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Congdon MD, Gildersleeve JC. Enhanced Binding and Reduced Immunogenicity of Glycoconjugates Prepared via Solid-State Photoactivation of Aliphatic Diazirine Carbohydrates. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 32:133-142. [PMID: 33325683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological conjugation is an important tool employed for many basic research and clinical applications. While useful, common methods of biological conjugation suffer from a variety of limitations, such as (a) requiring the presence of specific surface-exposed residues, such as lysines or cysteines, (b) reducing protein activity, and/or (c) reducing protein stability and solubility. Use of photoreactive moieties including diazirines, azides, and benzophenones provide an alternative, mild approach to conjugation. Upon irradiation with UV and visible light, these functionalities generate highly reactive carbenes, nitrenes, and radical intermediates. Many of these will couple to proteins in a non-amino-acid-specific manner. The main hurdle for photoactivated biological conjugation is very low yield. In this study, we developed a solid-state method to increase conjugation efficiency of diazirine-containing carbohydrates to proteins. Using this methodology, we produced multivalent carbohydrate-protein conjugates with unaltered protein charge and secondary structure. Compared to carbohydrate conjugates prepared with amide linkages to lysine residues using standard NHS conjugation, the photoreactive prepared conjugates displayed up to 100-fold improved binding to lectins and diminished immunogenicity in mice. These results indicate that photoreactive bioconjugation could be especially useful for in vivo applications, such as lectin targeting, where high binding affinity and low immunogenicity are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly D Congdon
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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2
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Gonçalves OSL, Wheeler G, Dalmay T, Dai H, Castro M, Castro P, García-Rupérez J, Ruiz-Tórtola Á, Griol A, Hurtado J, Bellieres L, Bañuls MJ, González D, López-Guerrero JA, Neves-Petersen MT. Detection of miRNA cancer biomarkers using light activated Molecular Beacons. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12766-12783. [PMID: 35515856 PMCID: PMC9063790 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer biomarkers can reduce cancer mortality rate. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs whose expression changes upon the onset of various types of cancer. Biosensors that specifically detect such biomarkers can be engineered and integrated into point-of-care devices (POC) using label-free detection, high sensibility and compactness. In this paper, a new engineered Molecular Beacon (MB) construct used to detect miRNAs is presented. Such a construct is immobilized onto biosensor surfaces in a covalent and spatially oriented way using the photonic technology Light Assisted Molecular Immobilization (LAMI). The construct consists of a Cy3 labelled MB covalently attached to a light-switchable peptide. One MB construct contains a poly-A sequence in its loop region while the other contains a sequence complementary to the cancer biomarker miRNA-21. The constructs have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and HPLC. LAMI led to the successful immobilization of the engineered constructs onto thiol functionalized optically flat quartz slides and Silicon on Insulator (SOI) sensor surfaces. The immobilized Cy3 labelled MB construct has been imaged using confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM). The bioavailability of the immobilized engineered MB biosensors was confirmed through specific hybridization with the Cy5 labelled complementary sequence and imaged by CFM and FRET. Hybridization kinetics have been monitored using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The label-free detection of miRNA-21 was also achieved by using integrated photonic sensing structures. The engineered light sensitive constructs can be immobilized onto thiol reactive surfaces and are currently being integrated in a POC device for the detection of cancer biomarkers. Photonic based detection strategies of cancer miRNA biomarkers after Light Assisted Molecular Immobilization (LAMI) of peptide-MB biosensor constructs.![]()
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Ishida A, Wang L, Tachrim ZP, Suzuki T, Sakihama Y, Hashidoko Y, Hashimoto M. Comprehensive Synthesis of Photoreactive Phenylthiourea Derivatives for the Photoaffinity Labeling. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishida
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
| | - Zetryana Puteri Tachrim
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Division of Applied Science; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research; Osaka University; Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan, Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document
| | - Yasuko Sakihama
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
| | - Yasuyuki Hashidoko
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8589 Japan, Web
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4
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Deng X, Lahann J. Orthogonal surface functionalization through bioactive vapor-based polymer coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Deng
