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Yang Y, Ren Q, Zhang Z, Liu D, Zhu Y, Jin Y, Zhang M. A Strain Sensor for Multidirectional Deformation Detection Realized by Rolling Patterned Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Sens 2025; 10:2986-2993. [PMID: 40184478 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2025]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable sensors have garnered significant attention in the fields of human-computer interaction, motion capture, and health monitoring. Presently, most sensors are limited to capturing motion in a single direction and lack the capability to analyze multidirectional deformations in real world. A single device capable of detecting multidirectional deformations has always been a high expectation and a daunting challenge. In this work, we realize the idea of using a single sensor for multidirectional sensing by adopting a "one-step" rolling process to transfer vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown on a silicon wafer onto a flexible Ecoflex substrate. The entire preparation process is simple and efficient. Distinct conductive paths form along different directions controlled by the rolling process and the pattern design of carbon nanotubes, thus resulting in a sensitive directional dependence. The sensor exhibits remarkable performance, including a wide operating range (0-120%), high sensitivity (GF = 126.6), short response time (64 ms), and good stability (over 4000 cycles under strain 40%). The sensors are demonstrated for detecting motion signals and monitoring human health, ranging from subtle motion signals to large deformation. These sensor characteristics fulfill the requirements of various practical scenarios and have an immense potential for applications in human-computer interaction interfaces, intelligent robots, and in situ health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Yang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinqi Ren
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dexing Liu
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yufeng Jin
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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2
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Van Nguyen D, Song P, Manshaii F, Bell J, Chen J, Dinh T. Advances in Soft Strain and Pressure Sensors. ACS NANO 2025; 19:6663-6704. [PMID: 39933798 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2025]
Abstract
Soft strain and pressure sensors represent a breakthrough in material engineering and nanotechnology, providing accurate and reliable signal detection for applications in health monitoring, sports management, human-machine interface, or soft robotics, when compared to traditional rigid sensors. However, their performance is often compromised by environmental interference and off-axis mechanical deformations, which lead to nonspecific responses, as well as unstable and inaccurate measurements. These challenges can be effectively addressed by enhancing the sensors' specificity, making them responsive only to the desired stimulus while remaining insensitive to unwanted stimuli. This review systematically examines various materials and design strategies for developing strain and pressure sensors with high specificity for target physical signals, such as tactility, pressure distribution, body motions, or artery pulse. This review highlights approaches in materials engineering that impart special properties to the sensors to suppress interference from factors such as temperature, humidity, and liquid contact. Additionally, it details structural designs that improve sensor performance under different types of off-axis mechanical deformations. This review concludes by discussing the ongoing challenges and opportunities for inspiring the future development of highly specific electromechanical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Van Nguyen
- School of Engineering and Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland 4300, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland 4300, Australia
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John Bell
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland 4300, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Toan Dinh
- School of Engineering and Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland 4300, Australia
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3
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Song R, Cho S, Khan S, Park I, Gao W. Lighting the Path to Precision Healthcare: Advances and Applications of Wearable Photonic Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2419161. [PMID: 39865847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable photonic sensors have marked a transformative era in healthcare, enabling non-invasive, real-time, portable, and personalized medical monitoring. These sensors leverage the unique properties of light toward high-performance sensing in form factors optimized for real-world use. Their ability to offer solutions to a broad spectrum of medical challenges - from routine health monitoring to managing chronic conditions, inspires a rapidly growing translational market. This review explores the design and development of wearable photonic sensors toward various healthcare applications. The photonic sensing strategies that power these technologies are first presented, alongside a discussion of the factors that define optimal use-cases for each approach. The means by which these mechanisms are integrated into wearable formats are then discussed, with considerations toward material selection for comfort and functionality, component fabrication, and power management. Recent developments in the space are detailed, accounting for both physical and chemical stimuli detection through various non-invasive biofluids. Finally, a comprehensive situational overview identifies critical challenges toward translation, alongside promising solutions. Associated future outlooks detail emerging trends and mechanisms that stand to enable the integration of these technologies into mainstream healthcare practice, toward advancing personalized medicine and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Seokjoo Cho
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shadman Khan
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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4
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Yang C, Liu H, Ma J, Xu M. Multimodal Flexible Sensor for the Detection of Pressing-Bending-Twisting Mechanical Deformations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:2413-2424. [PMID: 39723727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are increasingly significant in applications such as smart wearables and human-computer interactions. However, typical flexible sensors are spatially limited and can generally detect only one deformation mode. This study presents a novel multimodal flexible sensor that combines three sensing units: optoelectronics, ionic liquids, and conductive fabrics. It employs a sophisticated superposition and combination of the three sensing methods to achieve up to eight mechanical deformations, including pressing, bending, twisting, and combinations thereof, all within a very small sensor space. This sensor has excellent detection performance, high sensitivity (optoelectronics 4.312, ionic liquid 8.186, conductive fabric 2.438), a wide measurement range (pressing 0-75 kPa, bending 0-90°, and twisting 0-180°), and good consistency and repeatability. To address the signal coupling problem in multimode sensors, a deep learning method based on the Transformer is combined to provide precise decoupling of multimode signals and high-precision characterization of each mechanical deformation. Finally, the wrist joint experiments demonstrate the sensor's versatile uses in human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jin Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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5
