1
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Mehta MJ, Kim HJ, Lim SB, Naito M, Miyata K. Recent Progress in the Endosomal Escape Mechanism and Chemical Structures of Polycations for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300366. [PMID: 38226723 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies are seeing a spiralling surge. Stimuli-responsive polymers, especially pH-responsive ones, are gaining widespread attention because of their ability to efficiently deliver nucleic acids. These polymers can be synthesized and modified according to target requirements, such as delivery sites and the nature of nucleic acids. In this regard, the endosomal escape mechanism of polymer-nucleic acid complexes (polyplexes) remains a topic of considerable interest owing to various plausible escape mechanisms. This review describes current progress in the endosomal escape mechanism of polyplexes and state-of-the-art chemical designs for pH-responsive polymers. The importance is also discussed of the acid dissociation constant (i.e., pKa) in designing the new generation of pH-responsive polymers, along with assays to monitor and quantify the endosomal escape behavior. Further, the use of machine learning is addressed in pKa prediction and polymer design to find novel chemical structures for pH responsiveness. This review will facilitate the design of new pH-responsive polymers for advanced and efficient nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit J Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Been Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Jia Y, Wang X, Li L, Li F, Zhang J, Liang XJ. Lipid Nanoparticles Optimized for Targeting and Release of Nucleic Acid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305300. [PMID: 37547955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently the most promising clinical nucleic acids drug delivery vehicles. LNPs prevent the degradation of cargo nucleic acids during blood circulation. Upon entry into the cell, specific components of the lipid nanoparticles can promote the endosomal escape of nucleic acids. These are the basic properties of lipid nanoparticles as nucleic acid carriers. As LNPs exhibit hepatic aggregation characteristics, enhancing targeting out of the liver is a crucial way to improve LNPs administrated in vivo. Meanwhile, endosomal escape of nucleic acids loaded in LNPs is often considered inadequate, and therefore, much effort is devoted to enhancing the intracellular release efficiency of nucleic acids. Here, different strategies to efficiently deliver nucleic acid delivery from LNPs are concluded and their mechanisms are investigated. In addition, based on the information on LNPs that are in clinical trials or have completed clinical trials, the issues that are necessary to be approached in the clinical translation of LNPs are discussed, which it is hoped will shed light on the development of LNP nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of HeBei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiuguang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of HeBei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Luwei Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of HeBei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of HeBei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of HeBei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Wu H, Liu G, Chen K, Zhang T, Ye Q, Chen J, Peng Y. A piperazine-substituted phthalocyanine with rapid cellular uptake and dual organelle-targeting for in vitro photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103818. [PMID: 37788794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of photosensitizers with rapid cellular uptake and dual-organelle targeting ability is essential for enhancing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, achieving this goal is a great challenge. In this paper, a novel axial piperazine substituted (PIP) silicon phthalocyanine (PIP-SiPc) has been synthesized. The PIP substitution significantly improved the cellular uptake of PIP-SiPc in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, as demonstrated by two-photon fluorescence imaging combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Additionally, PIP-SiPc was able to target both mitochondria and lysosomes simultaneously. Notably, PIP-SiPc exhibited remarkable singlet oxygen generation ability, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells upon irradiation, with an IC50 value of only 0.2 µM. These findings highlight the effectiveness of PIP-SiPc as a multifunctional photosensitizer for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guowei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuhao Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yiru Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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4
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Weiss AM, Lopez MA, Rawe BW, Manna S, Chen Q, Mulder EJ, Rowan SJ, Esser-Kahn AP. Understanding How Cationic Polymers' Properties Inform Toxic or Immunogenic Responses via Parametric Analysis. Macromolecules 2023; 56:7286-7299. [PMID: 37781211 PMCID: PMC10537447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are widely used materials in diverse biotechnologies. Subtle variations in these polymers' properties can change them from exceptional delivery agents to toxic inflammatory hazards. Conventional screening strategies optimize for function in a specific application rather than observing how underlying polymer-cell interactions emerge from polymers' properties. An alternative approach is to map basic underlying responses, such as immunogenicity or toxicity, as a function of basic physicochemical parameters to inform the design of materials for a breadth of applications. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we synthesized 107 polymers varied in charge, hydrophobicity, and molecular weight. We then screened this library for cytotoxic behavior and immunogenic responses to map how these physicochemical properties inform polymer-cell interactions. We identify three compositional regions of interest and use confocal microscopy to uncover the mechanisms behind the observed responses. Finally, immunogenic activity is confirmed in vivo. Highly cationic polymers disrupted the cellular plasma membrane to induce a toxic phenotype, while high molecular weight, hydrophobic polymers were uptaken by active transport to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, an immunogenic phenotype. Tertiary amine- and triethylene glycol-containing polymers did not invoke immunogenic or toxic responses. The framework described herein allows for the systematic characterization of new cationic materials with different physicochemical properties for applications ranging from drug and gene delivery to antimicrobial coatings and tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marcos A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Mulder
