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Lee DY, Shin HM, Yoon MH. Solution-processed nickel oxide passivation on large-area silicon electrodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. RSC Adv 2024; 14:40180-40186. [PMID: 39717806 PMCID: PMC11664324 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising technology for converting solar energy into chemical energy. For this system to be practically viable, the materials and processes employed for photoelectrode fabrication should be cost-effective and scalable. Herein, we report the large-scale fabrication of nickel oxide-coated n-type silicon (n-Si) photoanodes via chemical bath deposition for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. The conditions for depositing the nickel oxide-based passivation coating on n-Si electrodes were systematically optimized in terms of precursor immersion time and annealing temperature, while surface morphology and electrochemical properties were cautiously characterized. Finally, the fabrication of practically-useful large-area photoanodes were demonstrated by incorporating the solution-processed nickel oxide passivation layer onto 3-dimensionally structured 4-inch n-Si wafers with enlarged surface areas and diminished light reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Shin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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2
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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 PMCID: PMC11809662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Dong Y, Abbasi M, Meng J, German L, Carlos C, Li J, Zhang Z, Morgan D, Hwang J, Wang X. Substantial lifetime enhancement for Si-based photoanodes enabled by amorphous TiO 2 coating with improved stoichiometry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1865. [PMID: 37015923 PMCID: PMC10073107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO2) film coating by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a promising strategy to extend the photoelectrode lifetime to meet the industrial standard for solar fuel generation. To realize this promise, the essential structure-property relationship that dictates the protection lifetime needs to be uncovered. In this work, we reveal that in addition to the imbedded crystalline phase, the presence of residual chlorine (Cl) ligands is detrimental to the silicon (Si) photoanode lifetime. We further demonstrate that post-ALD in-situ water treatment can effectively decouple the ALD reaction completeness from crystallization. The as-processed TiO2 film has a much lower residual Cl concentration and thus an improved film stoichiometry, while its uniform amorphous phase is well preserved. As a result, the protected Si photoanode exhibits a substantially improved lifetime to ~600 h at a photocurrent density of more than 30 mA/cm2. This study demonstrates a significant advancement toward sustainable hydrogen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mehrdad Abbasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jun Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lazarus German
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Corey Carlos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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4
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Meng J, Abbasi M, Dong Y, Carlos C, Wang X, Hwang J, Morgan D. Experimentally informed structure optimization of amorphous TiO 2 films grown by atomic layer deposition. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:718-729. [PMID: 36519339 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous titanium dioxide TiO2 (a-TiO2) has been widely studied, particularly as a protective coating layer on semiconductors to prevent corrosion and promote electron-hole conduction in photoelectrochemical reactions. The stability and longevity of a-TiO2 is strongly affected by the thickness and structural heterogeneity, implying that understanding the structure properties of a-TiO2 is crucial for improving the performance. This study characterized the structural and electronic properties of a-TiO2 thin films (∼17 nm) grown on Si by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Fluctuation spectra V(k) and angular correlation functions were determined with 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), which revealed the distinctive medium-range ordering in the a-TiO2 film. A realistic atomic model of a-TiO2 was established guided by the medium-range ordering and the previously reported short-range ordering of a-TiO2 film, as well as the interatomic potential. The structure was optimized by the StructOpt code using a genetic algorithm that simultaneously minimizes energy and maximizes the match to experimental short- and medium-range ordering. The StructOpt a-TiO2 model presents improved agreements with the medium-range ordering and the k-space location of the dominant 2-fold angular correlations compared with a traditional melt-quenched model. The electronic structure of the StructOpt a-TiO2 model was studied by ab initio calculations and compared to the crystalline phases and experimental results. This work uncovered the medium-range ordering in a-TiO2 thin films and provided a realistic a-TiO2 structure model for further investigation of structure-property relationships and materials design. In addition, the improved multi-objective optimization package StructOpt was provided for structure determination of complex materials guided by experiments and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Mehrdad Abbasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Yutao Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Corey Carlos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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5
