1
|
Ge S, Wang L, Jin C, Xie H, Zheng G, Cui Z, Zhang C. Unveiling the neuroprotection effects of Volvalerenic acid A: Mitochondrial fusion induction via IDO1-mediated Stat3-Opa1 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155555. [PMID: 38579641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Studies have suggested that cerebral ischemia induces massive mitochondrial damage. Valerianic acid A (VaA) is the main active ingredient of valerianic acid with neuroprotective activity. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of VaA with ischemic stroke and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHOD In this study, we established the oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) cell model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) animal model in vitro and in vivo. Neurological behavior score, 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) Staining were used to detect the neuroprotection of VaA in MCAO/R rats. Also, the levels of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and activities of NAD+ were detected to reflect mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, gene knockout experiments, transfection experiments, immunofluorescence, DARTS, and molecular dynamics simulation experiments showed that VaA bound to IDO1 regulated the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism and prevented Stat3 dephosphorylation, promoting Stat3 activation and subsequent transcription of the mitochondrial fusion-related gene Opa1. RESULTS We showed that VaA decreased the infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner and exerted neuroprotective effects against reperfusion injury. Furthermore, VaA promoted Opa1-related mitochondrial fusion and reversed neuronal mitochondrial damage and loss after reperfusion injury. In SH-SY5Y cells, VaA (5, 10, 20 μM) exerted similar protective effects against OGD/R-induced injury. We then examined the expression of significant enzymes regulating the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of the ipsilateral brain tissue of the ischemic stroke rat model, and these enzymes may play essential roles in ischemic stroke. Furthermore, we found that VaA can bind to the initial rate-limiting enzyme IDO1 in the Kyn pathway and prevent Stat3 phosphorylation, promoting Stat3 activation and subsequent transcription of the mitochondrial fusion-related gene Opa1. Using in vivo IDO1 knockdown and in vitro IDO1 overexpressing models, we demonstrated that the promoted mitochondrial fusion and neuroprotective effects of VaA were IDO1-dependent. CONCLUSION VaA administration improved neurological function by promoting mitochondrial fusion through the IDO1-mediated Stat3-Opa1 pathway, indicating its potential as a therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Ge
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chang Jin
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haifeng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 21000, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Sciences, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campanale A, Inserra A, Comai S. Therapeutic modulation of the kynurenine pathway in severe mental illness and comorbidities: A potential role for serotonergic psychedelics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111058. [PMID: 38885875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points towards a crucial role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the altered gut-brain axis (GBA) balance in severe mental illness (SMI, namely depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia) and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Preliminary evidence shows that serotonergic psychedelics and their analogues may hold therapeutic potential in addressing the altered KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities. In fact, aside from their effects on mood, psychedelics elicit therapeutic improvement in preclinical models of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and vascular inflammation, which are highly comorbid with SMI. Here, we review the literature on the therapeutic modulation of the KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities, and the potential application of psychedelics to address the altered KP in the brain and systemic dysfunction underlying SMI and comorbidities. Psychedelics might therapeutically modulate the KP in the altered GBA in SMI and comorbidities either directly, via altering the metabolic pathway by influencing the rate-limiting enzymes of the KP and affecting the levels of available tryptophan, or indirectly, by affecting the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, metabolism, and the immune system. Despite promising preliminary evidence, the mechanisms and outcomes of the KP modulation with psychedelics in SMI and systemic comorbidities remain largely unknown and require further investigation. Several concerns are discussed surrounding the potential side effects of this approach in specific cohorts of individuals with SMI and systemic comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Inserra
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, PD, Italy.; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Jia S, Chen Y, Liao X, Jie R, Jiang L, Wang T, Wen H, Gan W, Cui H. Taking advantage of the interaction between the sulfoxide and heme cofactor to develop indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107426. [PMID: 38733750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Taking advantage of key interactions between sulfoxide and heme cofactor, we used the sulfoxide as the anchor functional group to develop two series of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors: 2-benzylsulfinylbenzoxazoles (series 1) and 2-phenylsulfinylbenzoxazoles (series 2). In vitro enzymatic screening shows that both series can inhibit the activity of IDO1 in low micromolar (series 1) or nanomolar (series 2) levels. They also show inhibitory selectivity between IDO1 and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase 2. Interestingly, although series 1 is less potent IDO1 inhibitors of these two series, it exhibited stronger inhibitory activity toward kynurenine production in interferon-γ stimulated BxPC-3 cells. Enzyme kinetics and binding studies demonstrated that 2-sulfinylbenzoxazoles are non-competitive inhibitors of tryptophan, and they interact with the ferrous form of heme. These results demonstrated 2-sulfinylbenzoxazoles as type II IDO1 inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular docking studies supports the sulfoxide being of the key functional group that interacts with the heme cofactor. Compound 22 (series 1) can inhibit NO production in a concentration dependent manner in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and can relieve pulmonary edema and lung injury in LPS induced mouse acute lung injury models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shumi Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yangzhonghui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiufeng Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ru Jie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Wenqiang Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Huaqing Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng S, Zhang E, Zhao Y, Guo H, Luo L, Yi S, Zheng B, Mu X, Yuan K, Deng X, Rong H, Ma Y, Bian W, Shen H. Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) induce behavioral disorders via the disturbance of kynurenine pathway in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 279:109865. [PMID: 38403007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) expands the use of graphene derivatives in nanomedicine for its direct therapeutic applications in treating neurodegeneration, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and among others. Nevertheless, the biosafety assessment of GQDs remains deficient mostly because of the diverse surface characteristics of the nanoparticles. Our prior work demonstrated that GQDs can induce strong thigmotactic effects in zebrafish larvae over a wide range of concentrations, yet the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a further exploration about graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) for its potential neurotoxic effect on the behaviors of zebrafish larvae by combining neurotransmitter-targeted metabolomics with locomotion analysis. After continuous exposure to a concentration gradient of GOQDs (12.5 - 25 - 50 - 100 - 200 μg/mL) for 7 days, the thigmotactic activities of zebrafish larvae were observed across all exposure concentrations relative to the control group, while the basal locomotor activities, including distance moved and average velocity, were significantly changed by low concentrations of GOQDs. Targeted metabolomics was performed using zebrafish larvae at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) that were exposed to 12.5 and 200 μg/mL, both of which were found to perturb the kynurenine pathway by regulating the levels of kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), and quinolinic acid (QA). Furthermore, the thigmotaxis of larval fish induced by GOQDs during exposure could be counteracted by supplementing Ro-61-8048, an agonist acting on kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). In conclusion, our study establishes the involvement of the kynurenine pathway in GOQDs-induced thigmotaxis, which is independent of the transcriptional modulation of glutamate receptor families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Enming Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunyang Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Song Yi
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bingxin Zheng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Mu
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kezhu Yuan
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuangen Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibo Rong
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wanping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hai Shen
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi Y, Luo S, Zhai J, Chen Y. A novel causative role of imbalanced kynurenine pathway in ulcerative colitis: Upregulation of KMO and KYNU promotes intestinal inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166929. [PMID: 37918679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the principal metabolic route for the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). Recent advances have highlighted a pivotal role for several KP metabolites in inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the alterations of KP enzymes and their functional impact in UC remain poorly defined. Here, we focused on kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU), which serve as critical branching enzymes in the KP. We observed that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice exhibited disturbed TRP metabolism along with KMO and KYNU upregulated. In patients with active UC, both the expression of KMO and KYNU were positively correlated with inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Pharmacological blockade of KMO or genetic silencing of KYNU suppressed IL-1β-triggered proinflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, blockage of KMO by selective inhibitor Ro 61-8048 alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in mice, accompanied by an expanded NAD+ pool and redox balance restoration. The protective role of Ro 61-8048 may be partly due to its effect on KP regulation, particularly in enhancing kynurenic acid production. In summary, our study provides new evidence for the proinflammatory property of KMO and KYNU in intestinal inflammation, hinting at a promising therapeutic approach in UC through targeting these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangjian Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Zhai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Villani S, Fallarini S, Rezzi SJ, Di Martino RMC, Aprile S, Del Grosso E. Selective inhibition of indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases: Comparative study on kynurenine pathway in cell lines via LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115750. [PMID: 