1
|
Dai Y, Chen Z, Qin X, Dong P, Xu J, Hu J, Gu L, Chen S. Hydrolysis reactivity reveals significant seasonal variation in the composition of organic peroxides in ambient PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172143. [PMID: 38569967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic peroxides (POs) play a key role in the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), impacting both air quality and human health. However, there still remain technical challenges in investigating the reactivity of POs in ambient aerosols due to the instability and lack of standards for POs, impeding accurate evaluation of their environmental impacts. In the present study, we conducted the first attempt to categorize and quantify POs in ambient PM2.5 through hydrolysis, which is an important transformation pathway for POs, thus revealing the reactivities of various POs. POs were generally categorized into hydrolyzable POs (HPO) and unhydrolyzable POs (UPO). HPO were further categorized into three groups: short-lifetime HPO (S-HPO), intermediate-lifetime HPO (I-HPO), and long-lifetime HPO (L-HPO). S-HPO and L-HPO are typically formed from Criegee intermediate (CI) and RO2 radical reactions, respectively. Results show that L-HPO are the most abundant HPO, indicating the dominant role of RO2 pathway in HPO formation. Despite their lower concentration compared to L-HPO, S-HPO make a major contribution to the HPO hydrolysis rate due to their faster rate constants. The hydrolysis of PM2.5 POs accounts for 19 % of the nighttime gas-phase H2O2 growth during the summer observation, constituting a noteworthy source of gas-phase H2O2 and contributing to the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Seasonal and weather conditions significantly impact the composition of POs, with HPO concentrations in summer being significantly higher than those in winter and elevated under rainy and nighttime conditions. POs are mainly composed of HPO in summer, while in winter, POs are dominated by UPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishuang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingcheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linghao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Li J, Tian Y, Yang Y, Chen W, Wang R, Zhang Y, Song K, Wei Y, Wang G, Shi G. Furan-based fluorescent probe free radical capture membrane: Analysis of RO 2 radical composition and transformation mechanism in urban atmosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140916. [PMID: 38081522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Peroxyl radicals (RO2) are important components of atmospheric radical cycling and generation, but their formation, distribution and evolution mechanisms in the atmospheric environment have not been investigated. In this paper, we propose a novel atmospheric RO2 radical trapping membrane that can trap low carbon number (Rc ≤ 5) RO2 radicals and identify their R-group structures by fluorescence spectroscopy and chromatography. We also analyzed the composition and evolution mechanism of RO2 species under different meteorological conditions in the atmospheric environment of Lanzhou, China, to provide scientific support for the treatment and research of atmospheric chemical pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Jiaxian Li
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Wanping Chen
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Runquan Wang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Yuerong Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Guoying Wang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China.
| | - Gaofeng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Zaveri RA, Vandergrift GW, Cheng Z, China S, Zelenyuk A, Shilling JE. Nonequilibrium Behavior in Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14182-14193. [PMID: 37708377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that instantaneous gas-particle equilibrium partitioning assumptions fail to predict SOA formation, even at high relative humidity (∼85%), and photochemical aging seems to be one driving factor. In this study, we probe the minimum aging time scale required to observe nonequilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas and aerosol phase at ∼50% RH. Seed isoprene SOA is generated by photo-oxidation in the presence of effloresced ammonium sulfate seeds at <1 ppbv NOx, aged photochemically or in the dark for 0.3-6 h, and subsequently exposed to fresh isoprene SVOCs. Our results show that the equilibrium partitioning assumption is accurate for fresh isoprene SOA but breaks down after isoprene SOA has been aged for as short as 20 min even in the dark. Modeling results show that a semisolid SOA phase state is necessary to reproduce the observed particle size distribution evolution. The observed nonequilibrium partitioning behavior and inferred semisolid phase state are corroborated by offline mass spectrometric analysis on the bulk aerosol particles showing the formation of organosulfates and oligomers. The unexpected short time scale for the phase transition within isoprene SOA has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climate-relevant sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Li G, Xie H, Jiang L. Autoxidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Methacrolein in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2819-2829. [PMID: 36939326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the autoxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is crucial to understanding the formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols, but it has been proven to be challenging due to the complexity of reactions under atmospheric conditions. Here, we report a comprehensive theoretical study of atmospheric autoxidation in VOCs exemplified by the atmospherically important methacrolein (MACR), a major oxidation product of isoprene. The results indicate that the Cl-adducts and H-abstraction products of MACR readily react with O2 and undergo subsequent isomerizations via H-shift and cyclization, forming a large variety of lowly and highly oxygenated organic molecules. In particular, the first- and third-generation oxidation products derived from the Cl-adducts and the methyl-H-abstraction complexes are dominated in the atmospheric autoxidation, for which the fractional yields are remarkably affected by the NO concentration. The present findings have important implications for a systematical understanding of the oxidation processes of isoprene-derived compounds in the atmospheric environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, D'Ambro EL, Lee BH, Schobesberger S, Bell DM, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Monoterpene Photooxidation in a Continuous-Flow Chamber: SOA Yields and Impacts of Oxidants, NO x, and VOC Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12066-12076. [PMID: 35976919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene photooxidation plays an important role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. The low-volatility products can enhance new particle formation and particle growth and thus influence climate feedback. Here, we present the results of α-pinene and Δ-3-carene photooxidation experiments conducted in continuous-flow mode in an environmental chamber under several reaction conditions. The roles of oxidants, addition of NO, and VOC molecular structure in influencing SOA yield are illustrated. SOA yield from α-pinene photooxidation shows a weak dependence on H2O2 concentration, which is a proxy for HO2 concentration. The high O/C ratios observed in the α-pinene photooxidation products suggest the production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM). Addition of ozone to the chamber during low-NOx photooxidation experiments leads to higher SOA yield. With the addition of NO, the production of N-containing HOMs is enhanced and the SOA yield shows a modest, nonlinear dependence on the input NO concentration. Carene photooxidation leads to higher SOA yield than α-pinene under similar reaction conditions, which agrees with the lower volatility retrieved from evaporation kinetics experiments. These results improve the understanding of SOA formation from monoterpene photooxidation and could be applied to refine the representation of biogenic SOA formation in models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ben Hwan Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang DS, Masoud CG, Modi M, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Isoprene-Chlorine Oxidation in the Presence of NO x and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9251-9264. [PMID: 35700480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a key indicator of urban air quality. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributes substantially to the PM2.5 concentration. Discrepancies between modeling and field measurements of SOA indicate missing sources and formation mechanisms. Recent studies report elevated concentrations of reactive chlorine species in inland and urban regions, which increase the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and serve as sources for SOA and particulate chlorides. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon, is known to produce SOA under pristine conditions, but the effects of anthropogenic influences in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain unexplored. Here, we investigate chlorine-isoprene reactions under low- and high-NOx conditions inside an environmental chamber. Organic chlorides including C5H11ClO3, C5H9ClO3, and C5H9ClO4 are observed as major gas- and particle-phase products. Modeling and experimental results show that the secondary OH-isoprene chemistry is significantly enhanced under high-NOx conditions, accounting for up to 40% of all isoprene oxidized and leading to the suppression of organic chloride formation. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene could serve as a source for multifunctional (chlorinated) organic oxidation products and SOA in both pristine and anthropogenically influenced environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He DY, Huang XF, Wei J, Wei FH, Zhu B, Cao LM, He LY. Soil dust as a potential bridge from biogenic volatile organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol in a rural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118840. [PMID: 35026325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of coarse particles has recently been proven to be underestimated in the atmosphere and can strongly influence clouds, ecosystems and climate. However, previous studies on atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have mostly focused on the products in fine particles, it remains less understood how coarse particles promote secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated water-soluble compounds of size-segregated aerosol samples (0.056 to >18 μm) collected at a coastal rural site in southern China during late summer and found that oxygenated organic matter was abundant in the coarse mode. Comprehensive source apportionment based on mass spectrum and 14C analysis indicated that different from fossil fuel SOA, biogenic SOA existed more in the coarse mode than in the fine mode. The SOA in the coarse mode showed a unique correlation with biogenic VOCs. 13C and elemental composition strongly suggested a pathway of heterogeneous reactions on coarse particles, which had an abundant low-acidic aqueous environment with soil dust to possibly initiate iron-catalytic oxidation reactions to form SOA. This potential pathway might complement understanding of both formation of biogenic SOA and sink of biogenic VOCs in global biogeochemical cycles, warrantying future relevant studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yi He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zaveri RA, Wang J, Fan J, Zhang Y, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Mei F, Newsom R, Pekour M, Tomlinson J, Comstock JM, Shrivastava M, Fortner E, Machado LAT, Artaxo P, Martin ST. Rapid growth of anthropogenic organic nanoparticles greatly alters cloud life cycle in the Amazon rainforest. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj0329. [PMID: 35020441 PMCID: PMC8754412 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions remain uncertain in assessing climate change. While anthropogenic activities produce copious aerosol nanoparticles smaller than 10 nanometers, they are too small to act as efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The mechanisms responsible for particle growth to CCN-relevant sizes are poorly understood. Here, we present aircraft observations of rapid growth of anthropogenic nanoparticles downwind of an isolated metropolis in the Amazon rainforest. Model analysis reveals that the sustained particle growth to CCN sizes is predominantly caused by particle-phase diffusion-limited partitioning of semivolatile oxidation products of biogenic hydrocarbons. Cloud-resolving numerical simulations show that the enhanced CCN concentrations in the urban plume substantially alter the formation of shallow convective clouds, suppress precipitation, and enhance the transition to deep convective clouds. The proposed nanoparticle growth mechanism, expressly enabled by the abundantly formed semivolatile organics, suggests an appreciable impact of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud life cycle in previously unpolluted forests of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A. Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Fan Mei
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rob Newsom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mikhail Pekour
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jason Tomlinson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luiz A. T. Machado
- National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bates KH, Cope JD, Nguyen TB. Gas-Phase Oxidation Rates and Products of 1,2-Dihydroxy Isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14294-14304. [PMID: 34618435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dihydroxy isoprene (1,2-DHI), a product of isoprene oxidation from multiple chemical pathways, is produced in the atmosphere in large quantities; however, its chemical fate has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we perform chamber experiments to investigate its gas-phase reactions. We find that the reactions of 1,2-DHI with OH radicals and ozone are rapid (kOH = 8.0 (±1.3) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1; kO3 = 7.2 (±1.1) × 10-18 cm3 molecule-1 s-1). Reaction with OH, which dominates 1,2-DHI loss, leads primarily to fragmentation and radical recycling; major products under both high- and low-NO conditions include hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and 2,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-propanal (DHMP). Radical-terminating hydroperoxide formation from the peroxy radical (RO2) reaction with HO2 and organonitrate formation from RO2 + NO are not observed in the gas phase, possibly due to low volatility; constraints for their branching ratios are instead derived by mass balance. We also measure secondary organic aerosol mass yields from 1,2-DHI (0-23%) and show that oxidation in the presence of aqueous particles leads to formic and acetic acid production. Finally, we incorporate results into GEOS-Chem, a global chemical transport model, to compute the global production (25.3 Tg a-1) and gas-phase loss (20.2 Tg a-1) of 1,2-DHI and show that its oxidation provides non-negligible contributions to the atmospheric budgets of hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide, formic acid, and DHMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin H Bates
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - James D Cope
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaoui M, Piletic IR, Szmigielski R, Rudzinski KJ, Lewandowski M, Riedel TP, Kleindienst TE. Rapid production of highly oxidized molecules in isoprene aerosol via peroxy and alkoxy radical isomerization pathways in low and high NO x environments: Combined laboratory, computational and field studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145592. [PMID: 34380608 PMCID: PMC8363757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we identified seven novel hydroxy-carboxylic acids resulting from gas-phase reactions of isoprene in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and/or hydroxyl radicals (OH). In the present study, we provide evidence that hydroxy-carboxylic acids, namely methyltartaric acids (MTA) are: (1) reliable isoprene tracers, (2) likely produced via rapid peroxy radical hydrogen atom (H) shift reactions (autoxidation mechanism) and analogous alkoxy radical H shifts in low and high NOx environments respectively and (3) representative of aged ambient aerosol in the low NOx regime. Firstly, MTA are reliable tracers of isoprene aerosol because they have been identified in numerous chamber experiments involving isoprene conducted under a wide range of conditions and are absent in the oxidation of mono- and sesquiterpenes. They are also present in numerous samples of ambient aerosol