Effect of Solvent Residue in the Thin-Film Fabrication on Perovskite Solar Cell Performance

Odd-Even Effects of Linear Alkyl-Based Organic Spacers for Efficient Charge Transport in Two-Dimensional Dion-Jacobson Tin Perovskites

Two-dimensional (2D) tin (Sn2+)-based perovskites have emerged as promising p-type semiconducting materials for (opto)electronic devices due to their favorable balance of electrical performance and structural stability. While previous studies on 2D perovskites predominantly investigated Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites with monoammonium spacers, Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites with diammonium spacers have recently sparked attention in the research community. The strong hydrogen bonds at both ends of the diammonium spacer, connecting neighboring inorganic octahedral layers, promote structural stability and efficient charge transport in DJ perovskites. This study systematically investigates a series of 2D DJ Sn2+ perovskites, [H3N-(CH2)m-(NH)3SnI4] (m = 3-8), to explore the influence from the length of spacer chains on lattice structures, film crystallinity, and charge transport properties. Our findings reveal that DJ perovskites with even-numbered chains (m = 4, 6, 8) exhibit well-ordered layered structures, whereas those with odd-numbered chains (m = 3, 5, 7) disrupt the formation of 2D structures. Furthermore, we reveal that the precursor stoichiometry can govern the phase evolution along with the role of spacer parity. Among the even-numbered 2D DJ Sn2+ perovskites, 1,4-butanediammonium tin iodide (BDASnI4, m = 4) exhibits optimal lattice formation and superior charge transport properties. Moreover, the introduction of an additional self-assembly monolayer ([2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, I-2PACz) between the dielectric and channel layers further enhances the interface quality and reduces the trap density. The optimized transistor exhibits significantly reduced hysteresis and boosted field-effect mobility up to 1.45 cm2 V-1 s-1.

In-Depth Analysis of Electron and Hole Transport Layers for Enhancing Ca3PI3 Solar Cell Efficiency through Advanced Numerical Simulation

This study investigates lead-free calcium-phosphorus iodide (Ca3PI3) perovskite solar cells with various electron transport layers (ETLs) like TiO2 and SnS2 and hole transport layers (HTLs) such as CuO, MoO3, P3HT, Sb2S3, CuSbS2, and GeSe. The ideal HTL, MoO3, was chosen, and its performance was simulated by using the SCAPS-1D tool. Two device structures were analyzed: device-I (Al/FTO/TiO2/Ca3PI3/MoO3/Ni) and device-II (Al/FTO/SnS2/Ca3PI3/MoO3/Ni). Various parameters were carefully optimized to achieve the best device performance, including donor and acceptor densities, defect density, thickness, series and shunt resistances, generation-recombination dynamics, current density (IV), quantum efficiency (QE%), and temperature. The top-performing device-I achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 29.02%, with a VOC of 1.288 V, a JSC of 25.235 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 89.26%. Device II showed a PCE of 26.47%, with a VOC of 1.2486 V, JSC of 25.233 mA/cm2, and FF of 84.01%. These results emphasize the promise of device-I for high-performance Ca3PI3-based photovoltaic applications.

Repairing Interfacial Defects in Self-Assembled Monolayers for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells and Organic Photovoltaics through the SAM@Pseudo-Planar Monolayer Strategy

Lately, carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely employed as effective hole-selective layers (HSLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Nevertheless, these SAMs tend to aggregate in solvents due to their amphiphilic nature, hindering the formation of a monolayer on the ITO substrate and impeding effective passivation of deep defects in the perovskites. In this study, a series of new SAMs including DPA-B-PY, CBZ-B-PY, POZ-B-PY, POZ-PY, POZ-T-PY, and POZ-BT-PY are synthesized, which are employed as interfacial repairers and coated atop CNph SAM to form a robust CNph SAM@pseudo-planar monolayer as HSL in efficient inverted PSCs. The CNph SAM@pseudo-planar monolayer strategy enables a well-aligned interface with perovskites, synergistically promoting perovskite crystal growth, improving charge extraction/transport, and minimizing nonradiative interfacial recombination loss. As a result, the POZ-BT-PY-modified PSC realizes an impressively enhanced solar efficiency of up to 24.45% together with a fill factor of 82.63%. Furthermore, a wide bandgap PSC achieving over 19% efficiency. Upon treatment with the CNph SAM@pseudo-planar monolayer, also demonstrates a non-fullerene organic photovoltaics (OPVs) based on the PM6:BTP-eC9 blend, which achieves an efficiency of 17.07%. Importantly, these modified PSCs and OPVs all show remarkably improved stability under various testing conditions compared to their control counterparts.

