1
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Seo M, Lee Y, Shin H, Kim E, Kim HS, Chung KB, Kim G, Mun BS. Effect of Bias Potential on the Interface of a Solid Electrolyte and Electrode during XPS Depth Profiling Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26922-26931. [PMID: 38718823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Depth profiling is an essential method to investigate the physical and chemical properties of a solid electrolyte and electrolyte/electrode interface. In conventional depth profiling, various spectroscopic tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) are utilized to monitor the chemical states along with ion bombardment to etch a sample. Nevertheless, the ion bombardment during depth profiling results in an inevitable systematic error, i.e., the accumulation of mobile ions at the electrolyte/electrode interface, known as the ion pile-up phenomenon. Here, we propose a novel method using bias potential, the substrate-bias method, to prevent the ion pile-up phenomena during depth profiling of a solid electrolyte. When the positive bias potential is applied on the substrate (electrode), the number of accumulating ions at the electrolyte/electrode interface is significantly reduced. The in-depth XPS analysis with the biased electrode reveals not only the suppression of the ion pile-up phenomena but also the altered chemical states at the interfacial region between the electrolyte and electrode depending on the bias. The proposed substrate-bias method can be a good alternative scheme for an efficient yet precise depth profiling technique for a solid electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Seo
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Center for Nano Material Technology Development, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Center for Nano Material Technology Development, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwun-Bum Chung
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungtae Kim
- Department of Measurement & Analysis, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Simon Mun
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li AM, Wang Z, Pollard TP, Zhang W, Tan S, Li T, Jayawardana C, Liou SC, Rao J, Lucht BL, Hu E, Yang XQ, Borodin O, Wang C. High voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1206. [PMID: 38332019 PMCID: PMC10853533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-sized silicon anodes can significantly increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries with low cost. However, the large silicon volume changes during cycling cause cracks for both organic-inorganic interphases and silicon particles. The liquid electrolytes further penetrate the cracked silicon particles and reform the interphases, resulting in huge electrode swelling and quick capacity decay. Here we resolve these challenges by designing a high-voltage electrolyte that forms silicon-phobic interphases with weak bonding to lithium-silicon alloys. The designed electrolyte enables micro-sized silicon anodes (5 µm, 4.1 mAh cm-2) to achieve a Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% and capacity of 2175 mAh g-1 for >250 cycles and enable 100 mAh LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 pouch full cells to deliver a high capacity of 172 mAh g-1 for 120 cycles with Coulombic efficiency of >99.9%. The high-voltage electrolytes that are capable of forming silicon-phobic interphases pave new ways for the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries using micro-sized silicon anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Travis P Pollard
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, 20783, MD, USA
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | | | - Sz-Chian Liou
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jiancun Rao
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Brett L Lucht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, 20783, MD, USA.
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
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3
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Li Y, Wu F, Li Y, Feng X, Zheng L, Liu M, Li S, Qian J, Wang Z, Ren H, Gong Y, Wu C, Bai Y. Multilevel Gradient-Ordered Silicon Anode with Unprecedented Sodium Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310270. [PMID: 38014758 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
While cost-effective sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with crystalline silicon anodes promise high theoretical capacities, they perform poorly because silicon stores sodium ineffectively (capacity <40 mAh g-1 ). To address this issue, herein an atomic-order structural-design tactic is adopted for obtaining unique multilevel gradient-ordered silicon (MGO-Si) by simple electrochemical reconstruction. In situ-formed short-range-, medium-range-, and long-range-ordered structures construct a stable MGO-Si, which contributes to favorable Na-Si interaction and fast ion diffusion channels. These characteristics afford a high reversible capacity (352.7 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 ) and stable cycling performance (95.2% capacity retention after 4000 cycles), exhibiting record values among those reported for pure silicon electrodes. Sodium storage of MGO-Si involves an adsorption-intercalation mechanism, and a stepwise construction strategy of gradient-ordered structure further improves the specific capacity (339.5 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 ). Reconstructed Si/C composites show a high reversible capacity of 449.5 mAh g-1 , significantly better than most carbonaceous anodes. The universality of this design principle is demonstrated for other inert or low-capacity materials (micro-Si, SiO2 , SiC, graphite, and TiO2 ), boosting their capacities by 1.5-6 times that of pristine materials, thereby providing new solutions to facilitate sodium storage capability for better-performing battery designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
| | - Lumin Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Mingquan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
| | - Ying Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
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4