collected during the past 20 years at several locations in the U.S. and Europe. Furthermore, MTA concentrations measured during a year-long field study in Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC in 2003 show a seasonal trend consistent with isoprene emissions and photochemical activity. Secondly, an analysis of chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) data of several chamber experiments in low and high NOx environments show that highly oxidized molecules (HOMs) derived from isoprene that lead to MTAs may be produced rapidly and considered as early generation isoprene oxidation products in the gas phase. Density functional theory calculations show that rapid intramolecular H shifts involving peroxy and alkoxy radicals possess low barriers for methyl-hydroxy-butenals (MHBs) that may represent precursors for MTA. From these results, a viable rapid H shift mechanism is proposed to occur that produces isoprene derived HOMs like MTA. Finally, an analysis of the mechanism shows that autoxidation-like pathways in low and high NOx may produce HOMs in a few OH oxidation steps like commonly detected methyl tetrol (MT) isoprene tracers. The ratio of MTA/MT in isoprene aerosol is also shown to be significantly greater in field versus chamber samples indicating the importance of such pathways in the atmosphere even for smaller hydrocarbons like isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Ivan R Piletic
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Theran P Riedel
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Guo H, Nah T, Tanner DJ, Sullivan AP, Takeuchi M, Gao Z, Vasilakos P, Russell AG, Baumann K, Huey LG, Weber RJ, Ng NL. Low-Molecular-Weight Carboxylic Acids in the Southeastern U.S.: Formation, Partitioning, and Implications for Organic Aerosol Aging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6688-6699. [PMID: 33902278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While carboxylic acids are important components in both particle and gas phases in the atmosphere, their sources and partitioning are not fully understood. In this study, we present real-time measurements of both particle- and gas-phase concentrations for five of the most common and abundant low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids (LMWCA) in a rural region in the southeastern U.S. in Fall 2016. Through comparison with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers, we find that isoprene was the most important local precursor for all five LMWCA but via different pathways. We propose that monocarboxylic acids (formic and acetic acids) were mainly formed through gas-phase photochemical reactions, while dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, and succinic acids) were predominantly from aqueous processing. Unexpectedly high concentrations of particle-phase formic and acetic acids (in the form of formate and acetate, respectively) were observed and likely the components of long-range transport organic aerosol (OA), decoupled from their gas-phase counterparts. In addition, an extraordinarily strong correlation (R2 = 0.90) was observed between a particulate LMWCA and aged SOA, which we tentatively attribute to boundary layer dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunle Chen
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David J Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ziqi Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Petros Vasilakos
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brownwood B, Turdziladze A, Hohaus T, Wu R, Mentel TF, Carlsson PTM, Tsiligiannis E, Hallquist M, Andres S, Hantschke L, Reimer D, Rohrer F, Tillmann R, Winter B, Liebmann J, Brown SS, Kiendler-Scharr A, Novelli A, Fuchs H, Fry JL. Gas-Particle Partitioning and SOA Yields of Organonitrate Products from NO 3-Initiated Oxidation of Isoprene under Varied Chemical Regimes. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:785-800. [PMID: 33889791 PMCID: PMC8054245 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl nitrate (AN) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the reaction of nitrate radicals (NO3) with isoprene were observed in the Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction (SAPHIR) chamber during the NO3Isop campaign in August 2018. Based on 15 day-long experiments under various reaction conditions, we conclude that the reaction has a nominally unity molar AN yield (observed range 90 ± 40%) and an SOA mass yield of OA + organic nitrate aerosol of 13-15% (with ∼50 μg m-3 inorganic seed aerosol and 2-5 μg m-3 total organic aerosol). Isoprene (5-25 ppb) and oxidant (typically ∼100 ppb O3 and 5-25 ppb NO2) concentrations and aerosol composition (inorganic and organic coating) were varied while remaining close to ambient conditions, producing similar AN and SOA yields under all regimes. We observe the formation of dinitrates upon oxidation of the second double bond only once the isoprene precursor is fully consumed. We determine the bulk partitioning coefficient for ANs (K p ∼ 10-3 m3 μg-1), indicating an average volatility corresponding to a C5 hydroxy hydroperoxy nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bellamy Brownwood
- Chemistry
Department and Environmental Studies Program, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United
States
| | - Avtandil Turdziladze
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Mentel
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Philip T. M. Carlsson
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | | | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Andres
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Luisa Hantschke
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - David Reimer
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Franz Rohrer
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Ralf Tillmann
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Benjamin Winter
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Jonathan Liebmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United
States
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Anna Novelli
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute
for Energy and Climate (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Chemistry
Department and Environmental Studies Program, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lamkaddam H, Dommen J, Ranjithkumar A, Gordon H, Wehrle G, Krechmer J, Majluf F, Salionov D, Schmale J, Bjelić S, Carslaw KS, El Haddad I, Baltensperger U. Large contribution to secondary organic aerosol from isoprene cloud chemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabe2952. [PMID: 33762335 PMCID: PMC7990335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols still present the largest uncertainty in estimating anthropogenic radiative forcing. Cloud processing is potentially important for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, a major aerosol component: however, laboratory experiments fail to mimic this process under atmospherically relevant conditions. We developed a wetted-wall flow reactor to simulate aqueous-phase processing of isoprene oxidation products (iOP) in cloud droplets. We find that 50 to 70% (in moles) of iOP partition into the aqueous cloud phase, where they rapidly react with OH radicals, producing SOA with a molar yield of 0.45 after cloud droplet evaporation. Integrating our experimental results into a global model, we show that clouds effectively boost the amount of SOA. We conclude that, on a global scale, cloud processing of iOP produces 6.9 Tg of SOA per year or approximately 20% of the total biogenic SOA burden and is the main source of SOA in the mid-troposphere (4 to 6 km).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Hamish Gordon
- Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Günther Wehrle
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniil Salionov