Tailoring Interface Energies via Phosphonic Acids to Grow and Stabilize Cubic FAPbI3 Deposited by Thermal Evaporation

Coevaporation of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) is a promising route for the fabrication of highly efficient and scalable optoelectronic devices, such as perovskite solar cells. However, it poses experimental challenges in achieving stoichiometric FAPbI3 films with a cubic structure (α-FAPbI3). In this work, we show that undesired hexagonal phases of both PbI2 and FAPbI3 form during thermal evaporation, including the well-known 2H-FAPbI3, which are detrimental for optoelectronic performance. We demonstrate the growth of α-FAPbI3 at room temperature via thermal evaporation by depositing phosphonic acids (PAc) on substrates and subsequently coevaporating PbI2 and formamidinium iodide. We use density-functional theory to develop a theoretical model to understand the relative growth energetics of the α and 2H phases of FAPbI3 for different molecular interactions. Experiments and theory show that the presence of PAc molecules stabilizes the formation of α-FAPbI3 in thin films when excess molecules are available to migrate during growth. This migration of molecules facilitates the continued presence of adsorbed organic precursors at the free surface throughout the evaporation, which lowers the growth energy of the α-FAPbI3 phase. Our theoretical analyses of PAc molecule-molecule interactions show that ligands can form hydrogen bonding to reduce the migration rate of the molecules through the deposited film, limiting the effects on the crystal structure stabilization. Our results also show that the phase stabilization with molecules that migrate is long-lasting and resistant to moist air. These findings enable reliable formation and processing of α-FAPbI3 films via vapor deposition.

Enhancement of Photodetector Characteristics by Zn-Porphyrin-Passivated MAPbBr3 Single Crystals

Perovskite single crystals have garnered significant interest in photodetector applications due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. The outstanding crystalline quality of these materials further enhances their potential for efficient charge transport, making them promising candidates for next-generation photodetector devices. This article reports the synthesis of methyl ammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite single crystal (SC) via the inverse-temperature crystallization method. To further improve the performance of the photodetector, Zn-porphyrin (Zn-PP) was used as a passivating agent during the growth of SC. The optical characterization confirmed the enhancement of optical properties with Zn-PP passivation. On single-crystal surfaces, integrated photodetectors are fabricated, and their photodetection performances are evaluated. The results show that the single-crystalline photodetector passivated with 0.05% Zn-PP enhanced photodetection properties and rapid response speed. The photoelectric performance of the device, including its responsivity (R), external quantum efficiency (EQE), detective nature (D), and noise-equivalent power (NEP), showed an enhancement of the un-passivated devices. This development introduces a new potential to employ high-quality perovskite single-crystal-based devices for more advanced optoelectronics.

High-Quality Solution-Processed Quasi-2D Perovskite for Low-Threshold Lasers

Spin-coated quasi-two-dimensional halide perovskite films, which exhibit superior optoelectronic properties and environmental stability, have recently been extensively studied for lasers. Crystallinity is of great importance for the laser performance. Although some parameters related to the spin-coating process have been studied, the in-depth understanding and effective control of the acceleration rate on two-dimensional perovskite crystallization during spin-coating are still unknown. Here we investigate the effect of solvent evaporation on the microstructure of the final perovskite films during the spin-coating process. The crystallization quality of the film can be significantly improved by controlling solvent evaporation. As a result, the prepared quasi-2D perovskite film exhibits a stimulated emission threshold (pump: 343 nm, 6 kHz, 290 fs) of 550 nm as low as 16.2 μJ/cm2. Transient absorption characterization shows that the radiative biexciton recombination time is reduced from 738.5 to 438.3 ps, benefiting from the improved crystallinity. The faster biexciton recombination significantly enhanced the photoluminescence efficiency, which is critical for population inversion. This work could contribute to the development of low-threshold lasers.

