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Shi X, Li H, Yao S, Zhao H, Wang X, Jing Y, Zhao C, Wang J. Progress in the application of functionalized covalent organic framework for bioanalysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2025; 278:117370. [PMID: 40086117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2025.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
As a new type of crystalline porous polymer materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with their unique features such as large surface area, tunable pore sizes, strong π-π stacking effect and size exclusion effects, have attracted wide attention in the analytical field. Due to the lack of catalytically active metal centers in bare COFs, functionalized COFs that are hybridized or modified with nanomaterials improve reactive activation and show better analytical performance for a variety of detection scenarios with complex analytes. Herein, we focused on the functionalized COFs used in bioanalysis ranging from nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins, to microorganisms, and discussed the functionalization strategy and unique structures and properties applied in the different stages of biosensing and advantages compared to other hybrid materials. Finally, challenges and future research directions of functionalized COFs in bioanalysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Shuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Huamin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xinrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yixin Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Li J, Wang X, Zhao C, Wang H, Lv L, Li Z, Wang Z. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-mediated multimodal sonodynamic therapy for the anticancer applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2025; 254:114822. [PMID: 40449334 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2025] [Revised: 05/14/2025] [Accepted: 05/23/2025] [Indexed: 06/03/2025]
Abstract
As a promising anticancer modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is becoming popular with the cooperative services of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this review, a comprehensive observation about the COFs-mediated SDT is preached by focusing on the fast-track advances in the cancer treatments. Here, the review not only systematically shows the theranostic applications of COFs-based nanodrugs, but also deeply describes the COFs-mediated SDT according to the Type-I and Type-II activation mechanisms. More importantly, the review hierarchically narrates many successes in the COFs-coordinated multimodal SDT/X platforms, highlighting their competitive superiority and improvements in the anticancer applications. In addition, the review also proposes some possible challenges of COFs-mediated SDT strategies. Accordingly, the development of COFs and SDT in the anticancer platform will promote the technological innovation of nanodrugs and facilitate the close exchange of cancer-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao Hengxing University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lili Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhanfeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Wang W, Khan H, Wu H, Wang Y. COF-Derived Carbon Materials: Synthesis Strategies and Emerging Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2025; 46:e2401065. [PMID: 39932150 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202401065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/06/2025]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF)-derived carbon materials seamlessly inherit the periodic porous architecture and high specific surface area of their precursors, while simultaneously enabling the confinement of nanoparticles in designated regions. This unique feature mitigates agglomeration, enhances intrinsic properties, and imparts novel functionalities to the resulting materials. Consequently, COF-derived carbon materials have garnered significant attention across diverse fields, including energy, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications. Despite this burgeoning interest, a comprehensive review encompassing the synthesis, classification, and multifaceted applications of these materials remains scarce. In this context, the state-of-the-art advancements in COF-derived carbon materials are reviewed systematically here. It categorizes the materials, delineates their primary synthesis strategies, and highlights their versatile applications in catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, water treatment, sensing, and cancer therapy. Lastly, fresh insights into the challenges and future prospects of COF-derived carbon materials, paving the way for their expanded exploration and utilization are offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hongwei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201600, China
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Jiang Z, Li X, Wang R, Zhang X, Luo Y, Feng J, Sun M. Extraction performance of SiO 2@COF before and after carbonization and online SPE-HPLC-DAD methods for tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives and phthalates. Talanta 2025; 285:127285. [PMID: 39615086 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