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Wang J, Wang Z, Wang W, Wang Y, Hu X, Liu J, Gong X, Miao W, Ding L, Li X, Tang J. Synthesis, modification and application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6709-6734. [PMID: 35475489 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been heavily investigated owing to its low cost, benign nature and strong photocatalytic ability. Thus, TiO2 has broad applications including photocatalysts, Li-ion batteries, solar cells, medical research and so on. However, the performance of TiO2 is not satisfactory due to many factors such as the broad band gap (3.01 to 3.2 eV) and fast recombination of electron-hole pairs (10-12 to 10-11 s). Plenty of work has been undertaken to improve the properties, such as structural and dopant modifications, which broaden the applications of TiO2. This review mainly discusses the aspects of TiO2-modified nanoparticles including synthetic methods, modifications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jixian Liu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xuezhong Gong
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wenli Miao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linliang Ding
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xinbo Li
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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6
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Lyu S, Younis MA, Liu Z, Zeng L, Peng X, Yang B, Li Z, Lei L, Hou Y. Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Anticorrosive and photocatalytic properties research of epoxy-silica organic–inorganic coating. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Ros C, Murcia-López S, Garcia X, Rosado M, Arbiol J, Llorca J, Morante JR. Facing Seawater Splitting Challenges by Regeneration with Ni-Mo-Fe Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2872-2881. [PMID: 33826792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, produced by water splitting, has been proposed as one of the main green energy vectors of the future if produced from renewable energy sources. However, to substitute fossil fuels, large amounts of pure water are necessary, scarce in many world regions. In this work, we fabricate efficient and earth-abundant electrodes, study the challenges of using real seawater, and propose an electrode regeneration method to face undesired salt deposition. Ni-Mo-Fe trimetallic electrocatalyst is deposited on non-expensive graphitic carbon felts both for hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in seawater and alkaline seawater. Cl- pitting and the chlorine oxidation reaction are suppressed on these substrates and alkalinized electrolyte. Precipitations on the electrodes, mainly CaCO3 , originating from seawater-dissolved components have been studied, and a simple regeneration technique is proposed to rapidly dissolve undesired deposited CaCO3 in acidified seawater. Under alkaline conditions, Ni-Mo-Fe-based catalyst is found to reconfigure, under cathodic bias, into Ni-Mo-Fe alloy with a cubic crystalline structure and Ni : Fe(OH)2 redeposits whereas, under anodic bias, it is transformed into a follicular Ni:FeOOH structure. High productivities over 300 mA cm-2 and voltages down to 1.59 V@10 mA cm-2 for the overall water splitting reaction have been shown, and electrodes are found stable for over 24 h without decay in alkaline seawater conditions and with energy efficiency higher than 61.5 % which makes seawater splitting promising and economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ros
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Murcia-López
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Garcia
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Rosado
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Morante
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Li S, She G, Xu J, Zhang S, Zhang H, Mu L, Ge C, Jin K, Luo J, Shi W. Metal Silicidation in Conjunction with Dopant Segregation: A Promising Strategy for Fabricating High-Performance Silicon-Based Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39092-39097. [PMID: 32805824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si)-based Schottky junction photoelectrodes have attracted considerable attention for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting in recent years. To realize highly efficient Si-based Schottky junction photoelectrodes, the critical challenge is to enable the photoelectrodes to not only have a high Schottky barrier height (SBH), by which a high photovoltage can be obtained, but also ensure an efficient charge transport. Here, we propose and demonstrate a strategy to fabricate a high-performance NiSi/n-Si Schottky junction photoanode by metal silicidation in conjunction with dopant segregation (DS). The metal silicidation produces photoanodes with a high-quality NiSi/Si interface without a disordered SiO2 layer, which ensures highly efficient charge transport, and thus a high saturated photocurrent density of 33 mA cm-2 was attained for the photoanode. The subsequent DS gives the photoanodes a high SBH of 0.94 eV through the introduction of electric dipoles at the NiSi/n-Si interface. As a result, a high photovoltage and favorable onset potential of 1.03 V vs RHE was achieved. In addition, the strong alkali corrosion resistance of NiSi also endows the photoanode with a high stability during PEC operation in 1 M KOH. Our work provides a universal strategy to fabricate metal-silicide/Si Schottky junction photoelectrodes for high-performance PEC water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwei She
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixuan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Luo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wensheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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