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Hammaecher C, Joris B, Goormaghtigh E, Marchand-Brynaert J. Photoactivable Nonsymmetrical Bifunctional Linkers for Protein Immobilization on Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR Optical Devices. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Galloway CM, Kreuzer MP, Aćimović SS, Volpe G, Correia M, Petersen SB, Neves-Petersen MT, Quidant R. Plasmon-assisted delivery of single nano-objects in an optical hot spot. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4299-304. [PMID: 23915079 DOI: 10.1021/nl402071p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fully exploiting the capability of nano-optics to enhance light-matter interaction on the nanoscale is conditioned by bringing the nano-object to interrogate within the minuscule volume where the field is concentrated. There currently exists several approaches to control the immobilization of nano-objects but they all involve a cumbersome delivery step and require prior knowledge of the "hot spot" location. Herein, we present a novel technique in which the enhanced local field in the hot spot is the driving mechanism that triggers the binding of proteins via three-photon absorption. This way, we demonstrate exclusive immobilization of nanoscale amounts of bovine serum albumin molecules into the nanometer-sized gap of plasmonic dimers. The immobilized proteins can then act as a scaffold to subsequently attach an additional nanoscale object such as a molecule or a nanocrystal. This universal technique is envisioned to benefit a wide range of nano-optical functionalities including biosensing, enhanced spectroscopy like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, as well as quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Galloway
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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7
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Materials Surface Effects on Biological Interactions. ADVANCES IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8790-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Tsuzuki S, Wada A, Ito Y. Photo-immobilization of biological components on gold-coated chips for measurements using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:700-7. [PMID: 18989902 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Tsuzuki
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer CM, Waldmann H. Chemical strategies for generating protein biochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9618-47. [PMID: 19025742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein biochips are at the heart of many medical and bioanalytical applications. Increasing interest has been focused on surface activation and subsequent functionalization strategies for immobilizing these biomolecules. Different approaches using covalent and noncovalent chemistry are reviewed; particular emphasis is placed on the chemical specificity of protein attachment and on retention of protein function. Strategies for creating protein patterns (as opposed to protein arrays) are also outlined. An outlook on promising and challenging future directions for protein biochip research and applications is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jonkheijm
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer C, Waldmann H. Chemische Verfahren zur Herstellung von Proteinbiochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Abstract
At present, strong requirements in orthopaedics are still to be met, both in bone and joint substitution and in the repair and regeneration of bone defects. In this framework, tremendous advances in the biomaterials field have been made in the last 50 years where materials intended for biomedical purposes have evolved through three different generations, namely first generation (bioinert materials), second generation (bioactive and biodegradable materials) and third generation (materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level). In this review, the evolution of different metals, ceramics and polymers most commonly used in orthopaedic applications is discussed, as well as the different approaches used to fulfil the challenges faced by this medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Navarro
- Biomaterials, Implants and Tissue Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), CIBER-BBN, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Matsudaira T, Tsuzuki S, Wada A, Suwa A, Kohsaka H, Tomida M, Ito Y. Automated microfluidic assay system for autoantibodies found in autoimmune diseases using a photoimmobilized autoantigen microarray. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 24:1384-92. [PMID: 19194953 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsudaira
- Nano Medical Enginering Laboratory, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako, Saitama, Japan
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13
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Duroux M, Skovsen E, Neves-Petersen MT, Duroux L, Gurevich L, Petersen SB. Light-induced immobilisation of biomolecules as an attractive alternative to microdroplet dispensing-based arraying technologies. Proteomics 2007; 7:3491-9. [PMID: 17907272 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present work shows how UV 'light-induced molecular immobilisation' (LIMI) of biomolecules onto thiol reactive surfaces can be used to make biosensors, without the need for traditional microdispensing technologies. Using 'LIMI,' arrays of biomolecules can be created with a high degree of reproducibility. This technology can be used to circumvent the need for often expensive nano/microdispensing technologies. The ultimate size of the immobilised spots is defined by the focal area of the UV beam, which for a diffraction-limited beam can be less than 1 microm in diameter. LIMI has the added benefit that the immobilised molecules will be spatially oriented and covalently bound to the surface. The activity of the sensor molecules is retained. Antibody sensor arrays made using LIMI demonstrated successful antigen binding. In addition, the pattern of immobilised molecules on the surface is not restricted to conventional array formats. The ultimate consequence of the LIMI is that it is possible to write complex protein patterns using bitmaps at high resolution onto substrates. Thus, LIMI of biomolecules provides a new technological platform for biomolecular immobilisation and the potential for replacing present microdispensing arraying technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Duroux