The property of organic materials can be regulated by a facile carbonization way. In-situ growth of covalent organic framework on silica (SiO2@COF) was achieved by room temperature synthesis, then SiO2@COF was carbonized to get another material, called SiO2@C-COF. The materials were characterized by SEM, BET, XPS, contact angle test and element analysis. Their extraction mechanisms were evaluated by different model analytes. According to thermodynamic functions, SiO2@COF mainly provided π-stacking effect, while SiO2@C-COF had stronger hydrophobic interaction. Results of dynamic adsorption capacity further verified it, SiO2@COF captured more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (273.62 μg g-1) than SiO2@C-COF (216.89 μg g-1), but it had lower adsorption capacity (44.40 μg g-1) for hydrophobic alkylbenzenes than that on SiO2@C-COF (56.22 μg g-1). So, the carbonization was proved as one effective approach to regulate the surface property of COFs and expand the application fields. Based on these, tetrabrombisphenol A derivatives and phthalates were selected as the analytes. After investigating extraction and desorption conditions, two online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic methods were separately established to detect two types of analytes in water samples. Both methods displayed low detection limits (0.005 μg L-1; 0.01 μg L-1), wide linear ranges (0.0165-15.0 μg L-1; 0.033-15.0 μg L-1), acceptable recoveries (75.55 %-127.78 %; 71.01 %-134.80 %), and satisfactory precision (RSDs, 0.1 %-7.9 %; 0.8%-7.9 %), respectively. Compared with other methods, these methods presented some superiorities like better sensitivity, online analysis, and better repeatability. In addition, the sorbents were durable more than 100 runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Runting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yana Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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Iranpour S, Abrishami A, Saljooghi AS. Covalent organic frameworks in cancer theranostics: advancing biomarker detection and tumor-targeted therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2025; 48:183-211. [PMID: 40119211 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-025-01536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/24/2025]
Abstract
In recent years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered considerable attention in the field of onco-nanotechnology as a new type of nanoporous construct due to their promising physicochemical properties, ease of modification, and ability to be coupled with several moieties and therapeutic molecules. They can not only be used as biocompatible nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic payloads to the tumor zone selectively but can also be combined with a variety of therapeutic modalities to achieve the desired treatments. This review comprehensively presented recent achievements and progress in COF-based cancer diagnosis, detection, and cancer therapy to provide a better prospect for further research. Herein our primary emphasis lies on exploring the application of COFs as potential sensors for cancer-derived biomarkers that have received comparatively less attention in previous discussions. While the utilization of COFs in solid tumor therapy has faced significant challenges in scientific research and clinical applications, we reviewed the most promising features that underscore their potential in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Iranpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abrishami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sh Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang A, Liu X, Feng S, Wang Y, Song Y, Gao Y. Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Chembiochem 2025; 26:e202400807. [PMID: 39537572 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a distinguished class of porous materials. Owing to their ability to be constructed through covalent bonds involving light elements, such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, COFs offer greater stability and lower cytotoxicity than metal-organic frameworks do, addressing critical limitations in in vivo applications. Their unique attributes, such as high surface area, customizable pore sizes, and versatile surface functionalities, make them ideal for various biomedical applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements in modern COFs for biomedical uses. First, a variety of methods for the synthesis of COFs are outlined, which ensures their suitability for medical use. Next, we delve into innovative biomedical applications, emphasizing their roles in disease diagnosis and therapies. Finally, challenges, such as clinical translation, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release, are critically discussed, providing comprehensive insight into the potential of COFs in revolutionizing biomedical technologies. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive overview of COFs' capabilities and future prospects in enhancing biomedical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyun Wang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shujun Feng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
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Ding LG, Ji X, Liu YY, Shi M, Li JD, Liu F, Zhang YY, Yu J, Wu JQ. Covalent Organic Framework-Based Theranostic Platforms for Restricting H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7399-7414. [PMID: 39071500 PMCID: PMC11278156 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s461866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A (H1N1) virus is a highly contagious respiratory disease that causes severe illness and death. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are limited by viral variation and drug resistance, so developing efficient integrated theranostic options appears significant in anti-influenza virus infection. Methods In this study, we designed and fabricated covalent organic framework (COF) based theranostic platforms (T705@DATA-COF-Pro), which was composed of an RNA polymerase inhibitor (favipiravir, T705), the carboxyl-enriched COF (DATA-COF) nano-carrier and Cy3-labeled single DNA (ssDNA) probe. Results The multi-porosity COF core provided an excellent micro-environment and smooth delivery for T705. The ssDNA probe coating bound to the nucleic acids of H1N1 selectively, thus controlling drug release and allowing fluorescence imaging. The combination of COF and probe triggered the synergism, promoting drug further therapeutic outcomes. With the aid of T705@DATA-COF-Pro platforms, the H1N1-infected mouse models lightly achieved diagnosis and significantly prolonged survival. Conclusion This research underscores the distinctive benefits and immense potential of COF materials in nano-preparations for virus infection, offering novel avenues for the detection and treatment of H1N1 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Gang Ding