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Qian G, Li Y, Chen H, Xie L, Liu T, Yang N, Song Y, Lin C, Cheng J, Nakashima N, Zhang M, Li Z, Zhao W, Yang X, Lin H, Lu X, Yang L, Li H, Amine K, Chen L, Pan F. Revealing the aging process of solid electrolyte interphase on SiO x anode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6048. [PMID: 37770484 PMCID: PMC10539371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most promising alternatives to graphite negative electrodes, silicon oxide (SiOx) has been hindered by its fast capacity fading. Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) aging on silicon SiOx has been recognized as the most critical yet least understood facet. Herein, leveraging 3D focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomographic imaging, we reveal an exceptionally characteristic SEI microstructure with an incompact inner region and a dense outer region, which overturns the prevailing belief that SEIs are homogeneous structure and reveals the SEI evolution process. Through combining nanoprobe and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), it is also discovered that the electronic conductivity of thick SEI relies on the percolation network within composed of conductive agents (e.g., carbon black particles), which are embedded into the SEI upon its growth. Therefore, the free growth of SEI will gradually attenuate this electron percolation network, thereby causing capacity decay of SiOx. Based on these findings, a proof-of-concept strategy is adopted to mechanically restrict the SEI growth via applying a confining layer on top of the electrode. Through shedding light on the fundamental understanding of SEI aging for SiOx anodes, this work could potentially inspire viable improving strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Qian
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibiao Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Ni Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongli Song
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Junfang Cheng
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Meng Zhang
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zikun Li
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenguang Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangjie Yang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Liquan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Lodico JJ, Mecklenburg M, Chan HL, Chen Y, Ling XY, Regan BC. Operando spectral imaging of the lithium ion battery's solid-electrolyte interphase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5135. [PMID: 37436993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-ion battery is currently the preferred power source for applications ranging from smart phones to electric vehicles. Imaging the chemical reactions governing its function as they happen, with nanoscale spatial resolution and chemical specificity, is a long-standing open problem. Here, we demonstrate operando spectrum imaging of a Li-ion battery anode over multiple charge-discharge cycles using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using ultrathin Li-ion cells, we acquire reference EELS spectra for the various constituents of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and then apply these "chemical fingerprints" to high-resolution, real-space mapping of the corresponding physical structures. We observe the growth of Li and LiH dendrites in the SEI and fingerprint the SEI itself. High spatial- and spectral-resolution operando imaging of the air-sensitive liquid chemistries of the Li-ion cell opens a direct route to understanding the complex, dynamic mechanisms that affect battery safety, capacity, and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Lodico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Mecklenburg
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Core Center of Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ho Leung Chan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yueyun Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Yi Ling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B C Regan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Gao Y, Zhang B. Probing the Mechanically Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase and the Implications in Design Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205421. [PMID: 36281818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable volume expansion of secondary battery anodes during cycling imposes forces on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The battery performance is closely related to the capability of SEI to maintain intact under the cyclic loading conditions, which basically boils down to the mechanical properties of SEI. The volatile and complex nature of SEI as well as its nanoscale thickness and environmental sensitivity make the interpretation of its mechanical behavior many roadblocks. Widely varied approaches are adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of SEI, and diverse opinions are generated. The lack of consensus at both technical and theoretical levels has hindered the development of effective design strategies to maximize the mechanical stability of SEIs. Here, the essential and desirable mechanical properties of SEI, the available mechanical characterization methods, and important issues meriting attention for higher test accuracy are outlined. Previous attempts to optimize battery performance by tuning SEI mechanical properties are also scrutinized, inconsistencies in these efforts are elucidated, and the underlying causes are explored. Finally, a set of research protocols is proposed to accelerate the achievement of superior battery cycling performance by improving the mechanical stability of SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Huet L, Mazouzi D, Moreau P, Dupré N, Paris M, Mittelette S, Laurencin D, Devic T, Roué L, Lestriez B. Coordinatively Cross-Linked Binders for Silicon-Based Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries: Beneficial Impact on Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15509-15524. [PMID: 36917122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple and versatile preparation of Zn(II)-poly(carboxylates) reticulated binders by the addition of Zn(II) precursors (ZnSO4, ZnO, or Zn(NO3)2) into a preoptimized poly(carboxylic acids) binder solution is proposed. These binders lead systematically to a significantly improved electrochemical performance when used for the formulation of silicon-based negative electrodes. The formation of carboxylate-Zn(II) coordination bonds formation is investigated by rheology and FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. Mechanical characterizations reveal that the coordinated binder offers a better electrode coating cohesion and adhesion to the current collector, as well as higher hardness and elastic modulus, which are even preserved in the presence of a carbonate solvent (i.e., in battery operation conditions). Ultimately, as shown from operando dilatometry experiments, the electrode expansion during lithiation is reduced, mitigating electrode mechanical failure. Such coordinatively reticulated electrodes outperform their uncoordinated counterparts with an improved capacity retention of over 30% after 60 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Huet