Al Ghaithi A, Qamhieh N, Amrane N, Benkraouda M, Liu S(F, Najar A. Towards High Performance: Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells with Cu-Doped CH3NH3PbI3

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated remarkable photovoltaic performance, positioning themselves as promising devices in the field. Theoretical calculations suggest that copper (Cu) can serve as an effective dopant, potentially occupying interstitial sites in the perovskite structure, thereby reducing the energy barrier and enhancing carrier extraction. Subsequent experimental investigations confirm that adding CuI as an additive to MAPbI3-based perovskite cells improves optoelectronic properties and overall device performance. Optimizing the amount of Cu (0.01 M) has been found to significantly enhance crystalline quality and grain size, leading to improved light absorption and suppressed carrier recombination. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Cu-doped PSCs increased from 16.3% to 18.2%. However, excessive Cu doping (0.1 M) negatively impacts morphology, resulting in inferior optical properties and diminished device performance. Furthermore, Cu-doped PSCs exhibit higher stabilized power output (SPO) compared to pristine cells. This study underscores the substantial benefits of Cu doping for advancing the development of highly efficient PSCs.

Stable and High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Using Effective Additive Ytterbium Fluoride

With better light utilization, larger tolerance factor, and higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), the HC(NH2 )2 + (FA)-based perovskite is proven superior to the popular CH3 NH3 + (MA)- and Cs-based halide perovskites in solar cell applications. Unfortunately, limited by intrinsic defects within the FA-based perovskite films, the perovskite films can be easily transformed into a yellow δ-phase at room temperature in the fabrication process, a troublesome challenge for its further development. Here, ytterbium fluoride (YbF3 ) is introduced into the perovskite precursor for three objectives. First of all, the partial substitution of Yb3+ for Pb2+ in the perovskite lattice increases the tolerance factor of the perovskite lattice and facilitates the formation of the α phase. Second, YbF3 and DMSO in the solvent form a Lewis acid complex YbF3 ·DMSO, which can passivate the perovskite film, reduce defects, and improve device stability. Consequently, the YbF3 modified Perovskite solar cell exhibits a champion conversion efficiency of 24.53% and still maintains 90% of its initial efficiency after 60 days of air exposure under 30% relative humidity.

Self-Assembled Monolayers of Bi-Functionalized Porphyrins: A Novel Class of Hole-Layer-Coordinating Perovskites and Indium Tin Oxide in Inverted Solar Cells

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) offer the advantage of facile interfacial modification, leading to significant improvements in device performance. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a new series of carboxylic acid-functionalized porphyrin derivatives, namely AC-1, AC-3, and AC-5, and present, for the first time, a strategy to exploit the large π-moiety of porphyrins as a backbone for interfacing the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and perovskite active layer in an inverted perovskite solar cell (PSC) configuration. The electron-rich nature of porphyrins facilitates hole transfer and the formation of SAMs, resulting in a dense surface that minimizes defects. Comprehensive spectroscopic and dynamic studies demonstrate that the double-anchored AC-3 and AC-5 enhance SAMs on ITO, passivate the perovskite layer, and function as conduits to facilitate hole transfer, thus significantly boosting the performance of PSCs. The champion inverted PSC employing AC-5 SAM achieves an impressive solar efficiency of 23.19 % with a high fill factor of 84.05 %. This work presents a novel molecular engineering strategy for functionalizing SAMs to tune the energy levels, molecular dipoles, packing orientations to achieve stable and efficient solar performance. Importantly, our comprehensive investigation has unraveled the associated mechanisms, offering valuable insights for future advancements in PSCs.

Optimized Substrate Orientations for Highly Uniform Metal Halide Perovskite Film Deposition

Uniform optoelectronic quality of metal halide perovskite (MHP) films is critical for scalable production in large-area applications, such as photovoltaics and displays. While vapor-based MHP film deposition is advantageous for this purpose, achieving film uniformity can be challenging due to uneven temperature distribution and precursor concentration over the substrate. Here, we propose optimized substrate orientations for the vapor-based fabrication of homogeneous MAPbI3 thin films, involving a PbI2 primary layer deposition and subsequent conversion using vaporized methylammonium iodide (MAI). Leveraging computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we confirm that vertical positioning during the PbI2 layer growth yields a uniform film with a narrow temperature distribution and minimal boundary layer thickness. However, during the subsequent conversion step, horizontal substrate positioning results in spatially more uniform MAPbI3 thickness and grain size compared to the vertical placement due to enhanced MAI intercalation. From this optimized substrate positioning, we observe substantial optical homogeneity across the substrate on a centimeter scale, along with uniform and enhanced optoelectronic device performance within photodetector arrays. Our results offer a potential path toward the scalable production of highly uniform perovskite films.

