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Ibrahim OO, Liu C, Zhou S, Jin B, He Z, Zhao W, Wang Q, Zhang S. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Self-Healing Electrodes Towards Sensing and Energy Storage Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:2248. [PMID: 40218759 PMCID: PMC11991356 DOI: 10.3390/s25072248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based self-healing electrodes have demonstrated significant potential in sensing and energy storage applications due to their ability to withstand electrical breakdowns at high electric fields. However, such electrodes often face mechanical challenges, such as cracking under stress, compromising stability and reliability. This review critically examines nanomaterial-based self-healing mechanisms, focusing on properties and applications in health monitoring, motion sensing, environmental monitoring, and energy storage. By comprehensively reviewing research conducted on dimension-based nanomaterials (OD, 1D, 2D, and 3D) for self-healing electrode applications, this paper aims to provide essential insights into design strategies and performance enhancements afforded by nanoscale dimensions. This review paper highlights the tremendous potential of harnessing dimensional nanomaterials to develop autonomously restoring electrodes for next-generation sensing and energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oresegun Olakunle Ibrahim
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shulan Zhou
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhaotao He
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (O.O.I.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.J.); (W.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
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2
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Ren W, Wang H, Jiang Y, Dong J, He D, An Q. CoS 2/carbon network flexible film with Co-N bond/π-π interaction enables superior mechanical properties and high-rate sodium ion storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:104-112. [PMID: 38875782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electrodes based on conversion-type materials have potential applications in low-cost and high-performance flexible sodium-ion batteries (FSIBs), owing to their high theoretical capacity and appropriate sodiation potential. However, they suffer from flexible electrodes with poor mechanical properties and sluggish reaction kinetics. In this study, freestanding CoS2 nanoparticles coupled with graphene oxides and carbon nanotubes (CoS2/GO/CNTs) flexible films with robust and interconnected architectures were successfully synthesized. CoS2/GO/CNTs flexible film displays high electronic conductivity and superior mechanical properties (average tensile strength of 21.27 MPa and average toughness of 393.18 KJ m-3) owing to the defect bridge for electron transfer and the formation of the π-π interactions between CNTs and GO. In addition, the close contact between the CoS2 nanoparticles and carbon networks enabled by the Co-N chemical bond prevents the self-aggregation of the CoS2 nanoparticles. As a result, the CoS2/GO/CNTs flexible film delivered superior rate capability (213.5 mAh g-1 at 6 A g-1, better than most reported flexible anode) and long-term cycling stability. Moreover, the conversion reaction that occurred in the CoS2/GO/CNTs flexible film exhibited pseudocapacitive behavior. This study provides meaningful insights into the development of flexible electrodes with superior mechanical properties and electrochemical performance for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ren
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yalong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
| | - Jun Dong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, PR China
| | - Daping He
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Qinyou An
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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3
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Liu C, Kelley SO, Wang Z. Self-Healing Materials for Bioelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401219. [PMID: 38844826 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Though the history of self-healing materials stretches far back to the mid-20th century, it is only in recent years where such unique classes of materials have begun to find use in bioelectronics-itself a burgeoning area of research. Inspired by the natural ability of biological tissue to self-repair, self-healing materials play a multifaceted role in the context of soft, wireless bioelectronic systems, in that they can not only serve as a protective outer shell or substrate for the internal electronic circuitry-analogous to the mechanical barrier that skin provides for the human body-but also, and most importantly, act as an active sensing safeguard against mechanical damage to preserve device functionality and enhance overall durability. This perspective presents the historical overview, general design principles, recent developments, and future outlook of self-healing materials for bioelectronic devices, which integrates topics in many research disciplines-from materials science and chemistry to electronics and bioengineering-together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Liu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zongjie Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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4