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Yue Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Da Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
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Li XG, Li J, Chen J, Rao L, Zheng L, Yu F, Tang Y, Zheng J, Ma J. Porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks from design, synthesis to biological applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2766-2785. [PMID: 38717456 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) constitute a class of highly functional porous materials composed of lightweight elements interconnected by covalent bonds, characterized by structural order, high crystallinity, and large specific surface area. The integration of naturally occurring porphyrin molecules, renowned for their inherent rigidity and conjugate planarity, as building blocks in COFs has garnered significant attention. This strategic incorporation addresses the limitations associated with free-standing porphyrins, resulting in the creation of well-organized porous crystal structures with molecular-level directional arrangements. The unique optical, electrical, and biochemical properties inherent to porphyrin molecules endow these COFs with diversified applications, particularly in the realm of biology. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis and modulation strategies employed in the development of porphyrin-based COFs and delves into their multifaceted applications in biological contexts. A chronological depiction of the evolution from design to application is presented, accompanied by an analysis of the existing challenges. Furthermore, this review offers directional guidance for the structural design of porphyrin-based COFs and underscores their promising prospects in the field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gui Li
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Junjian Li
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - JinFeng Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Liangmei Rao
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Libin Zheng
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
| | - Jie Ma
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
- School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
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Shi X, Li H, Yao S, Ding Y, Lin X, Xu H, Liu Y, Zhao C, Zhang T, Wang J. A CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted bacteria quantification platform combined with magnetic covalent organic frameworks and hybridization chain reaction. Food Chem 2024; 440:138196. [PMID: 38104450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The total bacterial count is an important indicator of food contamination in food safety supervision and management. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas12a system integrated with nucleic acid amplification has increasingly shown tremendous potential in microorganism detection. However, a general quantification strategy for total bacteria count based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system has not yet been developed. Herein, we established a sensitive bacterial quantification strategy based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with magnetic covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) and hybridization chain reaction (HCR). MCOFs acted as a carrier, adsorbing the ssDNA as HCR trigger sequence through π-π stacking. Then, the HCR circuit produces DNA duplexes containing the PAM sequences that activate the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a for further signal amplification. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method can quantify total bacteria in 50 min with a minimum detection concentration of 10 CFU/mL. The successful applications in food samples confirmed the feasibility and broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Shi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China.
| | - Hang Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shuo Yao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yukun Ding
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China.
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Ge C, Chen Z, Sun H, Sun P, Zhao J, Wu Y, Xu J, Zhou M, Luan M. Visually evaluating drug efficacy in living cells using COF-based fluorescent nanoprobe via CHA amplified detection of miRNA and simultaneous apoptosis imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342502. [PMID: 38580409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Cancer is a highly fatal disease which is close relative of miRNA aberrant expression and apoptosis disorders. Elucidation of the therapeutic efficacy through investigating the changes in miRNA and apoptosis holds immense importance in advancing the development of miRNA-based precision therapy. However, it remains a challenge as how to visually evaluate the efficacy during protocol optimization of miRNA-based anticancer drugs at the cellular level. Therefore, exploring effective and noninvasive methods for real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy in living cells is of great significance. RESULTS Herein, we reported a novel fluorescent nanoprobe COF-H1/H2-Peptide for visually evaluating drug efficacy in living cells through amplified imaging of low-abundant miRNA-221 with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) circle amplification, as well as simultaneous caspase-3 imaging. With strong stability and good biocompatibility, this newly fabricated amplified nanoprobe showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of miRNA-221 and caspase-3, and the limit of detection (LOD) of miRNA-221 was as low as 2.79 pM. The fluorescent imaging results showed that this amplified nanoprobe could not only detect caspase-3 in living cells, but also effectively detect low levels of miRNA-221 with increasing anticancer drug concentration and treatment time. The smart nanoprobe had effective performance for optimizing miRNA-based drug treatment schedules by dual-color fluorescence imaging. SIGNIFICANCE This nanoprobe combined CHA amplified detection of intracellular miRNA-221 and synchronous apoptosis imaging, with excellent sensitivity for the detection of cellular low-level miRNA, enabling the realization of real-time assessment of the efficacy of miRNA-based therapy in living cells. This work presents a promising approach for revealing the regulatory mechanisms between miRNAs and apoptosis in cancer occurrence, development, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Ge