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Tantak M, Rayala R, Deng Z, Bunnell A, Wang T, Chaudhari P, Leng F, Nefzi A. Polyheterocyclic peptidomimetics: Parallel solid phase synthesis of oligo cyclic guanidines and their inhibition activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129439. [PMID: 37557925 PMCID: PMC10993493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyheterocycles are one of the most desired synthetic targets due to their numerous and valuable applications in various fields. We report the design and the parallel synthesis of novel linear oligocyclic guanidine peptidomimetics from predesigned reduced polyamides. A screening of these compounds identified active Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase inhibitors which do not inhibit human DNA topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Tantak
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Rayala
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Zifang Deng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ashley Bunnell
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Prakash Chaudhari
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Fenfei Leng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, FIU, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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6
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao P, Lv J, Cheng Y, Wang H. Piperazine-modified dendrimer achieves efficient intracellular protein delivery via caveolar endocytosis bypassing the endo-lysosomal pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:725-733. [PMID: 36599402 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has been a major challenge due to various physiological barriers including low proteolytic stability and poor membrane permeability of the biologics. Nanoparticles were widely proposed to deliver cargo proteins into cells by endocytosis, however, the materials and complexes with proteins are often entrapped in endosomes and subject to lysosome degradation. In this study, we report a piperazine modified dendrimer for stabilizing the complexes via a combination of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interactions. The complexes show rapid cell internalization and the loaded proteins are released into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Mechanism study suggests that the complexes are endocytosed into cells via caveolae-based pathways, which could be inhibited by inhibitors such as genistein, filipin III, brefeldin A and nystatin. The phenylpiperazine-modified polymer enables the delivery of cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and show high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids. The results prove the beneficial roles of phenylpiperazine ligands in polymer-mediated cytosolic protein delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We synthesized a list of piperazine and derivatives modified dendrimers as cytosolic protein delivery vectors via facile reactions. Phenylpiperazine modification enables the efficient protein binding through the combination of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers were internalized into the cells via a caveolae-based endo/lysosome-independent path and could release the cargo proteins into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers delivered cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and showed high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijue Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China.
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7
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Hausig-Punke F, Dekevic G, Sobotta FH, Solomun JI, Richter F, Salzig D, Traeger A, Brendel JC. Efficient Transfection via an Unexpected Mechanism by Near Neutral Polypiperazines with Tailored Response to Endosomal pH. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200517. [PMID: 36655803 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cationic pH-responsive polymers promise to overcome critical challenges in cellular delivery. Ideally, the polymers become selectively charged along the endosomal pathway disturbing only the local membrane and avoiding unintended interactions or cytotoxic side effects at physiological conditions. Polypiperazines represent a novel, hydrophilic class of pH-responsive polymers whose response can be tuned within the relevant pH range (5-7.4). The authors discovered that the polypiperazines are effectively binding plasmid DNA (pDNA) and demonstrate high efficiency in transfection. By design of experiments (DoE), a wide parameter space (pDNA and polymer concentration) is screened to identify the range of effective concentrations for transfection. An isopropyl modified polypiperazine is highly efficient over a wide range of concentrations outperforming linear polyethylenimine (l-PEI, 25 kDa) in regions of low N*/P ratios. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) surprisingly revealed that the pDNA within the piperazine-based polyplexes can be amplified in contrast to polyplexes based on l-PEI. The pDNA must therefore be more accessible and bound differently than for other known transfection polymers. Considering the various opportunities to further optimize their structure, polypiperazines represent a promising platform for designing effective soluble polymeric vectors, which are charge-neutral at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hausig-Punke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian H Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana I Solomun
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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8