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications (EMT), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Driss Mazouzi
- Materials, Natural Substances, Environment and Modeling Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Taza, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fes 1223, Morocco
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Michael Paris
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Devic
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Lionel Roué
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications (EMT), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Bernard Lestriez
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes Université, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France
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8
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Wu J, Weng S, Zhang X, Sun W, Wu W, Wang Q, Yu X, Chen L, Wang Z, Wang X. In Situ Detecting Thermal Stability of Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2208239. [PMID: 36929531 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays an important role in regulating the interfacial ion transfer and safety of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It is unstable and readily decomposed releasing much heat and gases and thus triggering thermal runaway. Herein, in situ heating X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to uncover the inherent thermal decomposition process of the SEI. The evolution of the composition, nanostructure, and the released gases are further probed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography. The results show that the organic components of SEI are readily decomposed even at room temperature, releasing some flammable gases (e.g., H2 , CO, C2 H4 , etc.). The residual SEI after heat treatment is rich in inorganic components (e.g., Li2 O, LiF, and Li2 CO3 ), provides a nanostructure model for a beneficial SEI with enhanced stability. This work deepens the understanding of SEI intrinsic thermal stability, reveals its underlying relationship with the thermal runaway of LIBs, and enlightens to enhance the safety of LIBs by achieving inorganics-rich SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suting Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Co. Ltd. , Xinjinqiao Road, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Co. Ltd. , Xinjinqiao Road, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Co. Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu, 213300, China
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9
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Wang Z, Yu Y. Revealing the spatial and temporal distribution of different chemical states of lithium by EELS analysis using non-negative matrix factorization. Micron 2022; 154:103213. [PMID: 35051801 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection of the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of an element in different chemical states is difficult in transmission electron microscopy. Here, taking the lithium element as an example, spatial and temporal distribution of different lithium-containing compounds could be revealed by using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) combined with the analysis method of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which is an algorithm that can accomplish the decomposition of high-dimensional data, especially the data which must be positive to implement its physical significance. NMF algorithms of different forms are adopted in this paper to tackle the problem. It is shown that two types of iteration methods, fast hierarchical alternating least squares (Fast-HALS) and spatial orthogonal (SO)-HALS provide decent NMF results on EELS datasets of lithium element. In particular, the low-loss and the core-loss regions of the EELS data are combined together in the process of NMF analysis, enabling better distinction of different chemical states. The above algorithms are recommended for the purpose of analyzing the EELS datasets containing different chemical states of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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10
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McBrayer JD, Apblett CA, Harrison KL, Fenton KR, Minteer SD. Mechanical studies of the solid electrolyte interphase on anodes in lithium and lithium ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:502005. [PMID: 34315151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac17fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is key to high performing lithium ion and lithium metal batteries for metrics such as calendar and cycle life. The SEI must be mechanically robust to withstand large volumetric changes in anode materials such as lithium and silicon, so understanding the mechanical properties and behavior of the SEI is essential for the rational design of artificial SEI and anode form factors. The mechanical properties and mechanical failure of the SEI are challenging to study, because the SEI is thin at only ~10-200 nm thick and is air sensitive. Furthermore, the SEI changes as a function of electrode material, electrolyte and additives, temperature, potential, and formation protocols. A variety ofin situandex situtechniques have been used to study the mechanics of the SEI on a variety of lithium ion battery anode candidates; however, there has not been a succinct review of the findings thus far. Because of the difficulty of isolating the true SEI and its mechanical properties, there have been a limited number of studies that can fully de-convolute the SEI from the anode it forms on. A review of past research will be helpful for culminating current knowledge and helping to inspire new innovations to better quantify and understand the mechanical behavior of the SEI. This review will summarize the different experimental and theoretical techniques used to study the mechanics of SEI on common lithium battery anodes and their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine D McBrayer
- Power Sources Technology Group, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, 50 S Central Campus Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Apblett
- Power Sources Technology Group, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Katharine L Harrison
- Nanoscale Sciences Department, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Kyle R Fenton