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Xu X, Xu Q, Ma J, Deng Y, An W, Yan K, Zong Y, Zhang F. Progress in Protein-Based Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors: Insights from Casein. ACS Sens 2024; 9:5642-5664. [PMID: 39466787 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid advancement of flexible sensors as the cornerstone of flexible electronics has propelled a flourishing evolution within the realm of flexible electronics. Unlike traditional flexible devices, hydrogel flexible sensors have characteristic advantages such as biocompatibility, adhesion, and adjustable mechanical properties and have similar properties to human skin. Especially, biobased hydrogels have become the preferred substrate material for flexible sensors due to increased environmental pressures caused by the scarcity of petrochemical resources. In this regard, proteins possess advantages such as diverse amino acid compositions, adjustable advanced structures, chemical modifiability, the application of protein engineering techniques, and the ability to respond to various external stimuli. These enable the hydrogels constructed from them to have greater designability, flexibility, and adaptability. As a result, their applications in manufacturing various types of sensors have experienced rapid growth. This work systematically reviews the sensing mechanism of protein-based hydrogels, focusing on the preparation of protein-based hydrogels and the optimization of flexible sensors mainly from the perspective of a typical type of animal-derived protein casein. In addition, while the potential of casein is recognized, the limitations of casein-based hydrogels in flexible sensor applications are explored, and insights are provided into the development trends of next-generation sensors based on casein-based hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qunna Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yanting Deng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wen An
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Ferroelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013 Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yan Zong
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
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6
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Zhou Q, Wang X, Tang K, Chen Y, Wang R, Lei H, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Developing portable and controllable fluorescence capillary imprinted sensor for visual detection Crohn's disease biomarkers. Talanta 2024; 278:126402. [PMID: 38924985 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of multiple biomarker levels is essential to improve the accuracy of early diagnosis. Introducing capillary will simplify procedure, less time, and reduce reagent consumption for point-of-care testing of biomarkers. Here, we developed a portable and controllable smartphone-integrated fluorescence capillary imprinted sensing platform for the accuracy visual detection of Crohn's disease biomarkers (lysozyme, Fe3+) using single-excitation/double-signal detection. A novel controllable capillary coating strategy was developed by static gas-driven coating method for synthesis uniform fluorescence capillary imprinted sensor (Si-CD/g-CdTe@MIP capillary sensor). When Fe3+ and lysozyme were added, the fluorescence intensity of Si-CD/g-CdTe@MIP capillary sensor was quenched at 426 nm and enhanced at 546 nm, respectively. This Si-CD/g-CdTe@MIP capillary sensor has high sensitivity and selectivity for quantification lysozyme and Fe3+ simultaneously with the detection limit of 0.098 nM and 0.20 nM, respectively. In addition, the smartphone-integrated Si-CD/g-CdTe@MIP capillary sensor was applied for the intelligent detection of lysozyme and Fe3+, in which the detection limit was calculated as 0.32 nM and 0.65 nM. The smartphone-integrated visual Si-CD/g-CdTe@MIP capillary sensor realized ultrasensitive microanalysis (18 μL/time) of biomarkers in health man and Crohn 's patients, providing a novel strategy for early diagnosis of Crohn 's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China; Ley Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmacology in Wuling Mountainous of Hunan Province College, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Xiangni Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China; Ley Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmacology in Wuling Mountainous of Hunan Province College, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Kangling Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Ruoyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China; Ley Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmacology in Wuling Mountainous of Hunan Province College, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Huibin Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China; Ley Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmacology in Wuling Mountainous of Hunan Province College, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, PR China.
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7
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Ahn J, Jeong Y, Kang M, Ahn J, Padmajan Sasikala S, Yang I, Ha JH, Hwang SH, Jeon S, Gu J, Choi J, Kang BH, Kim SO, Kim S, Choi J, Jeong JH, Park I. Nanoribbon Yarn with Versatile Inorganic Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311736. [PMID: 38552227 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based yarns have been actively developed owing to their advantageous features, namely, high surface-area-to-volume ratios, flexibility, and unusual material characteristics such as anisotropy in electrical/thermal conductivity. The superior properties of the nanomaterials can be directly imparted and scaled-up to macro-sized structures. However, most nanomaterial-based yarns have thus far, been fabricated with only organic materials such as polymers, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. This paper presents a novel fabrication method for fully inorganic nanoribbon yarn, expanding its applicability by bundling highly aligned and suspended nanoribbons made from various inorganic materials (e.g., Au, Pd, Ni, Al, Pt, WO3, SnO2, NiO, In2O3, and CuO). The process involves depositing the target inorganic material on a nanoline mold, followed by suspension through plasma etching of the nanoline mold, and twisting using a custom-built yarning machine. Nanoribbon yarn structures of various functional inorganic materials are utilized for chemical sensors (Pd-based H2 and metal oxides (MOx)-based green gas sensors) and green energy transducers (water splitting electrodes/triboelectric nanogenerators). This method is expected to provide a comprehensive fabrication strategy for versatile inorganic nanomaterials-based yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Ahn
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Radioisotope Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 111, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 057, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyeong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano-manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano-manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Choi
- Department of Nano-manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano-manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34 141, Republic of Korea