37804639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the kynurenine pathway, which is the primary metabolic route for tryptophan (TRP) catabolism, has sparked great interest in the pharmaceutical sciences due to its role in immune regulation and cancer immunoediting. In this context, the development of cell-based assays might represent a tool to: i) characterize the cell secretome according to cell types; ii) gain more insight into the role of kynurenines in different disease scenarios; iii) screen hIDO1 (human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitors and evaluate their effect on downstream TRP-catabolizing enzymes. This paper reports a validated Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to simultaneously quantify TRP, L-kynurenine (KYN), xanthurenic acid (XA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKYN), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3OHAA), anthranilic acid (AA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5HT) and tryptamine (TRYP) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle and Eagle's Minimum Essential Media (DMEM and EMEM, respectively). The quantitative method was validated according to FDA, ICH and EMA guidelines, later applied: i) to assess the impact of selective inhibition of hIDO1 or hTDO (human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase) on the kynurenine pathway in A375 (melanoma), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer), and U87 (glioblastoma) cell lines using multivariate analysis (MVA); ii) to determine the IC50 values of both well-known (i.e., epacadostat, linrodostat) and the novel hIDO1 inhibitor (i.e., BL5) in the aforementioned cell lines. The proposed LC-MS/MS method is reliable and robust. Furthermore, it is highly versatile and suitable for applications in the preclinical drug research and in vitro assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Villani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Jane Rezzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karmakar V, Gorain B. Potential molecular pathways of angiotensin receptor blockers in the brain toward cognitive improvement in dementia. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103850. [PMID: 38052318 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise of cognitive impairment and memory decline and limited effective solutions present a worldwide concern for dementia patients. The multivariant role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain offers strong evidence of a role for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of memory impairment by modifying glutamate excitotoxicity, downregulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, inhibiting kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT)-II, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family and pyrin-domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, boosting cholinergic activity, activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, countering cyclooxygenase (COX) and mitigating the hypoxic condition. The present work focuses on the intricate molecular mechanisms involved in brain-RAS, highlighting the role of ARBs, connecting links between evidence-based unexplored pathways and investigating probable biomarkers involved in dementia through supported preclinical and clinical literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varnita Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stone TW, Williams RO. Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: Sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38102897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system were regarded as independent entities, it is now clear that immune system cells can influence the CNS, and neuroglial activity influences the immune system. Despite the many clinical implications for this 'neuroimmune interface', its detailed operation at the molecular level remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, since its products have critical actions in both the nervous and immune systems, placing it in a unique position to influence neuroimmune communication. In particular, since the kynurenine pathway is activated by pro-inflammatory mediators, it is proposed that physical and psychological stressors are the stimuli of an organismal protective reflex, with kynurenine metabolites as the effector arm co-ordinating protective neural and immune system responses. After a brief review of the neuroimmune interface, the general perception of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is expanded to emphasize this environmentally driven perspective. The initial enzymes in the kynurenine pathway include indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which is induced by tissue damage, inflammatory mediators or microbial products, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is induced by stress-induced glucocorticoids. In the immune system, kynurenic acid modulates leucocyte differentiation, inflammatory balance and immune tolerance by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and modulates pain via the GPR35 protein. In the CNS, quinolinic acid activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors, whereas kynurenic acid is an antagonist: the balance between glutamate, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid is a significant regulator of CNS function and plasticity. The concept of kynurenine and its metabolites as mediators of a reflex coordinated protection against stress helps to understand the variety and breadth of their activity. It should also help to understand the pathological origin of some psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system and CNS, facilitating the development of new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh R, Kumar R, Roy A, Behera PM, Atri AK, Kumar K, Manna D, Dixit A, Patil MT, Mankamna Kumari R, Nimesh S, Salunke DB. Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole based indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor: Structure based design, synthesis, bio-evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129532. [PMID: 37866714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunomodulatory enzyme known to catalyse the initial and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway of l-tryptophan metabolism. IDO1 enzyme over expression plays a crucial role in progression of cancer, malaria, multiple sclerosis and other life-threatening diseases. Several efforts over the last two decades have been invested by the researchers for the discovery of different IDO1 inhibitors and the plasticity of the IDO1 enzyme ligand binding pocket provide ample opportunities to develop new heterocyclic scaffolds targeting this enzyme. In the present work, based on the X-ray crystal structure of human IDO1 coordinated with few ligands, we designed and synthesized new fused heterocyclic compounds and evaluated their potential human IDO1 inhibitory activity (compound 30 and 41 showed IC50 values of 23 and 13 µM, respectively). The identified HITs were observed to be non-toxic to HEK293 cells at 100 µM concentration. The observed activity of the synthesized compounds was correlated with the specific interactions of their structures at the enzyme pocket using docking studies. A detailed analysis of docking results of the synthesized analogues as well as selected known IDO1 inhibitors revealed that most of the inhibitors have some reasonable docking scores in at least two crystal structures and have similar orientation as that of co-crystal ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Pabitra Mohan Behera
- Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Ankit K Atri
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kushvinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anshuman Dixit
- Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Madhuri T Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | - R Mankamna Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305 801, India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305 801, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang LT, Liu KY, Wang SN, Lin MH, Liao YM, Lin PC, Huang SK, Hsu SH, Chiou SS. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-kynurenine axis promotes oncogenic activity in BCP-ALL. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1471-1487. [PMID: 35687267 PMCID: PMC10425300 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), the most common childhood cancer, originates from lymphoid precursor cells in bone marrow committed to the B-cell lineage. Environmental factors and genetic abnormalities disturb the normal maturation of these precursor cells, promoting the formation of leukemia cells and suppressing normal hematopoiesis. The underlying mechanisms of progression are unclear, but BCP-ALL incidence seems to be increasing in parallel with the adoption of modern lifestyles. This study hypothesized that air pollution and haze are risk factors for BCP-ALL progression. The current study revealed that indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP), a major component of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, promotes oncogenic activities (proliferation, transformation, and disease relapse) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IP treatment activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDOs) axis, thereby enhancing tryptophan metabolism and kynurenine (KYN) level and consequent promoting the KYN-AHR feedback loop. IP treatment decreased the time to disease relapse and increased the BCP-ALL cell count in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Additionally, in 50 clinical BCP-ALL samples, AHR and IDO were co-expressed in a disease-specific manner at mRNA and protein levels, while their mRNA levels showed a significant correlation with disease-free survival duration. These results indicated that PAH/IP exposure promotes BCP-ALL disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwei-Yan Liu
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen-Nien Wang
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hoang VH, Trang NTK, Minh TC, Long LTB, Lan TH, Hue NT, Tien LQ, Nguyen TX, Nguyen YTK, Yoo H, Tran PT. Design, synthesis and evaluation the bioactivities of novel 1,3-dimethyl-6-amino-1H-indazole derivatives as anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117377. [PMID: 37352576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme mainly responsible for the metabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine. To date, the IDO1 inhibitors have been developed intensively for the re-activation of the anticancer immune response. In this report, we designed, and synthesized novel 1,3-dimethyl-6-amino indazole derivatives as IDO1 inhibitors based on the structure of IDO1 active site. We further examined their anticancer activity on hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu), squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (YD-15), breast cancer cells (MCF7), and human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSC). Of them, compound N-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-indazol-6-amine (7) remarkably suppressed IDO1 expression in a concentration - dependent manner. In addition, 7 was the most potential anticancer compound with inducing apoptosis activity as well as selectively activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways on FaDu cells. Finally, compound 7 suppressed cell mobility in wound healing assay with the reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9. Taken together, we believe that 7 is the most promising compound, which may be applied to treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hai Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Hadong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kieu Trang
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City 06000, Viet Nam
| | - Truong Cao Minh
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thien Bao Long
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Hoang Lan
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hue
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Quoc Tien
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Viet-Duc University Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yen Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.