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Choi JS, Meena JS, Choi SB, Jung SB, Kim JW. Water-Triggered Self-Healing of Ti 3C 2T x MXene Standalone Electrodes: Systematic Examination of Factors Affecting the Healing Process. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306434. [PMID: 38152953 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, with their remarkable attributes, stand at the forefront of diverse applications. However, the challenge remains in sustaining their performance, especially concerning Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes. Current self-healing techniques, although promising, often rely heavily on adjacent organic materials. This study illuminates a pioneering water-initiated self-healing mechanism tailored specifically for standalone MXene electrodes. Here, both water and select organic solvents seamlessly mend impaired regions. Comprehensive evaluations around solvent types, thermal conditions, and substrate nuances underline water's unmatched healing efficacy, attributed to its innate ability to forge enduring hydrogen bonds with MXenes. Optimal healing environments range from ambient conditions to a modest 50 °C. Notably, on substrates rich in hydroxyl groups, the healing efficiency remains consistently high. The proposed healing mechanism encompasses hydrogen bonding formation, capillary action-induced expansion of interlayer spacing, solvent lubrication, Gibbs free energy minimizing MXene nanosheet rearrangement, and solvent evaporation-triggered MXene layer recombination. MXenes' resilience is further showcased by their electrical revival from profound damages, culminating in the crafting of Joule-heated circuits and heaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jagan Singh Meena
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung-Boo Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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5
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Wu Y, Wang N, Liu H, Cui R, Gu J, Sun R, Zhu Y, Gou L, Fan X, Li D, Wang D. Self-healing of surface defects on Zn electrode for stable aqueous zinc-ion batteries via manipulating the electrode/electrolyte interphases. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:916-925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zarei M, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203193. [PMID: 35737931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healing, and biocompatibility ensure the future application of wearable electronics and e-skins in biomedical engineering and bioanalytical sciences. Leveraging the biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility of natural materials will dramatically influence the fabrication of environmentally friendly e-skins and wearable electronics. Here, the molecular and structural characteristics of biological skins and artificial e-skins are discussed. The focus then turns to the biodegradable materials, including natural and synthetic-polymer-based materials, and their recent applications in the development of biodegradable e-skin in wearable sensors, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Finally, the main challenges and outlook regarding the preparation and application of biodegradable e-skins are critically discussed in a near-future scenario, which is expected to lead to the next generation of biodegradable e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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7
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Microstructure and Self-Healing Capability of Artificial Skin Composites Using Biomimetic Fibers Containing a Healing Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010190. [PMID: 36616539 PMCID: PMC9824380 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging and damage of artificial skin materials for artificial intelligence robots are technical problems that need to be solved urgently in their application. In this work, poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers containing a liquid agent were fabricated directly as biomimetic microvasculars, which were mixed in a glycol-polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin network gel to form biomimetic self-healing artificial skin composites. The self-healing agent was a uniform-viscous buffer solution composed of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), which was mixed under 40 °C. Microstructure analysis showed that the fiber surface was smooth and the diameter was uniform. SEM images of the fiber cross-sections showed that there were uniformly distributed voids. With the extension of time, there was no phenomenon of interface separation after the liquid agent diffused into the matrix through the fiber cavity. The entire process of self-healing was observed and determined including fiber breakage and the agent diffusion steps. XRD and FT-IR results indicated that the self-healing agent could enter the matrix material through fiber damage or release and it chemically reacted with the matrix material, thereby changing the chemical structure of the damaged matrix. Self-healing behavior analysis of the artificial skin indicated that its self-healing efficiency increased to an impressive 97.0% with the increase in temperature to 45 °C.
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Smart Self-Nourishing and Self-Healing Artificial Skin Composite Using Bionic Microvascular Containing Liquid Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193941. [PMID: 36235888 PMCID: PMC9571047 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial skin composites have attracted great interest in functional composite materials. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize a smart artificial skin composite comprising a bionic microvascular with both self-nourishing and self-healing functions. A poly(vinyl alcohol)–glycerol–gelatin double network organic hydrogel was used as the artificial skin matrix. The hydrogel had high mechanical strength because of the strong hydrogen bond formed between the PVA and glycerol (GL). The gelatin (GEL) increased the toughness and elasticity of the hydrogel to ensure the strength of the artificial skin and fit of the interface with the body. The bionic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microvascular had excellent thermal stability and mechanical property in artificial skin. Results indicated that self-nourishing was successfully realized by liquid release through the pore structures of the bionic microvascular. The bionic microvascular healed microcracks in the artificial skin when damage occurred, based on a self-healing test.
