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Granelli R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Torricelli F. Additive Manufacturing of Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Methods, Device Architectures, and Emerging Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2410499. [PMID: 39945058 PMCID: PMC11922034 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key devices in a large set of application fields including bioelectronics, neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. This review explores the advancements in additive manufacturing techniques accounting for printing technologies, device architectures, and emerging applications. The promising applications of printed OECTs, ranging from biochemical sensors to neuromorphic computing are examined, showcasing their versatility. Despite significant advancements, ongoing challenges persist, such as material-related issues, inconsistencies in film homogeneity, and the scalability of integration processes. This review identifies these critical obstacles and offers targeted solutions and future research directions aimed at enhancing the performance and reliability of fully-printed OECTs. By addressing these challenges, the aim of this study is to facilitate the development of next-generation OECTs that can meet the demands of emerging applications in sustainable and intelligent electronic and bioelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Granelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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2
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Liao H, Savva A, Marsh AV, Yang YY, Faber H, Rimmele M, Sanviti M, Zhou R, Emwas AH, Martín J, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. High Performance Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Polymeric Conductor with Stability to Autoclave Sterilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202416288. [PMID: 39291657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202416288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
We present a series of newly developed donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers designed specifically for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) synthesized by a straightforward route. All polymers exhibited accumulation mode behavior in OECT devices, and tuning of the donor comonomer resulted in a three-order-of-magnitude increase in transconductance. The best polymer gFBT-g2T, exhibited normalized peak transconductance (gm,norm) of 298±10.4 S cm-1 with a corresponding product of charge-carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance, μC*, of 847 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a μ of 5.76 cm2 V-1 s-1, amongst the highest reported to date. Furthermore, gFBT-g2T exhibited exceptional temperature stability, maintaining the outstanding electrochemical performance even after undergoing a standard (autoclave) high pressure steam sterilization procedure. Steam treatment was also found to promote film porosity, with the formation of circular 200-400 nm voids. These results demonstrate the potential of gFBT-g2T in p-type accumulation mode OECTs, and pave the way for the use in implantable bioelectronics for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Liao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Delft University of Technology, Fac. EEMCS, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adam V Marsh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Sanviti
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Campus Esteiro S/N, 15403, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Renqian Zhou
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST core lab, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Campus Esteiro S/N, 15403, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Henry Royce Institute and Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Heeney
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Cho Y, Gao L, Yao Y, Kim J, Zhang D, Forti G, Duplessis I, Wang Y, Pankow RM, Ji X, Rivnay J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Small-Molecule Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Efficient N-Type Electrochemical Transistors: Structure-Function Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202414180. [PMID: 39312509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202414180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental challenge in electron-transporting organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is simultaneous optimization of electron and ion transport. Beginning from Y6-type/U-shaped non-fullerene solar cell acceptors, we systematically synthesize and characterize molecular structures that address the aforementioned challenge, progressively introducing increasing numbers of oligoethyleneglycol (OEG; g) sidechains from 1 g to 3 g, affording OMIECs 1gY, 2gY, and 3gY, respectively. The crystal structure of 1gY preserves key structural features of the Yn series: a U-shaped/planar core, close π-π molecular stacking, and interlocked acceptor groups. Versus inactive Y6 and Y11, all of the new glycolated compounds exhibit mixed ion-electron transport in both conventional organic electrochemical transistor (cOECT) and vertical OECT (vOECT) architectures. Notably, 3gY with the highest OEG density achieves a high transconductance of 16.5 mS, an on/off current ratio of ~106, and a turn-on/off response time of 94.7/5.7 ms in vOECTs. Systematic optoelectronic, electrochemical, architectural, and crystallographic analysis explains the superior 3gY-based OECT performance in terms of denser ngY OEG content, increased crystallite dimensions with decreased long-range crystalline order, and enhanced film hydrophilicity which facilitates ion transport and efficient redox processes. Finally, we demonstrate an efficient small-molecule-based complementary inverter using 3gY vOECTs, showcasing the bioelectronic applicability of these new small-molecule OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Giacomo Forti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Isaiah Duplessis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Robert M Pankow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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4