- Power Sources Technology Group, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
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11
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Endo R, Ohnishi T, Takada K, Masuda T. In Situ Observation of Lithiation and Delithiation Reactions of a Silicon Thin Film Electrode for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6649-6654. [PMID: 32787227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to electrochemical lithiation/delithiation processes of an amorphous Si electrode sputter-deposited on a Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 solid electrolyte. After the first lithiation, a broad Li peak appears at the Si surface, and peaks corresponding to bulk Si and Si suboxide significantly shift to lower binding energy. The appearance of the Li peak and shift of the Si peaks confirm the formation of lithium-silicide and lithium-silicates due to the lithiation of Si and native suboxide. The composition of lithium-silicide is estimated to be Li3.44Si by quantitative analysis of electrochemical response and photoelectron spectra. Peak fitting analysis shows the formation of Li2O and Li2CO3 due to side reactions. Upon the following delithiation, the peak corresponding to Li3.44Si phase shifts back to higher binding energy to form Li0.15Si phase, while lithium-silicates, Li2O, and Li2CO3 remained as irreversible species. Thus, electrochemical reactions accompanied with lithiation/delithiation processes are successfully observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimu Endo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohnishi
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takada
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takuya Masuda
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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12
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von Kolzenberg L, Latz A, Horstmann B. Solid-Electrolyte Interphase During Battery Cycling: Theory of Growth Regimes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3901-3910. [PMID: 32421232 PMCID: PMC7496968 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The capacity fade of modern lithium ion batteries is mainly caused by the formation and growth of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Numerous continuum models support its understanding and mitigation by studying SEI growth during battery storage. However, only a few electrochemical models discuss SEI growth during battery operation. In this article, a continuum model is developed that consistently captures the influence of open-circuit potential, current direction, current magnitude, and cycle number on the growth of the SEI. The model is based on the formation and diffusion of neutral lithium atoms, which carry electrons through the SEI. Recent short- and long-term experiments provide validation for our model. SEI growth is limited by either reaction, diffusion, or migration. For the first time, the transition between these mechanisms is modelled. Thereby, an explanation is provided for the fading of capacity with time t of the form tβ with the scaling coefficent β, 0≤β≤1. Based on the model, critical operation conditions accelerating SEI growth are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars von Kolzenberg
- Institute of Engineering ThermodynamicsGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)Pfaffenwaldring 38–4070569StuttgartGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Arnulf Latz
- Institute of Engineering ThermodynamicsGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)Pfaffenwaldring 38–4070569StuttgartGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Ulm University (UUlm)Albert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Birger Horstmann
- Institute of Engineering ThermodynamicsGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)Pfaffenwaldring 38–4070569StuttgartGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Ulm University (UUlm)Albert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
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13
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Kumar P, Berhaut CL, Zapata Dominguez D, De Vito E, Tardif S, Pouget S, Lyonnard S, Jouneau PH. Nano-Architectured Composite Anode Enabling Long-Term Cycling Stability for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906812. [PMID: 32091177 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Failure mechanisms associated with silicon-based anodes are limiting the implementation of high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. Understanding the aging mechanism that deteriorates the anode performance and introducing novel-architectured composites offer new possibilities for improving the functionality of the electrodes. Here, the characterization of nano-architectured composite anode composed of active amorphous silicon domains (a-Si, 20 nm) and crystalline iron disilicide (c-FeSi2 , 5-15 nm) alloyed particles dispersed in a graphite matrix is reported. This unique hierarchical architecture yields long-term mechanical, structural, and cycling stability. Using advanced electron microscopy techniques, the nanoscale morphology and chemical evolution of the active particles upon lithiation/delithiation are investigated. Due to the volumetric variations of Si during lithiation/delithiation, the morphology of the a-Si/c-FeSi2 alloy evolves from a core-shell to a tree-branch type structure, wherein the continuous network of the active a-Si remains intact yielding capacity retention of 70% after 700 cycles. The root cause of electrode polarization, initial capacity fading, and electrode swelling is discussed and has profound implications for the development of stable lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Eric De Vito
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Tardif
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Pouget
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
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14