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth S Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krechmer JE, Day DA, Jimenez JL. Always Lost but Never Forgotten: Gas-Phase Wall Losses Are Important in All Teflon Environmental Chambers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12890-12897. [PMID: 32930585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from oxidation of volatile organic compounds are measured in laboratory chambers and then applied in regional and global models. Gas-phase losses to large Teflon-walled environmental chambers have been recently shown to reduce SOA yields. Historically, most chambers have operated in batch mode. Increasingly, however, continuous flow (CF) mode is being used, in which reactants and products are continuously introduced and exhausted from the chamber. Recent literature reports indicate a belief that SOA yields measured in CF chambers are not affected by gas-phase wall losses (GWL). Here, we use an experimentally-constrained box model to show that gas-phase wall losses impact both types of chambers when run under similar conditions. We find CF experiments do mitigate some effects of gas-phase wall losses after long (>2 days) experiment run times, but they have significant losses for typical literature experiment times of 1 day. However, this mitigation phenomenon is an experiment- and mechanism-dependent, and GWL still affects the absolute SOA yield. Finally, we show that at condensation sink values higher than the wall loss rate a lack of change in yield vs seed surface area does not necessarily indicate whether GWL affects the experiment and does not suggest the magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thornton JA, Mohr C, Schobesberger S, D’Ambro EL, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD. Evaluating Organic Aerosol Sources and Evolution with a Combined Molecular Composition and Volatility Framework Using the Filter Inlet for Gases and Aerosols (FIGAERO). Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1415-1426. [PMID: 32648739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusThe complex array of sources and transformations of organic carbonaceous material that comprises an important fraction of atmospheric fine particle mass, known as organic aerosol, has presented a long running challenge for accurate predictions of its abundance, distribution, and sensitivity to anthropogenic activities. Uncertainties about changes in atmospheric aerosol particle sources and abundance over time translate to uncertainties in their impact on Earth's climate and their response to changes in air quality policy. One limitation in our understanding of organic aerosol has been a lack of comprehensive measurements of its molecular composition and volatility, which can elucidate sources and processes affecting its abundance. Herein we describe advances in the development and application of the Filter Inlet for Gases and Aerosols (FIGAERO) coupled to field-deployable High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometers (HRToF-CIMS). The FIGAERO HRToFCIMS combination broadly probes gas and particulate OA molecular composition by using programmed thermal desorption of particles collected on a Teflon filter with subsequent detection and speciation of desorbed vapors using inherently quantitative selected-ion chemical ionization. The thermal desorption provides a means to obtain quantitative insights into the volatility of particle components and thus the physicochemical nature of the organic material that will govern its evolution in the atmosphere.In this Account, we discuss the design and operation of the FIGAERO, when coupled to the HRToF-CIMS, for quantitative characterization of the molecular-level composition and effective volatility of organic aerosol in the laboratory and field. We provide example insights gleaned from its deployment, which improve our understanding of organic aerosol sources and evolution. Specifically, we connect thermal desorption profiles to the effective equilibrium saturation vapor concentration and enthalpy of vaporization of detected components. We also show how application of the FIGAERO HRToF-CIMS to environmental simulation chamber experiments and the field provide new insights and constraints on the chemical mechanisms governing secondary organic aerosol formation and dynamic evolution. We discuss the associated challenges of thermal decomposition during desorption and calibration of both the volatility axis and signal. We also illustrate how the FIGAERO HRToF-CIMS can provide additional insights into organic aerosol through isothermal evaporation experiments as well as for detection of ultrafine particulate composition. We conclude with a description of future opportunities and needs for its ability to further organic aerosol science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 408 ATG Building, 3920 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 F, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Emma L. D’Ambro
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-0117, United States
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 408 ATG Building, 3920 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Kreisberg NM, Glasius M, Riva M, Surratt JD, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, de Souza RAF, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Goldstein AH. Natural and Anthropogenically Influenced Isoprene Oxidation in Southeastern United States and Central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5980-5991. [PMID: 32271021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions alter secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry from naturally emitted isoprene. We use correlations of tracers and tracer ratios to provide new perspectives on sulfate, NOx, and particle acidity influencing isoprene-derived SOA in two isoprene-rich forested environments representing clean to polluted conditions-wet and dry seasons in central Amazonia and Southeastern U.S. summer. We used a semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) and filter samplers to measure SOA tracers indicative of isoprene/HO2 (2-methyltetrols, C5-alkene triols, 2-methyltetrol organosulfates) and isoprene/NOx (2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglyceric acid organosulfate) pathways. Summed concentrations of these tracers correlated with particulate sulfate spanning three orders of magnitude, suggesting that 1 μg m-3 reduction in sulfate corresponds with at least ∼0.5 μg m-3 reduction in isoprene-derived SOA. We also find that isoprene/NOx pathway SOA mass primarily comprises organosulfates, ∼97% in the Amazon and ∼55% in Southeastern United States. We infer under natural conditions in high isoprene emission regions that preindustrial aerosol sulfate was almost exclusively isoprene-derived organosulfates, which are traditionally thought of as representative of an anthropogenic influence. We further report the first field observations showing that particle acidity correlates positively with 2-methylglyceric acid partitioning to the gas phase and negatively with the ratio of 2-methyltetrols to C5-alkene triols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-020
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | | | - Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zawadowicz MA, Lee BH, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Flynn C, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Photolysis Controls Atmospheric Budgets of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3861-3870. [PMID: 32154714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of the tropospheric particulate matter. Although SOA production rates and mechanisms have been extensively investigated, loss pathways remain uncertain. Most large-scale chemistry and transport models account for mechanical deposition of SOA but not chemical losses such as photolysis. There is also a paucity of laboratory measurements of SOA photolysis, which limits how well photolytic losses can be modeled. Here, we show, through a combined experimental and modeling approach, that photolytic loss of SOA mass significantly alters SOA budget predictions. Using environmental chamber experiments at variable relative humidity between 0 and 60%, we find that SOA produced from several biogenic volatile organic compounds undergoes photolysis-induced mass loss at rates between 0 and 2.2 ± 0.4% of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) photolysis, equivalent to average atmospheric lifetimes as short as 10 h. We incorporate our photolysis rates into a regional chemical transport model to test the sensitivity of predicted SOA mass concentrations to photolytic losses. The addition of photolysis causes a ∼50% reduction in biogenic SOA loadings over the Amazon, indicating that photolysis exerts a substantial control over the atmospheric SOA lifetime, with a likely dependence upon the SOA molecular composition and thus production mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Connor Flynn