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Failla M, Ferlazzo A, Abbate V, Neri G, Saccullo E, Gulino A, Rescifina A, Patamia V, Floresta G. THP as a sensor for the electrochemical detection of H 2O 2. Bioorg Chem 2024; 152:107721. [PMID: 39178705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection is paramount in biological and clinical domains due to its pivotal role in various physiological and pathological processes. This molecule is a crucial metabolite and effector in cellular redox mechanisms, influencing diverse cellular signaling pathways and bolstering the body's defense mechanisms against infection and oxidative stress. Organic molecule-based electrodes present unique advantages such as operational versatility and scalability, rendering them attractive candidates for sensor development across diverse fields encompassing food safety, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. This study explores the electrochemical properties of a tris(3-hydroxypyridin-4-one) THP, which has been unexplored in electrochemical sensing. Leveraging THP's chelating properties, we aimed to develop an electrochemical probe for hydrogen peroxide detection. Our investigations reveal promising results, with the developed sensor exhibiting a low limit of detection (LOD) of 144 nM, underscoring its potential utility in sensitive and selective H2O2 detection applications. In addition, the new sensor was also tested on fetal bovine serum (FBS) to emphasize future applications on biological matrices. This research signifies a significant stride in advancing electrochemical sensor technologies for hydrogen peroxide detection with several novelties related to the usage of THP, such as high sensitivity and selectivity, performance in biological matrices, repeatability, stability, and reproducibility, economical and practical advantages. This research opens new avenues for enhanced biomedical diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Failla
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferlazzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM Research Unit, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Erika Saccullo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (Biometec), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM Research Unit, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Patamia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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5
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Yu S, Wu HY, Lemaur V, Kousseff CJ, Beljonne D, Fabiano S, Nielsen CB. Cation-Dependent Mixed Ionic-Electronic Transport in a Perylenediimide Small-Molecule Semiconductor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410626. [PMID: 39041291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A rapidly growing interest in organic bioelectronic applications has spurred the development of a wide variety of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. While these new mixed conductors have enabled the community to interface organic electronics with biological systems and efficiently transduce biological signals (ions) into electronic signals, the current materials selection does not offer sufficient selectivity towards specific ions of biological relevance without the use of auxiliary components such as ion-selective membranes. Here, we present the molecular design of an n-type (electron-transporting) perylene diimide semiconductor material decorated with pendant oligoether groups to facilitate interactions with cations such as Na+ and K+. Using the cyclic 15-crown-5 oligoether motif, we find that the resulting mixed conductor PDI-crown displays a strong dependence on the size of the electrolyte cation when tested in an organic electrochemical transistor configuration. In stark contrast to the low current response on the order of 1 μA observed with aqueous sodium chloride, a nearly 200-fold increase in current is observed with aqueous potassium chloride. We ascribe the high selectivity to extended molecular aggregation and therefore efficient charge transport in the presence of K+ due to a favourable sandwich-like structure between two adjacent 15-crown-5 motifs and the potassium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, BE-7000, Belgium
| | - Christina J Kousseff
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons, BE-7000, Belgium
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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6
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Nguyen-Dang T, Bao ST, Kaiyasuan C, Li K, Chae S, Yi A, Joy S, Harrison K, Kim JY, Pallini F, Beverina L, Graham KR, Nuckolls C, Nguyen TQ. Air-Stable Perylene Diimide Trimer Material for N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312254. [PMID: 38521992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
A new method is reported to make air-stable n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor (OMIEC) films for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) using a solution-processable small molecule helical perylene diimide trimer, hPDI[3]-C11. Alkyl side chains are attached to the conjugated core for processability and film making, which are then cleaved via thermal annealing. After the sidechains are removed, the hPDI[3] film becomes less hydrophobic, more ordered, and has a deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). These features provide improved ionic transport, greater electronic mobility, and increased stability in air and in aqueous solution. Subsequently, hPDI[3]-H is used as the active material in OECTs and a device with a transconductance of 44 mS, volumetric capacitance of ≈250 F cm-3, µC* value of 1 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, and excellent stability (> 5 weeks) is demonstrated. As proof of their practical applications, a hPDI[3]-H-based OECTs as a glucose sensor and electrochemical inverter is utilized. The approach of side chain removal after film formation charts a path to a wide range of molecular semiconductors to be used as stable, mixed ionic-electronic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
- College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS) and Center for Environmental Intelligence, VinUniversity, Gia-Lam, Hanoi, 12400, Vietnam
| | - Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chokchai Kaiyasuan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Kunyu Li
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Ahra Yi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Francesca Pallini
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
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7