| | - Phuong-Thao Tran
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pivac N, Vuic B, Sagud M, Nedic Erjavec G, Nikolac Perkovic M, Konjevod M, Tudor L, Svob Strac D, Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Uzun S, Mimica N. PTSD, Immune System, and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:225-262. [PMID: 36949313 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe trauma and stress-related disorder associated with different somatic comorbidities, especially cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and with chronic low-grade inflammation. Altered balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, cytokines and chemokines, C-reactive protein, oxidative stress markers, kynurenine pathways, and gut microbiota might be involved in the alterations of certain brain regions regulating fear conditioning and memory processes, that are all altered in PTSD. In addition to the HPA axis, the gut microbiota maintains the balance and interaction of the immune, CNS, and endocrine pathways forming the gut-brain axis. Disbalance in the HPA axis, gut-brain axis, oxidative stress pathways and kynurenine pathways, altered immune signaling and disrupted homeostasis, as well as the association of the PTSD with the inflammation and disrupted cognition support the search for novel strategies for treatment of PTSD. Besides potential anti-inflammatory treatment, dietary interventions or the use of beneficial bacteria, such as probiotics, can potentially improve the composition and the function of the bacterial community in the gut. Therefore, bacterial supplements and controlled dietary changes, with exercise, might have beneficial effects on the psychological and cognitive functions in patients with PTSD. These new treatments should be aimed to attenuate inflammatory processes and consequently to reduce PTSD symptoms but also to improve cognition and reduce cardio-metabolic disorders associated so frequently with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Barbara Vuic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Uzun
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sandra Uzun
- Department for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, and Intensive Care, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ninoslav Mimica
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan Y, Liu M, Li M, Chen Y, Ren M. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitory compounds from natural sources. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1046818. [PMID: 36408235 PMCID: PMC9672321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1046818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan metabolism is involved in the regulation of many important physiological processes, such as, immune response, inflammation, and neuronal function. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the first rate-limiting step of tryptophan conversion to kynurenine. Thus, inhibiting IDO1 may have therapeutic benefits for various diseases, such as, cancer, autoimmune disease, and depression. In the search for potent IDO1 inhibitors, natural quinones were the first reported IDO1 inhibitors with potent inhibitory activity. Subsequently, natural compounds with diverse structures have been found to have anti-IDO1 inhibitory activity. In this review, we provide a summary of these natural IDO1 inhibitors, which are classified as quinones, polyphenols, alkaloids and others. The overview of in vitro IDO1 inhibitory activity of natural compounds will help medicinal chemists to understand the mode of action and medical benefits of them. The scaffolds of these natural compounds can also be used for further optimization of potent IDO1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Experiment Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Office of Academic Affairs, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Ren
- United Front Work Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Ren,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou J, Yu LZ, Fan YL, Guo CH, Lv XM, Zhou ZY, Huang HD, Miao DD, Zhang SP, Li XY, Zhao PP, Liu XP, Hu WH, Zhang C. Discovery of novel hydroxyamidine based indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) dual inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Blazeck J, Karamitros CS, Ford K, Somody C, Qerqez A, Murray K, Burkholder NT, Marshall N, Sivakumar A, Lu WC, Tan B, Lamb C, Tanno Y, Siddiqui MY, Ashoura N, Coma S, Zhang XM, McGovern K, Kumada Y, Zhang YJ, Manfredi M, Johnson KA, D’Arcy S, Stone E, Georgiou G. Bypassing evolutionary dead ends and switching the rate-limiting step of a human immunotherapeutic enzyme. Nat Catal 2022; 5:952-967. [PMID: 36465553 PMCID: PMC9717613 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Trp metabolite kynurenine (KYN) accumulates in numerous solid tumours and mediates potent immunosuppression. Bacterial kynureninases (KYNases), which preferentially degrade kynurenine, can relieve immunosuppression in multiple cancer models, but immunogenicity concerns preclude their clinical use, while the human enzyme (HsKYNase) has very low activity for kynurenine and shows no therapeutic effect. Using fitness selections, we evolved a HsKYNase variant with 27-fold higher activity, beyond which exploration of >30 evolutionary trajectories involving the interrogation of >109 variants led to no further improvements. Introduction of two amino acid substitutions conserved in bacterial KYNases reduced enzyme fitness but potentiated rapid evolution of variants with ~500-fold improved activity and reversed substrate specificity, resulting in an enzyme capable of mediating strong anti-tumour effects in mice. Pre-steady-state kinetics revealed a switch in rate-determining step attributable to changes in both enzyme structure and conformational dynamics. Apart from its clinical significance, our work highlights how rationally designed substitutions can potentiate trajectories that overcome barriers in protein evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Blazeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Christos S. Karamitros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kyle Ford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Catrina Somody
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ahlam Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kyle Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Nathaniel T. Burkholder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Marshall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anirudh Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Bing Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Candice Lamb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Menna Y. Siddiqui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Norah Ashoura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Silvia Coma
- Ikena Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Yoichi Kumada
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yan Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sheena D’Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Everett Stone
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Puopolo T, Chang T, Liu C, Li H, Liu X, Wu X, Ma H, Seeram NP. Gram-Scale Preparation of Cannflavin A from Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) and Its Inhibitory Effect on Tryptophan Catabolism Enzyme Kynurenine-3-Monooxygenase. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101416. [PMID: 36290320 PMCID: PMC9598531 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), an enzyme in the neurotoxic kynurenine pathway (KP), are potential therapeutics for KP metabolites-mediated neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although phytochemicals from Cannabis (C. sativa L.) have been reported to show modulating effects on enzymes involved in the KP metabolism, the inhibitory effects of C. sativa compounds, including phytocannabinoids and non-phytocannabinoids (i.e., cannflavin A; CFA), on KMO remain unknown. Herein, CFA (purified from hemp aerial material at a gram-scale) and a series of phytocannabinoids were evaluated for their anti-KMO activity. CFA showed the most active inhibitory effect on KMO, which was comparable to the positive control Ro 61-8048 (IC50 = 29.4 vs. 5.1 μM, respectively). Furthermore, a molecular docking study depicted the molecular interactions between CFA and the KMO protein and a biophysical binding assay with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique revealed that CFA bound to the protein with a binding affinity of 4.1×10−5 M. A competitive SPR binding analysis suggested that CFA and Ro 61-8048 bind to the KMO protein in a competitive manner. Our findings show that C. sativa derived phytochemicals, including CFA, are potential KMO inhibitors, which provides insight into the development of therapeutics targeting the KP and its related pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Puopolo
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tanran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Xiang K, Li H, Sun D, Chen L. Kynurenine‐3‐monooxygenase (KMO): From its biological functions to therapeutic effect in diseases progression. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4339-4355. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- College of Pharmacy Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huo C, Luo Z, Ning X, Kang X, Yan Q, Guo Y, Li G, Wang Z, Li Y, Qian S. 4,6-Disubstituted-1H-Indazole-4-Amine derivatives with immune-chemotherapy effect and in vivo antitumor activity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
20
|
Adipocyte-derived kynurenine promotes obesity and insulin resistance by activating the AhR/STAT3/IL-6 signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3489. [PMID: 35715443 PMCID: PMC9205899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant amino acid metabolism is a common event in obesity. Particularly, subjects with obesity are characterized by the excessive plasma kynurenine (Kyn). However, the primary source of Kyn and its impact on metabolic syndrome are yet to be fully addressed. Herein, we show that the overexpressed indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in adipocytes predominantly contributes to the excessive Kyn, indicating a central role of adipocytes in Kyn metabolism. Depletion of Ido1 in adipocytes abrogates Kyn accumulation, protecting mice against obesity. Mechanistically, Kyn impairs lipid homeostasis in adipocytes via activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 /interleukin-6 signaling. Genetic ablation of AhR in adipocytes abolishes the effect of Kyn. Moreover, supplementation of vitamin B6 ameliorated Kyn accumulation, protecting mice from obesity. Collectively, our data support that adipocytes are the primary source of increased circulating Kyn, while elimination of accumulated Kyn could be a viable strategy against obesity. Kynurenine, a tryptophan metabolite, is increased in the circulating plasma of obese individuals, but the source has been unclear. Here, the authors show in mice that mature adipocytes produce kynurenine, with vitamin B6 administration preventing accumulation and protecting against high-fat diet.