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9
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Li Y, Zhou X, Sarkar B, Gagnon-Lafrenais N, Cicoira F. Recent Progress on Self-Healable Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108932. [PMID: 35043469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials able to regenerate after damage have been the object of investigation since the ancient times. For instance, self-healing concretes, able to resist earthquakes, aging, weather, and seawater have been known since the times of ancient Rome and are still the object of research. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in self-healing electronic materials, for applications in electronic skin (E-skin) for health monitoring, wearable and stretchable sensors, actuators, transistors, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Self-healing materials based on conducting polymers are particularly attractive due to their tunable high conductivity, good stability, intrinsic flexibility, excellent processability and biocompatibility. Here recent developments are reviewed in the field of self-healing electronic materials based on conducting polymers, such as poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). The different types of healing, the strategies adopted to optimize electrical and mechanical properties, and the various possible healing mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Biporjoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Noémy Gagnon-Lafrenais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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El Choufi N, Mustapha S, Tehrani B A, Grady BP. An Overview of Self-Healable Polymers and Recent Advances in the Field. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200164. [PMID: 35478422 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The search for materials with better performance, longer service life, lower environmental impact, and lower overall cost is at the forefront of polymer science and material engineering. This has led to the development of self-healing polymers with a range of healing mechanisms including capsular-based, vascular, and intrinsic self-healing polymers. The development of self-healable systems has been inspired by the healing of biological systems such as skin wound healing and broken bone reconstruction. The goal of using self-healing polymers in various applications is to extend the service life of polymers without the need for replacement or human intervention especially in restricted access areas such as underwater/underground piping where inspection, intervention, and maintenance are very difficult. Through an industrial and scholarly lens, this paper provides (a) an overview of self-healing polymers, (b) classification of different self-healing polymers and polymer-based composites, (c) mechanical, thermal, and electrical analysis characterization, (d) applications in coating, composites, and electronics, (e) modeling and simulation, and (f) recent development in the past 20 years . This review highlights the importance of healable polymers for an economically and environmentally sustainable future, the most recent advances in the field, and current limitations in fabrication, manufacturing, and performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim El Choufi
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samir Mustapha
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Tehrani B
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Brian P Grady
- School of Chemical, Biological and, Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Evaluation of wet nanocellulose membranes produced by different bacterial strains for healing full-thickness skin defects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Danner PM, Iacob M, Sasso G, Burda I, Rieger B, Nüesch F, Opris DM. Solvent-free synthesis and processing of conductive elastomer composites for "green" dielectric elastomer transducers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100823. [PMID: 35084072 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes are the more suitable for dielectric elastomer transducers (DET), the closer the mechanical characteristics of electrodes and elastomer are. Here, we present a solvent-free synthesis and processing of conductive composites with excellent electrical and mechanical properties for transducers. The composites are prepared by in-situ polymerization of cyclosiloxane monomers in the presence of graphene nanoplatelets. The low viscosity of the monomer allows for easy dispersion of the filler, eliminating the need for a solvent. After the polymerization, a cross-linking agent is added at room temperature, the composite is solvent-free screen-printed, and the cross-linking reaction is initiated by heating. The best material shows conductivity σ = 8.2 S∙cm-1 , Young's modulus Y10% = 167 kPa, and strain at break s = 305%. The electrode withstands large uniaxial strains without delamination, shows no conductivity losses during repeated operation for 500 000 cycles, and has an excellent recovery of electrical properties upon being stretched at strains of up to 180%. Reliable prototype capacitive sensors and stack actuators are manufactured by screen-printing the conductive composite on the dielectric film. Finally, stack actuators manufactured from dielectric and conductive materials that are synthesized solvent-free are demonstrated. The stack actuators even self-repair after a breakdown event. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Danner
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Wacker-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Mihail Iacob
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Sasso
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Iurii Burda