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Xia Y, Zhang C, Xu Z, Lu S, Cheng X, Wei S, Yuan J, Sun Y, Li Y. Organic iontronic memristors for artificial synapses and bionic neuromorphic computing. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1471-1489. [PMID: 38180037 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To tackle the current crisis of Moore's law, a sophisticated strategy entails the development of multistable memristors, bionic artificial synapses, logic circuits and brain-inspired neuromorphic computing. In comparison with conventional electronic systems, iontronic memristors offer greater potential for the manifestation of artificial intelligence and brain-machine interaction. Organic iontronic memristive materials (OIMs), which possess an organic backbone and exhibit stoichiometric ionic states, have emerged as pivotal contenders for the realization of high-performance bionic iontronic memristors. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the progress and prospects of OIMs is presented, encompassing their inherent advantages, diverse types, synthesis methodologies, and wide-ranging applications in memristive devices. Predictably, the field of OIMs, as a rapidly developing research subject, presents an exciting opportunity for the development of highly efficient neuro-iontronic systems in areas such as in-sensor computing devices, artificial synapses, and human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinli Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
| | - Shice Wei
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junwei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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8
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Zhu X, Duan J, Chen J, Liu R, Qin Z, Chen H, Yue W. Aldol Condensation for the Construction of Organic Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311879. [PMID: 37711068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldol condensation is a cost-effective and sustainable synthetic method, offering the advantages of low complexity, substrate universality, and high efficiency. Over the past decade, it has become popular for creating next-generation organic functional materials, particularly rigid-rod conjugated (semi)conductors. This review focuses on conjugated small molecules, oligomers, and polymeric (semi)conductors synthesized through aldol condensation, with emphasis on their remarkable features in advancing n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) as well as NIR-II photothermal conversion. Coherence character, optical properties, microstructure, and chain conformation are investigated to understand material-property relationships. Future applications and challenges in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Riping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ze Qin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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9
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Das S, Venkatesh P, Ghosh S, Narayan KS. Ordered and disordered microstructures of nanoconfined conducting polymers. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37455639 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We probe the microstructural differences of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives under geometrical nanoconfinement using a high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) technique. Highly ordered domains of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate PEDOT:Tos, which is polymerized within alumina nanochannels, are observed. These features are in contrast to those of the polymer blend poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS inserted into the nanopores. The extent of the order-disorder parameter in terms of surface crystallization and the number of ordered domains of the long-chain polymers strongly depends on the dopant environment, processing conditions and structural confinement. Atomic force spectroscopy of individual PEDOT nanochannels highlights counterion-dependent surface adhesive factors. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of these systems reveals similar polymer chain configurations and the resulting morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Das
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru-560064, India.
| | - Pranay Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - K S Narayan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru-560064, India.
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10
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Xiao M, Ren X, Ji K, Chung S, Shi X, Han J, Yao Z, Tao X, Zelewski SJ, Nikolka M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Jay N, Jacobs I, Wu W, Yu H, Abdul Samad Y, Stranks SD, Kang B, Cho K, Xie J, Yan H, Chen S, Sirringhaus H. Achieving ideal transistor characteristics in conjugated polymer semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8659. [PMID: 37267357 PMCID: PMC10413658 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with ideal behavior are highly desired, because nonideal devices may overestimate the intrinsic property and yield inferior performance in applications. In reality, most polymer OTFTs reported in the literature do not exhibit ideal characteristics. Supported by a structure-property relationship study of several low-disorder conjugated polymers, here, we present an empirical selection rule for polymer candidates for textbook-like OTFTs with high reliability factors (100% for ideal transistors). The successful candidates should have low energetic disorder along their backbones and form thin films with spatially uniform energetic landscapes. We demonstrate that these requirements are satisfied in the semicrystalline polymer PffBT4T-2DT, which exhibits a reliability factor (~100%) that is exceptionally high for polymer devices, rendering it an ideal candidate for OTFT applications. Our findings broaden the selection of polymer semiconductors with textbook-like OTFT characteristics and would shed light upon the molecular design criteria for next-generation polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kangyu Ji
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Zefan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. of China
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Szymon J. Zelewski
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Nathan Jay
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ian Jacobs
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Weijing Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. of China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Yarjan Abdul Samad
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Boseok Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Shangshang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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11