Collapse
|
21
|
Discovery and biological evaluation of tanshinone derivatives as potent dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
22
|
Lischka J, Schanzer A, Baumgartner M, de Gier C, Greber-Platzer S, Zeyda M. Tryptophan Metabolism Is Associated with BMI and Adipose Tissue Mass and Linked to Metabolic Disease in Pediatric Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020286. [PMID: 35057467 PMCID: PMC8781866 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has contributed to an escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases in children. Overnutrition leads to increased tryptophan uptake and availability. An association between the induction of the tryptophan catabolic pathway via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and obesity-related inflammation has been observed. This study aimed to investigate the impact of pediatric obesity on tryptophan metabolism and the potential relationship with metabolic disease. In this prospective cohort study, plasma kynurenine, tryptophan, and serotonin levels were measured by ELISA, and IDO activity was estimated by calculating the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in a clinically characterized population with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 97th percentile) aged 9 to 19 (n = 125). IDO activity and its product kynurenine correlated with BMI z-score and body fat mass, whereas concentrations of serotonin, the alternative tryptophan metabolite, negatively correlated with these measures of adiposity. Kynurenine and tryptophan, but not serotonin levels, were associated with disturbed glucose metabolism. Tryptophan concentrations negatively correlated with adiponectin and were significantly higher in prediabetes and metabolically unhealthy obesity. In conclusion, BMI and body fat mass were associated with increased tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway and decreased serotonin production in children and adolescents with severe obesity. The resulting elevated kynurenine levels may contribute to metabolic disease in obesity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheng P, Shen P, Shan Y, Yang Y, Deng R, Chen W, Lu Y, Wei Z. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Modulation of Cancer Progression and Therapy Efficacy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626045. [PMID: 34568308 PMCID: PMC8455814 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in the development of various tumors has been a rising topic of public interest, and in recent years, many studies have reported a close relationship between microbial groups and tumor development. Gut microbiota play a role in host metabolism, and the positive and negative alterations of these microbiota have an effect on tumor treatment. The microbiota directly promote, eliminate, and coordinate the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and the toxicity of adjuvant drugs, and enhance the ability of patients to respond to tumors in adjuvant immunotherapy. In this review, we outline the significance of gut microbiota in tumor development, reveal its impacts on chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and discover various potential mechanisms whereby they influence tumor treatment. This review demonstrates the importance of intestinal microbiota-related research for clinical tumor treatment and provides additional strategy for clinical assistance in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiliang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cooney SJ, Klawitter J, Khailova L, Robison J, Jaggers J, Ing RJ, Lawson S, Frank BS, Lujan SO, Davidson JA. Regional lung metabolic profile in a piglet model of cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest. Metabolomics 2021; 17:89. [PMID: 34553313 PMCID: PMC8457331 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute lung injury is common following cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for congenital heart surgery with the most severe injury in the dorsocaudal lung. Metabolomics offers promise in deducing mechanisms of disease states, providing risk stratification, and understanding therapeutic responses in regards to CPB/DHCA related organ injury. OBJECTIVES Using an infant porcine model, we sought to determine the individual and additive effects of CPB/DHCA and lung region on the metabolic fingerprint, metabolic pathways, and individual metabolites in lung tissue. METHODS Twenty-seven infant piglets were divided into two groups: mechanical ventilation + CPB/DHCA (n = 20) and mechanical ventilation only (n = 7). Lung tissue was obtained from dorsocaudal and ventral regions. Targeted analysis of 235 metabolites was performed using HPLC/MS-MS. Data was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), ANOVA, and pathway analysis. RESULTS Profound metabolic differences were found in dorsocaudal compared to ventral lung zones by PCA and PLS-DA (R2 = 0.7; Q2 = 0.59; p < 0.0005). While overshadowed by the regional differences, some differences by exposure to CPB/DHCA were seen as well. Seventy-four metabolites differed among groups and pathway analysis revealed 20 differential metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate significant metabolic disturbances between dorsocaudal and ventral lung regions during supine mechanical ventilation with or without CPB/DHCA. CPB/DHCA also leads to metabolic differences and may have additive effects to the regional disturbances. Most pathways driving this pathology are involved in energy metabolism and the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and reduction-oxidation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ludmilla Khailova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justin Robison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Ing
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Scott Lawson
- Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin S Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suzanne Osorio Lujan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jesse A Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Box 100, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mammoli A, Riccio A, Bianconi E, Coletti A, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. One Key and Multiple Locks: Substrate Binding in Structures of Tryptophan Dioxygenases and Hydroxylases. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2732-2743. [PMID: 34137184 PMCID: PMC8518741 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery at the beginning of the past century, the essential nutrient l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) and its catabolic pathways have acquired an increasing interest in an ever wider scientific community for their pivotal roles in underlying many important physiological functions and associated pathological conditions. As a consequence, enzymes catalyzing rate limiting steps along l-Trp catabolic pathways - including IDO1, TDO, TPH1 and TPH2 - have turned to be interesting drug targets for the design and development of novel therapeutic agents for different disorders such as carcinoid syndrome, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This article provides a fresh comparative overview on the most recent advancements that crystallographic studies, biophysical and computational works have brought on structural aspects and molecular recognition patterns of these enzymes toward l-Trp. Finally, a conformational analysis of l-Trp is also discussed as part of the molecular recognition process governing the binding of a substrate to its cognate enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaP. le Gambuli06132PerugiaItaly
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Büki A, Kekesi G, Horvath G, Vécsei L. A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10016. [PMID: 34576179 PMCID: PMC8467675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might contribute to poor medication compliance, worsened quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, it has a great importance to find a potential therapeutic solution to improve the autonomic disturbances. The altered level of kynurenines (e.g., kynurenic acid), as tryptophan metabolites, is almost the most consistently found biochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid influences different types of receptors, most of them involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Only few data suggest that kynurenines might have effects on multiple autonomic functions. Publications so far have discussed the implication of kynurenines and the alteration of the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia independently from each other. Thus, the coupling between them has not yet been addressed in schizophrenia, although their direct common points, potential interfaces indicate the consideration of their interaction. The present review gathers autonomic disturbances, the impaired kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and the effects of kynurenine pathway on autonomic functions. In the last part of the review, the potential interaction between the two systems in schizophrenia, and the possible therapeutic options are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gabriella Kekesi
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gyongyi Horvath