- NanoBiotechnology Group, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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Diaz-Quijada GA, Peytavi R, Nantel A, Roy E, Bergeron MG, Dumoulin MM, Veres T. Surface modification of thermoplastics--towards the plastic biochip for high throughput screening devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:856-62. [PMID: 17594004 DOI: 10.1039/b700322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays have become one of the most convenient tools for high throughput screening, supporting major advances in genomics and proteomics. Other important applications can be found in medical diagnostics, detection of biothreats, drug discovery, etc. Integration of microarrays with microfluidic devices can be highly advantageous in terms of portability, shorter analysis time and lower consumption of expensive biological analytes. Since fabrication of microfluidic devices using traditional materials such as glass is rather expensive, there is great interest in employing polymeric materials as a low cost alternative that is suitable for mass production. A number of commercially available plastic materials were reviewed for this purpose and poly(methylmethacrylate) Zeonor 1060R and Zeonex E48R were identified as promising candidates, for which methods for surface modification and covalent immobilization of DNA oligonucleotides were developed. In addition, we present proof-of-concept plastic-based microarrays with and without integration with microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Diaz-Quijada
- Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne, Boucherville, QC, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
In the past few years, protein biochips have emerged as promising proteomic and diagnostic tools for obtaining information about protein functions and interactions. Important technological innovations have been made. However, considerable development is still required, especially regarding protein immobilization, in order to fully realize the potential of protein biochips. In fact, protein immobilization is the key to the success of microarray technology. Proteins need to be immobilized onto surfaces with high density in order to allow the usage of small amount of sample solution. Nonspecific protein adsorption needs to be avoided or at least minimized in order to improve detection performances. Moreover, full retention of protein conformation and activity is a challenging task to be accomplished. Although a large number of review papers on protein biochips have been published in recent years, few have focused on protein immobilization technology. In this review, current protein immobilization strategies, including physical, covalent, and bioaffinity immobilization for the fabrication of protein biochips, are described. Particular consideration has been given to oriented immobilization, also referred to as site-specific immobilization, which is believed will improve homogeneous surface covering and accessibility of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rusmini
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials (PBM), Institute for Biomedical Technology (BMTI), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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16
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Dankbar DM, Gauglitz G. A study on photolinkers used for biomolecule attachment to polymer surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1967-74. [PMID: 17089100 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of photolinkers (photoactivatable heterobifunctional crosslinkers) is a popular method to attach biomolecules to polymer surfaces. This study addresses the selection of photolinker and the adjustment of reaction conditions, such as the concentration of biomolecule applied, and irradiation time. The influence of these variables are investigated for four prominent photolinkers: ketyl-reactive benzophenone (BP) and anthraquinone (AQ), nitrene-reactive nitrophenyl azide (NPA), and carbene-reactive phenyl-(trifluoromethyl)diazirine (PTD). The influence of substrate material is discussed, and three different polymers served as representative substrates: poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and a cycloolefin copolymer (COC). We compared the overall photolinking efficiency of all photolinkers with respect to the polymer substrate they are applied to, and we found considerable differences for certain photolinker/substrate combinations. Of all photolinkers and substrates tested, PTD as photolinker and COC as substrate showed the highest photolinking efficiencies and fastest reaction times. For this study DNA oligonucleotides were chosen as a model system of biomolecular probes, and fluorescence detection of DNA microarrays served as method of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Dankbar
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Xiao SJ, Wieland M, Brunner S. Surface reactions of 4-aminothiophenol with heterobifunctional crosslinkers bearing both succinimidyl ester and maleimide for biomolecular immobilization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 290:172-83. [PMID: 15925374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface reactions of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) with a series of heterogeneous crosslinkers containing both maleimide and succinimidyl ester groups were investigated with infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two types of surface reactions exist: (1) for most crosslinkers, a dominant reaction of amine and succinimidyl ester gave homogeneous maleimide-pendant surfaces; (2) for other crosslinkers, a side reaction between amine and maleimide, accompanying the main reaction, yielded heterogeneous surfaces with two linking groups, maleimide and succinimidyl ester. A typical example for the second case is the reaction of surface amines with N-succinimidyl-6-maleimidylhexanoate (SMH). Finally, a peptide, H-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys-OH (GRGDSPC), was immobilized on the SMH-derived surface as a bridging structure through two linkages, cysteine thioether and glycine amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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18