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Heming Sun
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jiayin Zhao
- Textile Industrial Products Testing Center of Nanjing Customs District, Wuxi, 214101, PR China
| | - Yanjuan Wu
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
| | - Mingming Luan
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
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Tai Y, Chen Z, Luo T, Luo B, Deng C, Lu Z, Wen S, Wang J. MOF@COF Nanocapsules Enhance Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment: Synergistic Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and PARP Inhibition on Tumor Growth Suppression and Immune Response Activation. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303911. [PMID: 38215731 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are highly malignant tumors with limited treatment options owing to their heterogeneity and resistance to conventional therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have shown potential for STS treatment, with PDT being effective for sarcomas located on the extremities and body surface and PARPi targeting defects in homologous recombination repair. To address the limitations of PDT and harness the potential of PARPi, herein, a novel therapeutic approach for STS treatment combining nanocapsules bearing integrated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), i.e., MOF@COF, with PDT and PARPi is proposed. Nanocapsules are designed, referred to as ZTN@COF@poloxamer, which contain a Zr-based MOF and tetrakis (4-carbethoxyphenyl) porphyrin as a photosensitizer, are coated with a COF to improve the sensitizing properties, and are loaded with niraparib to inhibit DNA repair. Experiments demonstrate that this new nanocapsules treatment significantly inhibits STS growth, promotes tumor cell apoptosis, exhibits high antitumor activity with minimal side effects, activates the immune response of the tumor, and inhibits lung metastasis in vivo. Therefore, MOF@COF nanocapsules combined with PARPi offer a promising approach for STS treatment, with the potential to enhance the efficacy of PDT and prevent tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Luo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Bingling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chuangzhong Deng
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
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12
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Luo Z, Sheng Y, Jiang C, Pan Y, Wang X, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Ouyang J, Lu C, Liu J. Recent advances and prospects of metal-organic frameworks in cancer therapies. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17601-17622. [PMID: 37953742 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02543h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been broadly applied in biomedical and other fields. MOFs have high porosity, a large comparative area, and good biostability and have attracted significant attention, especially in cancer therapies. This paper presents the latest applications of MOFs in chemodynamic therapy (CDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), immunotherapy (IT), and combination therapy for breast cancer. A combination therapy is the combination of two different treatment modalities, such as CDT and PDT combination therapy, and is considered more effective than separate therapies. Herein, we have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy in the treatment of breast cancer. This paper aims to illustrate the potential of MOFs in new cancer therapeutic approaches, discuss their potential advantages, and provide some reflections on the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Yu Sheng
- Tungwah High School of Dongguan City (Dongcheng Campus), 1st Guangming Road, 523125 Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenyi Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Ali Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Chemistry Department, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Dongguan, Department of Breast Surgery, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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13
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Gao P, Wang K, Wei R, Shen X, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. A covalent organic framework-derived M1 macrophage mimic nanozyme for precise tumor-targeted imaging and NIR-II photothermal catalytic chemotherapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7616-7622. [PMID: 37828832 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprobes for efficient tumor-targeted imaging and therapy are urgently needed for clinical tumor theranostics. Herein, inspired by the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, we report a covalent organic framework (COF)-derived biomimetic nanozyme for precise tumor-targeted imaging and NIR-II photothermal-catalysis-enhanced chemotherapy (PTCEC). Using a crystalline nanoscale COF as the precursor, a peroxidase-like porous N-doped carbonous nanozyme (PNC) was obtained, which was cloaked with an M1 macrophage cell membrane (M1m) to create a multifunctional biomimetic nanoprobe for tumor-targeted imaging and therapy. The M1m coating enabled the nanoprobe to target cancer cells and tumor tissues for highly efficient tumor imaging and drug delivery. The peroxidase-like activity of the PNC allowed for the conversion of intratumoral H2O2 into toxic ˙OH that synergized with its NIR-II photothermal effect to strengthen the chemotherapy. Therefore, highly efficient tumor-targeted imaging and NIR-II PTCEC were realized with an M1 macrophage mimic nanoprobe. This work provides a feasible tactic for a biomimetic theranostic nanoprobe and will inspire the development of new bioactive nanomaterials for clinical tumor theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Kaixian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Ruyue Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