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zaveri RA, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Zawadowicz MA, Suski K, China S, Bell DM, Veghte D, Laskin A. Particle-Phase Diffusion Modulates Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds to Aged Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2595-2605. [PMID: 31994876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the bulk particle phase of a viscous atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can have a profound impact on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics. Here, we investigate the bulk diffusivity of SVOCs formed from photo-oxidation of isoprene as they partition to a bimodal aerosol consisting of an Aitken (potassium sulfate) and accumulation mode (aged α-pinene SOA) particles as a function of relative humidity (RH). The model analysis of the observed size distribution evolution shows that liquid-like diffusion coefficient values of Db > 10-10 cm2 s-1 fail to explain the growth of the Aitken mode. Instead, much lower values of Db between 2.5 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 32% RH and 8 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 82% RH were needed to successfully reproduce the growth of both modes. The diffusivity within the aged α-pinene SOA remains appreciably slow even at 80% RH, resulting in hindered partitioning of SVOCs to large viscous particles and allowing smaller and relatively less viscous particles to effectively absorb the available SVOCs and grow much faster than would be possible otherwise. These results have important implications for modeling SOA formation and growth in the ambient atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Suski
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Daniel Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jaoui M, Szmigielski R, Nestorowicz K, Kolodziejczyk A, Sarang K, Rudzinski KJ, Konopka A, Bulska E, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE. Organic Hydroxy Acids as Highly Oxygenated Molecular (HOM) Tracers for Aged Isoprene Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14516-14527. [PMID: 31757124 PMCID: PMC6996142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are a class of compounds associated with secondary organic aerosols exhibiting high oxygen to carbon (O:C) ratios and often originating from the oxidation of biogenic compounds. Here, the photooxidation and ozonolysis of isoprene were examined under a range of conditions to identify HOM tracers for aged isoprene aerosol. The HOM tracers were identified as silylated derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by detecting their parent compounds by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition to the previously observed methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid, seven tracer compounds were identified, including 2-methyltartronic acid (MTtA), 2-methylerythronic acid (2MeTrA), 3-methylerythronic acid (3MeTrA), 2-methylthreonic acid (2MTrA), 3-methylthreonic acid (3MTrA), erythro-methyltartaric acid (e-MTA), and threo-methyltartaric acid (t-MTA). The molecular structures were confirmed with authentic standards synthesized in the laboratory. The presence of some of these HOMs in the gas and particle phases simultaneously provides evidence of their gas/particle partitioning. To determine the contributions of aged isoprene products to ambient aerosols, we analyzed ambient PM2.5 samples collected in the southeastern United States in summer 2003 and at two European monitoring stations located in Zielonka and Godów (Poland). Our findings show that methyltartaric acids (MTA) and 2- and 3-methylthreonic acids (and their stereoisomers) are representative of aged isoprene aerosol because they occur both in the laboratory chamber aerosol obtained and in ambient PM2.5. On the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, their concentrations were found to range from 0.04 ng for 3-methylthreonic acid to 6.3 ng m-3 for methyltartaric acid at the southeast site in Duke Forest, NC, USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Klara Nestorowicz
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Agata Kolodziejczyk
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kumar Sarang
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group , Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Konopka
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre , Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre , Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shrivastava M, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Barbosa HMJ, Berg LK, Brito J, Ching J, Easter RC, Fan J, Fast JD, Feng Z, Fuentes JD, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Alves EG, Gomes H, Gu D, Guenther A, Jathar SH, Kim S, Liu Y, Lou S, Martin ST, McNeill VF, Medeiros A, de Sá SS, Shilling JE, Springston SR, Souza RAF, Thornton JA, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Ynoue R, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Zhao C. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1046. [PMID: 30837467 PMCID: PMC6401186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth's energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60-200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0230, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, Mainz, D-55020, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Larry K Berg
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joel Brito
- IMT Lille Douai, University of Lille, SAGE, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Joseph Ching
- Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-1, Nagamine, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Eliane Gomes Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 69.060-000, Brazil
| | - Helber Gomes
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Dasa Gu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sijia Lou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adan Medeiros
- Amazonas State University, Center of Superior Studies of Tefé, R. Brasília, Tefé, AM, 69470000, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY, 11973, USA
| | - R A F Souza
- Amazonas State University, Superior School of Technology, Av Darcy Vargas, Manaus, AM, 69050020, Brazil
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Rita Ynoue
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508090, Brazil
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Secondary organic aerosol reduced by mixture of atmospheric vapours. Nature 2019; 565:587-593. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Piletic IR, Howell R, Bartolotti LJ, Kleindienst TE, Kaushik SM, Edney EO. Multigenerational Theoretical Study of Isoprene Peroxy Radical 1-5-Hydrogen Shift Reactions that Regenerate HO x Radicals and Produce Highly Oxidized Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:906-919. [PMID: 30589543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A computational protocol is employed to glean new insight into the kinetics of several 1,5-hydrogen atom (H) shift reactions subsequent to first- and second-generation OH/O2 additions to isoprene. The M06-2X density functional was initially used with the Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) method to determine the potential energy surface of OH/O2 addition reactions, the 1,5-H shift reactions, and the fragmentation exit channels. The Master Equation Solver for Multi-Energy Well Reactions (MESMER) was applied to determine the rate constants for OH addition and the 1,5-H shifts. M06-2X was capable of quantifying the rate constants of OH addition to the first and second double bonds of isoprene with deviations less than 17% from the experimentally determined values. However, M06-2X underestimated the 1,5-H shift rate constants of second-generation isoprene peroxy radicals. Consequently, MN15, ωB97X-D, and CBS-QB3 methods were employed to compute average barrier heights to first- and second-generation 1,5-H shifts. In the first generation, the rate constants of H abstraction by β-(1,2) and (4,3) isoprene hydroxy-peroxy radicals from the neighboring hydroxyl group are 1.1 × 10-3 and 2.4 × 10-3 s-1, respectively. These values are determined primarily by the barrier of the H shift reaction and, to a smaller albeit nonnegligible extent, by the stability of the resulting alkoxy radical and the exit barrier leading to C-C bond dissociation. In contrast, the average second-generation rate constant of 1,5-H shifts from H-R-OH sites to the peroxy radical is 1.8 × 10-1 s-1, with tunneling playing the significant role of increasing this value relative to first-generation 1,5-H shifts. Under low NO x conditions, first-generation isoprene oxidation reactions may recycle HO x at levels ranging from 10 to 30% due in large part to 1,5-H shifts, with the recycling efficiency being sensitive to HO2 concentrations and temperature. HO x recycling is expected to increase to levels beyond 80% in second-generation reactions of oxidized isoprene species because of isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) formation and further 1,5-H shifts that are kinetically favorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R Piletic