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Wani AK, Khan Z, Sena S, Akhtar N, Alreshdi MA, Yadav KK, Alkahtani AM, Wani AW, Rahayu F, Tafakresnanto C, Latifah E, Hariyono B, Arifin Z, Eltayeb LB. Carbon nanotubes in plant dynamics: Unravelling multifaceted roles and phytotoxic implications. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108628. [PMID: 38636256 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising frontier in plant science owing to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications. CNTs enhance stress tolerance by improving water dynamics and nutrient uptake and activating defence mechanisms against abiotic and biotic stresses. They can be taken up by roots and translocated within the plant, impacting water retention, nutrient assimilation, and photosynthesis. CNTs have shown promise in modulating plant-microbe interactions, influencing symbiotic relationships and mitigating the detrimental effects of phytopathogens. CNTs have demonstrated the ability to modulate gene expression in plants, offering a powerful tool for targeted genetic modifications. The integration of CNTs as sensing elements in plants has opened new avenues for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions and early detection of stress-induced changes. In the realm of agrochemicals, CNTs have been explored for their potential as carriers for targeted delivery of nutrients, pesticides, and other bioactive compounds. CNTs have the potential to demonstrate phytotoxic effects, detrimentally influencing both the growth and developmental processes of plants. Phytotoxicity is characterized by induction of oxidative stress, impairment of cellular integrity, disruption of photosynthetic processes, perturbation of nutrient homeostasis, and alterations in gene expression. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the multifaceted roles of CNTs in plant physiology, emphasizing their potential applications and addressing the existing challenges in translating this knowledge into sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Zehra Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, 45142 Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikat Sena
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144411, Punjab, India
| | | | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 4620044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ab Waheed Wani
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Farida Rahayu
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Chendy Tafakresnanto
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Evy Latifah
- Research Center for Horticulture, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Budi Hariyono
- Research Center for Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research Innovation Agenc (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Zainal Arifin
- Research Center for Horticulture, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Lienda Bashier Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University-Al-Kharj, 11942, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Papani R, Li Y, Wang S. Soft mechanical sensors for wearable and implantable applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1961. [PMID: 38723798 PMCID: PMC11108230 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable sensing of biomechanical signals such as pressure, strain, shear, and vibration can enable a multitude of human-integrated applications, including on-skin monitoring of vital signs, motion tracking, monitoring of internal organ condition, restoration of lost/impaired mechanoreception, among many others. The mechanical conformability of such sensors to the human skin and tissue is critical to enhancing their biocompatibility and sensing accuracy. As such, in the recent decade, significant efforts have been made in the development of soft mechanical sensors. To satisfy the requirements of different wearable and implantable applications, such sensors have been imparted with various additional properties to make them better suited for the varied contexts of human-integrated applications. In this review, focusing on the four major types of soft mechanical sensors for pressure, strain, shear, and vibration, we discussed the recent material and device design innovations for achieving several important properties, including flexibility and stretchability, bioresorbability and biodegradability, self-healing properties, breathability, transparency, wireless communication capabilities, and high-density integration. We then went on to discuss the current research state of the use of such novel soft mechanical sensors in wearable and implantable applications, based on which future research needs were further discussed. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithvik Papani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States
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10
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Han C, Jeong Y, Ahn J, Kim T, Choi J, Ha J, Kim H, Hwang SH, Jeon S, Ahn J, Hong JT, Kim JJ, Jeong J, Park I. Recent Advances in Sensor-Actuator Hybrid Soft Systems: Core Advantages, Intelligent Applications, and Future Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302775. [PMID: 37752815 PMCID: PMC10724400 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for soft intelligent systems, which have the potential to be used in a variety of fields such as wearable technology and human-robot interaction systems, has spurred the development of advanced soft transducers. Among soft systems, sensor-actuator hybrid systems are considered the most promising due to their effective and efficient performance, resulting from the synergistic and complementary interaction between their sensor and actuator components. Recent research on integrated sensor and actuator systems has resulted in a range of conceptual and practical soft systems. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in sensor and actuator integrated systems, which are grouped into three categories based on their primary functions: i) actuator-assisted sensors for intelligent detection, ii) sensor-assisted actuators for intelligent movement, and iii) sensor-actuator interactive devices for a hybrid of intelligent detection and movement. In addition, several bottlenecks in current studies are discussed, and prospective outlooks, including potential applications, are presented. This categorization and analysis will pave the way for the advancement and commercialization of sensor and actuator-integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chankyu Han
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
- Radioisotope Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daejeon34057Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Hwan Ha
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Ahn
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- Radioisotope Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daejeon34057Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Kim
- Radioisotope Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daejeon34057Republic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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11
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Ma Y, Hua T, Yang Y, Tian X, Niu B, Chao X. Predicting the Pressure Behavior and Sensing Property of Elastic Pressure Exerting and Sensing Fabrics for Compression Textiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49402-49417. [PMID: 37842939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Using compression textiles to exert an appropriate and steady pressure on human limbs is a primary treatment method in the medical area. Compression pressure is a crucial parameter that determines the treatment efficacy. However, there is a lack of pressure-sensing fabrics that can both apply and measure the pressure of compression textiles, particularly the theoretical study of the prediction of the pressure and sensing performance of such a sensing fabric. In this study, based on the developed elastic pressure-exerting and -sensing fabrics and a setup test protocol simulating the pressure-exerting process, the relationships between the displacement of the press head, resultant fabric extension, and pressure were theoretically explored. Two finite element (FE) models, continuum and discontinuous models, were first established to predict the pressure behavior of elastic pressure-exerting and -sensing fabrics. The simulation results present good agreement with the experimental results wherein the pressure generated increases with the increase of the fabric strain in a nonlinear form. Furthermore, with the above FE models for the relationship between fabric extension and pressure generated, as well as the measured electrical resistance of the sensing fabric, a model for the electrical resistance of the sensing fabric can thus be established. Among pressure-sensing fabrics in three different structures, the sensing fabric in sateen exhibits better pressure prediction accuracy and a faster response to the pressure change. Finally, a series of numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of the press head diameter, the unit cell crimp factor of fabric and the fabric pretension on the fabric extension, the resultant pressure, and electrical resistance change. The simulation results show that the pressure decreases with the increase of the press head diameter. The crimp factor and pretension of the sensing fabric also have a significant effect on the pressure and electrical resistance change generated. This simulation approach provides a new theoretical understanding of the pressure behavior and mechanism of pressure-sensing fabrics for future smart compression textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ma
