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Van Den Bergh A, Bailly B, Guillon P, von Itzstein M, Dirr L. Novel insights into the host cell glycan binding profile of human metapneumovirus. J Virol 2024:e0164123. [PMID: 38690874 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01641-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses have been found to exploit glycoconjugates expressed on human cells as their initial attachment factor for viral entry and infection. The virus-cell glycointeractome, when characterized, may serve as a template for antiviral drug design. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans extensively decorate the human cell surface and were previously described as a primary receptor for human metapneumovirus (HMPV). After respiratory syncytial virus, HMPV is the second most prevalent respiratory pathogen causing respiratory tract infection in young children. To date, there is neither vaccine nor drug available to prevent or treat HMPV infection. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we report for the first time the glycointeractome of the HMPV fusion (F) protein, a viral surface glycoprotein that is essential for target-cell recognition, attachment, and entry. Our glycan microarray and surface plasmon resonance results suggest that Galβ1-3/4GlcNAc moieties that may be sialylated or fucosylated are readily recognized by HMPV F. The bound motifs are highly similar to the N-linked and O-linked glycans primarily expressed on the human lung epithelium. We demonstrate that the identified glycans have the potential to compete with the cellular receptors used for HMPV entry and consequently block HMPV infection. We found that lacto-N-neotetraose demonstrated the strongest HMPV binding inhibition in a cell infection assay. Our current findings offer an encouraging and novel avenue for the design of anti-HMPV drug candidates using oligosaccharide templates.IMPORTANCEAll cells are decorated with a dense coat of sugars that makes a sugar code. Many respiratory viruses exploit this sugar code by binding to these sugars to cause infection. Human metapneumovirus is a leading cause for acute respiratory tract infections. Despite its medical importance, there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to prevent or treat human metapneumovirus infection. This study investigates how human metapneumovirus binds to sugars in order to more efficiently infect the human host. We found that human metapneumovirus binds to a diverse range of sugars and demonstrated that these sugars can ultimately block viral infection. Understanding how viruses can take advantage of the sugar code on our cells could identify new intervention and treatment strategies to combat viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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3
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Gorle AK, Malde AK, Chang CW, Rajaratnam P, von Itzstein M, Berners-Price SJ, Farrell NP. Probing Disaccharide Binding to Triplatin as Models for Tumor Cell Heparan Sulfate (GAG) Interactions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13212-13220. [PMID: 37552525 PMCID: PMC10445638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used [1H, 15N] NMR spectroscopy to investigate the interactions of the trinuclear platinum anticancer drug triplatin (1) (1,0,1/t,t,t or BBR3464) with site-specific sulfated and carboxylated disaccharides. Specifically, the disaccharides GlcNS(6S)-GlcA (I) and GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S) (II) are useful models of longer-chain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS). For both the reactions of 15N-1 with I and II, equilibrium conditions were achieved more slowly (65 h) compared to the reaction with the monosaccharide GlcNS(6S) (9 h). The data suggest both carboxylate and sulfate binding of disaccharide I to the Pt with the sulfato species accounting for <1% of the total species at equilibrium. The rate constant for sulfate displacement of the aqua ligand (kL2) is 4 times higher than the analogous rate constant for carboxylate displacement (kL1). There are marked differences in the equilibrium concentrations of the chlorido, aqua, and carboxy-bound species for reactions with the two disaccharides, notably a significantly higher concentration of carboxylate-bound species for II, where sulfate-bound species were barely detectable. The trend mirrors that reported for the corresponding dinuclear platinum complex 1,1/t,t, where the rate constant for sulfate displacement of the aqua ligand was 3 times higher than that for acetate. Also similar to what we observed for the reactions of 1,1/t,t with the simple anions, aquation of the sulfato group is rapid, and the rate constant k-L2 is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that for displacement of the carboxylate (k-L1). Molecular dynamics calculations suggest that extra hydrogen-bonding interactions with the more sulfated disaccharide II may prevent or diminish sulfate binding of the triplatin moiety. The overall results suggest that Pt-O donor interactions should be considered in any full description of platinum complex cellular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Alpeshkumar K. Malde
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Premraj Rajaratnam
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Susan J. Berners-Price
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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4