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Neves-Petersen MT, Snabe T, Klitgaard S, Duroux M, Petersen SB. Photonic activation of disulfide bridges achieves oriented protein immobilization on biosensor surfaces. Protein Sci 2006; 15:343-51. [PMID: 16434746 PMCID: PMC2242448 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051885306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photonic induced immobilization is a novel technology that results in spatially oriented and spatially localized covalent coupling of biomolecules onto thiol-reactive surfaces. Immobilization using this technology has been achieved for a wide selection of proteins, such as hydrolytic enzymes (lipases/esterases, lysozyme), proteases (human plasminogen), alkaline phosphatase, immunoglobulins' Fab fragment (e.g., antibody against PSA [prostate specific antigen]), Major Histocompability Complex class I protein, pepsin, and trypsin. The reaction mechanism behind the reported new technology involves "photonic activation of disulfide bridges," i.e., light-induced breakage of disulfide bridges in proteins upon UV illumination of nearby aromatic amino acids, resulting in the formation of free, reactive thiol groups that will form covalent bonds with thiol-reactive surfaces (see Fig. 1). Interestingly, the spatial proximity of aromatic residues and disulfide bridges in proteins has been preserved throughout molecular evolution. The new photonic-induced method for immobilization of proteins preserves the native structural and functional properties of the immobilized protein, avoiding the use of one or more chemical/thermal steps. This technology allows for the creation of spatially oriented as well as spatially defined multiprotein/DNA high-density sensor arrays with spot size of 1 microm or less, and has clear potential for biomedical, bioelectronic, nanotechnology, and therapeutic applications.
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19
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Immobilization of DNA on Microarrays. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/128_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Blencowe A, Hayes W. Development and application of diazirines in biological and synthetic macromolecular systems. SOFT MATTER 2005; 1:178-205. [PMID: 32646075 DOI: 10.1039/b501989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many different reagents and methodologies have been utilised for the modification of synthetic and biological macromolecular systems. In addition, an area of intense research at present is the construction of hybrid biosynthetic polymers, comprised of biologically active species immobilised or complexed with synthetic polymers. One of the most useful and widely applicable techniques available for functionalisation of macromolecular systems involves indiscriminate carbene insertion processes. The highly reactive and non-specific nature of carbenes has enabled a multitude of macromolecular structures to be functionalised without the need for specialised reagents or additives. The use of diazirines as stable carbene precursors has increased dramatically over the past twenty years and these reagents are fast becoming the most popular photophors for photoaffinity labelling and biological applications in which covalent modification of macromolecular structures is the basis to understanding structure-activity relationships. This review reports the synthesis and application of a diverse range of diazirines in macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Blencowe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
| | - Wayne Hayes
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
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Ladd J, Boozer C, Yu Q, Chen S, Homola J, Jiang S. DNA-directed protein immobilization on mixed self-assembled monolayers via a streptavidin bridge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:8090-8095. [PMID: 15350077 DOI: 10.1021/la049867r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous detection of multiple analytes is an important consideration for the advancement of biosensor technology. Currently, few sensor systems possess the capability to accurately and precisely detect multiple antigens. This work presents a simple approach for the functionalization of sensor surfaces suitable for multichannel detection. This approach utilizes self-assembled monolayer (SAM) chemistry to create a nonfouling, functional sensor platform based on biotinylated single-stranded DNA immobilized via a streptavidin bridge to a mixed SAM of biotinylated alkanethiol and oligo(ethylene glycol). Nonspecific binding is minimized with the nonfouling background of the sensor surface. A usable protein chip is generated by applying protein-DNA conjugates which are directed to specific sites on the sensor chip surface by utilizing the specificity of DNA hybridization. The described platform is demonstrated in a custom-built surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The detection capabilities of a sensor using this protein array have been characterized using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The platform shows a higher sensitivity in detection of hCG than that observed using biotinylated antibodies. Results also show excellent specificity in protein immobilization to the proper locations in the array. The vast number of possible DNA sequences combine with the selectivity of base-pairing makes this platform an excellent candidate for a sensor capable of multichannel protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ladd
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Naqvi A, Nahar P. Photochemical immobilization of proteins on microwave–synthesized photoreactive polymers. Anal Biochem 2004; 327:68-73. [PMID: 15033512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a rapid and versatile procedure for the preparation of photoreactive polymers and light-induced immobilization of proteins onto such polymers. Photoreactive controlled-pore glass, silica gel, glass slide, and polystyrene microtiter plate are prepared in 40-60s by microwave irradiation of the respective amino polymers and 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-azidobenzene. Azido group, now part of the polymer, yields highly reactive nitrene under ultraviolet (UV) light at 365 nm. Thus, when photoreactive polymer and horseradish peroxidase or glucose oxidase are exposed to UV light, the reactive nitrene immobilizes the protein molecules in 10 to 20 min through covalent bonding. As nitrene has a property of inserting into C-H bond, the method may find potential applications for immobilization of biomolecules irrespective of their functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Naqvi
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (formerly, Centre for Biochemical Technology), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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23