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Hua
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Tian
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ben Niu
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xujiang Chao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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12
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Goto D, Sakaue Y, Kobayashi T, Kawamura K, Okada S, Shiozawa N. Bending Angle Sensor Based on Double-Layer Capacitance Suitable for Human Joint. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 4:129-140. [PMID: 38274780 PMCID: PMC10810311 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3289318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal: To develop bending angle sensors based on double-layer capacitance for monitoring joint angles during cycling exercises. Methods: We develop a bending angle sensor based on double-layer capacitive and conducted three stretching, bending, and cycling tests to evaluate its validity. Results: We demonstrate that the bending angle sensor based on double-layer capacitance minimizes the change in the capacitance difference in the stretching test. The hysteresis and root mean square error (RMSE) compared with the optical motion capture show hysteresis: 8.0% RMSE and 3.1° in the bending test. Moreover, a cycling experiment for human joint angle measurements confirm the changes in accuracy. The RMSEs ranged from 4.7° to 7.0°, even when a human wears leggings fixed with the developed bending-angle sensor in the cycling test. Conclusion: The developed bending angle sensor provides a practical application of the quantitative and observational evaluation tool for knee joint angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakaue
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
| | - Kohei Kawamura
- Graduate School of Sports and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
| | - Shima Okada
- Department of RoboticsCollege of Science and EngineeringRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
| | - Naruhiro Shiozawa
- College of Sports and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKyoto603-8577Japan
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13
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Ren W, Song Y, Luo H, Han Y, He L, Wu X, Wang Z. Bioinspired Tactile Sensation Based on Synergistic Microcrack-Bristle Structure Design toward High Mechanical Sensitivity and Direction-Resolving Capability. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0172. [PMID: 37333971 PMCID: PMC10275619 DOI: 10.34133/research.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural tactile sensation is complex, which involves not only contact force intensity detection but also the perception of the force direction, the surface texture, and other mechanical parameters. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the developed tactile sensors can only detect the normal force, but usually cannot resolve shear force or even distinguish the directions of the force. Here, we present a new paradigm of bioinspired tactile sensors for resolving both the intensity and the directions of mechanical stimulations via synergistic microcrack-bristle structure design and cross-shaped configuration engineering. The microcrack sensing structure gives high mechanical sensitivity to the tactile sensors, and the synergistic bristle structure further amplifies the sensitivity of the sensors. The cross-shaped configuration engineering of the synergistic microcrack-bristle structure further endows the tactile sensors with good capability to detect and distinguish the directions of the applied mechanical forces. The as-fabricated tactile sensors exhibit a high sensitivity (25.76 N-1), low detection limit (5.4 mN), desirable stability (over 2,500 cycles), and good capability to resolve both mechanical intensity and directional features. As promising application scenarios, surface texture recognition and biomimetic path explorations are successfully demonstrated with these tactile sensors. This newly proposed tactile sensation strategy and technology have great potential applications in ingenious tactile sensation and construction of various robotic and bionic prostheses with high operational dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenjuan Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hua Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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14
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Ahn J, Gu J, Jeong Y, Ha JH, Ko J, Kang B, Hwang SH, Park J, Jeon S, Kim H, Jeong JH, Park I. Nanotransfer-on-Things: From Rigid to Stretchable Nanophotonic Devices. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5935-5942. [PMID: 36916819 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for nanophotonic devices has driven the advancement of nanotransfer printing (nTP) technology. Currently, the scope of nTP is limited to certain materials and substrates owing to the temperature, pressure, and chemical bonding requirements. In this study, we developed a universal nTP technique utilizing covalent bonding-based adhesives to improve the adhesion between the target material and substrate. Additionally, the technique employed plasma-based selective etching to weaken the adhesion between the mold and target material, thereby enabling the reliable modulation of the relative adhesion forces, regardless of the material or substrate. The technique was evaluated by printing four optical materials on nine substrates, including rigid, flexible, and stretchable substrates. Finally, its applicability was demonstrated by fabricating a ring hologram, a flexible plasmonic color filter, and extraordinary optical transmission-based strain sensors. The high accuracy and reliability of the proposed nTP method were verified by the performance of nanophotonic devices that closely matched numerical simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongmin Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ahn J, Ha JH, Jeong Y, Jung Y, Choi J, Gu J, Hwang SH, Kang M, Ko J, Cho S, Han H, Kang K, Park J, Jeon S, Jeong JH, Park I. Nanoscale three-dimensional fabrication based on mechanically guided assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:833. [PMID: 36788240 PMCID: PMC9929216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for complex three-dimensional (3D) micro-/nanostructures has inspired the development of the corresponding manufacturing techniques. Among these techniques, 3D fabrication based on mechanically guided assembly offers the advantages of broad material compatibility, high designability, and structural reversibility under strain but is not applicable for nanoscale device printing because of the bottleneck at nanofabrication and design technique. Herein, a configuration-designable nanoscale 3D fabrication is suggested through a robust nanotransfer methodology and design of substrate's mechanical characteristics. Covalent bonding-based two-dimensional nanotransfer allowing for nanostructure printing on elastomer substrates is used to address fabrication problems, while the feasibility of configuration design through the modulation of substrate's mechanical characteristics is examined using analytical calculations and numerical simulations, allowing printing of various 3D nanostructures. The printed nanostructures exhibit strain-independent electrical properties and are therefore used to fabricate stretchable H2 and NO2 sensors with high performances stable under external strains of 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Ahn
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ha