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14
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Yu L, Wang Y, Sun Y, Tang Y, Xiao Y, Wu G, Peng S, Zhou X. Nanoporous Crystalline Materials for the Recognition and Applications of Nucleic Acids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305171. [PMID: 37616525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid plays a crucial role in countless biological processes. Hence, there is great interest in its detection and analysis in various fields from chemistry, biology, to medicine. Nanoporous crystalline materials exhibit enormous potential as an effective platform for nucleic acid recognition and application. These materials have highly ordered and uniform pore structures, as well as adjustable surface chemistry and pore size, making them good carriers for nucleic acid extraction, detection, and delivery. In this review, the latest developments in nanoporous crystalline materials, including metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) for nucleic acid recognition and applications are discussed. Different strategies for functionalizing these materials are explored to specifically identify nucleic acid targets. Their applications in selective separation and detection of nucleic acids are highlighted. They can also be used as DNA/RNA sensors, gene delivery agents, host DNAzymes, and in DNA-based computing. Other applications include catalysis, data storage, and biomimetics. The development of novel nanoporous crystalline materials with enhanced biocompatibility has opened up new avenues in the fields of nucleic acid analysis and therapy, paving the way for the development of sensitive, selective, and cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools with widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongling Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuxiu Xiao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology of Zhongnan Hospital, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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15
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Mohajer F, Mirhosseini-Eshkevari B, Ahmadi S, Ghasemzadeh MA, Mohammadi Ziarani G, Badiei A, Farshidfar N, Varma RS, Rabiee N, Iravani S. Advanced Nanosystems for Cancer Therapeutics: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:7123-7149. [DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | | | - Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14179-35840, Iran
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
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16
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Khan N, Slathia G, Kaliya K, Saneja A. Recent progress in covalent organic frameworks for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103602. [PMID: 37119962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous interest in cancer therapy owing to their multifunctional properties, such as biocompatibility, tunable cavities, excellent crystallinity, ease of modification/functionalization, and high flexibility. These unique properties offer multiple benefits, such as high loading capacity, prevention from premature leakage, targeted delivery to the tumor microenvironment (TME), and release of therapeutic agents in a controlled manner, which makes them effective and excellent nanoplatforms for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we outline recent advances in using COFs as delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), cancer diagnostics, and combinatorial therapy for cancer therapeutics. We also summarize current challenges and future directions of this unique research field. Teaser: This review highlights recent advances in covalent organic frameworks as multifaceted nanoplatform with recent case studies for improving therapeutic outcomes for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Slathia
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Kaliya
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Saneja
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Skorjanc T, Shetty D, Kumar S, Makuc D, Mali G, Volavšek J, Bergant Marušič M, Valant M. Nitroreductase-sensitive fluorescent covalent organic framework for tumor hypoxia imaging in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5753-5756. [PMID: 37092976 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been used in cell imaging, but very rarely for imaging specific cell conditions. Herein, a β-ketoenamine-based fluorescent COF was post-synthetically modified to incorporate a hypoxia-targeting molecule. Fluorescence microscopy imaging shows that the material discriminates between HeLa cells grown under hypoxia and those cultured under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skorjanc
- The Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, Ajdovscina 5270, Slovenia.
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Damjan Makuc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Mali
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Janez Volavšek
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Martina Bergant Marušič
- The Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica 5000, Slovenia
| | - Matjaz Valant
- The Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, Ajdovscina 5270, Slovenia.
