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Nie Z, Zhai F, Zhang H, Zheng H, Pei J. The multiple roles of viral 3D pol protein in picornavirus infections. Virulence 2024; 15:2333562. [PMID: 38622757 PMCID: PMC11020597 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2333562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae are a large group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, and most research has focused on the Enterovirus genus, given they present a severe health risk to humans. Other picornaviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and senecavirus A (SVA), affect agricultural production with high animal mortality to cause huge economic losses. The 3Dpol protein of picornaviruses is widely known to be used for genome replication; however, a growing number of studies have demonstrated its non-polymerase roles, including modulation of host cell biological processes, viral replication complex assembly and localization, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Currently, there is no effective vaccine to control picornavirus diseases widely, and clinical therapeutic strategies have limited efficiency in combating infections. Many efforts have been made to develop different types of drugs to prohibit virus survival; the most important target for drug development is the virus polymerase, a necessary element for virus replication. For picornaviruses, there are also active efforts in targeted 3Dpol drug development. This paper reviews the interaction of 3Dpol proteins with the host and the progress of drug development targeting 3Dpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengge Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Li H, Huang Y, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Shen S, Guo H, Wei W. Pharmacological activation of TLR7 exerts inhibition on the replication of EV-D68 in respiratory cells. J Virol 2024:e0043424. [PMID: 38690875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00434-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The globally reemerging respiratory pathogen enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is implicated in outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and associated with acute flaccid myelitis. However, there remains a lack of effective treatments for EV-D68 infection. In this work, we found that the host Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) proteins, which function as powerful innate immune sensors, were selectively elevated in expression in response to EV-D68 infection. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of Vesatolimod (GS-9620), a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, on EV-D68 replication. Our findings revealed that EV-D68 infection resulted in increased mRNA levels of TLR7. Treatment with Vesatolimod significantly inhibited EV-D68 replication [half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 0.1427 µM] without inducing significant cytotoxicity at virucidal concentrations. Although Vesatolimod exhibited limited impact on EV-D68 attachment, it suppressed RNA replication and viral protein synthesis after virus entry. Vesatolimod broadly inhibited the replication of circulating isolated strains of EV-D68. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that treatment with Vesatolimod conferred resistance to both respiratory and neural cells against EV-D68 infection. Overall, these results present a promising strategy for drug development by pharmacologically activating TLR7 to initiate an antiviral state in EV-D68-infected cells selectively.IMPORTANCEConventional strategies for antiviral drug development primarily focus on directly targeting viral proteases or key components, as well as host proteins involved in viral replication. In this study, based on our intriguing discovery that enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection specifically upregulates the expression of immune sensor Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) protein, which is either absent or expressed at low levels in respiratory cells, we propose a potential antiviral approach utilizing TLR7 agonists to activate EV-D68-infected cells into an anti-viral defense state. Notably, our findings demonstrate that pharmacological activation of TLR7 effectively suppresses EV-D68 replication in respiratory tract cells through a TLR7/MyD88-dependent mechanism. This study not only presents a promising drug candidate and target against EV-D68 dissemination but also highlights the potential to exploit unique alterations in cellular innate immune responses induced by viral infections, selectively inducing a defensive state in infected cells while safeguarding uninfected normal cells from potential adverse effects associated with therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingran Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Siyu Shen
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Ikuse T, Aizawa Y, Kachikawa R, Kamata K, Osada H, Win SMK, Di Ja L, Win NC, Thein KN, Thida A, Tun A, Ito A, Kyaw Y, Tin HH, Shobugawa Y, Watanabe H, Saito R, Saitoh A. Detection of enterovirus D68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection in Myanmar. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2024; 57:238-245. [PMID: 38233293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an important reemerging pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory infection and acute flaccid paralysis, mainly in children. Since 2014, EV-D68 outbreaks have been reported in the United States, Europe, and east Asia; however, no outbreaks have been reported in southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, during the previous 10 years. METHODS EV-D68 was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute lower respiratory infections in Myanmar. The samples were previously collected from children aged 1 month to 12 years who had been admitted to the Yankin Children Hospital in Yangon, Myanmar, between May 2017 and January 2019. EV-D68 was detected with a newly developed EV-D68-specific real-time PCR assay. The clade was identified by using a phylogenetic tree created with the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. RESULTS During the study period, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 570 patients. EV-D68 was detected in 42 samples (7.4 %)-11 samples from 2017 to 31 samples from 2018. The phylogenetic tree revealed that all strains belonged to clade B3, which has been the dominant clade worldwide since 2014. We estimate that ancestors of currently circulating genotypes emerged during the period 1980-2004. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of EV-D68 detection in children with acute lower respiratory infections in Yangon, Myanmar, in 2017-2018. Detection and detailed virologic analyses of EV-D68 in southeast Asia is an important aspect of worldwide surveillance and will likely be useful in better understanding the worldwide epidemiologic profile of EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ikuse
