoration materials, but information on their occurrence and exposure risk in such environments is still very scarce. In this study, the current concentrations, particle size distributions, and inhalation exposure characteristics and risk of CPs were investigated in regard to indoor air particulate matter. Both short chain (SCCPs) and medium chain CPs (MCCPs) were determined in all size-fractioned particle samples with a range of 6.20-17.8 and 5.98-40.5 ng m-3, respectively. MCCPs were more abundant than SCCPs. Size distributions revealed that individual homologs, SCCPs, and MCCPs exhibited a similar unimodal distribution peaking in the fine particles with a diameter of 0.56-1.0 μm. The relative abundance of longer-chain or more heavily chlorinated homologs tend to gradually increase with particle size shift from coarse to fine mode. Vapor pressure may be a critical factor governing the size-dependent distribution of CPs. Deposition of particulate CPs in the human respiratory tract is also size-dependent. The contributions of fine particles to the regional depositions of CPs in the human respiratory tract increase with increasing carbon chain length or chlorine content. Based on the size-dependent distributions of CPs, inhalation exposure assessment from the ICRP model indicated no significant health risk due to CPs in current indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingjie Shen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liangying Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bibai Du
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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