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bai MY, Lovejoy DB, Guillemin GJ, Kozak R, Stone TW, Koola MM. Galantamine-Memantine Combination and Kynurenine Pathway Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 7:19-33. [PMID: 35141700 PMCID: PMC8443947 DOI: 10.1159/000515066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major route for L-tryptophan (L-TRP) metabolism, yielding a variety of bioactive compounds including kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QUIN), and picolinic acid (PIC). These tryptophan catabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly when the KP becomes dysregulated. Accordingly, the enzymes that regulate the KP such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) represent potential drug targets as enzymatic inhibition can favorably rebalance KP metabolite concentrations. In addition, the galantamine-memantine combination, through its modulatory effects at the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, may counteract the effects of KYNA. The aim of this review is to highlight the effectiveness of IDO-1, KAT II, and KMO inhibitors, as well as the galantamine-memantine combination in the modulation of different KP metabolites. KAT II inhibitors are capable of decreasing the KYNA levels in the rat brain by a maximum of 80%. KMO inhibitors effectively reduce the central nervous system (CNS) levels of 3-HK, while markedly boosting the brain concentration of KYNA. Emerging data suggest that the galantamine-memantine combination also lowers L-TRP, kynurenine, KYNA, and PIC levels in humans. Presently, there are only 2 pathophysiological mechanisms (cholinergic and glutamatergic) that are FDA approved for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction for which purpose the galantamine-memantine combination has been designed for clinical use against Alzheimer's disease. The alpha7 nicotinic-NMDA hypothesis targeted by the galantamine-memantine combination has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various CNS diseases. Similarly, KYNA is well capable of modulating the neuropathophysiology of these disorders. This is known as the KYNA-centric hypothesis, which may be implicated in the management of certain neuropsychiatric conditions. In line with this hypothesis, KYNA may be considered as the "conductor of the orchestra" for the major pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CNS disorders. Therefore, there is great opportunity to further explore and compare the biological effects of these therapeutic modalities in animal models with a special focus on their effects on KP metabolites in the CNS and with the ultimate goal of progressing to clinical trials for many neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Bai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David B. Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rouba Kozak
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trevor W. Stone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Javelle F, Bloch W, Knoop A, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. Toward a neuroprotective shift: Eight weeks of high intensity interval training reduces the neurotoxic kynurenine activity concurrently to impulsivity in emotionally impulsive humans - A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:7-17. [PMID: 33932526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that impulsivity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is known to trigger the kynurenine pathway to a pathological level in various impulsivity-related disorders. Nonetheless, murine models and recent human studies have shown that physical exercise, in particular High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), could counterbalance the negative effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway. AIM This study evaluates the effects of eight weeks of HIIT versus an active control group on impulsivity levels and accompanying alterations of inflammatory-mediated changes of the kynurenine pathway in a sample of emotionally impulsive humans. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to either HIIT or stretching conditions (three trainings per week for eight weeks). Fitness level was evaluated via VO2peak values at the beginning at end of the intervention. Kynurenine metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and impulsivity levels were evaluated at T0, T4, and T8 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included in the modified Intention To Treat analysis (45 finished the intervention). The HIIT group (n = 28) largely increased the aerobic fitness of its participants and produced physiological changes while the stretching group (n = 25) did not. HIIT reduced interleukin 6 levels (small to moderate interaction) and reduced the activity of the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway (small to moderate interaction for KYNA/QA and KYN/QA) after eight weeks of training while the active control did not change. Both interventions were effective to decrease emotion-related impulsivity, however only the HIIT group decreased participants' emotion-unrelated levels. Changes in emotion-related and -unrelated impulsivity were moderately correlated to changes in KYNA/KYN. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that HIIT was able to switch the kynurenine pathway from its neurotoxic branch to its neuroprotective one. This shift was associated with a decrease in impulsivity. Based on these findings, future work may consider investigating more intensively the effect of HIIT on impulsivity-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Knoop
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071603. [PMID: 34206739 PMCID: PMC8306609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are chronic and life-threatening conditions negatively affecting the quality of patients’ lives. They often have a genetic background, but oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage seem to be at least partly responsible for their development. Recent reports indicate that the activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP), caused by an activation of proinflammatory factors accompanying neurodegenerative processes, leads to the accumulation of its neuroactive and pro-oxidative metabolites. This leads to an increase in the oxidative stress level, which increases mitochondrial damage, and disrupts the cellular energy metabolism. This significantly reduces viability and impairs the proper functioning of central nervous system cells and may aggravate symptoms of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. This suggests that the modulation of KP activity could be effective in alleviating these symptoms. Numerous reports indicate that tryptophan supplementation, inhibition of KP enzymes, and administration or analogs of KP metabolites show promising results in the management of neurodegenerative disorders in animal models. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge concerning the role of metabolites and enzymes of the KP in the development of oxidative damage within brain cells during neurodegenerative disorders and potential strategies that could reduce the severity of this process.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jones GH, Vecera CM, Pinjari OF, Machado-Vieira R. Inflammatory signaling mechanisms in bipolar disorder. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:45. [PMID: 34112182 PMCID: PMC8194019 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a decidedly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, with a high individual and societal burden. While not all patients display overt markers of elevated inflammation, significant evidence suggests that aberrant immune signaling contributes to all stages of the disease, and likely explains the elevated rates of comorbid inflammatory illnesses seen in this population. While individual systems have been intensely studied and targeted, a relative paucity of attention has been given to the interconnecting role of inflammatory signals therein. This review presents an updated overview of some of the most prominent pathophysiologic mechanisms in bipolar disorder, from mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticular, and calcium homeostasis, to purinergic, kynurenic, and hormonal/neurotransmitter signaling, showing inflammation to act as a powerful nexus between these systems. Several areas with a high degree of mechanistic convergence within this paradigm are highlighted to present promising future targets for therapeutic development and screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Courtney M Vecera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Omar F Pinjari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng Y, Stafford PM, Stover KR, Mohan DC, Gupta M, Keske EC, Schiavini P, Villar L, Wu F, Kreft A, Thomas K, Raaphorst E, Pasangulapati JP, Alla SR, Sharma S, Mittapalli RR, Sagamanova I, Johnson SL, Reed MA, Weaver DF. A Series of 2-((1-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-indoles as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2195-2205. [PMID: 33759400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a promising therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy and neurological disease. Thus, searching for highly active inhibitors for use in human cancers is now a focus of widespread research and development efforts. In this study, we report the structure-based design of 2-(5-imidazolyl)indole derivatives, a series of novel IDO1 inhibitors which have been designed and synthesized based on our previous study using N1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles. Among these, we have identified one with a strong IDO1 inhibitory activity (IC50 =0.16 μM, EC50 =0.3 μM). Structural-activity relationship (SAR) and computational docking simulations suggest that a hydroxyl group favorably interacts with a proximal Ser167 residue in Pocket A, improving IDO1 inhibitory potency. The brain penetrance of potent compounds was estimated by calculation of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Score and Brain Exposure Efficiency (BEE) Score. Many compounds had favorable scores and the two most promising compounds were advanced to a pharmacokinetic study which demonstrated that both compounds were brain penetrant. We have thus discovered a flexible scaffold for brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors, exemplified by several potent, brain penetrant, agents. With this promising scaffold, we provide herein a basis for further development of brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paul M Stafford