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Engineering and Characterization of Polymer Surfaces for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45668-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Chevolot Y, Martins J, Milosevic N, Léonard D, Zeng S, Malissard M, Berger EG, Maier P, Mathieu HJ, Crout DH, Sigrist H. Immobilisation on polystyrene of diazirine derivatives of mono- and disaccharides: biological activities of modified surfaces. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2943-53. [PMID: 11597476 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of surface glycoengineering for biomaterials and biosensors originates from the importance of carbohydrate-protein interactions in biological systems. The strategy employed here utilises carbene generated by illumination of diazirine to achieve covalent bonding of carbohydrates. Here, we describe the synthesis of an aryl diazirine containing a disaccharide (lactose). Surface analysis techniques [X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS)] demonstrate its successful surface immobilisation on polystyrene (PS). Results are compared to those previously obtained with an aryl diazirine containing a monosaccharide (galactose). The biological activity of galactose- or lactose-modified PS samples is studied using rat hepatocytes, Allo A lectin and solid-phase semi-synthesis with alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase. Allo A shows some binding to galactose-modified PS but none to lactose-modified surfaces. Similar results are obtained with rat hepatocytes. In contrast, sialylation of lactose-modified PS is achieved but not with galactose-modified surfaces. The different responses indicate that the biological activity depends not only on the carbohydrate per se but also on the structure and length of the spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chevolot
- Département des Matériaux, LMCH, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland.
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Léonard D, Chevolot Y, Heger F, Martins J, Crout DHG, Sigrist H, Mathieu HJ. ToF-SIMS and XPS study of photoactivatable reagents designed for surface glycoengineering. Part III. 5-Carboxamidopentyl-N-[m-[3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirin-3-yl]phenyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-(1->4)-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (lactose aryl diazirine) on diam. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nashat AH, Moronne M, Ferrari M. Detection of functional groups and antibodies on microfabricated surfaces by confocal microscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981020)60:2<137::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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L�onard D, Chevolot Y, Bucher O, Sigrist H, Mathieu HJ. Part 1.N-(m-(3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirine-3-yl)phenyl)-4-maleimido-butyramide (MAD) on silicon, silicon nitride and diamond. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199810)26:11<783::aid-sia420>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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L�onard D, Chevolot Y, Bucher O, Haenni W, Sigrist H, Mathieu HJ. Part 2.N-[m-(3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirine-3-yl)phenyl]-4- (-3-thio(-1-D-galactopyrannosyl)-maleimidyl)butyramide (MAD-Gal) on diamond. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199810)26:11<793::aid-sia421>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nock S, Spudich JA, Wagner P. Reversible, site-specific immobilization of polyarginine-tagged fusion proteins on mica surfaces. FEBS Lett 1997; 414:233-8. [PMID: 9315692 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of genes is expressed as fusion proteins for the purpose of characterization and purification in molecular biology. We have used this strategy to append polyarginine peptides in order to achieve specific binding of the Arg-tag to atomically flat, negatively charged mica surfaces. We show that the model protein, hexaarginine-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP), binds to mica via its Arg-tag based on ion exchange of naturally occurring potassium cations. Only non-specific binding was observed with the control protein that is free of the Arg-tag. This novel technology will be widely applicable to orient functional proteins on flat surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nock
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center B405, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305-5307, USA
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Wagner P, Nock S, Spudich JA, Volkmuth WD, Chu S, Cicero RL, Wade CP, Linford MR, Chidsey CE. Bioreactive self-assembled monolayers on hydrogen-passivated Si(111) as a new class of atomically flat substrates for biological scanning probe microscopy. J Struct Biol 1997; 119:189-201. [PMID: 9245759 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1997.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of bioreactive self-assembled monolayers, covalently bound to atomically flat silicon surfaces and capable of binding biomolecules for investigation by scanning probe microscopy and other surface-related assays and sensing devices. These monolayers are stable under a wide range of conditions and allow tailor-made functionalization for many purposes. We describe the substrate preparation and present an STM and SFM characterization, partly performed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes as tapping-mode supertips. Furthermore, we present two strategies of introducing in situ reactive headgroup functionalities. One method entails a free radical chlorosulfonation process with subsequent sulfonamide formation. A second method employs singlet carbenemediated hydrogen-carbon insertion of a heterobifunctional, amino-reactive trifluoromethyl-diazirinyl crosslinker. We believe that this new substrate is advantageous to others, because it (i) is atomically flat over large areas and can be prepared in a few hours with standard equipment, (ii) is stable under most conditions, (iii) can be modified to adjust a certain degree of reactivity and hydrophobicity, which allows physical adsorption or covalent crosslinking of the biological specimen, (iv) builds the bridge between semiconductor microfabrication and organic/biological molecular systems, and (v) is accessible to nanopatterning and applications requiring conductive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5307, USA.