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jung
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungrak Choi
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Gu
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Cho
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Han
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- grid.410901.d0000 0001 2325 3578Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Han WC, Lee YJ, Kim SU, Lee HJ, Kim YS, Kim DS. Versatile Mechanochromic Sensor based on Highly Stretchable Chiral Liquid Crystalline Elastomer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206299. [PMID: 36464625 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochromic strain sensor that is capable of distinguishing the orientation, the location, and the degree of deformation based on the highly stretchable membrane of main-chain chiral liquid crystalline elastomer (MCLCE) is proposed. The MCLCE film is designed to exhibit uniform and significant color shift upon the small strain by using step-growth polymerization of liquid crystal (LC) oligomer and its phase-stabilization in solvent mesogen. As conformally placed on the bottom elastomer sheet, the MCLCE film shows multimodal, instantaneous color change for sensing arbitrary in-plane deformation, out-of-plane bending, and nonzero Gaussian deformation. Based on high freedom in the device design, it is also demonstrated that this sensor can display color patterns or encrypted images in response to the localized weight or strain. The simple and straightforward concept proposed here can be applicable in the fields of wearable devices, displays, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Chan Han
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Se-Um Kim
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Joo Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- Display Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25, Saenari-ro, Bundang-gu, Seoungnam-si, Kyounggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seok Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608737, Republic of Korea
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17
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Zhou X, Cao W. Flexible and Stretchable Carbon-Based Sensors and Actuators for Soft Robots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 36678069 PMCID: PMC9864711 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of low-dimensional carbon-based materials, such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, together with the advances in materials science, have greatly enriched the variety of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Compared with conventional rigid devices, these soft robotic sensors and actuators exhibit remarkable advantages in terms of their biocompatibility, portability, power efficiency, and wearability, thus creating myriad possibilities of novel wearable and implantable tactile sensors, as well as micro-/nano-soft actuation systems. Interestingly, not only are carbon-based materials ideal constituents for photodetectors, gas, thermal, triboelectric sensors due to their geometry and extraordinary sensitivity to various external stimuli, but they also provide significantly more precise manipulation of the actuators than conventional centimeter-scale pneumatic and hydraulic robotic actuators, at a molecular level. In this review, we summarize recent progress on state-of-the-art flexible and stretchable carbon-based sensors and actuators that have creatively added to the development of biomedicine, nanoscience, materials science, as well as soft robotics. In the end, we propose the future potential of carbon-based materials for biomedical and soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai 201210, China
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18
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Muller J, Kumar C, Ghosh AK, Gupta V, Tschopp M, Le Houerou V, Fery A, Decher G, Pauly M, Felix O. Spray-Deposited Anisotropic Assemblies of Plasmonic Nanowires for Direction-Sensitive Strain Measurement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54073-54080. [PMID: 36401833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanoscale composites with hierarchical architecture and complex anisotropies enables the fabrication of new classes of devices. Stretchable strain sensors have been developed in the past for applications in various fields such as wearable electronics and soft robotics, yet the sensing capacities of most of these sensors are independent of the direction of deformation. In the present work, we report on the preparation of a direction-sensitive strain sensor using the anisotropic optical properties of a monolayer of oriented plasmonic 1D nano-objects. Grazing incidence spraying (GIS) is used for depositing a monolayer of in-plane aligned silver nanowires with a controlled density on a deformable and transparent substrate. Using the selective excitation of transverse and longitudinal localized plasmon resonance modes of silver nanowires by polarized UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy, we show that the macroscopic anisotropic properties of the monolayer upon stretching are highly dependent on the stretching direction and light polarization. Measuring the polarized optical properties of the anisotropic thin films upon stretching thus allow for retrieving both the local strain and the direction of the deformation using a simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Muller
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Charchit Kumar
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube UMR 7357, F-67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Anik Kumar Ghosh
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Gupta
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Michel Tschopp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Le Houerou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube UMR 7357, F-67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Gero Decher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000Strasbourg, France
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
- International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry, F-67083Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthias Pauly
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000Strasbourg, France
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
| | - Olivier Felix
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000Strasbourg, France
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
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19
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Yang P, Xiang S, Li R, Ruan H, Chen D, Zhou Z, Huang X, Liu Z. Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Fe NWs/Graphene/PEDOT:PSS with a Porous Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8895. [PMID: 36012160 PMCID: PMC9408232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of wearable smart electronic products, high-performance wearable flexible strain sensors are urgently needed. In this paper, a flexible strain sensor device with Fe NWs/Graphene/PEDOT:PSS material added under a porous structure was designed and prepared. The effects of adding different sensing materials and a different number of dips with PEDOT:PSS on the device performance were investigated. The experiments show that the flexible strain sensor obtained by using Fe NWs, graphene, and PEDOT:PSS composite is dipped in polyurethane foam once and vacuum dried in turn with a local linearity of 98.8%, and the device was stable up to 3500 times at 80% strain. The high linearity and good stability are based on the three-dimensional network structure of polyurethane foam, combined with the excellent electrical conductivity of Fe NWs, the bridging and passivation effects of graphene, and the stabilization effect of PEDOT:PSS, which force the graphene-coated Fe NWs to adhere to the porous skeleton under the action of PEDOT:PSS to form a stable three-dimensional conductive network. Flexible strain sensor devices can be applied to smart robots and other fields and show broad application prospects in intelligent wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping’an Yang