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Wacker-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Ueberlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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13
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Flexible and electrically robust graphene-based nanocomposite paper with hierarchical microstructures for multifunctional wearable devices. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Sun F, Xu J, Liu T, Li F, Poo Y, Zhang Y, Xiong R, Huang C, Fu J. An autonomously ultrafast self-healing, highly colourless, tear-resistant and compliant elastomer tailored for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding films integrated in flexible and optical electronics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3356-3367. [PMID: 34657943 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the operation reliability of flexible and optical electronics (FOEs) in dynamic and real-world environments, autonomous self-healing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with high transparency, good stretchability and excellent tear-resistance are urgently required but always difficult to achieve due to the poor dynamics of their elastic substrates. Herein, we propose a facile strategy to design a highly dynamic polyurea elastomer (PDMS-MPI-HDI) featuring with ultrahigh optical transparency (>94%), ultralow elastic modulus (<1 MPa), high tear-resistant stretchability (800%), and ultrafast autonomous self-healing (100 s for scratch-healing). Taking PDMS-MPI-HDI as a substrate for embedding silver nanowires (Ag NWs), the first transparent, stretchable and self-healable EMI shielding materials (Ag NWs/PDMS-MPI-HDI) are presented. Failure behavior of Ag NWs/PDMS-MPI-HDI is highly tolerant of prefabricated cracks under deformation. Due to the robust interfacial adhesion between Ag NWs and PDMS-MPI-HDI, the fractured Ag NW network can autonomously self-reconstruct during the healing process of PDMS-MPI-HDI substrates, contributing to the complete restoration of EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) and full erasure of scratches at both the resting and stretching states. Besides, Ag NWs/PDMS-MPI-HDI exhibits fast autonomous self-healing at high (60 °C) and low (0 °C) temperatures, and in artificial sweat, which is essential for FOEs applicable in various practical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuYao Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
| | - JianHua Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
| | - FeiFei Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, China.
| | - Yin Poo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, China.
| | - YaNa Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
| | - RanHua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, China.
| | - ChaoBo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, China.
| | - JiaJun Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
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Wang T, Kong WW, Yu WC, Gao JF, Dai K, Yan DX, Li ZM. A Healable and Mechanically Enhanced Composite with Segregated Conductive Network Structure for High-Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:162. [PMID: 34338928 PMCID: PMC8329141 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cationic waterborne polyurethanes microspheres with Diels-Alder bonds were synthesized for the first time. The electrostatic attraction not only endows the composite with segregated structure to gain high electromagnetic-interference shielding effectiveness, but also greatly enhances mechanical properties. Efficient healing property was realized under heating environment. It is still challenging for conductive polymer composite-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials to achieve long-term stability while maintaining high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), especially undergoing external mechanical stimuli, such as scratches or large deformations. Herein, an electrostatic assembly strategy is adopted to design a healable and segregated carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene oxide (GO)/polyurethane (PU) composite with excellent and reliable EMI SE, even bearing complex mechanical condition. The negatively charged CNT/GO hybrid is facilely adsorbed on the surface of positively charged PU microsphere to motivate formation of segregated conductive networks in CNT/GO/PU composite, establishing a high EMI SE of 52.7 dB at only 10 wt% CNT/GO loading. The Diels-Alder bonds in PU microsphere endow the CNT/GO/PU composite suffering three cutting/healing cycles with EMI SE retention up to 90%. Additionally, the electrostatic attraction between CNT/GO hybrid and PU microsphere helps to strong interfacial bonding in the composite, resulting in high tensile strength of 43.1 MPa and elongation at break of 626%. The healing efficiency of elongation at break achieves 95% when the composite endured three cutting/healing cycles. This work demonstrates a novel strategy for developing segregated EMI shielding composite with healable features and excellent mechanical performance and shows great potential in the durable and high precision electrical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Cheng Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Feng Gao