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Darapaneni Chandra Mohan
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Eric C Keske
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Laura Villar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Alexander Kreft
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kiersten Thomas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Elana Raaphorst
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jagadeesh P Pasangulapati
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Siva R Alla
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Simmi Sharma
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ramana R Mittapalli
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Irina Sagamanova
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Shea L Johnson
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Functional metabolomics reveal the role of AHR/GPR35 mediated kynurenic acid gradient sensing in chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:763-780. [PMID: 33777681 PMCID: PMC7982426 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapeutics has become an important reason for the interruption of therapy and withdrawal of approved agents. In this study, we demonstrated that chemotherapeutics-induced intestinal damage were commonly characterized by the sharp upregulation of tryptophan (Trp)−kynurenine (KYN)−kynurenic acid (KA) axis metabolism. Mechanistically, chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage triggered the formation of an interleukin-6 (IL-6)−indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)−aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) positive feedback loop, which accelerated kynurenine pathway metabolism in gut. Besides, AHR and G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) negative feedback regulates intestinal damage and inflammation to maintain intestinal integrity and homeostasis through gradually sensing kynurenic acid level in gut and macrophage, respectively. Moreover, based on virtual screening and biological verification, vardenafil and linagliptin as GPR35 and AHR agonists respectively were discovered from 2388 approved drugs. Importantly, the results that vardenafil and linagliptin significantly alleviated chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in vivo suggests that chemotherapeutics combined with the two could be a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer patients in clinic. This work highlights GPR35 and AHR as the guardian of kynurenine pathway metabolism and core component of defense responses against intestinal damage.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1-MT, 1-methyl-tryptophan
- AG, AG490
- AHR
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ARNT, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CH, CH223191
- CPT-11, irinotecan
- CYP1A1, cytochrome P450 1A1
- DAI, disease activity index
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- DRE, dioxin response elements
- DSS, dextran sulphate sodium
- Dens-Cl, N-diethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- Dns-Cl, N-dimethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK1/2, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GE, gastric emptying
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GI, gastrointestinal transit
- GPR35
- GPR35, G protein-coupled receptor 35
- Gradually sensing
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- HRP, horseradish peroxi-dase
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IS, internal standard
- Intestinal toxicity
- JAK2, janus kinase 2
- KA, kynurenic acid
- KAT, kynurenine aminotransferase
- KYN, kynurenine
- Kynurenine pathway
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Linag, linagliptin
- MOE, molecular operating environment
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- MRM, multiple-reaction monitoring
- MTT, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PDB, protein data bank
- PDE5, phosphodiesterase type-5
- PF, PF-04859989
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPKM, reads per kilobase per million mapped reads
- RPMI 1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Trp, tryptophan
- VCR, vincristine
- Vard, vardenafil
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim M, Tomek P. Tryptophan: A Rheostat of Cancer Immune Escape Mediated by Immunosuppressive Enzymes IDO1 and TDO. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636081. [PMID: 33708223 PMCID: PMC7940516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) holds enormous promise for sensitising cancer patients to immune checkpoint blockade. Yet, only IDO1 inhibitors had entered clinical trials so far, and those agents have generated disappointing clinical results. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the immune-regulatory function of the tryptophan catabolism is likely to optimise therapeutic strategies to block this pathway. The immunosuppressive role of tryptophan metabolite kynurenine is becoming increasingly clear, but it remains a mystery if tryptophan exerts functions beyond serving as a precursor for kynurenine. Here we hypothesise that tryptophan acts as a rheostat of kynurenine-mediated immunosuppression by competing with kynurenine for entry into immune T-cells through the amino acid transporter called System L. This hypothesis stems from the observations that elevated tryptophan levels in TDO-knockout mice relieve immunosuppression instigated by IDO1, and that the vacancy of System L transporter modulates kynurenine entry into CD4+ T-cells. This hypothesis has two potential therapeutic implications. Firstly, potent TDO inhibitors are expected to indirectly inhibit IDO1 hence development of TDO-selective inhibitors appears advantageous compared to IDO1-selective and dual IDO1/TDO inhibitors. Secondly, oral supplementation with System L substrates such as leucine represents a novel potential therapeutic modality to restrain the immunosuppressive kynurenine and restore anti-tumour immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cherney EC, Zhang L, Nara S, Zhu X, Gullo-Brown J, Maley D, Lin TA, Hunt JT, Huang C, Yang Z, Darienzo C, Discenza L, Ranasinghe A, Grubb M, Ziemba T, Traeger SC, Li X, Johnston K, Kopcho L, Fereshteh M, Foster K, Stefanski K, Fargnoli J, Swanson J, Brown J, Delpy D, Seitz SP, Borzilleri R, Vite G, Balog A. Discovery and Preclinical Evaluation of BMS-986242, a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:288-294. [PMID: 33603977 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing dioxygenase enzyme implicated in cancer immune response. This account details the discovery of BMS-986242, a novel IDO1 inhibitor designed for the treatment of a variety of cancers including metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Given the substantial interest around this target for cancer immunotherapy, we sought to identify a structurally differentiated clinical candidate that performs comparably to linrodostat (BMS-986205) in terms of both in vitro potency and in vivo pharmacodynamic effect in a mouse xenograft model. On the basis of its preclinical profile, BMS-986242 was selected as a candidate for clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Cherney
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Susheel Nara
- Biocon BMS R&D Center, Bommasandra Jigani Link Rd, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Johnni Gullo-Brown
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Derrick Maley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Tai-An Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - John T. Hunt
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Celia Darienzo
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lorell Discenza
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Asoka Ranasinghe
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mary Grubb
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Theresa Ziemba
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Sarah C. Traeger
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kathy Johnston
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mark Fereshteh
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Joseph Fargnoli
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Diane Delpy
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Steven P. Seitz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Full-length in meso structure and mechanism of rat kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition. Commun Biol 2021; 4:159. [PMID: 33542467 PMCID: PMC7862291 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural mechanisms of single-pass transmembrane enzymes remain elusive. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a mitochondrial protein involved in the eukaryotic tryptophan catabolic pathway and is linked to various diseases. Here, we report the mammalian full-length structure of KMO in its membrane-embedded form, complexed with compound 3 (identified internally) and compound 4 (identified via DNA-encoded chemical library screening) at 3.0 Å resolution. Despite predictions suggesting that KMO has two transmembrane domains, we show that KMO is actually a single-pass transmembrane protein, with the other transmembrane domain lying laterally along the membrane, where it forms part of the ligand-binding pocket. Further exploration of compound 3 led to identification of the brain-penetrant compound, 5. We show that KMO is dimeric, and that mutations at the dimeric interface abolish its activity. These results will provide insight for the drug discovery of additional blood-brain-barrier molecules, and help illuminate the complex biology behind single-pass transmembrane enzymes.