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Sha Xiang
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Haibo Ruan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dachao Chen
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Zhongbang Liu
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
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20
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Cho D, Chen H, Shin J, Jeon S. Mechanoresponsive scatterers for high-contrast optical modulation. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 11:2737-2762. [PMID: 39635666 PMCID: PMC11501574 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Smart chromatic materials with optical transmittances that can be modified by light scattering upon external stimuli are attracting extensive interest because of their appealing applications in smart windows, privacy protection, electronic displays, etc. However, the development of these scatterers, which are mostly activated by electric fields, is hindered by their intrinsic energy consumption, slow responses, and poor stability. Recently, mechanoresponsive scatterers based on a strain-driven reconfiguration of the surface or internal structure have emerged, featuring fast responses and a simple composition/fabrication. Because there is no energy consumption to maintain the transparency/opacity, this novel scheme for scatterers holds great promise to break the existing bottleneck. This article presents recent advances in the development of mechanoresponsive scatterers and compares different structural design strategies. The scatterers are categorized into 2D, 3D, and other types according to the dimensions of their functioning structures. The fabrication methods, mechanisms, and relationships between the structural parameters and optical modulating performances are discussed for each category. Next, the potential applications of these scatterers are outlined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream 2D and 3D categories are summarized, followed by a perspective on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, USA
| | - Haomin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jonghwa Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Babu VJ, Anusha M, Sireesha M, Sundarrajan S, Abdul Haroon Rashid SSA, Kumar AS, Ramakrishna S. Intelligent Nanomaterials for Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensor Applications: The Science behind Diverse Mechanisms, Fabrication Methods, and Real-Time Healthcare. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2219. [PMID: 35683893 PMCID: PMC9182624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become a scientific obligation to unveil the underlying mechanisms and the fabrication methods behind wearable/stretchable strain sensors based on intelligent nanomaterials in order to explore their possible potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. This report is based on an extensive literature survey of fabrication of stretchable strain sensors (SSS) based on nanomaterials in the fields of healthcare, sports, and entertainment. Although the evolution of wearable strain sensors (WSS) is rapidly progressing, it is still at a prototype phase and various challenges need to be addressed in the future in special regard to their fabrication protocols. The biocalamity of COVID-19 has brought a drastic change in humans' lifestyles and has negatively affected nations in all capacities. Social distancing has become a mandatory rule to practice in common places where humans interact with each other as a basic need. As social distancing cannot be ruled out as a measure to stop the spread of COVID-19 virus, wearable sensors could play a significant role in technologically impacting people's consciousness. This review article meticulously describes the role of wearable and strain sensors in achieving such objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluru Jagadeesh Babu
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Merum Anusha
- Department of Pharmacology, S V Medical College, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada 517501, India;
| | - Merum Sireesha
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Syed Sulthan Alaudeen Abdul Haroon Rashid
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - A. Senthil Kumar
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
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22
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Chen H, Cho D, Ko K, Qin C, Kim MP, Zhang H, Lee JH, Kim E, Park D, Shen X, Yang J, Ko H, Hong JW, Kim JK, Jeon S. Interdigitated Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Nanocomposites for High-Performance Mechanochromic Smart Membranes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:68-77. [PMID: 34797045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic smart membranes capable of optical modulation have great potential in smart windows, artificial skins, and camouflage. However, the realization of high-contrast optical modulation based on light scattering activated at a low strain remains challenging. Here, we present a strategy for designing mechanochromic scattering membranes by introducing a Young's modulus mismatch between the two interdigitated polydimethylsiloxane phases with weak interfaces in a periodic three-dimensional (3D) structure. The refractive index-matched interfaces of the nanocomposite provide a high optical transparency of 93%. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the 3D heterogeneity facilitates the generation of numerous nanoscale debonds or "nanogaps" at the modulus-mismatching interfaces, enabling incident light scattering under tension. The heterogeneous scatterer delivers both a high transmittance contrast of >50% achieved at 15% strain and a maximum contrast of 82%. When used as a smart window, the membrane demonstrates effective diffusion of transmitting sunlight, leading to moderate indoor illumination by eliminating extremely bright or dark spots. At the other extreme, such a 3D heterogeneous design with strongly bonded interfaces can enhance the coloration sensitivity of mechanophore-dyed nanocomposites. This work presents insights into the design principles of advanced mechanochromic smart membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonhwan Ko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Caiyan Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo P Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dawon Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Development of High-Sensitivity Electrically Conductive Composite Elements by Press Molding of Polymer and Carbon Nanofibers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020170. [PMID: 35208295 PMCID: PMC8876551 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have various excellent properties, such as high tensile strength, electric conductivity and current density resistance, and thus have great application potential in electrical sensor development. In this research, electrically conductive composite elements using CNFs sandwiched by thermoplastic olefin (TPO) substrates were developed by press molding. The metal mold used for press molding was processed by a femtosecond laser to generate laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the mold surface. The aggregate of CNFs was then flexibly fixed by the LIPSSs imprinted on the TPO substrate surface to produce a wavy conductive path of CNFs. The developed composite elements exhibited a sharp increase in electrical resistance as strain increased. A high gauge factor of over 47 was achieved, which demonstrates high sensitivity against strain when the composite element is used as a strain gauge. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that the TPO filled the spaces in the aggregate of CNFs after press molding, and the conductive path was extended by the tensile strain. The strain-induced dynamic changes of contact states of CNFs and CNFs networks are discussed based on the electrical performance measurement and cross-sectional observation of the elements. This research provides a new approach to the production of flexible and high sensitivity strain sensors.