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Shao L, Gao X, Liu J, Zheng Q, Li Y, Yu P, Wang M, Mao L. Biodegradable Metal-Organic-Frameworks-Mediated Protein Delivery Enables Intracellular Cascade Biocatalysis and Pyroptosis In Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47472-47481. [PMID: 36227724 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a new type of regulated cell death that is of great interest for developing new strategies for treating cancers. This potential is however greatly limited by the low efficiency and selectivity of current strategies to regulate cancer cell pyroptosis. Herein, we report biodegradable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for intracellular delivery of glucose oxidase (GOx) that promotes cascade biocatalysis inside cells and selectively induces cancer cell pyroptosis. We show that the self-assembly of Cu2+ and 4,4'-azobisbenzoic acid along with GOx affords protein-encapsulated GOx@Cu MOF that efficiently delivers GOx into cells. In addition, the tumor-cell-overexpressed NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) can trigger the reduction of 4,4'-azobisbenzoic acid and the degradation of GOx@Cu MOF, releasing GOx to catalyze glucose oxidation and produce excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intracellularly. Furthermore, released Cu2+ from Cu MOF could be reduced to Cu+ by intracellular glutathione (GSH), promoting Fenton-like reaction with H2O2 to continuously generate a hydroxyl radical that induces cancer cell pyroptosis and prohibits tumor cell growth. We anticipate the strategy of harnessing biodegradable MOFs for protein delivery, and intracellular biocatalysis provides a powerful approach to regulate tumor cell pyroptosis for advanced therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihou Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhen Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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9
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Xu Y, Wang H, Qiao Z. Precise Control of Self‐Assembly in Vivo Based on Polymer‐Peptide Conjugates. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin‐Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zeng‐Ying Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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10
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Hausig-Punke F, Richter F, Hoernke M, Brendel JC, Traeger A. Tracking the Endosomal Escape: A Closer Look at Calcein and Related Reporters. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200167. [PMID: 35933579 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Crossing the cellular membrane and delivering active pharmaceuticals or biologicals into the cytosol of cells is an essential step in the development of nanomedicines. One of the most important intracellular processes regarding the cellular uptake of biologicals is the endolysosomal pathway. Sophisticated nanocarriers have been developed overcoming a major hurdle, the endosomal entrapment, and delivering their cargo to the required site of action. In parallel, in vitro assays have been established analyzing the performance of these nanocarriers. Among them, the release of the membrane-impermeable dye calcein has become a popular and straightforward method. It is accessible for most researchers worldwide, allows for rapid conclusions about the release potential, and enables the study of release mechanisms. This review is intended to provide an overview and guidance for scientists applying the calcein release assay. It comprises a survey of several applications in the study of endosomal escape, considerations of potential pitfalls, challenges and limitations of the assay, and a brief summary of complementary methods. Based on this review, we hope to encourage further research groups to take advantage of the calcein release assay for their own purposes and help to create a database for more efficient cross-correlations between nanocarriers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hausig-Punke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Hoernke
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 9, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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11
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Arsenie LV, Hausig F, Kellner C, Brendel JC, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Ladmiral V, Catrouillet S. Stimuli-Responsive Thiomorpholine Oxide-Derived Polymers with Tailored Hydrophilicity and Hemocompatible Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134233. [PMID: 35807477 PMCID: PMC9268026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermo-responsive hydrophilic polymers, including those showing tuneable lower critical solution temperature (LCST), represent a continuous subject of exploration for a variety of applications, but particularly in nanomedicine. Since biological pH changes can inform the organism about the presence of disequilibrium or diseases, the development of dual LCST/pH-responsive hydrophilic polymers with biological potential is an attractive subject in polymer science. Here, we present a novel polymer featuring LCST/pH double responsiveness. The monomer ethylthiomorpholine oxide methacrylate (THOXMA) can be polymerised via the RAFT process to obtain well-defined polymers. Copolymers with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were prepared, which allowed the tuning of the LCST behaviour of the polymers. Both, the LCST behaviour and pH responsiveness of hydrophilic PTHOXMA were tested by following the evolution of particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In weak and strong alkaline conditions, cloud points ranged between 40–60 °C, while in acidic medium no LCST was found due to the protonation of the amine of the THOX moieties. Additional cytotoxicity assays confirmed a high biocompatibility of PTHOXMA and haemolysis and aggregation assays proved that the thiomorpholine oxide-derived polymers did not cause aggregation or lysis of red blood cells. These preliminary results bode well for the use of PTHOXMA as smart material in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Hausig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (C.K.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Carolin Kellner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (C.K.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (C.K.); (J.C.B.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Ladmiral
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; (L.V.A.); (P.L.-D.)
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sylvain Catrouillet
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; (L.V.A.); (P.L.-D.)
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (S.C.)
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