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh R, Salunke DB. Diverse chemical space of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113071. [PMID: 33341650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the first and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway accounting for the major contributor of L-Tryptophan degradation. The Kynurenine metabolites are identified as essential cofactors, antagonists, neurotoxins, immunomodulators, antioxidants as well as carcinogens. The catalytic active site of IDO1 enzyme consists of hydrophobic Pocket-A positioned in the distal heme site and remains connected to a second hydrophobic Pocket-B towards the entrance of the active site. IDO1 enzyme also relates directly to the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Various studies proved that the over expression of IDO1 enzyme play a predominant role in the escape of immunity during cancer progression. Recently, there has been considerable interest in evaluating the potential of IDO1 inhibitors to mobilize the body's immune system against solid tumours. In the last two decades, enormous attempts to advance new IDO1 inhibitors are on-going both in pharmaceutical industries and in academia which resulted in the discovery of a diverse range of selective and potent IDO1 inhibitors. The IDO1 inhibitors have therapeutic utility in various diseases and in the near future, it may have utility in the treatment of COVID-19. Despite various reviews on IDO1 inhibitors in last five years, none of the reviews provide a complete overview of diverse chemical space including naturally occurring and synthetic IDO1 inhibitors with detailed structure activity relationship studies. The present work provides a complete overview on the IDO1 inhibitors known in the literature so far along with the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in each class of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fan QZ, Zhou J, Zhu YB, He LJ, Miao DD, Zhang SP, Liu XP, Zhang C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) dual inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104401. [PMID: 33113415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the Trp-Kyn pathway is an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulators that are involved in the tumor cell growth and survival processes. The 4-phenylimidazole scaffold is well-established as useful for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition, while piperlongumine (PL) and its derivatives have been reported to be inhibitors of TrxR. To take advantage of both immunotherapy and TrxR inhibition, we designed a first-generation dual IDO1 and TrxR inhibitor (ZC0101) using the structural combination of 4-phenylimidazole and PL scaffolds. ZC0101 exhibited better dual inhibition against IDO1 and TrxR in vitro and in cell enzyme assays than the uncombined forms of 4-phenylimidazole and PL. It also showed antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines, and a selective killing effect between normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, ZC0101 effectively induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation in cancer cells. Knockdown of TrxR1 and IDO1 expression induced cellular enzyme inhibition and ROS accumulation effects during ZC0101 treatment, but only reduced TrxR1 expression was able to improve ZC0101's antiproliferation effect. This proof-of-concept study provides a novel strategy for cancer treatment. ZC0101 represents a promising lead compound for the development of novel antitumor agents that can also be used as a valuable probe to clarify the relationships and mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy and ROS modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhu Fan
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Yi-Bao Zhu
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Lian-Jun He
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Miao
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Sheng-Peng Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pan S, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Tian C, Wang T, Huang L, Nan J, Li L, Yang S. Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of 1-aryl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione derivatives as potent dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
39
|
Muneer A. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Considerations. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:507-526. [PMID: 33124585 PMCID: PMC7609208 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions 95% of the ingested essential amino acid tryptophan is metabolized by the kynurenine pathway (KP) to yield the ubiquitous co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, fulfilling cellular energy require-ments. Importantly, the intermediaries of KP exert crucial effects throughout the body, including the central nervous system. Besides, KP metabolites are implicated in diverse disease processes such as inflammation/immune disorders, endocrine/metabolic conditions, cancers and neuropsychiatric diseases. A burgeoning body of research indicates that the KP plays a pathogenic role in major psychiatric diseases like mood disorders and schizophrenia. Triggered by inflammatory processes, the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective branches of the KP is disturbed. In preclinical models these discrepancies result in behaviors reminiscent of depression and psychosis. In clinical samples, recent studies are discovering key kynurenine pathway abnormalities which incriminate it in the pathogenesis of the main psychiatric disorders. Harnessing this knowledge has the potential to find disease biomarkers helpful in identifying and prognosticating neuropsychiatric disorders. Concurrently, earnest research efforts directed towards manipulating the KP hold the promise of discovering novel pharmacological agents that have therapeutic value. In this manuscript, an in-depth appraisal of the extant literature is done to understand the working of KP as this applies to neuropsychiatric disorders. It is concluded that this pathway plays an overarching role in the development of major psychiatric disorders, the KP metabolites have the potential to serve as disease markers and new medications based on KP modulation can bring lasting cures for patients suffering from these intractable conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mao LF, Wang YW, Zhao J, Xu GQ, Yao XJ, Li YM. Discovery of Icotinib-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives as IDO1 Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579024. [PMID: 33101032 PMCID: PMC7555427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is considered to be a highlight in cancer treatment in recent years. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is closely related to the over expression of many cancers, and is therefore a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. To search for novel IDO1-targeting therapeutic agents, 22 icotinib-linked 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against IDO1. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed with1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR MS. IDO1 inhibitory activity assay results indicated that 10 of those compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activity against IDO1, among which compound a17 was the most potent with IC50value of 0.37 μM. The binding model between the prepared compounds and IDO1 was studied with molecular modeling study. The current study suggested that icotinib-1,2,3-triazole derivatives could be used as potential inhibitors that preferentially bind to the ferrous form of IDO1 through the formation of coordinate bond with the haem iron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gui-Qing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun B, Wang J, Liu L, Mao L, Peng L, Wang Y. Synthesis and activity of novel indirubin derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:565-571. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Shandong Normal University Jinan China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Jinan Asia Pharma Tech Company LTD. Jinan China
| | - Luohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Longfei Mao
- Jinan Asia Pharma Tech Company LTD. Jinan China
| | - Lizeng Peng
- Jinan Asia Pharma Tech Company LTD. Jinan China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Pharmacy Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an/Xianyang China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health Macau University of Science and Technology Macau China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: IDO inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1777625. [PMID: 32934882 PMCID: PMC7466863 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1777625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of the so-called “kynurenine pathway”, which converts the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) into the immunosuppressive metabolite L-kynurenine (Kyn). While expressed constitutively by some tissues, IDO1 can also be induced in specific subsets of antigen-presenting cells that ultimately favor the establishment of immune tolerance to tumor antigens. At least in part, the immunomodulatory functions of IDO1 can be explained by depletion of Trp and accumulation of Kyn and its derivatives. In animal tumor models, genetic or pharmacological IDO1 inhibition can cause the (re)activation of anticancer immune responses. Similarly, neoplasms expressing high levels of IDO1 may elude anticancer immunosurveillance. Therefore, IDO1 inhibitors represent promising therapeutic candidates for cancer therapy, and some of them have already entered clinical evaluation. Here, we summarize preclinical and clinical studies testing IDO1-targeting interventions for oncologic indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Naour
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine Kremlin Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris Saclay, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li Y, Zhang S, Wang R, Cui M, Liu W, Yang Q, Kuang C. Synthesis of novel tryptanthrin derivatives as dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
44
|
Xin Y, Gao X, Liu L, Ge WP, Jain MK, Cai H. Evaluation of L-1-[ 18F]Fluoroethyl-Tryptophan for PET Imaging of Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:1138-1146. [PMID: 30815792 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluorine-18 labeled tryptophan analog L-1-[18F]fluoroethyl-tryptophan (L-1-[18F]FETrp) was designed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancer by dual targeting of the overexpressed amino acid transporters and altered indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. In our previous study, we described the radiosynthesis and preliminary evaluation of L-1-[18F]FETrp for PET imaging of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo imaging mechanism and further evaluate this radiotracer in more wide range types of cancers including prostate cancer, lung cancer, and glioma. PROCEDURES The mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 prostate cancer, subcutaneous H2009 and H460 lung cancers, subcutaneous MDA-MB-231, orthotopic A549 lung cancer, and intracranial 73C glioma were employed to evaluate L-1-[18F]FETrp for PET imaging of cancer. The in vivo catabolism of L-1-[18F]FETrp in the tumor was studied by analysis of PC-3 extracts with radio-HPLC. RESULTS Small animal PET/CT imaging of L-1-[18F]FETrp visualized all tumors in these different mouse models with high accumulations of radioactivity in PC-3 (7.5 ± 0.6 % ID/g), H2009 (5.3 ± 0.8 % ID/g), H460 (9.0 ± 1.4 % ID/g), A549 (4.5 ± 0.5 % ID/g), and 73C (4.1 ± 0.7 % ID/g) tumors. The radio-HPLC analysis of PC-3 tumor extracts revealed that about 30 % of L-1-[18F]FETrp was converted into a highly polar radioactive metabolite. The uptake in H460 cancer was about 1.7-fold higher than that in H2009 cancer, which indicated L-1-[18F]FETrp could differentiate these subtypes of lung cancers (H2009 and H460) by imaging quantification. Furthermore, small animal PET/CT imaging in intracranial glioma revealed L-1-[18F]FETrp could pass blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate in glioma with a favorable imaging contrast (tumor-to-brain 2.9). CONCLUSIONS L-1-[18F]FETrp highly accumulated in a wide range of malignancies including lung cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma. These results suggested that L-1-[18F]FETrp is a promising radiotracer for PET imaging of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Xin