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24
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Kim MS, Kim S, Choi J, Kim S, Han C, Lee Y, Jung Y, Park J, Oh S, Bae BS, Lim H, Park I. Stretchable Printed Circuit Board Based on Leak-Free Liquid Metal Interconnection and Local Strain Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1826-1837. [PMID: 34931517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize a transition from conventional to stretchable electronics, it is necessary to make a universal stretchable circuit board in which passive/active components can be robustly integrated. We developed a stretchable printed circuit board (s-PCB) platform that enables easy and reliable integration of various electronic components by utilizing a modulus-gradient polymeric substrate, liquid metal amalgam (LMA) circuit traces, and Ag nanowire (AgNW) contact pads. Due to the LMA-AgNW biphasic structure of interconnection, the LMA is hermetically sealed by a homogeneous interface, realizing complete leak-free characteristics. Furthermore, integration reliability is successfully achieved by local strain control of the stretchable substrate with a selective glass fiber reinforcement (GFR). A strain localization derived by GFR makes almost 50,000% of strain difference within the board, and the amount of deformation applied to the constituent elements can be engineered. We finally demonstrated that the proposed integrated platform can be utilized as a universal s-PCB capable of integrating rigid/conventional electronic components and soft material-based functional elements with negligible signal distortion under various mechanical deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggi Kim
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Jung
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjong Oh
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuneui Lim
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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25
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Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Recent Development of Flexible Tactile Sensors and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010050. [PMID: 35009588 PMCID: PMC8747637 DOI: 10.3390/s22010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society in recent decades, the wearable sensor has attracted attention for motion-based health care and artificial applications. However, there are still many limitations to applying them in real life, particularly the inconvenience that comes from their large size and non-flexible systems. To solve these problems, flexible small-sized sensors that use body motion as a stimulus are studied to directly collect more accurate and diverse signals. In particular, tactile sensors are applied directly on the skin and provide input signals of motion change for the flexible reading device. This review provides information about different types of tactile sensors and their working mechanisms that are piezoresistive, piezocapacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric. Moreover, this review presents not only the applications of the tactile sensor in motion sensing and health care monitoring, but also their contributions in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years. Other applications, such as human behavior studies, are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Seop Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5814; Fax: +82-31-750-5389
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26
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Li H, Chang S, Li M, Hou K, Han L, Cao A, Li H, Shang Y. Flexible and Stable Carbon Nanotube Film Strain Sensors with Self-Derived Integrated Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55600-55610. [PMID: 34779615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and wearable electronic devices has put an increasing demand on electrode systems with seamless connection and high compatibility with the main device, in order to accommodate complex deformation conditions and maintain stable performance. Here, we present a carbon nanotube-integrated electrode (CNTIE) by wet-pulling the ends of a carbon nanotube (CNT) film to form condensed thin fibers that resemble conventional conducting wire electrodes. A flexible strain sensor was constructed consisting of the middle CNT film as the main functional part and the CNTIE as self-derived electrodes, with inherent CNT connection between the two parts. The sensor can be transferred to versatile substrates (e.g., balloon surface) or encapsulated in thermoplastic polymers, exhibiting a large linear response range (up to 1000% in tensile strain), excellent durability and repeatability over 5000 cycles, and the ability to detect small- to large-degree human body motions. In addition, the strain sensor based on the CNTIE hybrid film (MXene/CNT and graphene/CNT) also shows superior linearity and stability at a strain range of 0-800%. Compared with the sensors using traditional silver wire electrodes and separately fabricated CNT fiber electrodes, our CNTIE plays an important role in achieving highly stable performance in the strain cycles. Our self-derived integrated electrodes provide a potential route to solve the incompatibility issues of conventional electrodes and to develop high-performance flexible and wearable systems based on CNTs and other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Shulong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Keheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Lei Han
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hongbian Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
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27
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Tang R, Lu F, Liu L, Yan Y, Du Q, Zhang B, Zhou T, Fu H. Flexible pressure sensors with microstructures. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Tang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Fangyuan Lu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Yu Yan
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Qifeng Du
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Bocheng Zhang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Haoran Fu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
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28
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Xia M, Pan S, Li H, Yi X, Zhan Y, Sun Z, Jiang X, Zhang Y. Hybrid double-network hydrogel for highly stretchable, excellent sensitive, stabilized, and transparent strain sensors. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1548-1563. [PMID: 33902402 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1922170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, great effort has been devoted to fabricate flexible wearable sensor with high stretchability, moderate modulus, favorable durability, excellent transparency, and satisfactory sensitivity. In this work, we report the preparation of a hybrid double-network (DN) hydrogel by a simple one-pot method. First, chitosan was added into an AlCl3 solution to form Al3+-chitosan complex (CS-Al3+). Second, the hybrid CS/Al3+-poly(acrylamide) (PAM) DN hydrogels were constructed via in situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) in present of Al3+-chitosan complex. Thanks to the existence of electrically conductive CS-Al3+ networks, the resulting hybrid DN hydrogel exhibits excellent stretchability, fatigue resistance, transparency, and conductivity. Furthermore, the CS/Al3+-PAM DN hydrogel could be used as strain sensor, and demonstrates many desired virtues, including satisfactory sensitivity (gauge factors of 1.7-12.1), wide detection range (up to 1500%), low limit of discernment (1% strain), high reliability, and excellent durability (1000 cycles). More significantly, the manufactured hydrogel-based strain sensor can be employed as wearable devices to precisely detect various human movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenxin Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanhong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengguang Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueliang Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Adepu V, Mattela V, Sahatiya P. A remarkably ultra-sensitive large area matrix of MXene based multifunctional physical sensors (pressure, strain, and temperature) for mimicking human skin. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4523-4534. [PMID: 34037069 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to its ability to mimic human skin and also its excellent conformability. Even though there are reports on electronic skin, the major issue that still needs to be resolved is achieving multifunctional sensing at the same time as ultra-high sensitivity. Hence, there is an immediate requirement to develop inexpensive, highly sensitive, and superior performance piezoresistive multifunctional sensors that mimic skin. Herein, an as synthesized pure MXene (Ti3C2Tx) colloidal solution was used to deposit a thin film on flexible polyurethane foam, forming a three-dimensional conductive network with an ultra-high sensitivity of ∼34.24 kPa-1 (1.477-3.185 kPa of applied pressure range) and an elevated gauge factor of ∼323.59 (5-20% of applied strain range). Further merits such as reproducibility, low cost, high scalability, and excellent stability after 2500 cycles imply the sturdiness of the fabricated device. The remarkable sensing efficiency can be attributed to the strong interaction of Ti3C2Tx and PU foam, the inherent 3D network of PU coupled with the excellent electrical properties of Ti3C2Tx, and the interconnection of the unconnected branches present in the internal framework of PU-foam, which indicates the existence of more conduction paths. Besides, the fabricated Ti3C2Tx was deposited on cellulose paper to be utilized as a temperature sensor which displayed ∼2.22 × 10-3 °C-1 TCR and 29.43 meV activation energy. Lastly, real time applications for the fabricated device are investigated including detecting an unknown position of an object and human gestures. The successful demonstration of the low-cost, flexible Ti3C2Tx based piezoresistive sensor has shown innovative applications in biomedical, security, educational, and health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Adepu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