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Weng KF, Tee HK, Tseligka ED, Cagno V, Mathez G, Rosset S, Nagamine CM, Sarnow P, Kirkegaard K, Tapparel C. Variant enterovirus A71 found in immune-suppressed patient binds to heparan sulfate and exhibits neurotropism in B-cell-depleted mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112389. [PMID: 37058406 PMCID: PMC10590055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks with neurological complications and deaths. We previously isolated an EV-A71 variant in the stool, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood of an immunocompromised patient who had a leucine-to-arginine substitution on the VP1 capsid protein, resulting in increased heparin sulfate binding. We show here that this mutation increases the virus's pathogenicity in orally infected mice with depleted B cells, which mimics the patient's immune status, and increases susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. However, a double mutant with even greater heparin sulfate affinity is not pathogenic, suggesting that increased heparin sulfate affinity may trap virions in peripheral tissues and reduce neurovirulence. This research sheds light on the increased pathogenicity of variant with heparin sulfate (HS)-binding ability in individuals with decreased B cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Feng Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Han Kang Tee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eirini D Tseligka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Mathez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Rosset
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude M Nagamine
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Sarnow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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6
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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8
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Targeting the Virus Capsid as a Tool to Fight RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020174. [PMID: 35215767 PMCID: PMC8879806 DOI: 10.3390/v14020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to fight viral infections, not only in humans but also in animals and plants. Some of them are based on the development of efficient vaccines, to target the virus by developed antibodies, others focus on finding antiviral compounds with activities that inhibit selected virus replication steps. Currently, there is an increasing number of antiviral drugs on the market; however, some have unpleasant side effects, are toxic to cells, or the viruses quickly develop resistance to them. As the current situation shows, the combination of multiple antiviral strategies or the combination of the use of various compounds within one strategy is very important. The most desirable are combinations of drugs that inhibit different steps in the virus life cycle. This is an important issue especially for RNA viruses, which replicate their genomes using error-prone RNA polymerases and rapidly develop mutants resistant to applied antiviral compounds. Here, we focus on compounds targeting viral structural capsid proteins, thereby inhibiting virus assembly or disassembly, virus binding to cellular receptors, or acting by inhibiting other virus replication mechanisms. This review is an update of existing papers on a similar topic, by focusing on the most recent advances in the rapidly evolving research of compounds targeting capsid proteins of RNA viruses.
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9
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De Castro F, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum compounds as potential antiviral agents. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Bailly B, Gorle AK, Dirr L, Malde AK, Farrell NP, Berners-Price SJ, von Itzstein M. Platinum complexes act as shielding agents against virus infection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4666-4669. [PMID: 33977992 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We determine that the substitution-inert polynuclear platinum complex (PPC) TriplatinNC is an antiviral agent and protects cells from enterovirus 71 and human metapneumovirus infection. This protection occurs through the formation of adducts with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans. Our detailed mechanistic investigation demonstrates that TriplatinNC blocks viral entry by shielding cells from virus attack, opening new directions for metalloshielding antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Anil K Gorle
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alpeshkumar K Malde
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia. and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
| | - Susan J Berners-Price
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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11
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Oversulfated dermatan sulfate and heparinoid in the starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta: Structures and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117867. [PMID: 33766355 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude anionic polysaccharides extracted from the Pacific starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta were separated by anion-exchange chromatography into fractions LA-F1 and LA-F2. The main fraction LA-F1 was solvolytically desulfated giving rise to preparation LA-F1-DS with a structure of dermatan core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA-(1→]n. Reduction of LA-F1 afforded preparation LA-F1-RED composed mainly of the repeating disaccharide units →3)-β-d-GalNAc4R-(1→4)-α-l-Ido2S3S-(1→, where R was SO3- or H. Analysis of the NMR spectra of the parent fraction LA-F1 led to determine the main component as the oversulfated dermatan sulfate LA-Derm bearing sulfate groups at O-2 and O-3 of α-l-iduronic acid, as well as at O-4 of some N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues. The minor fraction LA-F2 contained a mixture of LA-Derm and heparinoid LA-Hep, the latter being composed of the fragments →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S6S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→ and →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→. The presence of 2,3-di-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues is very unusual both for natural dermatan sulfate and heparinoid. Preparations LA-F1, LA-F2 and LA-F1-RED demonstrated significant anticoagulant effect in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda E Ustyuzhanina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria I Bilan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia A Tsvetkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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12