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18
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Singh N, Kim J, Kim J, Lee K, Zunbul Z, Lee I, Kim E, Chi SG, Kim JS. Covalent organic framework nanomedicines: Biocompatibility for advanced nanocarriers and cancer theranostics applications. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:358-380. [PMID: 36185736 PMCID: PMC9483748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines for drug delivery and imaging-guided cancer therapy is a rapidly growing research area. The unique properties of nanomedicines have a massive potential in solving longstanding challenges of existing cancer drugs, such as poor localization at the tumor site, high drug doses and toxicity, recurrence, and poor immune response. However, inadequate biocompatibility restricts their potential in clinical translation. Therefore, advanced nanomaterials with high biocompatibility and enhanced therapeutic efficiency are highly desired to fast-track the clinical translation of nanomedicines. Intrinsic properties of nanoscale covalent organic frameworks (nCOFs), such as suitable size, modular pore geometry and porosity, and straightforward post-synthetic modification via simple organic transformations, make them incredibly attractive for future nanomedicines. The ability of COFs to disintegrate in a slightly acidic tumor microenvironment also gives them a competitive advantage in targeted delivery. This review summarizes recently published applications of COFs in drug delivery, photo-immuno therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, pyroptosis, and combination therapy. Herein we mainly focused on modifications of COFs to enhance their biocompatibility, efficacy and potential clinical translation. This review will provide the fundamental knowledge in designing biocompatible nCOFs-based nanomedicines and will help in the rapid development of cancer drug carriers and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nem Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jungryun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Zehra Zunbul
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Injun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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19
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Jin M, Zhao Y, Guan ZJ, Fang Y. Porous Framework Materials for Bioimaging and Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:1360. [PMID: 36771027 PMCID: PMC9921779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most pressing diseases in the world. Traditional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy still show certain limitations. Recently, numerous cancer treatments have been proposed in combination with novel materials, such as photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and a combination of therapeutic approaches. These new methods have shown significant advantages in reducing side effects and synergistically enhancing anti-cancer efficacy. In addition to the above approaches, early diagnosis and in situ monitoring of lesion areas are also important for reducing side effects and improving the success rate of cancer therapy. This depends on the decent use of bioimaging technology. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent advances in porous framework materials for bioimaging and cancer therapy. In addition, we present future challenges relating to bioimaging and cancer therapy based on porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Innovation Institute of Industrial Design and Machine Intelligence, Quanzhou-Hunan University, Quanzhou 362801, China
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20
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Li Y, Feng J, Zhang Y, Wang C, Hao J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Cheng X. Covalent organic frameworks@ZIF-67 derived novel nanocomposite catalyst effectively activated peroxymonosulfate to degrade organic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137038. [PMID: 36323385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks-Covalent organic frameworks (MOFs-COFs) nanocomposites could improve the catalytic performance. Herein, a novel nanocomposite catalyst (CC@Co3O4) derived from MOFs-COFs (COF@ZIF-67) was prepared on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for bisphenol A (BPA) and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Owing to the Co species, oxygen vacancy (OV), surface hydroxyl (-OH), graphite N and ketone groups (C=O), the CC@Co3O4 exhibited higher catalytic degradation performance and total organic carbon (TOC) for BPA (93.8% and 22.3%) and RhB (98.2% and 82.5%) with a small quantity of catalyst (0.10 g/L) and low concentration of PMS (0.20 g/L) even without pH adjustment. Sulfate radicals (•SO4-), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), single oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (•O2-) and electron transfer process were all involved in the degradation of BPA and RhB. Among them, the degradation of BPA and RhB mainly depended on •O2- and 1O2, respectively. Meanwhile, the degradation pathways of BPA and RhB were proposed, and the biotoxicity of the degradation products was evaluated by freshwater chlorella. The results illustrated that the degradation products were environmentally friendly to organisms. In addition, the role of COF in the nanocomposites was also studied. The addition of COF remarkably improved the catalytic performance of CC@Co3O4 due to the faster electron transfer, more graphite N and C=O. Overall, this work may open the door to the development of COF-based catalysts in the field of water pollutant remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Jingbo Feng
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Junjie Hao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Yinyin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