| | | | - Parikshit Sahatiya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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30
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Cholleti ER, Stringer J, Kelly P, Bowen C, Aw K. The effect of barium titanate ceramic loading on the stress relaxation behavior of barium titanate‐silicone elastomer composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Stringer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Piaras Kelly
- Department of Engineering Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Kean Aw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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31
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Li Z, Qi X, Xu L, Lu H, Wang W, Jin X, Md ZI, Zhu Y, Fu Y, Ni Q, Dong Y. Self-Repairing, Large Linear Working Range Shape Memory Carbon Nanotubes/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Fiber Strain Sensor for Human Movement Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42179-42192. [PMID: 32822534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have shown great application value in wearable devices. In the past decades, researchers have spent numerous efforts on developing high-stretchability, excellent dynamic durability, and large linear working range flexible strain sensors and shaped a series of important research results. However, the viscoelasticity of the elastic polymer is always a big challenge to develop a flexible sensor. Here, to overcome this challenge, we developed a novel self-repairing carbon nanotubes/ethylene vinyl acetate (CNTs/EVA) fiber strain sensor prepared by embedding the CNTs on the surface of the swollen shape memory EVA fiber via the ultrasonic method. The CNTs/EVA fiber strain sensors responded with significant results, with high stretchability (190% strain), large linear working range (up to 88% strain), excellent dynamic durability (5000 cycles), and fast response speed (312 ms). In addition, the permanently damaged conductive network of the strain sensors, caused by the viscoelasticity of elastic polymer, can restore above the transforming temperature of the shape memory CNTs/EVA fiber. Moreover, the performance of the restored strain sensors was almost as same as that of the original strain sensors. Furthermore, human health monitoring tests show that the CNTs/EVA fiber has a broad application prospect for human health monitoring in wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiaoming Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Haohao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Zahidul Islam Md
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yaqin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qingqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yubing Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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32
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Closing the Wearable Gap-Part VII: A Retrospective of Stretch Sensor Tool Kit Development for Benchmark Testing. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a retrospective of the benchmark testing methodologies developed and accumulated into the stretch sensor tool kit (SSTK) by the research team during the Closing the Wearable Gap series of studies. The techniques developed to validate stretchable soft robotic sensors (SRS) as a means for collecting human kinetic and kinematic data at the foot-ankle complex and at the wrist are reviewed. Lessons learned from past experiments are addressed, as well as what comprises the current SSTK based on what the researchers learned over the course of multiple studies. Three core components of the SSTK are featured: (a) material testing tools, (b) data analysis software, and (c) data collection devices. Results collected indicate that the stretch sensors are a viable means for predicting kinematic data based on the most recent gait analysis study conducted by the researchers (average root mean squared error or RMSE = 3.63°). With the aid of SSTK defined in this study summary and shared with the academic community on GitHub, researchers will be able to undergo more rigorous validation methodologies of SRS validation. A summary of the current state of the SSTK is detailed and includes insight into upcoming experiments that will utilize more sophisticated techniques for fatigue testing and gait analysis, utilizing SRS as the data collection solution.
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Kim MS, Kim K, Kwon D, Kim S, Gu J, Oh YS, Park I. Microdome-Induced Strain Localization for Biaxial Strain Decoupling toward Stretchable and Wearable Human Motion Detection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8939-8946. [PMID: 32610911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft strain sensors have attracted significant attention in wearable human motion monitoring applications. However, there is still a huge challenge for decoupled measurement of multidirectional strains. In this study, we have developed a biaxial and stretchable strain sensor based on a carbon nanotube (CNT) film and a microdome array (MA)-patterned elastomeric substrate. The MA structures lead to generating localized and directional microcracks of CNT films within the intended regions under tensile strain. This mechanism allows a single sensing layer to act as a strain sensor capable of decoupling the biaxial strains into axial and transverse terms. The ratio of resistance change between two perpendicular axes is about 960% under an x-directional strain of 30%, demonstrating the biaxial decoupling capability. Also, the proposed strain sensor shows high stretchability and excellent long-term reliability under a cyclic loading test. Finally, wearable devices integrated with the strain sensor have been successfully utilized to monitor various human motions of the wrist, elbow, knee, and fingers by measuring joint bending and skin elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Kyuyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Donguk Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Jimin Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Yong Suk Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics (CBIE), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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Pan S, Pei Z, Jing Z, Song J, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Sang S. A highly stretchable strain sensor based on CNT/graphene/fullerene-SEBS. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11225-11232. [PMID: 35495339 PMCID: PMC9050438 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, highly stretchable strain sensors have attracted considerable attention. Identifying alternatives to sensitive unit materials and flexible substrates is critical in the fabrication of sensors. Herein, a trinary hybrid carbon material consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and fullerene was chosen due to its dense interconnections and robust mechanism. Additionally, the cost-effective fabrication of styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) provides a platform for the strong adhesion of substrates, which contributes to the strong interaction between the substrates and the sensitive unit materials. Furthermore, the intrinsically high elasticity of SEBS allows the sensors to endure large stretching ranges. Owing to the above-mentioned merits, the fabricated sensor based on CNT/graphene/fullerene-SEBS has a high conductivity of 5.179 S m−1, a moderate gauge factor (GF) of 15, an optimum stretching range of 203%, a linearity of 136% (R2 = 0.998), and adaptive-rate repeatability, which reveals its potential in the fields of human motion monitoring and scalable applications. Recently, highly stretchable strain sensors have attracted considerable attention. Identifying alternatives to sensitive unit materials and flexible substrates is critical in the fabrication of sensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Pan
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zhen Pei
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zhu Jing
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Jianqiao Song
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
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