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kachikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kamata
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan; Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, 35, Maw Koon Tike St., Pyay (East) Ward, Dagon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Hidekazu Osada
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, 35, Maw Koon Tike St., Pyay (East) Ward, Dagon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Kyaw Win
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, 35, Maw Koon Tike St., Pyay (East) Ward, Dagon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Lasham Di Ja
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, 35, Maw Koon Tike St., Pyay (East) Ward, Dagon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nay Chi Win
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, 35, Maw Koon Tike St., Pyay (East) Ward, Dagon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Nyo Thein
- Yankin Children Hospital, 90, Thitsar Rd., Kanbe, Yankin Township, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aye Thida
- University of Medicine 2, Khaymar Thi Rd, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aye Tun
- Ministry of Health, Office No.4, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Ai Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yadanar Kyaw
- University of Medicine 2, Khaymar Thi Rd, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Tin
- University of Medical Technology, Insein Township, Yangon Yangon Division, Myanmar
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
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Yin C, Zhao H, Xia X, Pan Z, Li D, Zhang L. Picornavirus 2C proteins: structure-function relationships and interactions with host factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347615. [PMID: 38465233 PMCID: PMC10921941 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses, which are positive-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are known to infect people and animals with a broad spectrum of diseases. Among the nonstructural proteins in picornaviruses, 2C proteins are highly conserved and exhibit multiple structural domains, including amphipathic α-helices, an ATPase structural domain, and a zinc finger structural domain. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the functional structures of picornaviruses' 2C protein. We summarize the mechanisms by which the 2C protein enhances viral replication. 2C protein interacts with various host factors to form the replication complex, ultimately promoting viral replication. We review the mechanisms through which picornaviruses' 2C proteins interact with the NF-κB, RIG-I, MDA5, NOD2, and IFN pathways, contributing to the evasion of the antiviral innate immune response. Additionally, we provide an overview of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs for treating various enterovirus infections, such as guanidine hydrochloride, fluoxetine, and dibucaine derivatives. These drugs may exert their inhibitory effects on viral infections by targeting interactions with 2C proteins. The review underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action of 2C proteins and to identify additional host factors for potential therapeutic intervention. Overall, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of picornaviruses and offers insights into the antiviral strategies against these significant viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haomiao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengyang Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Daoqun Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Tan B, Liu C, Li K, Jadhav P, Lambrinidis G, Zhu L, Olson L, Tan H, Wen Y, Kolocouris A, Liu W, Wang J. Structure-Based Lead Optimization of Enterovirus D68 2A Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14544-14563. [PMID: 37857371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) virus is a nonpolio enterovirus that typically causes respiratory illness and, in severe cases, can lead to paralysis and death in children. There is currently no vaccine or antiviral for EV-D68. We previously discovered the viral 2A protease (2Apro) as a viable antiviral drug target and identified telaprevir as a 2Apro inhibitor. 2Apro is a viral cysteine protease that cleaves the viral VP1-2A polyprotein junction. In this study, we report the X-ray crystal structures of EV-D68 2Apro, wild-type, and the C107A mutant and the structure-based lead optimization of telaprevir. Guided by the X-ray crystal structure, we predicted the binding pose of telaprevir in 2Apro using molecular dynamics simulations. We then utilized this model to inform structure-based optimization of the telaprevir's reactive warhead and P1-P4 substitutions. These efforts led to the discovery of 2Apro inhibitors with improved antiviral activity than telaprevir. These compounds represent promising lead compounds for further development as EV-D68 antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Prakash Jadhav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - George Lambrinidis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Lan Zhu
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Linda Olson
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Wei Liu
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Wolf J. Insights into the molecular evolution of enterovirus D68. Arch Virol 2023; 168:268. [PMID: 37804367 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a respiratory virus that primarily affects children and has been associated with sporadic outbreaks of respiratory illness worldwide. In the present study, temporal spreading and molecular evolution of EV-D68 clades (A1, A2, B, B1, B2, B3, and C) were evaluated. Bayesian coalescent analysis was performed to study viral evolution. Data from 976 whole-genome sequences (WGSs) collected between 1977 and 2022 were evaluated. For A1, the most recent common ancestor was dated to 2005-04-17 in the USA; for A2 it was 2003-12-23 in China; for B, it was 2003-07-06 in China; for B1, it was 2010-03-21 in Vietnam; for B2, it was 2006-11-25 in Vietnam; for B3, it was 2011-01-15 in China; and for C, it was 2000-06-27 in the USA. The molecular origin of EV-D68 was in Canada in 1995, and later it was disseminated in France in 1997, the USA in 1999, Asia in 2008, the Netherlands in 2009, New Zealand in 2010, Mexico in 2014, Kenya in 2015, Sweden in 2016, Switzerland in 2018, Spain in 2018, Belgium in 2018, Australia in 2018, and Denmark in 2019. In 2022, this virus circulated in the USA. In conclusion, EV-D68 originated in Canada in the 1990s and spread to Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wolf
- Clinical practice management office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, 333 Tiradentes Street, 13 floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90560-030, Brazil.