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive , Mail Drop D205-03, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Richard Howell
- Department of Chemistry , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina 27858 , United States
| | - Libero J Bartolotti
- Department of Chemistry , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina 27858 , United States
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive , Mail Drop D205-03, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Surender M Kaushik
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive , Mail Drop D205-03, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Edward O Edney
- National Exposure Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive , Mail Drop D205-03, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dong X, Fu JS, Tschantz MF. Modeling cold soak evaporative vapor emissions from gasoline-powered automobiles using a newly developed method. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:1317-1332. [PMID: 30047843 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1503206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evaporate and vent from a vehicle's fuel tank to its evaporative control system when the vehicle is both driven and parked. VOCs making it past the control system are emissions. Driving and parking activity, fuel volatility, and temperature strongly affect vapor generation and the effectiveness of control technologies, and the wide variability in these factors and the sensitivity of emissions to these factors make it difficult to estimate evaporative emissions at the macro level. Established modeling methods, such as COPERT and MOVES, estimate evaporative emissions by assuming a constant in-use canister condition and consequently contain critical uncertainty when real conditions deviate from that standard condition. In this study, we have developed a new method to model canister capacity as a representative variable, and estimated emissions for all parking events based on semi-empirical functions derived from real-world activity data and laboratory measurements. As compared to chamber measurements collected during this study, the bias of the MOVES diurnal tank venting simulation ranges from -100% to 129%, while the bias for our method's simulation is 1.4% to 8.5%. Our modeling method is compared to the COPERT and MOVES models by estimating evaporative emissions from a Euro-3/4/5 and a Tier 2 vehicle in conditions representative for Chicago, IL, and Guangzhou, China. Estimates using the COPERT and MOVES methods differ from our method by -56% to 120% and -100% to 25%, respectively. The study highlights the importance for continued modeling improvement of the anthropogenic evaporative emission inventory and for tightened regulatory standards. Implications: The COPERT and MOVES methodologies contain large uncertainties for estimating evaporative emissions, while our modeling method is developed based on chamber measurements to estimate evaporative emissions and can properly address those uncertainties. Modeling results suggested an urgent need to complete evaporative emissions inventories and also indicated that tightening evaporative emission standards is urgently needed, especially for warm areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Dong
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Joshua S Fu
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Michael F Tschantz
- b Performance Materials , Ingevity Corporation , North Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Riva M, Yan C, Ehn M, Wang L. Primary Formation of Highly Oxidized Multifunctional Products in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Isoprene: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12255-12264. [PMID: 30265803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors are mainly formed from the secondary reactions of intermediate products with OH radicals in the gas phase and multiphase oxidation in particles. In this paper, we predicted a theoretical mechanism for the primary formation of highly oxygenated molecules (HOM) in the gas phase through successive intramolecular H-shifts and O2 addition in the specific Z-δ isomer of hydroxyl-peroxy radicals and alkoxy radicals. The position of O2 addition is different from that in forming hydroperoxy aldehydes. The prediction was further supported experimentally by successfully identifying a few highly oxidized peroxy radicals and closed-shell products such as C5H9O7,9, C5H10O6,7,8, and C4H8O5 in a flow reactor by chemical ionization mass spectrometry at air pressure. These HOM products could serve as important precursors to isoprene-derived SOA. Further modeling studies on the effect of NO concentration suggested that HOM formation could account for up to ∼11% of the branching ratio (∼9% from the 4-OH channel and ∼2% from the 1-OH channel) in the reaction of isoprene with OH when the lifetimes of peroxy radicals due to bimolecular reactions are ∼100 s, which is typical in forest regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
- CNRS, IRCELYON , Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xing L, Shrivastava M, Fu TM, Roldin P, Qian Y, Xu L, Ng NL, Shilling J, Zelenyuk A, Cappa CD. Parameterized Yields of Semivolatile Products from Isoprene Oxidation under Different NO x Levels: Impacts of Chemical Aging and Wall-Loss of Reactive Gases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9225-9234. [PMID: 30028598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a parametrizable box model to empirically derive the yields of semivolatile products from VOC oxidation using chamber measurements, while explicitly accounting for the multigenerational chemical aging processes (such as the gas-phase fragmentation and functionalization and aerosol-phase oligomerization and photolysis) under different NO x levels and the loss of particles and gases to chamber walls. Using the oxidation of isoprene as an example, we showed that the assumptions regarding the NO x-sensitive, multigenerational aging processes of VOC oxidation products have large impacts on the parametrized product yields and SOA formation. We derived sets of semivolatile product yields from isoprene oxidation under different NO x levels. However, we stress that these product yields must be used in conjunction with the corresponding multigenerational aging schemes in chemical transport models. As more mechanistic insights regarding SOA formation from VOC oxidation emerge, our box model can be expanded to include more explicit chemical aging processes and help ultimately bridge the gap between the process-based understanding of SOA formation from VOC oxidation and the bulk-yield parametrizations used in chemical transport models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics , Lund University , P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - Yun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - John Shilling
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wennberg PO, Bates KH, Crounse JD, Dodson LG, McVay RC, Mertens LA, Nguyen TB, Praske E, Schwantes RH, Smarte MD, St Clair JM, Teng AP, Zhang X, Seinfeld JH. Gas-Phase Reactions of Isoprene and Its Major Oxidation Products. Chem Rev 2018. [PMID: 29522327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene carries approximately half of the flux of non-methane volatile organic carbon emitted to the atmosphere by the biosphere. Accurate representation of its oxidation rate and products is essential for quantifying its influence on the abundance of the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrogen oxide free radicals (NO x), ozone (O3), and, via the formation of highly oxygenated compounds, aerosol. We present a review of recent laboratory and theoretical studies of the oxidation pathways of isoprene initiated by addition of OH, O3, the nitrate radical (NO3), and the chlorine atom. From this review, a recommendation for a nearly complete gas-phase oxidation mechanism of isoprene and its major products is developed. The mechanism is compiled with the aims of providing an accurate representation of the flow of carbon while allowing quantification of the impact of isoprene emissions on HO x and NO x free radical concentrations and of