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Aptamer-Functionalized Iron-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Synergistic Cascade Cancer Chemotherapy and Chemodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134247. [PMID: 35807491 PMCID: PMC9268424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) with selective toxicity in tumor hypoxic microenvironments are a new strategy for tumor treatment with fewer side effects. Nonetheless, the deficiency of tumor tissue enrichment and tumor hypoxia greatly affect the therapeutic effect of HAPs. Herein, we design an active targeted drug delivery system driven by AS1411 aptamer to improve the tumor tissue enrichment of HAPs. The drug delivery system, called TPZ@Apt-MOF (TA-MOF), uses iron-based MOF as a carrier, surface-modified nucleolin aptamer AS1411, and the internal loaded hypoxia activation prodrug TPZ. Compared with naked MOF, the AS1411-modified MOF showed a better tumor targeting effect both in vitro and in vivo. MOF is driven by GSH to degrade within the tumor, producing Fe2+, and releasing the cargo. This process leads to a high consumption of the tumor protective agent GSH. Then, the Fenton reaction mediated by Fe2+ not only consumes the intracellular oxygen but also increases the intracellular production of highly toxic superoxide anions. This enhances the toxicity and therapeutic effect of TPZ. This study provides a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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22
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Fan Z, Jiang C, Wang Y, Wang K, Marsh J, Zhang D, Chen X, Nie L. Engineered extracellular vesicles as intelligent nanosystems for next-generation nanomedicine. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:682-714. [PMID: 35662310 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers of bioactive cargo, have a unique micro/nanostructure, bioactive composition, and characteristic morphology, as well as fascinating physical, chemical and biochemical features, which have shown promising application in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. However, native EVs have limitations such as lack of or inefficient cell targeting, on-demand delivery, and therapeutic feedback. Recently, EVs have been engineered to contain an intelligent core, enabling them to (i) actively target sites of disease, (ii) respond to endogenous and/or exogenous signals, and (iii) provide treatment feedback for optimal function in the host. These advances pave the way for next-generation nanomedicine and offer promise for a revolution in drug delivery. Here, we summarise recent research on intelligent EVs and discuss the use of "intelligent core" based EV systems for the treatment of disease. We provide a critique about the construction and properties of intelligent EVs, and challenges in their commercialization. We compare the therapeutic potential of intelligent EVs to traditional nanomedicine and highlight key advantages for their clinical application. Collectively, this review aims to provide a new insight into the design of next-generation EV-based theranostic platforms for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Fan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tai Zhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jade Marsh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Da Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Liming Nie
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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23
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Lee S, Park CS, Yoon H. Nanoparticulate Photoluminescent Probes for Bioimaging: Small Molecules and Polymers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4949. [PMID: 35563340 PMCID: PMC9100005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in research on photoluminescent molecules due to their unique properties has played an important role in advancing the bioimaging field. In particular, small molecules and organic dots as probes have great potential for the achievement of bioimaging because of their desirable properties. In this review, we provide an introduction of probes consisting of fluorescent small molecules and polymers that emit light across the ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelength ranges, along with a brief summary of the most recent techniques for bioimaging. Since photoluminescence probes emitting light in different ranges have different goals and targets, their respective strategies also differ. Diverse and novel strategies using photoluminescence probes against targets have gradually been introduced in the related literature. Among recent papers (published within the last 5 years) on the topic, we here concentrate on the photophysical properties and strategies for the design of molecular probes, with key examples of in vivo photoluminescence research for practical applications. More in-depth studies on these probes will provide key insights into how to control the molecular structure and size/shape of organic probes for expanded bioimaging research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Drug Manufacturing Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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24
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Gao P, Wei R, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Multicolor Covalent Organic Framework-DNA Nanoprobe for Fluorescence Imaging of Biomarkers with Different Locations in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13734-13741. [PMID: 34605236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Precisely detecting biomarkers in living systems holds tremendous promise for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Herein, we developed a covalent organic framework (COF)-based tricolor fluorescent nanoprobe for simultaneously imaging biomarkers with different spatial locations in living cells. Briefly, a TAMRA-labeled survivin mRNA antisense nucleotide and a Cy5-labeled transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1) aptamer were adsorbed on a nanoscale fluorescent COF. To enhance the interactions between COF nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleic acid molecules, a freezing method was employed for improving the nucleic acid loading density and ensuring detection performance. The fluorescence signals of dyes on DNAs were first quenched by the COF NPs. Internalization and distribution of the nanoprobes can be real-time visualized by the autofluorescence of COF NPs. In living cells, recognition between MUC1 with MUC1 aptamers causes fluorescence signal recovery of Cy5, while hybridization between survivin mRNA and its antisense DNA induces the signal recovery of TAMRA. Therefore, this COF-based multicolor nanoprobe could be employed for visualizing MUC1 on the cell membrane and survivin mRNA in the cytoplasm. Cancer cell-specific diagnostic imaging and monitoring of the process of cancer cell exosomes infecting normal cells using the nanoprobe were achieved. This work not only offers a versatile nanoprobe for bioanalysis but also provides new insights for developing novel COF-based nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ruyue Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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