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8
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Zhang Z, Su X, Wang Z, Wang T. Enterovirus D68 infection upregulates SOCS3 expression to inhibit JAK-STAT3 signaling and antagonize the innate interferon response of the host. Virol Sin 2023; 38:755-766. [PMID: 37657555 PMCID: PMC10590701 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) can cause respiratory diseases and acute flaccid paralysis, posing a great threat to public health. Interferons are cytokines secreted by host cells that have broad-spectrum antiviral effects, inducing the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). EV-D68 activates ISG expression early in infection, but at a later stage, the virus suppresses ISG expression, a strategy evolved by EV-D68 to antagonize interferons. Here, we explore a host protein, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), is upregulated during EV-D68 infection and antagonizes the antiviral effects of type I interferon. We subsequently demonstrate that the structural protein of EV-D68 upregulated the expression of RFX7, a transcriptional regulator of SOCS3, leading to the upregulation of SOCS3 expression. Further exploration revealed that SOCS3 plays its role by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The expression of SOCS3 inhibited the expression of ISG, thereby inhibiting the antiviral effect of type I interferon and promoting EV-D68 transcription, protein production, and viral titer. Notably, a truncated SOCS3, generated by deleting the kinase inhibitory region (KIR) domain, failed to promote replication and translation of EV-D68. Based on the above studies, we designed a short peptide named SOCS3 inhibitor, which can specifically bind and inhibit the KIR structural domain of SOCS3, significantly reducing the RNA and protein levels of EV-D68. In summary, our results demonstrated a novel mechanism by which EV-D68 inhibits ISG transcription and antagonizes the antiviral responses of host type I interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Leling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Mykhailenko O, Hsieh CF, El-Shazly M, Nikishin A, Kovalyov V, Shynkarenko P, Ivanauskas L, Chen BH, Horng JT, Hwang TL, Georgiyants V, Korinek M. Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Isoflavonoids from Ukrainian Iris aphylla Rhizomes: Structure-Activity Relationship Coupled with ChemGPS-NP Analysis. Planta Med 2023; 89:1063-1073. [PMID: 36977489 DOI: 10.1055/a-2063-5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dried Iris rhizomes have been used in Chinese and European traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as bacterial infections, cancer, and inflammation, as well as for being astringent, laxative, and diuretic agents. Eighteen phenolic compounds including some rare secondary metabolites, such as irisolidone, kikkalidone, irigenin, irisolone, germanaism B, kaempferol, and xanthone mangiferin, were isolated for the first time from Iris aphylla rhizomes. The hydroethanolic Iris aphylla extract and some of its isolated constituents showed protective effects against influenza H1N1 and enterovirus D68 and anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils. The promising anti-influenza effect of apigenin (13: , almost 100% inhibition at 50 µM), kaempferol (14: , 92%), and quercetin (15: , 48%) were further confirmed by neuraminidase inhibitory assay. Irisolidone (1: , almost 100% inhibition at 50 µM), kikkalidone (5: , 93%), and kaempferol (14: , 83%) showed promising anti-enterovirus D68 activity in vitro. The identified compounds were plotted using ChemGPS-NP to correlate the observed activity of the isolated phenolic compounds with the in-house database of anti-influenza and anti-enterovirus agents. Our results indicated that the hydroethanolic Iris aphylla extract and Iris phenolics hold the potential to be developed for the management of seasonal pandemics of influenza and enterovirus infections.
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Grants
- ZRRPF3L0091 Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- CMRPF1L0071 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
- CMRPF1M0101-2 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
- CMRPF1M0131-2 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
- CORPF1L0011 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
- KMU-Q112006 Kaohsiung Medical University
- 109-2320-B-037-004-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 109-2320-B-650-001-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 109-2327-B-182-002 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 109-2327-B-255-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 111-2320-B-037-007 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 111-2321-B-182-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chung-Fan Hsieh
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alexander Nikishin
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Organic Chemistry Department, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Kovalyov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Victoriya Georgiyants
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Michal Korinek
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Frost J, Rudy MJ, Leser JS, Tan H, Hu Y, Wang J, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Telaprevir Treatment Reduces Paralysis in a Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68 Acute Flaccid Myelitis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0015623. [PMID: 37154751 PMCID: PMC10231134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00156-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, 2016, and 2018, the United States experienced unprecedented spikes in pediatric cases of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), which is a poliomyelitis-like paralytic illness. Accumulating clinical, immunological, and epidemiological evidence has identified enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) as a major causative agent of these biennial AFM outbreaks. There are currently no available FDA-approved antivirals that are effective against EV-D68, and the treatment for EV-D68-associated AFM is primarily supportive. Telaprevir is an food and drug administration (FDA)-approved protease inhibitor that irreversibly binds the EV-D68 2A protease and inhibits EV-D68 replication in vitro. Here, we utilize a murine model of EV-D68 associated AFM to show that early telaprevir treatment improves paralysis outcomes in Swiss Webster (SW) mice. Telaprevir reduces both viral titer and apoptotic activity in both muscles and spinal cords at early disease time points, which results in improved AFM outcomes in infected mice. Following intramuscular inoculation in mice, EV-D68 infection results in a stereotypic pattern of weakness that is reflected by the loss of the innervating motor neuron population, in sequential order, of the ipsilateral (injected) hindlimb, the contralateral hindlimb, and then the forelimbs. Telaprevir treatment preserved motor neuron populations and reduced weakness in limbs beyond the injected hindlimb. The effects of telaprevir were not seen when the treatment was delayed, and toxicity limited doses beyond 35 mg/kg. These studies are a proof of principle, provide the first evidence of benefit of an FDA-approved antiviral drug with which to treat AFM, and emphasize both the need to develop better tolerated therapies that remain efficacious when administered after viral infections and the development of clinical symptoms. IMPORTANCE Recent outbreaks of EV-D68 in 2014, 2016, and 2018 have resulted in over 600 cases of a paralytic illness that is known as AFM. AFM is a predominantly pediatric disease with no FDA-approved treatment, and many patients show minimal recovery from limb weakness. Telaprevir is an FDA-approved antiviral that has been shown to inhibit EV-D68 in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that a telaprevir treatment that is given concurrently with an EV-D68 infection improves AFM outcomes in mice by reducing apoptosis and viral titers at early time points. Telaprevir also protected motor neurons and improved paralysis outcomes in limbs beyond the site of viral inoculation. This study improves understanding of EV-D68 pathogenesis in the mouse model of AFM. This study serves as a proof of principle for the first FDA-approved drug that has been shown to improve AFM outcomes and have in vivo efficacy against EV-D68 as well as underlines the importance of the continued development of EV-D68 antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Frost
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Smith Leser
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neurology Service, Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Nguyen-Tran H, Reno S, Mwangi E, Mentel M, Hengartner R, Dominguez SR, Messacar K, Jung SA. Qualitative detection of enterovirus D68 from PrimeStore® molecular transport medium: implications for home- and self-collection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115976. [PMID: 37267740 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To ensure proper specimen handling for detecting pathogens, like Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), from home- and self-collection, alternative techniques are needed to ensure safe transport and reliable testing. PrimeStore® Molecular Transport Medium (MTM) may be an option since it does not require cold storage and inactivates virus while preserving RNA for detection. The purpose of this validation study was to demonstrate the ability to detect EV-D68 via rRT-PCR in MTM. Using a quantified EV-D68 positive control standard, MTM limit of detection for EV-D68 RNA is 104 cp/mL and RNA remains stable up to 30 days unfrozen. Positive and negative residual respiratory specimens from the 2018 EV-D68 outbreak were used for clinical testing. There was an 80% positive and 100% negative agreement with samples in MTM compared to reference. This study demonstrates the feasibility of EV-D68 detection from respiratory specimens collected and stored in PrimeStore® MTM, with implications for home- and self-collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Nguyen-Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samantha Reno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric Mwangi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marta Mentel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randy Hengartner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Messacar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Jung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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12
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Liu X, Xu Z, Liang J, Yu L, Ren P, Zhou HB, Wu S, Lan K. Identification of a novel acylthiourea-based potent broad-spectrum inhibitor for enterovirus 3D polymerase in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105583. [PMID: 36965527 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus infections have become a serious public health threat to young children, leading to hand-foot-and-mouth disease and more severe nervous system diseases. Due to the lack of licensed anti enterovirus drugs, we reported herein that a Tenovin-1 analog, acylthiourea-based 4-(tert-butyl)-N-((4-(4-(tert-butyl)benzamido)phenyl)carbamothioyl) benzamide (AcTU), displayed low nanomolar anti-EV-A71 activity with an EC50 of 1.0 nM in RD cells. Moreover, AcTU exhibited nanomolar to picomolar inhibitory activity against a series of enteroviruses including EV-D68, CV-A21, CV-A16 and CV-B1 (EC50 = 0.75-17.15 nM). Mechanistic studies indicated that AcTU inhibited enterovirus proliferation by targeting 3D polymerase. In addition, AcTU displayed moderate pharmacokinetic properties in rats (F = 7.4%, T1/2 = 3.26 h), and in vivo protection studies demonstrated that AcTU orally administered at 0.6 mg/kg/d was highly protective against lethal EV-A71 challenge in mice, potentially reducing mortality from 100% to 20% as well as alleviating symptoms. These results suggested that AcTU could be a potent clinical candidate for the treatment of enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinsen Liang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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13
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Fu H, Si J, Xu L, Tang X, He Y, Lu N, Li H, Li A, Gao S, Yang C. Long non-coding RNA SNHG9 regulates viral replication in rhabdomyosarcoma cells infected with enterovirus D68 via miR-150-5p/c-Fos axis. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1081237. [PMID: 36741904 PMCID: PMC9893417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) epidemic has increased knowledge of the virus as a pathogen capable of causing serious respiratory and neurological illnesses. It has been shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate viral replication and infection via multiple mechanisms or signaling pathways. However, the precise function of lncRNAs in EV-D68 infection remains unknown. Methods The differential expression profiles of lncRNA in EV-D68-infected and uninfected rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were studied using high-throughput sequencing technology. The knockdown through small interfering RNA (siRNA) and overexpression of lncRNA SNHG9 (small ribonucleic acid host gene 9) were applied to investigate how lncRNA SNHG9 regulates EV-D68 propagation. The targeted interactions of lncRNA SNHG9 with miR-150-5p and miR-150-5p with c-Fos were validated using dual luciferase reporter system. LncRNA SNHG9 knockdown and miR-150-5p inhibitor were co-transfected with RD cells. QRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect RNA and protein levels, of c-Fos and VP1, respectively. Median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) was applied to detect viral titers. Results The results demonstrated that a total of 375 lncRNAs were highly dysregulated in the EV-D68 infection model. In the EV-D68 infection model, lncRNA SNHG9 and c-Fos were increased in EV-D68-infected RD cells. However, the expression level of miR-150-5p was downregulated. In addition, overexpression of SNHG9 in RD cells resulted in decreased viral replication levels and viral titers following infection with EV-D68, and further experiments revealed that overexpression of SNHG9 inhibited the viral replication by targeting increased miR-150-5p binding and significantly increased c-Fos expression in RD cells. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the SNHG9/miR-150-5p/c-Fos axis influences EV-D68 replication in host cells and that SNHG9 may be a possible target for anti-EV-D68 infection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhuo Si