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McGehee WR, Strelcov E, Oleshko VP, Soles C, Zhitenev NB, McClelland JJ. Direct-Write Lithiation of Silicon Using a Focused Ion Beam of Li . ACS NANO 2019; 13:8012-8022. [PMID: 31283179 PMCID: PMC6760045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical processes that govern the performance of lithium ion batteries involve numerous parallel reactions and interfacial phenomena that complicate the microscopic understanding of these systems. To study the behavior of ion transport and reaction in these applications, we report the use of a focused ion beam of Li+ to locally insert controlled quantities of lithium with high spatial resolution into electrochemically relevant materials in vacuo. To benchmark the technique, we present results on direct-write lithiation of 35 nm thick crystalline silicon membranes using a 2 keV beam of Li+ at doses up to 1018 cm-2 (104 nm-2). We confirm quantitative sub-μm control of lithium insertion and characterize the concomitant morphological, structural, and functional changes of the system using a combination of electron and scanning probe microscopy. We observe saturation of interstitial lithium in the silicon membrane at ≈10% dopant number density and spillover of excess lithium onto the membrane's surface. The implanted Li+ is demonstrated to remain electrochemically active. This technique will enable controlled studies and improve understanding of Li+ ion interaction with local defect structures and interfaces in electrode and solid-electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R McGehee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Maryland NanoCenter , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Vladimir P Oleshko
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Christopher Soles
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Nikolai B Zhitenev
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Jabez J McClelland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
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15
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Sohn M, Lee DG, Chung DJ, Kim A, Kim H. Cycle‐dependent Microstructural Changes of Silicon‐Carbon Composite Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myungbeom Sohn
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Geun Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jae Chung
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Kim
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Kim
- Department of Energy EngineeringHanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
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16
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Castro FC, Dravid VP. Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials with Valence Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:214-220. [PMID: 29877170 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutting-edge research on materials for lithium ion batteries regularly focuses on nanoscale and atomic-scale phenomena. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is one of the most powerful ways of characterizing composition and aspects of the electronic structure of battery materials, particularly lithium and the transition metal mixed oxides found in the electrodes. However, the characteristic EELS signal from battery materials is challenging to analyze when there is strong overlap of spectral features, poor signal-to-background ratios, or thicker and uneven sample areas. A potential alternative or complementary approach comes from utilizing the valence EELS features (<20 eV loss) of battery materials. For example, the valence EELS features in LiCoO2 maintain higher jump ratios than the Li-K edge, most notably when spectra are collected with minimal acquisition times or from thick sample regions. EELS maps of these valence features give comparable results to the Li-K edge EELS maps of LiCoO2. With some spectral processing, the valence EELS maps more accurately highlight the morphology and distribution of LiCoO2 than the Li-K edge maps, especially in thicker sample regions. This approach is beneficial for cases where sample thickness or beam sensitivity limit EELS analysis, and could be used to minimize electron dosage and sample damage or contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Castro
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
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17
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Tardif S, Pavlenko E, Quazuguel L, Boniface M, Maréchal M, Micha JS, Gonon L, Mareau V, Gebel G, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Rieutord F, Lyonnard S. Operando Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction of Lithiation/Delithiation in Silicon Nanoparticle Anodes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11306-11316. [PMID: 29111665 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Operando Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction were combined to probe the evolution of strain in Li-ion battery anodes made of crystalline silicon nanoparticles. The internal structure of the nanoparticles during two discharge/charge cycles was evaluated by analyzing the intensity and position of Si diffraction peaks and Raman TO-LO phonons. Lithiation/delithiation of the silicon under limited capacity conditions triggers the formation of "crystalline core-amorphous shell" particles, which we evidenced as a stepwise decrease in core size, as well as sequences of compressive/tensile strain due to the stress applied by the shell. In particular, we showed that different sequences occur in the first and the second cycle, due to different lithiation processes. We further evidenced critical experimental conditions for accurate operando Raman spectroscopy measurements due to the different heat conductivity of lithiated and delithiated Si. Values of the stress extracted from both operando XRD and Raman are in excellent agreement. Long-term ex situ measurements confirmed the continuous increase of the internal compressive strain, unfavorable to the Si lithiation and contributing to the capacity fading. Finally, a simple mechanical model was used to estimate the sub-nanometer thickness of the interfacial shell applying the stress on the crystalline core. Our complete operando diagnosis of the strain and stress in SiNPs provides both a detailed scenario of the mechanical consequences of lithiation/delithiation in SiNP and also experimental values that are much needed for the benchmarking of theoretical models and for the further rational design of SiNP-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tardif
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ekaterina Pavlenko
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucille Quazuguel
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Boniface
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Maréchal
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Gonon
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Mareau
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gérard Gebel
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - François Rieutord
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC, MEM , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES , F-38000 Grenoble, France
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