Rationally Designed Eco-Friendly Solvent System for High-Performance, Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

The important but remained issue to be addressed to achieve the mass production of perovskite solar modules include a large-area fabrication of high-quality perovskite film with eco-friendly, viable production methods. Although several efforts are made to achieve large-area fabrication of perovskite, the development of eco-friendly solvent system, which is precisely designed to be fit to scale-up methods are still challenging. Herein, this work develops the eco-friendly solvent/co-solvent system to produce a high-quality perovskite layer with a bathing in eco-friendly antisolvent. The new co-solvent/additive, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), efficiently improves the overall solubility and has a suitable binding strength to the perovskite precursor, resulting in a high-quality perovskite film with antisolvent bathing method in large area. The resultant perovskite solar cells showed high power conversion efficiency of over 24% (in reverse scan), with a good long-term stability under continuous light illumination or damp-heat condition. MSM is also beneficial to produce a perovskite layer at low-temperature or high-humidity. MSM-based solvent system is finally applied to large-area, resulting in highly efficiency perovskite solar modules with PCE of 19.9% (by aperture) or 21.2% (by active area) in reverse scan. These findings contribute to step forward to a mass production of perovskite solar modules with eco-friendly way.

Effects of drying time on the formation of merged and soft MAPbI3 grains and their photovoltaic responses

The grain sizes of soft CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) thin films and the atomic contact strength at the MAPbI₃/P3CT-Na interface are manipulated by varying the drying time of the saturated MAPbI₃ precursor solutions, which influences the device performance and lifespan of the resultant inverted perovskite photovoltaic cells. The atomic-force microscopy images, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images, photoluminescence spectra and absorbance spectra show that the increased short-circuit current density (J _SC) and increased fill factor (FF) are mainly due to the formation of merged MAPbI₃ grains. Besides, the open-circuit voltage (V _OC) of the encapsulated photovoltaic cells largely increases from 1.01 V to 1.15 V, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency from 17.89% to 19.55% after 30 days, which can be explained as due to the increased carrier density of the MAPbI₃ crystalline thin film. It is noted that the use of the optimized drying time during the spin coating process results in the formation of merged MAPbI₃ grains while keeping the contact quality at the MAPbI₃/P3CT-Na interface, which boosts the device performance and lifespan of the resultant perovskite photovoltaic cells.

Solvent-Free Transfer of Freestanding Large-Area Conjugated Polymer Films for Optoelectronic Applications

Conventional processes for depositing thin films of conjugated polymers are restricted to those based on vapor, liquid, and solution-phase precursors. Each of these methods bear some limitations. For example, low-bandgap polymers with alternating donor-acceptor structures cannot be deposited from the vapor phase, and solution-phase deposition is always subject to issues related to the incompatibility of the substrate with the solvent. Here, a technique to enable deposition of large-area, ultra-thin films (≈20 nm or more), which are transferred from the surface of water, is demonstrated. From the water, these pre-solidified films can then be transferred to a desired substrate, circumventing limitations such as solvent orthogonality. The quality of these films is characterized by a variety of imaging and electrochemical measurements. Mechanical toughness is identified as a limiting property of polymer compatibility, along with some strategies to address this limitation. As a demonstration, the films are used as the hole-transport layer in perovskite solar cells, in which their performance is shown to be comparable to controls formed by spin-coating.

A universal all-solid synthesis for high throughput production of halide perovskite

Halide perovskites show ubiquitous presences in growing fields at both fundamental and applied levels. Discovery, investigation, and application of innovative perovskites are heavily dependent on the synthetic methodology in terms of time-/yield-/effort-/energy- efficiency. Conventional wet chemistry method provides the easiness for growing thin film samples, but represents as an inefficient way for bulk crystal synthesis. To overcome these, here we report a universal solid state-based route for synthesizing high-quality perovskites, by means of simultaneously applying both electric and mechanical stress fields during the synthesis, i.e., the electrical and mechanical field-assisted sintering technique. We employ various perovskite compositions and arbitrary geometric designs for demonstration in this report, and establish such synthetic route with uniqueness of ultrahigh yield, fast processing and solvent-free nature, along with bulk products of exceptional quality approaching to single crystals. We exemplify the applications of the as-synthesized perovskites in photodetection and thermoelectric as well as other potentials to open extra chapters for future technical development.