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Tang
- Rongchang District People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anlong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Chun Yang, ✉
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14
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to more than 6.5 million deaths since the beginning of the outbreak in December 2019. The unprecedented disruption of social life and public health caused by COVID-19 calls for fast-track development of diagnostic kits, vaccines, and antiviral drugs. Small molecule antivirals are essential complements of vaccines and can be used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Currently, there are three FDA-approved antiviral drugs, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Given the moderate clinical efficacy of remdesivir and molnupiravir, the drug-drug interaction of paxlovid, and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with potential drug-resistant mutations, there is a pressing need for additional antivirals to combat current and future coronavirus outbreaks.In this Account, we describe our efforts in developing covalent and noncovalent main protease (Mpro) inhibitors and the identification of nirmatrelvir-resistant mutants. We initially discovered GC376, calpain inhibitors II and XII, and boceprevir as dual inhibitors of Mpro and host cathepsin L from a screening of a protease inhibitor library. Given the controversy of targeting cathepsin L, we subsequently shifted the focus to designing Mpro-specific inhibitors. Specifically, guided by the X-ray crystal structures of these initial hits, we designed noncovalent Mpro inhibitors such as Jun8-76-3R that are highly selective toward Mpro over host cathepsin L. Using the same scaffold, we also designed covalent Mpro inhibitors with novel cysteine reactive warheads containing di- and trihaloacetamides, which similarly had high target specificity. In parallel to our drug discovery efforts, we developed the cell-based FlipGFP Mpro assay to characterize the cellular target engagement of our rationally designed Mpro inhibitors. The FlipGFP assay was also applied to validate the structurally disparate Mpro inhibitors reported in the literature. Lastly, we introduce recent progress in identifying naturally occurring Mpro mutants that are resistant to nirmatrelvir from genome mining of the nsp5 sequences deposited in the GISAID database. Collectively, the covalent and noncovalent Mpro inhibitors and the nirmatrelvir-resistant hot spot residues from our studies provide insightful guidance for future work aimed at developing orally bioavailable Mpro inhibitors that do not have overlapping resistance profile with nirmatrelvir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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15
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Wang Y, Zou W, Niu Y, Wang S, Chen B, Xiong R, Zhang P, Luo Z, Wu Y, Fan C, Zhong Z, Xu P, Peng Y. Phosphorylation of enteroviral 2A pro at Ser/Thr125 benefits its proteolytic activity and viral pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28400. [PMID: 36511115 PMCID: PMC10107306 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviral 2A proteinase (2Apro ), a well-established and important viral functional protein, plays a key role in shutting down cellular cap-dependent translation, mainly via its proteolytic activity, and creating optimal conditions for Enterovirus survival. Accumulated data show that viruses take advantage of various signaling cascades for their life cycle; studies performed by us and others have demonstrated that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is essential for enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and other viruses replication. We recently showed that ERK1/2 is required for the proteolytic activity of viral 2Apro ; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of 2Apro remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the 125th residue Ser125 of EV-A71 2Apro or Thr125 of coxsackievirus B3 2Apro , which is highly conserved in the Enterovirus, was phosphorylated by ERK1/2. Importantly, 2Apro with phosphor-Ser/Thr125 had much stronger proteolytic activity toward eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI and rendered the virus more efficient for multiplication and pathogenesis in hSCARB2 knock-in mice than that in nonphospho-Ser/Thr125A (S/T125A) mutants. Notably, phosphorylation-mimic mutations caused deleterious changes in 2Apro catalytic function (S/T125D/E) and in viral propagation (S125D). Crystal structure simulation analysis showed that Ser125 phosphorylation in EV-A71 2Apro enabled catalytic Cys to adopt an optimal conformation in the catalytic triad His-Asp-Cys, which enhances 2Apro proteolysis. Therefore, we are the first to report Ser/Thr125 phosphorylation of 2Apro increases enteroviral adaptation to the host to ensure enteroviral multiplication, causing pathogenicity. Additionally, weakened viruses containing a S/T125A mutation could be a general strategy to develop attenuated Enterovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Zou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sanyuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bangtao Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Yang Z, Liu R, Qiu M, Mei H, Hao J, Song T, Zhao K, Zou D, Wang H, Gao M. The roles of ERIANIN in tumor and innate immunity and its' perspectives in immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170754. [PMID: 37187758 PMCID: PMC10175588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has been used in China for thousands of years. In 2022, the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine was released, aiming to enhance traditional Chinese medicine health services and improve policies and systems for high-quality traditional Chinese medicinal development by 2025. ERIANIN, the main component of the traditional Chinese medicine Dendrobium, plays an important role in anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antiangiogenic, and other pharmacological effects. ERIANIN has broad-spectrum antitumor effects, and its tumor-suppressive effects have been confirmed in the study of various diseases, such as precancerous lesions of the stomach, gastric cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, leukaemia, nasopharyngeal cancer and melanoma through the multiple signaling pathways. Thus, the aim of this review was to systematically summarise the research on ERIANIN with the aim of serving as a reference for future research on this compound and briefly discuss some future perspectives development of ERIANIN in combined immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruxue Liu