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Zhou T, Michaels M, Kulinsky L. Guided Healing of Damaged Microelectrodes via Electrokinetic Assembly of Conductive Carbon Nanotube Bridges. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040405. [PMID: 33917532 PMCID: PMC8067462 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The subject of healing and repair of damaged microelectrodes has become of particular interest as the use of integrated circuits, energy storage technologies, and sensors within modern devices has increased. As the dimensions of the electrodes shrink together with miniaturization of all the elements in modern electronic devices, there is a greater risk of mechanical-, thermal-, or chemical-induced fracture of the electrodes. In this research, a novel method of electrode healing using electrokinetically assembled carbon nanotube (CNT) bridges is presented. Utilizing the previously described step-wise CNT deposition process, conductive bridges were assembled across ever-larger electrode gaps, with the width of electrode gaps ranging from 20 microns to well over 170 microns. This work represents a significant milestone since the longest electrically conductive CNT bridge previously reported had a length of 75 microns. To secure the created conductive CNT bridges, they are fixed with a layer of electrodeposited polypyrrole (a conductive polymer). The resistance of the resulting CNT bridges, and its dependence on the size of the electrode gap, is evaluated and explained. Connecting electrodes via conductive CNT bridges can find many applications from nanoelectronics to neuroscience and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA;
| | - Matthew Michaels
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 544 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA;
| | - Lawrence Kulinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-824-6769
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17
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Hao T, Yang Y, Liang W, Fan C, Wang X, Wu W, Chen X, Fu H, Chen H, Yang C. Trace mild acid-catalysed Z → E isomerization of norbornene-fused stilbene derivatives: intelligent chiral molecular photoswitches with controllable self-recovery. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2614-2622. [PMID: 34164029 PMCID: PMC8179340 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05213b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stilbene derivatives have long been known to undergo "acid-catalyzed" Z → E isomerization, where a strong mineral acid at high concentration is practically necessary. Such severe reaction conditions often cause undesired by-reactions and limit their potential application. Herein, we present a trace mild acid-catalyzed Z → E isomerization found with stilbene derivatives fused with a norbornene moiety. By-reactions, such as the migration of the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond and electrophilic addition reactions, were completely inhibited because of the ring strain caused by the fused norbornene component. Direct photolysis of the E isomers at selected wavelengths led to the E → Z photoisomerization of these stilbene derivatives and thus constituted a unique class of molecular switches orthogonally controllable by light and acid. The catalytic amount of acid could be readily removed, and the Z → E isomerization could be controlled by turning on/off the irradiation of a photoacid, which allowed repeated isomerization in a non-invasive manner. Moreover, the Z isomer produced by photoisomerization could spontaneously self-recover to the E isomer in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid. The kinetics of Z → E isomerization were adjustable by manipulating catalytic factors and, therefore, unprecedented molecular photoswitches with adjustable self-recovery were realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Chunying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 China
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18
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Balitaan JNI, Martin GAV, Santiago KS. Revamping squid gladii to biodegradable composites: In situ grafting of polyaniline to β-chitin and their antibacterial activity. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911520973239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global health concern on wound care is becoming more challenging with the emerging prevalence of inexorable antibiotic resistance. Amidst this crisis, various material innovations have been made to combat this dilemma. Herein, squid pens, which are regarded as discards in the seafood industry, were biorefined into β-chitin-graft-polyaniline (β-chitin-g-PANI) composites for possible wound dressing development. β-chitin was first chemically extracted from gladii, and was then grafted with PANI via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of various concentrations of aniline, to produce the β-chitin-g-PANI composites. Supporting data from FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, TGA, and DSC suggest that β-chitin was successfully grafted with PANI. Moreover, improved conductivity and in vitro degradation of the composites were observed as compared to β-chitin and PANI alone, respectively. Zones of inhibition observed from agar diffusion method suggest that the synthesized composites have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting physicochemical and biological properties of integrating conducting PANI to β-chitin substantiated and rendered the β-chitin-g-PANI composites desirable candidates for the development wound care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolleen Natalie I Balitaan
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gloricel Anne V Martin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Karen S Santiago
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
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Xie T, Vogt BD. A Virtual Special Issue on Self-Healing Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49277-49280. [PMID: 33143431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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20
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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