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Day CJ, Bailly B, Guillon P, Dirr L, Jen FEC, Spillings BL, Mak J, von Itzstein M, Haselhorst T, Jennings MP. Multidisciplinary Approaches Identify Compounds that Bind to Human ACE2 or SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as Candidates to Block SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 Receptor Interactions. mBio 2021; 12:e03681-20. [PMID: 33785634 PMCID: PMC8092326 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03681-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged virus that causes coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, like SARS-CoV-1, uses the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular receptor to initiate infection. Compounds that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain protein (RBD)-ACE2 receptor interaction may function as entry inhibitors. Here, we used a dual strategy of molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) screening of compound libraries to identify those that bind to human ACE2 or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Molecular modeling screening interrogated 57,641 compounds and focused on the region of ACE2 that is engaged by RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and vice versa. SPR screening used immobilized human ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to evaluate the binding of these proteins to a library of 3,141 compounds. These combined screens identified compounds from these libraries that bind at KD (equilibrium dissociation constant) <3 μM affinity to their respective targets, 17 for ACE2 and 6 for SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Twelve ACE2 binders and six of the RBD binders compete with the RBD-ACE2 interaction in an SPR-based competition assay. These compounds included registered drugs and dyes used in biomedical applications. A Vero-E6 cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay was used to evaluate infection blockade by candidate entry inhibitors. Three compounds demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral in vitro potency-Evans blue, sodium lifitegrast, and lumacaftor. This study has identified potential drugs for repurposing as SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors or as chemical scaffolds for drug development.IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused more than 60 million cases worldwide with almost 1.5 million deaths as of November 2020. Repurposing existing drugs is the most rapid path to clinical intervention for emerging diseases. Using an in silico screen of 57,641 compounds and a biophysical screen of 3,141 compounds, we identified 22 compounds that bound to either the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and/or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD). Nine of these drugs were identified by both screening methods. Three of the identified compounds, Evans blue, sodium lifitegrast, and lumacaftor, were found to inhibit viral replication in a Vero-E6 cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay and may have utility as repurposed therapeutics. All 22 identified compounds provide scaffolds for the development of new chemical entities for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Freda E-C Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda L Spillings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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13
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Peters CE, Carette JE. Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020166. [PMID: 33499355 PMCID: PMC7911124 DOI: 10.3390/v13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human infectious agents. While infections are often mild, the severe neuropathogenesis associated with recent outbreaks of emerging non-polio enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, highlights their continuing threat to public health. In recent years, our understanding of how non-polio enteroviruses co-opt cellular pathways has greatly increased, revealing intricate host-virus relationships. In this review, we focus on newly identified mechanisms by which enteroviruses hijack the cellular machinery to promote their replication and spread, and address their potential for the development of host-directed therapeutics. Specifically, we discuss newly identified cellular receptors and their contribution to neurotropism and spread, host factors required for viral entry and replication, and recent insights into lipid acquisition and replication organelle biogenesis. The comprehensive knowledge of common cellular pathways required by enteroviruses could expose vulnerabilities amenable for host-directed therapeutics against a broad spectrum of enteroviruses. Since this will likely include newly arising strains, it will better prepare us for future epidemics. Moreover, identifying host proteins specific to neurovirulent strains may allow us to better understand factors contributing to the neurotropism of these viruses.