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Katzin Diagnostic & Research PET/MR Center, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Manoj K Jain
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hancheng Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Han Y, Zhu L, Wu W, Zhang H, Hu W, Dai L, Yang Y. Small Molecular Immune Modulators as Anticancer Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:547-618. [PMID: 32185725 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intense effort, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been conclusively demonstrated to be effective in cancer treatments and thus are revolutionizing the concepts in the treatment of cancers. Immuno-oncology has arrived and will play a key role in cancer treatment in the foreseeable future. However, efforts to find novel methods to improve the immune response to cancer have not ceased. Small-molecule approaches offer inherent advantages over biologic immunotherapies since they can cross cell membranes, penetrate into tumor tissue and tumor microenvironment more easily, and are amenable to be finely controlled than biological agents, which may help reduce immune-related adverse events seen with biologic therapies and provide more flexibility for the combination use with other therapies and superior clinical benefit. On the one hand, small-molecule therapies can modulate the immune response to cancer by restoring the antitumor immunity, promoting more effective cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and regulating tumor microenvironment, either directly or epigenetically. On the other hand, the combination of different mechanisms of small molecules with antibodies and other biologics demonstrated admirable synergistic effect in clinical settings for cancer treatment and may expand antibodies' usefulness for broader clinical applications. This chapter provides an overview of small-molecule immunotherapeutic approaches either as monotherapy or in combination for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Han
- Lapam Capital LLC., 17C1, Tower 2, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Wu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Hu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Liguang Dai
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mammoli A, Coletti A, Ballarotto M, Riccio A, Carotti A, Grohmann U, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. New Insights from Crystallographic Data: Diversity of Structural Motifs and Molecular Recognition Properties between Groups of IDO1 Structures. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:891-899. [PMID: 32190988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large number of crystallographic structures of IDO1 in different ligand-bound and -unbound states have been disclosed over the last decade. Yet, only a few of them have been exploited for structure-based drug design (SBDD) campaigns. In this study, we analyzed the structural motifs and molecular-recognition properties of three groups of IDO1 structures: 1) structures containing the heme group and inhibitors in the catalytic site; 2) heme-free structures of IDO1; 3) substrate-bound structures of IDO1. The results suggest that unrelated conformations of the enzyme have been solved with different ligand-induced changes of secondary motifs that localize even in regions remote from the catalytic site. Moreover, the study identified an uncharted region of molecular-recognition space covered by IDO1 binding sites that could guide the selection of diverse structures for additional SBDD studies aimed at the identification of novel lead compounds with differentiated chemical scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini n. 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Ballarotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Serafini M, Torre E, Aprile S, Grosso ED, Gesù A, Griglio A, Colombo G, Travelli C, Paiella S, Adamo A, Orecchini E, Coletti A, Pallotta MT, Ugel S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Fallarini S. Discovery of Highly Potent Benzimidazole Derivatives as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) Inhibitors: From Structure-Based Virtual Screening to in Vivo Pharmacodynamic Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3047-3065. [PMID: 32150677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a successful medicinal chemistry campaign that exploited virtual, biophysical, and biological investigations led to the identification of a novel class of IDO1 inhibitors based on a benzimidazole substructure. This family of compounds is endowed with an extensive bonding network in the protein active site, including the interaction with pocket C, a region not commonly exploited by previously reported IDO1 inhibitors. The tight packing of selected compounds within the enzyme contributes to the strong binding interaction with IDO1, to the inhibitory potency at the low nanomolar level in several tumoral settings, and to the selectivity toward IDO1 over TDO and CYPs. Notably, a significant reduction of L-Kyn levels in plasma, together with a potent effect on abrogating immunosuppressive properties of MDSC-like cells isolated from patients affected by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, was observed, pointing to this class of molecules as a valuable template for boosting the antitumor immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Enza Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gesù
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alessia Griglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paiella
- General and Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Annalisa Adamo
- University Hospital and Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona37126, Italy
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ugel
- University Hospital and Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona37126, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang YS, Ogbechi J, Clanchy FI, Williams RO, Stone TW. IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:388. [PMID: 32194572 PMCID: PMC7066259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the kynurenine pathway in normal immune system function has led to an appreciation of its possible contribution to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity exerts a protective function, limiting the severity of experimental arthritis, whereas deletion or inhibition exacerbates the symptoms. Other chronic disorder with an inflammatory component, such as atherosclerosis, are also suppressed by IDO activity. It is suggested that this overall anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by a change in the relative production or activity of Th17 and regulatory T cell populations. Kynurenines may play an anti-inflammatory role also in CNS disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, in which signs of inflammation and neurodegeneration are involved. The possibility is discussed that in Huntington's disease kynurenines interact with other anti-inflammatory molecules such as Human Lymphocyte Antigen-G which may be relevant in other disorders. Kynurenine involvement may account for the protection afforded to animals with cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis when they are treated with an inhibitor of kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO). There is some evidence that changes in IL-10 may contribute to this protection and the relationship between kynurenines and IL-10 in arthritis and other inflammatory conditions should be explored. In addition, metabolites of kynurenine downstream of KMO, such as anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid can influence inflammation, and the ratio of these compounds is a valuable biomarker of inflammatory status although the underlying molecular mechanisms of the changes require clarification. Hence it is essential that more effort be expended to identify their sites of action as potential targets for drug development. Finally, we discuss increasing awareness of the epigenetic regulation of IDO, for example by DNA methylation, a phenomenon which may explain differences between individuals in their susceptibility to arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
PET imaging of medulloblastoma with an 18F-labeled tryptophan analogue in a transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3800. [PMID: 32123231 PMCID: PMC7051973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a key modality to evaluate disease status of brain tumors. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made in developing PET imaging methods for pediatric brain tumors. Carbon-11 labelled tryptophan derivatives are feasible as PET imaging probes in brain tumor patients with activation of the kynurenine pathway, but the short half-life of carbon-11 limits its application. Using a transgenic mouse model for the sonic hedgehog (Shh) subgroup of medulloblastoma, here we evaluated the potential of the newly developed 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan (1-L-[18F]FETrp) as a PET imaging probe for this common malignant pediatric brain tumor. 1-L-[18F]FETrp was synthesized on a PETCHEM automatic synthesizer with good chemical and radiochemical purities and enantiomeric excess values. Imaging was performed in tumor-bearing Smo/Smo medulloblastoma mice with constitutive actvation of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor using a PerkinElmer G4 PET-X-Ray scanner. Medulloblastoma showed significant and specific accumulation of 1-L-[18F]FETrp. 1-L-[18F]FETrp also showed significantly higher tumor uptake than its D-enantiomer, 1-D-[18F]FETrp. The uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp in the normal brain tissue was low, suggesting that 1-L-[18F]FETrp may prove a valuable PET imaging probe for the Shh subgroup of medulloblastoma and possibly other pediatric and adult brain tumors.
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu C, Nan Y, Xia Z, Gu K, Chen C, Dong X, Ju D, Zhao W. Discovery of novel hydroxyamidine derivatives as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors with in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127038. [PMID: 32088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is closely associated with immune escape in many tumor tissues, and is considered to be a valuable therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, the modification of amino sidechain was performed with the hydroxyamidine core kept intact to optimize lead compound Epacadostat. 19 new compounds with hydrazide, thietane or sulfonamide moiety as polar capping group in sidechain were prepared and their IDO1 inhibitory activities were evaluated. Sulfonamide 3a showed potent IDO1 inhibition in both enzymatic and cellular assays with the IC50 value of 71 nM and EC50 value of 11 nM, respectively. Furthermore, in vivo Lewis lung cancer (LLC) allograft studies of 3a indicated that it handicapped the tumor growth with similar efficacy to Epacadostat. Molecular docking demonstrated that the change of polar capping group affords influence on the orientation of amino ethylene side chain and forms new hydrogen bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanyang Nan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Kedan Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Weili Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|