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Abstract
Antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof were photochemically immobilized on surface-modified silicon chips of 5 x 5 mm size. Silicon surface-grafted diazirines and benzophenones formed covalent bonds with the immunoreagents on light activation. Photolithographic immobilization of monoclonal antibodies in aqueous media was achieved on silicon chips by activating surface-grafted benzophenones. The presence of bovine serum albumin during irradiation reduced nonspecific adsorption of the immunoreagents and retained the immunoactivity of the photoimmobilized molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sundarababu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Bernard A, Bosshard HR. Real-time monitoring of antigen-antibody recognition on a metal oxide surface by an optical grating coupler sensor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 230:416-23. [PMID: 7607210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0416h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of intermolecular interactions can provide a direct and rapid estimate of the affinity and kinetics of interactions between biomolecules. Optical methods based on the measurement of changes of refractive index in the immediate vicinity of a liquid-solid interface are particularly convenient because they require no radioactive, fluorescent or other labelling of the molecules under study. In the present work we have followed the specific interaction of protein molecules on a SiO2/TiO2 surface with the help of the optical grating coupler sensor instrument BIOS-1. This instrument allows the determination of the absolute mass of protein adsorbed to the sensor surface and, therefore, the calculation of the molar ratio of the components partaking in an intermolecular interaction. For example, about 3 ng avidin/mm2 surface area could be adsorbed. This amount closely corresponds to a monolayer composed of densely packed globular avidin molecules. A dimeric, biotinylated leucine zipper peptide was bound to this avidin layer at a molar ratio of 1:1 (1 peptide molecule/4 biotin binding sites of tetrameric avidin). An average of 1/2.6 peptides was recognized by a peptide-specific monoclonal antibody. Even though avidin was not covalently bound to the sensor surface, the avidin-coated chip could be used repeatedly to measure the time course of antibody binding as a function of the concentration of the antibody. From such measurements it was possible to calculate the association and dissociation rate constants assuming that the interaction of the antibody with the surface-bound antigen can be described by a simple Langmuir binding model. The limits of the Langmuir model are discussed. The same antigen-antibody reaction was also analyzed by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor (BIAcoreTM, Pharmacia). The results obtained with the two instruments, which register different optical phenomena and employ different surface chemistry, were in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernard
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität, Zürich, Switzerland
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Hatanaka Y, Hashimoto M, Kanaoka Y. A novel biotinylated heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent bearing an aromatic diazirine. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:1367-73. [PMID: 7788299 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a p-[(3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine-3-yl]benzoic acid derivative is described as a new carbene generating heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent. The cross-linker carries a biotin moiety in order to make use of avidin-biotin technology for specific manipulation of cross-linked components. To evaluate the ability of this reagent, the inter-subunit cross-linking of egg-white avidin tetramer was investigated. As a typical application of avidin-biotin technology for cross-linking experiments, a chemiluminescent detection method was examined to identify photobiotinylated components. A cross-linked dimeric product with an apparent molecular mass of 38 kDa was clearly visualized by the combined use of a horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin conjugate and a luminol-based chemiluminescent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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