the yields of products known to be involved in condensed-phase processes. Finally, a simplified (reduced) mechanism is developed for use in chemical transport models that retains the essential chemistry required to accurately simulate isoprene oxidation under conditions where it occurs in the atmosphere-above forested regions remote from large NO x emissions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Arashiro M, Lin YH, Zhang Z, Sexton KG, Gold A, Jaspers I, Fry RC, Surratt JD. Effect of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene-derived hydroxyhydroperoxides on the expression of oxidative stress response genes in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:332-339. [PMID: 29292423 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which comprise a large portion of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), can be formed through various gaseous precursors, including isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE), and isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). The composition of the isoprene-derived SOA affects its reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potential and its ability to alter oxidative stress-related gene expression. In this study we assess effects of isoprene SOA derived solely from ISOPOOH oxidation on human bronchial epithelial cells by measuring the gene expression changes in 84 oxidative stress-related genes. In addition, the thiol reactivity of ISOPOOH-derived SOA was measured through the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Our findings show that ISOPOOH-derived SOA alter more oxidative-stress related genes than IEPOX-derived SOA but not as many as MAE-derived SOA on a mass basis exposure. More importantly, we found that the different types of SOA derived from the various gaseous precursors (MAE, IEPOX, and ISOPOOH) have unique contributions to changes in oxidative stress-related genes that do not total all gene expression changes seen in exposures to atmospherically relevant compositions of total isoprene-derived SOA mixtures. This study suggests that amongst the different types of known isoprene-derived SOA, MAE-derived SOA are the most potent inducer of oxidative stress-related gene changes but highlights the importance of considering isoprene-derived SOA as a total mixture for pollution controls and exposure studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Arashiro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zaveri RA, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Liu J, Bell DM, D'Ambro EL, Gaston CJ, Thornton JA, Laskin A, Lin P, Wilson J, Easter RC, Wang J, Bertram AK, Martin ST, Seinfeld JH, Worsnop DR. Growth Kinetics and Size Distribution Dynamics of Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1191-1199. [PMID: 29244949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low bulk diffusivity inside viscous semisolid atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can prolong equilibration time scale, but its broader impacts on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we present quantitative insights into the effects of bulk diffusivity on the growth and evaporation kinetics of SOA formed under dry conditions from photooxidation of isoprene in the presence of a bimodal aerosol consisting of Aitken (ammonium sulfate) and accumulation (isoprene or α-pinene SOA) mode particles. Aerosol composition measurements and evaporation kinetics indicate that isoprene SOA is composed of several semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), with some reversibly reacting to form oligomers. Model analysis shows that liquid-like bulk diffusivities can be used to fit the observed evaporation kinetics of accumulation mode particles but fail to explain the growth kinetics of bimodal aerosol by significantly under-predicting the evolution of the Aitken mode. In contrast, the semisolid scenario successfully reproduces both evaporation and growth kinetics, with the interpretation that hindered partitioning of SVOCs into large viscous particles effectively promotes the growth of smaller particles that have shorter diffusion time scales. This effect has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climatically active sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jacqueline Wilson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard C Easter
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Scot T Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu J, Russell LM, Ruggeri G, Takahama S, Claflin MS, Ziemann PJ, Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Xu L, Ng NL, McKinney KA, Budisulistiorini SH, Bertram TH, Nenes A, Surratt JD. Regional Similarities and NO x-related Increases in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol in Summertime Southeastern U.S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:10620-10636. [PMID: 30997298 PMCID: PMC6463306 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) measurements of submicron mass were collected at Look Rock (LRK), Tennessee, and Centreville (CTR), Alabama. Carbon monoxide and submicron sulfate and organic mass concentrations were 15-60% higher at CTR than at LRK but their time series had moderate correlations (r~0.5). However, NOx had no correlation (r=0.08) between the two sites with nighttime-to-early-morning peaks 3~10 times higher at CTR than at LRK. Organic mass (OM) sources identified by FTIR Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) had three very similar factors at both sites: Fossil Fuel Combustion (FFC) related organic aerosols, Mixed Organic Aerosols (MOA), and Biogenic Organic Aerosols (BOA). The BOA spectrum from FTIR is similar (cosine similarity > 0.6) to that of lab-generated particle mass from the photochemical oxidation of both isoprene and monoterpenes under high NOx conditions from chamber experiments. The BOA mass fraction was highest during the night at CTR but in the afternoon at LRK. AMS PMF resulted in two similar pairs of factors at both sites and a third nighttime NOx-related factor (33% of OM) at CTR but a daytime nitrate-related factor (28% of OM) at LRK. NOx was correlated with BOA and LO-OOA for NOx concentrations higher than 1 ppb at both sites, producing 0.5 ± 0.1 μg m-3 for CTR-LO-OOA and 1.0 ± 0.3 μg m-3 for CTR-BOA above 1 ppb additional biogenic OM for each 1 ppb increase of NOx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Giulia Ruggeri
- ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Megan S. Claflin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul J. Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nga L. Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | - Timothy. H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hyttinen N, Otkjær RV, Iyer S, Kjaergaard HG, Rissanen MP, Wennberg PO, Kurtén T. Computational Comparison of Different Reagent Ions in the Chemical Ionization of Oxidized Multifunctional Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:269-279. [PMID: 29200296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High pressure anion chemical ionization is commonly used for the detection of neutral molecules in the gas phase. The detection efficiency in these measurements depends on how strongly the reagent ion binds to the neutral target molecule. We have calculated the binding strength of nitrate (NO3-), acetate (CH3C(O)O-), lactate (CH3CH(OH)C(O)O-), trifluoroacetate (CF3C(O)O-), trifluoromethanolate (CF3O-), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) reagent ions to ten different products derived from the OH radical-initiated oxidation of butadiene. We found that the binding of these oxidation products to the reagent ions depends almost linearly on the number of oxygen atoms in the target molecule, with the precise chemical identity of the compound (e.g., the number and relative position of hydroxyl or hydroperoxy groups) playing a more minor role. For acetate, the formation free energy decreases on average by around 4 kcal/mol when the number of oxygen atoms in the sample molecule increases by one. For the other reagent ions the corresponding decrease is around 3 kcal/mol. For all of the molecules studied, acetate forms the most stable clusters and I- the least stable. We also investigated the effect of humidity on the chemical ionization by calculating how strongly water molecules bind to both the reagent ions and the ion-molecule clusters. Water binds much more strongly to the reagent ion monomers compared to the reagent ion "dimers" (defined here as a cluster of the reagent anion with the corresponding neutral conjugate acid, e.g., HNO3(NO3-)) or the ion-molecule clusters. This likely leads to a stronger humidity dependence when using reagent ions that are not able to form reagent ion dimers (such as CF3C(O)O-, CF3O-, Br-, and I-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noora Hyttinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasmus V Otkjær