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Fang PH, Kuo PL, Wang YW, Cheng HL, Chou WY. Enhancement of Stability in n-Channel OFETs by Modulating Polymeric Dielectric. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112421. [PMID: 37299220 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a high-K material, aluminum oxide (AlOx), as the dielectric of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) was used to reduce the threshold and operating voltages, while focusing on achieving high-electrical-stability OFETs and retention in OFET-based memory devices. To achieve this, we modified the gate dielectric of OFETs using polyimide (PI) with different solid contents to tune the properties and reduce the trap state density of the gate dielectric, leading to controllable stability in the N, N'-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C13)-based OFETs. Thus, gate field-induced stress can be compensated for by the carriers accumulated due to the dipole field created by electric dipoles within the PI layer, thereby improving the OFET's performance and stability. Moreover, if the OFET is modified by PI with different solid contents, it can operate more stably under fixed gate bias stress over time than the device with AlOx as the dielectric layer only can. Furthermore, the OFET-based memory devices with PI film showed good memory retention and durability. In summary, we successfully fabricated a low-voltage operating and stable OFET and an organic memory device in which the memory window has potential for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiang Fang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Lin Kuo
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50007, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Long Cheng
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yang Chou
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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12
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Duan J, Zhu G, Lan L, Chen J, Zhu X, Chen C, Yu Y, Liao H, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Electron-Deficient Polycyclic Molecules via Ring Fusion for n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213737. [PMID: 36349830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary challenge for n-type small-molecule organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is to improve their electron mobilities and thus the key figure of merit μC*. Nevertheless, few reports in OECTs have specially proposed to address this issue. Herein, we report a 10-ring-fused polycyclic π-system consisting of the core of naphthalene bis-isatin dimer and the terminal moieties of rhodanine, which features intramolecular noncovalent interactions, high π-delocalization and strong electron-deficient characteristics. We find that this extended π-conjugated system using the ring fusion strategy displays improved electron mobilities up to 0.043 cm2 V-1 s-1 compared to our previously reported small molecule gNR, and thereby leads to a remarkable μC* of 10.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 in n-type OECTs, which is the highest value reported to date for small-molecule OECTs. This work highlights the importance of π-conjugation extension in polycyclic-fused molecules for enhancing the performance of n-type small-molecule OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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13
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Zhu G, Chen J, Duan J, Liao H, Zhu X, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Fluorinated Alcohol-Processed N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor with High Performance and Enhanced Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43586-43596. [PMID: 36112127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the film morphology and aggregated structure is a vital means to improve the performance of the mixed ionic-electronic conductors in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Herein, three fluorinated alcohols (FAs), including 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), and perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB), were employed as the alternative solvents for engineering the n-type small-molecule active layer gNR. Remarkedly, an impressive μC* of 5.12 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a normalized transconductance of 1.216 S cm-1 are achieved from the HFIP-fabricated gNR OECTs, which is three times higher than that of chloroform. The operational stability has been significantly enhanced by the FA-fabricated devices. Such enhancements can be ascribed to the aggregation-induced structural ordering by FAs during spin coating, which optimizes the microstructure of the films for a better mixed ion and electron transport. These results prove the huge research potential of FAs to improve OECT materials' processability, device performance, and stability, therefore promoting practical bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genming Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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14
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Stein E, Nahor O, Stolov M, Freger V, Petruta IM, McCulloch I, Frey GL. Ambipolar blend-based organic electrochemical transistors and inverters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5548. [PMID: 36137998 PMCID: PMC9500051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMOS-like circuits in bioelectronics translate biological to electronic signals using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs). Ambipolar OECTs can reduce the complexity of circuit fabrication, and in bioelectronics have the major advantage of detecting both cations and anions in one device, which further expands the prospects for diagnosis and sensing. Ambipolar OMIECs however, are scarce, limited by intricate materials design and complex synthesis. Here we demonstrate that judicious selection of p- and n-type materials for blend-based OMIECs offers a simple and tunable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar OECTs and corresponding circuits. These OECTs show high transconductance and excellent stability over multiple alternating polarity cycles, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding 103 and high gains in corresponding inverters. This work presents a simple and versatile new paradigm for the fabrication of ambipolar OMIECs and circuits with little constraints on materials design and synthesis and numerous possibilities for tunability and optimization towards higher performing bioelectronic applications. Ambipolar organic electrochemical transistors simplify bioelectronics circuitry but are challenging due to complicated material design and synthesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that p- and n-type blends offer a simple and tuneable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Stein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Mikhail Stolov
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Viatcheslav Freger
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Iuliana Maria Petruta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gitti L Frey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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