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Anasir MI, Zarif F, Poh CL. Antivirals blocking entry of enteroviruses and therapeutic potential. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:10. [PMID: 33451326 PMCID: PMC7811253 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses from the genus Enterovirus (EV) of the Picornaviridae family are known to cause diseases such as hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), respiratory diseases, encephalitis and myocarditis. The capsid of EV is an attractive target for the development of direct-acting small molecules that can interfere with viral entry. Some of the capsid binders have been evaluated in clinical trials but the majority have failed due to insufficient efficacy or unacceptable off-target effects. Furthermore, most of the capsid binders exhibited a low barrier to resistance. Alternatively, host-targeting inhibitors such as peptides derived from the capsid of EV that can recognize cellular receptors have been identified. However, the majority of these peptides displayed low anti-EV potency (µM range) as compared to the potency of small molecule compounds (nM range). Nonetheless, the development of anti-EV peptides is warranted as they may complement the small-molecules in a drug combination strategy to treat EVs. Lastly, structure-based approach to design antiviral peptides should be utilized to unearth potent anti-EV peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faisal Zarif
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Abstract
Organosulfates and sulfamates are important classes of bioactive molecules but due to their polar nature, they are both difficult to prepare and purify. We report an operationally simple, double ion-exchange method to access organosulfates and sulfamates. Inspired by the novel sulfating reagent, TriButylSulfoAmmonium Betaine (TBSAB), we developed a 3-step procedure using tributylamine as the novel solubilising partner coupled to commercially available sulfating agents. Hence, in response to an increasing demand for complementary methods to synthesise organosulfates, we developed an alternative sulfation route based on an inexpensive, molecularly efficient and solubilising cation exchanging method using off-the-shelf reagents. The disclosed method is amenable to a range of differentially substituted benzyl alcohols, benzylamines and aniline and can also be performed at low temperature for sensitive substrates in good to excellent isolated yield.
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Hwu JR, Panja A, Jayakumar S, Tsay SC, Tan KT, Huang WC, Hu YC, Leyssen P, Neyts J. Enterovirus Inhibition by Hinged Aromatic Compounds with Polynuclei. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173821. [PMID: 32842645 PMCID: PMC7503712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern world has no available drugs for the treatment of enteroviruses (EV), which affect millions of people worldwide each year. The EV71 is a major causative disease for hand, foot, and mouth disease; sometimes it is associated with severe central nervous system diseases. Treatment for enteroviral infection is mainly supportive; treatment for aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses is also generally symptomatic. Upon the urgent request of new anti-enterovirus drugs, a series of hinged aromatic compounds with polynulei were synthesized through two different chemical pathways. Among these morpholine–furan/thiophene/pyrrole–benzene–pyrazole conjugates, three new agents exhibited inhibitory activity with EC50 = 2.29–6.16 μM toward EV71 strain BrCr in RD cells. Their selectivity index values were reached as high as 33.4. Their structure–activity relationship was deduced that a thiophene derivative with morpholine and trifluorobenzene rings showed the greatest antiviral activity, with EC50 = 2.29 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih Ru Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Avijit Panja
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Srinivasan Jayakumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Shwu-Chen Tsay
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chieh Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium;
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (J.N.)
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory illnesses mainly in children. In severe cases, it can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). EV-D68 belongs to the enterovirus genera of the Picornaviridae family, which also includes many other significant human pathogens such as poliovirus, enterovirus A71, and rhinovirus. There are currently no vaccines or antivirals against EV-D68. In this review, we present the current understanding of the link between EV-D68 and AFM, the mechanism of viral replication, and recent progress in developing EV-D68 antivirals by targeting various viral proteins and host factors that are essential for viral replication. The future directions of EV-D68 antiviral drug discovery and the criteria for drugs to reach clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, 85721
| | - Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, 85721
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, 85721
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, 85721
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