- Department of Chemistry, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matti P Rissanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin YH, Arashiro M, Clapp PW, Cui T, Sexton KG, Vizuete W, Gold A, Jaspers I, Fry RC, Surratt JD. Gene Expression Profiling in Human Lung Cells Exposed to Isoprene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8166-8175. [PMID: 28636383 PMCID: PMC5610912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from the photochemical oxidation of isoprene contributes a substantial mass fraction to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The formation of isoprene SOA is influenced largely by anthropogenic emissions through multiphase chemistry of its multigenerational oxidation products. Considering the abundance of isoprene SOA in the troposphere, understanding mechanisms of adverse health effects through inhalation exposure is critical to mitigating its potential impact on public health. In this study, we assessed the effects of isoprene SOA on gene expression in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) through an air-liquid interface exposure. Gene expression profiling of 84 oxidative stress and 249 inflammation-associated human genes was performed. Our results show that the expression levels of 29 genes were significantly altered upon isoprene SOA exposure under noncytotoxic conditions (p < 0.05), with the majority (22/29) of genes passing a false discovery rate threshold of 0.3. The most significantly affected genes belong to the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor network. The Nrf2 function is confirmed through a reporter cell line. Together with detailed characterization of SOA constituents, this study reveals the impact of isoprene SOA exposure on lung responses and highlights the importance of further understanding its potential health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Maiko Arashiro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Phillip W. Clapp
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
D'Ambro EL, Møller KH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schobesberger S, Liu J, Shilling JE, Lee BH, Kjaergaard HG, Thornton JA. Isomerization of Second-Generation Isoprene Peroxy Radicals: Epoxide Formation and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4978-4987. [PMID: 28388039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report chamber measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene photochemical oxidation, in which radical concentrations were systematically varied and the molecular composition of semi- to low-volatility gases and SOA were measured online. Using a detailed chemical kinetics box model, we find that to explain the behavior of low-volatility products and SOA mass yields relative to input H2O2 concentrations, the second-generation dihydroxy hydroperoxy peroxy radical (C5H11O6·) must undergo an intramolecular H-shift with a net forward rate constant of order 0.1 s-1 or higher. This finding is consistent with quantum chemical calculations that suggest a net forward rate constant of 0.3-0.9 s-1. Furthermore, these calculations suggest that the dominant product of this isomerization is a dihydroxy hydroperoxy epoxide (C5H10O5), which is expected to have a saturation vapor pressure ∼2 orders of magnitude higher, as determined by group-contribution calculations, than the dihydroxy dihydroperoxide, ISOP(OOH)2(C5H12O6), a major product of the peroxy radical reacting with HO2. These results provide strong constraints on the likely volatility distribution of isoprene oxidation products under atmospheric conditions and, thus, on the importance of nonreactive gas-particle partitioning of isoprene oxidation products as an SOA source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Berndt T, Herrmann H, Sipilä M, Kulmala M. Highly Oxidized Second-Generation Products from the Gas-Phase Reaction of OH Radicals with Isoprene. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10150-10159. [PMID: 27976590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with isoprene has been investigated in an atmospheric pressure flow tube at 293 ± 0.5 K with special attention to the second-generation products. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve a predominant reaction of RO2 radicals with HO2 radicals. Chemical ionization-atmospheric pressure interface-time-of-flight mass spectrometry served as the analytical technique in order to follow the formation of RO2 radicals and closed-shell products containing at least four O atoms in the molecule. The reaction products were detected as adducts with the reagent ions using acetate, lactate, or nitrate in the ionization process. Observed signals were attributed to a series of C5-products with multiple hydroxy, hydroperoxy, and probably carbonyl groups. H/D exchange experiments supported the product identification. The generation of the detected second-generation products can be mechanistically explained starting from the OH radical reaction of hydroxy hydroperoxide isomers, HO-C5H8-OOH. These isomers represent the dominant products of the initial OH radical attack on isoprene. Dihydroxy dihydroperoxides, (HO)2-C5H8-(OOH)2, were analyzed as the main second-generation products beside the dihydroxy epoxides. A simple kinetic analysis revealed that the observed second-generation products in total (other than dihydroxy epoxides) were formed with an estimated molar yield of 10.0-1.5+2.1 % with respect to converted hydroxy hydroperoxides. A formation yield of 5.8-0.9+1.3 % has been deduced for the main product (HO)2-C5H8-(OOH)2. The detected, highly oxidized isoprene products represent potential secondary organic aerosol precursors. An annual, global (HO)2-C5H8-(OOH)2 formation strength of (16-35) × 106 metric tons is estimated based on product measurements of this study and literature data regarding the formation of the dihydroxy epoxide isomers for an annual isoprene emission of 454 × 106 metric tons of carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, TROPOS , 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, TROPOS , 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Riva M, Budisulistiorini SH, Chen Y, Zhang Z, D'Ambro EL, Zhang X, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Thornton JA, Canagaratna MR, Surratt JD. Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Oxidation of Isoprene Hydroxyhydroperoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9889-99. [PMID: 27466979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene under low-NOx conditions leads to the formation of isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). Subsequent oxidation of ISOPOOH largely produces isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), which are known secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Although SOA from IEPOX has been previously examined, systematic studies of SOA characterization through a non-IEPOX route from 1,2-ISOPOOH oxidation are lacking. In the present work, SOA formation from the oxidation of authentic 1,2-ISOPOOH under low-NOx conditions was systematically examined with varying aerosol compositions and relative humidity. High yields of highly oxidized compounds, including multifunctional organosulfates (OSs) and hydroperoxides, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and fine aerosol samples collected from the southeastern U.S. IEPOX-derived SOA constituents were observed in all experiments, but their concentrations were only enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate aerosol, consistent with prior work. High-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) reveals that 1,2-ISOPOOH-derived SOA formed through non-IEPOX routes exhibits a notable mass spectrum with a characteristic fragment ion at m/z 91. This laboratory-generated mass spectrum is strongly correlated with a factor recently resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of aerosol mass spectrometer data collected in areas dominated by isoprene emissions, suggesting that the non-IEPOX pathway could contribute to ambient SOA measured in the Southeastern United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Sri H Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Manjula R Canagaratna
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| |
Collapse
|