- College of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minghan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanwei Mei
- College of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Teng Song
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Huaqing Wang, ; Ming Gao,
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Huaqing Wang, ; Ming Gao,
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Li Y, Liu M, Yan Y, Wang Z, Dai Q, Yang X, Guo X, Li W, Chen X, Cao R, Zhong W. Molnupiravir and Its Active Form, EIDD-1931, Show Potent Antiviral Activity against Enterovirus Infections In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061142. [PMID: 35746614 PMCID: PMC9227765 DOI: 10.3390/v14061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFDM), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid myelitis, leading to death of infants and young children. However, no specific antiviral drug is currently available for the treatment of this type of infection. The Unites States and United Kingdom health authorities recently approved a new antiviral drug, molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19. In this study, we reported that molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) and its active form, EIDD-1931, have broad-spectrum anti-enterovirus potential. Our data showed that EIDD-1931 could significantly reduce the production of EV-A71 progeny virus and the expression of EV-A71 viral protein at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The results of the time-of-addition assay suggest that EIDD-1931 acts at the post-entry step, which is in accordance with its antiviral mechanism. The intraperitoneal administration of EIDD-1931 and EIDD-2801 protected 1-day-old ICR suckling mice from lethal EV-A71 challenge by reducing the viral load in various tissues of the infected mice. The pharmacokinetics analysis indicated that the plasma drug concentration overwhelmed the EC50 for enteroviruses, suggesting the clinical potential of molnupiravir against enteroviruses. Thus, molnupiravir along with its active form, EIDD-1931, may be a promising drug candidate against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Yunzheng Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhuang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Qingsong Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
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Li D, Zhang L. Structure Prediction and Potential Inhibitors Docking of Enterovirus 2C Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856574. [PMID: 35572704 PMCID: PMC9100428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus infections are mostly asymptomatic and occasionally could be severe and life-threatening. The conserved non-structural 2C from enteroviruses protein is a promising target in antiviral therapies against human enteroviruses. Understanding of 2C-drug interactions is crucial for developing the potential antiviral agents. While functions of enterovirus 2C proteins have been widely studied, three-dimensional structure information of 2C is limited. In this study, the structures of 2C proteins from 20 enteroviruses were simulated and reconstructed using I-TASSER programs. Subsequent docking studies of the known 22 antiviral inhibitors for 2C proteins were performed to uncover the inhibitor-binding characteristics of 2C. Among the potential inhibitors, the compound hydantoin exhibited the highest broad-spectrum antiviral activities with binding to 2C protein. The anti-enteroviral activity of GuaHCL, compound 19b, R523062, compound 12a, compound 12b, quinoline analogs 12a, compound 19d, N6-benzyladenosine, dibucaine derivatives 6i, TBZE-029, fluoxetine analogs 2b, dibucaine, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (HBB), metrifudil, pirlindole, MRL-1237, quinoline analogs 10a, zuclopenthixol, fluoxetine, fluoxetine HCl, and quinoline analogs 12c showed a trend of gradual decrease. In addition, the free energy with 22 compounds binding to EV 2C ranged from −0.35 to −88.18 kcal/mol. Our in silico studies will provide important information for the development of pan-enterovirus antiviral agents based on 2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Leiliang Zhang
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19
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Tang Q, Xu Z, Zhang F, Cai Y, Chen Y, Lu B, Zhou HB, Lan K, Wu S. Identification of a novel binding inhibitor that blocks the interaction between hSCARB2 and VP1 of enterovirus 71. Cell Insight 2022; 1:100016. [PMID: 37193133 PMCID: PMC10120312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection causes severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease that leads to cardiopulmonary complications and death in young children under 5 years of age. Although there are available vaccines for EV-A71 C4, however, there are no efficient drugs for severe cases. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new direct-antiviral agents (DAAs) to control EV-A71 infection. In this study, we report our discovery of the EV-A71 capsid inhibitor PTC-209HBr, a small-molecule Bmi-1 inhibitor and an anticancer agent, and its derivatives that inhibit multiple enteroviruses with an EC50 at a submicromolar efficacy. The mechanism of action of PTC-209HBr was confirmed by time-of-addition, resistance selection and reverse genetics experiments, microscale thermophoresis (MST), viral binding and entry assays, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence experiments (IF). Mechanistic studies indicated that PTC-209HBr inhibited EV-A71 infection by impeding the binding between VP1 and the receptor hSCARB2 during the early stage of EV-A71 infection through hindering viral entry into host cells. Collectively, these findings indicated that PCT-209HBr is a novel inhibitor of enteroviruses with a confirmed mechanism of action that can be further developed into EV-A71 DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Baojing Lu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-bing Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Wang J, Li H. Editorial of Special Column on Antiviral Drug Discovery and Pharmacology. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1540-1. [PMID: 35474901 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Fall A, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Foe-Essomba JR, Tchatchouang S, Amougou Atsama M, Yéngué JF, Kenfack-Momo R, Feudjio AF, Nka AD, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Taya-Fokou JB, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Noura EA, Zemnou-Tepap C, Meta-Djomsi D, Maïdadi-Foudi M, Kame-Ngasse GI, Nyebe I, Djukouo LG, Kengne Gounmadje L, Tchami Ngongang D, Oyono MG, Demeni Emoh CP, Tazokong HR, Mahamat G, Kengne-Ndé C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Dia N, La Rosa G, Ndip L, Njouom R. Global prevalence and case fatality rate of Enterovirus D68 infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010073. [PMID: 35134062 PMCID: PMC8824346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of epidemiological data has been reported on Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections after the 2014 outbreak. Our goal was to map the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021229255) with published articles on EV-68 infections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus up to January 2021. We determined prevalences using a model random effect. Of the 4,329 articles retrieved from the databases, 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria were from 39 different countries with apparently healthy individuals and patients with acute respiratory infections, acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The CFR estimate revealed occasional deaths (7/1353) related to EV-D68 infections in patients with severe acute respiratory infections. Analyses showed that the combined prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections was 4% (95% CI = 3.1–5.0) and 66.3% (95% CI = 40.0–88.2), respectively. The highest prevalences were in hospital outbreaks, developed countries, children under 5, after 2014, and in patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The present study shows sporadic deaths linked to severe respiratory EV-D68 infections. The study also highlights a low prevalence of current EV-D68 infections as opposed to the existence of EV-D68 antibodies in almost all participants of the included studies. These findings therefore highlight the need to implement and/or strengthen continuous surveillance of EV-D68 infections in hospitals and in the community for the anticipation of the response to future epidemics. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections represent a global public health concern. EV-D68 are detected in apparently healthy subjects and patients with acute respiratory illnesses, acute flaccid myelitis, and asthma-related illnesses. Enterovirus D68 was first described in 1962 and exhibited sporadic circulation until August 2014 when outbreaks of EV-D68 infections were reported in the USA and Canada mainly in children with acute flaccid myelitis and severe acute respiratory disease. We systematically reviewed the literature on EV-D68 infections globally in the present study to determine the case fatality rate and prevalence of current and past infections. Our results show sporadic deaths in patients with severe acute respiratory EV-D68 infections. Our data also show a low prevalence of EV-D68 in current infections unlike the presence of EV-D68 antibodies (past infections) in almost all individuals of all ages. EV-D68 infections were more prevalent in hospital outbreaks, industrialized countries, children < 5 years, and patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. These data highlight the need to strengthen the surveillance of EV-D68 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Marie Amougou Atsama
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Alex Durand Nka
- Virology Laboratory, Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Dowbiss Meta-Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi-Foudi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Martin Gael Oyono
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
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Yan L, Cao R, Zhang H, Li Y, Li W, Li X, Fan S, Li S, Zhong W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine phosphoamidate derivatives as anti-EV71 and anti-EV-D68 agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113852. [PMID: 34560428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoamidate derivatives of nucleoside 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine (NITD008) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against the enteroviruses EV71 and EV-D68. The phosphoamidate (15f) containing a hexyl ester of l-alanine exhibited the most promising activity against EV71 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.08 μM) and was 4-times more potent than NITD008. Meanwhile, the derivative containing a cyclohexyl ester of l-alanine (15l) exhibited the most potent activity with high selectivity index against both EV71 (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.27 μM, SI = 117.00) and EV-D68 (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.16 μM, SI = 130.76), which were both higher than that of NITD008. The results indicated that the phosphoamidate 15l was the most promising candidate for further development as antiviral agents for the treatment of both EV71 and EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Hu Y, Kitamura N, Musharrafieh R, Wang J. Discovery of Potent and Broad-Spectrum Pyrazolopyridine-Containing Antivirals against Enteroviruses D68, A71, and Coxsackievirus B3 by Targeting the Viral 2C Protein. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8755-8774. [PMID: 34085827 PMCID: PMC9179928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family contains many important human pathogens. EV-D68 primarily infects children, and the disease manifestations range from respiratory illnesses to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). EV-A71 is a major pathogen for the hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and can also lead to AFM and death in severe cases. CVB3 infection can cause cardiac arrhythmias, acute heart failure, as well as type 1 diabetes. There is currently no FDA-approved antiviral for any of these enteroviruses. In this study, we report our discovery and development of pyrazolopyridine-containing small molecules with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple strains of EV-D68, EV-A71, and CVB3. Serial viral passage experiments, coupled with reverse genetics and thermal shift binding assays, suggested that these molecules target the viral protein 2C. Overall, the pyrazolopyridine inhibitors represent a promising class of candidates for the urgently needed nonpolio enterovirus antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Serafim MSM, Dos Santos Júnior VS, Gertrudes JC, Maltarollo VG, Honorio KM. Machine learning techniques applied to the drug design and discovery of new antivirals: a brief look over the past decade. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:961-975. [PMID: 33957833 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1918098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Drug design and discovery of new antivirals will always be extremely important in medicinal chemistry, taking into account known and new viral diseases that are yet to come. Although machine learning (ML) have shown to improve predictions on the biological potential of chemicals and accelerate the discovery of drugs over the past decade, new methods and their combinations have improved their performance and established promising perspectives regarding ML in the search for new antivirals.Areas covered: The authors consider some interesting areas that deal with different ML techniques applied to antivirals. Recent innovative studies on ML and antivirals were selected and analyzed in detail. Also, the authors provide a brief look at the past to the present to detect advances and bottlenecks in the area.Expert opinion: From classical ML techniques, it was possible to boost the searches for antivirals. However, from the emergence of new algorithms and the improvement in old approaches, promising results will be achieved every day, as we have observed in the case of SARS-CoV-2. Recent experience has shown that it is possible to use ML to discover new antiviral candidates from virtual screening and drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Jadson Castro Gertrudes
- Departamento de Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kathia Maria Honorio
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
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Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the development of antiviral drugs, among which anti-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications can be considered real success stories, many viral infections remain without an effective treatment. This not only applies to infectious outbreaks caused by zoonotic viruses that have recently spilled over into humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also ancient viral diseases that have been brought under control by vaccination such as variola (smallpox), poliomyelitis, measles, and rabies. A largely unsolved problem are endemic respiratory infections due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses, whose associated morbidity will likely worsen with increasing air pollution. Furthermore, climate changes will expose industrialized countries to a dangerous resurgence of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which might also become global infections. Herein, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in the search for new antivirals against these different threats that the world population will need to confront with increasing frequency in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has advanced from a rarely detected respiratory virus to a widespread pathogen responsible for increasing rates of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children worldwide. In this review, we discuss the accumulating data on the molecular features of EV-D68 and place these into the context of enterovirus biology in general. We highlight similarities and differences with other enteroviruses and genetic divergence from own historical prototype strains of EV-D68. These include changes in capsid antigens, host cell receptor usage, and viral RNA metabolism collectively leading to increased virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of EV-D68 infection on the biology of its host cells, and how these changes are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron toxicity in AFM. We highlight areas in need of further research, including the identification of its primary receptor and an understanding of the pathogenic cascade leading to motor neuron injury in AFM. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of the EV-D68 and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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Abstract
One of the major challenges in development of antienterovirus (EV) drugs is in the safety of the drug. Here, we attempted to identify anti-EV compounds from an edible plant extract library and found potent antienterovirus D68 (EV-D68) activity in avocado (Persea americana). The purified identity is determined as 2R,4R-(12Z,15Z)-heneicosa-12,15-diene-1,2,4-triol, named avoenin. Avoenin shows an EC50 of 2.0 μM for EV-D68 (Fermon) infection with CC50 of >150 μM in RD cells by targeting the uncoating step of EV-D68 infection. Resistant mutations of EV-D68 (VP3-V24I, S173P, and S180G) to avoenin confer cross-resistance to pleconaril, an uncoating inhibitor of EV-D68. The inhibitory effect of avoenin is substantially specific to EV-D68 among the EVs. This work reveals avoenin as the identity of anti-EV-D68 activity in avocado and offers insights into development of a novel and effective strategy to overcome EV-D68 infection and its related respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawakami
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Masami Ezaki
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a re-emerging virus that causes moderate to severe respiratory diseases in children. In severe cases, EV-D68 infection can lead to neurological complications called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). There is currently no antiviral or vaccine available for EV-D68. The goal of this study is to delineate the mechanism of action of a promising antiviral drug candidate R523062 that was identified through a phenotypic cytopathic effect (CPE)-based high-throughput screening. R523062 inhibits multiple contemporary EV-D68 strains with single-digit micromolar EC50 values and is less effective against the enterovirus A71 strains. Resistant mutants identified through serial viral passage experiments were mapped to four viral proteins including VP1-G178S, 2A-V112I, 2C-I227L/Q322R, and 3A-V54A. The involvements of VP1-G178S, 2A-V112I, and 3A-V54A mutants in drug resistance were ruled out by the drug time-of-addition experiment, protease enzymatic assay, and the plaque assay with recombinant virus, respectively. In contrast, recombinant virus encoding the 2C-I227L/Q322R double mutants confers significant drug resistance, which is consistent with the result from serial passage experiments. The thermal shift binding assay showed R523062 binds to the wild-type EV-D68 2C and 2C-Q322R but not 2C-I227L or 2C-I227L/Q322R, confirming 2C as the direct drug target of R523062 and 2C-I227L alone confers drug resistance. The 2C inhibitor R523062 also showed additive antiviral activity with the viral 2A protease inhibitor telaprevir as well as the viral capsid VP1 inhibitor R856932. Collectively, this study identified a promising EV-D68 antiviral drug candidate R523062 with a confirmed mechanism of action by targeting the viral 2C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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