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Walsh C, Rajora MA, Ding L, Nakamura S, Endisha H, Rockel J, Chen J, Kapoor M, Zheng G. Protease-Activatable Porphyrin Molecular Beacon for Osteoarthritis Management. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:66-80. [PMID: 37122828 PMCID: PMC10131263 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial burden posed by osteoarthritis (OA) globally, difficult challenges remain in achieving early OA diagnosis and adopting effective disease-modifying treatments. In this study, we use a biomolecular approach to address these limitations by creating an inherently theranostic molecular beacon whose imaging and therapeutic capabilities are activated by early pathological changes in OA. This platform comprised (1) a peptide linker substrate for metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), a pathological protease upregulated in OA, which was conjugated to (2) a porphyrin moiety with inherent multimodal imaging, photodynamic therapy, and drug delivery capabilities, and (3) a quencher that silences the porphyrin's endogenous fluorescence and photoreactivity when the beacon is intact. In diseased OA tissue with upregulated MMP-13 expression, this porphyrin molecular beacon (PPMMP13B) was expected to undergo sequence-specific cleavage, yielding porphyrin fragments with restored fluorescence and photoreactivity that could, respectively, be used as a readout of MMP-13 activity within the joint for early OA imaging and disease-targeted photodynamic therapy. This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of PPMMP13B, followed by a proof-of-concept evaluation of its OA imaging and drug delivery potential. In solution, PPMMP13B demonstrated 90% photoactivity quenching in its intact form and robust MMP-13 activation, yielding a 13-fold increase in fluorescence post-cleavage. In vitro, PPMMP13B was readily uptaken and activated in an MMP-13 cell expression-dependent manner in primary OA synoviocytes without exuding significant cytotoxicity. This translated into effective intra-articular cartilage (to a 50 μm depth) and synovial uptake and activation of PPMMP13B in a destabilization of the medial meniscus OA mouse model, yielding strong fluorescence contrast (7-fold higher signal than background) at the diseased joint site. These results provide the foundation for further exploration of porphyrin molecular beacons for image-guided OA disease stratification, effective articular delivery of disease-modify agents, and OA photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Walsh
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Maneesha A. Rajora
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Lili Ding
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Schroeder
Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Helal Endisha
- Schroeder
Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jason Rockel
- Schroeder
Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Schroeder
Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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2
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Moss ML, Miller MA, Vujanovic N, Yoneyama T, Rasmussen FH. Fluorescent substrates for ADAM15 useful for assaying and high throughput screening. Anal Biochem 2016; 514:42-47. [PMID: 27637923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 15 (ADAM15), also known as metargidin, plays important roles in regulating inflammation, wound healing, neovascularization, and is an attractive drug target. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based peptide substrates were tested to identify candidate reagents for high throughput screening and detection of ADAM15 in biological samples. ADAM15 exhibits a unique and diverse activity profile compared to other metalloproteinases. Two FRET substrates, Dabcyl-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Met-Arg-Gly-Lys(FAM)-NH2 (PEPDAB011) and Dabcyl-Ala-Pro-Arg-Trp-Ile-Gln-Asp-Lys(FAM)-NH2 (PEPDAB017), which also detect activities of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs -2, -9, and -13), were efficiently cleaved by ADAM15 with specificity constants of 5800 M-1 s-1 and 4300 M-1 s-1, respectively. Additionally, ADAM15 efficiently processed Dabcyl-Leu-Arg-Glu-Gln-Gln-Arg-Leu-Lys-Ser-Lys(FAM)-NH2 (PEPDAB022), which is based on a physiological CD23 cleavage site, with a specificity constant (kcat/Km) of 5200 M-1 s-1. PEPDAB022 was used to screen the ability of known metalloproteinase inhibitors including TAPI-2, marimastat, GI-254023, and the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases(TIMPs) 1 and 3 to block ADAM15 activity. Even though ADAM15 exhibits similar substrate preferences to other metalloproteinases, many broad spectrum inhibitors failed to block ADAM15 activity at concentrations as high as 50 μM. Thus, a clear need exists to develop potent and selective ADAM15 inhibitors, and the FRET substrates described herein should aid future research efforts towards this aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Moss
- BioZyme Inc, 1513 Old White Oak Church Rd., Apex, NC 27523, USA.
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikola Vujanovic
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Departments of Pathology, VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Toshie Yoneyama
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Departments of Pathology, VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Stawikowski MJ, Stawikowska R, Fields GB. Collagenolytic Matrix Metalloproteinase Activities toward Peptomeric Triple-Helical Substrates. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3110-21. [PMID: 25897652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) possess common domain organizations, there are subtle differences in their processing of collagenous triple-helical substrates. In this study, we have incorporated peptoid residues into collagen model triple-helical peptides and examined MMP activities toward these peptomeric chimeras. Several different peptoid residues were incorporated into triple-helical substrates at subsites P3, P1, P1', and P10' individually or in combination, and the effects of the peptoid residues were evaluated on the activities of full-length MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14/MT1-MMP. Most peptomers showed little discrimination between MMPs. However, a peptomer containing N-methyl Gly (sarcosine) in the P1' subsite and N-isobutyl Gly (NLeu) in the P10' subsite was hydrolyzed efficiently only by MMP-13 [nomenclature relative to the α1(I)772-786 sequence]. Cleavage site analysis showed hydrolysis at the Gly-Gln bond, indicating a shifted binding of the triple helix compared to the parent sequence. Favorable hydrolysis by MMP-13 was not due to sequence specificity or instability of the substrate triple helix but rather was based on the specific interactions of the P7' peptoid residue with the MMP-13 hemopexin-like domain. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer triple-helical peptomer was constructed and found to be readily processed by MMP-13, not cleaved by MMP-1 and MMP-8, and weakly hydrolyzed by MT1-MMP. The influence of the triple-helical structure containing peptoid residues on the interaction between MMP subsites and individual substrate residues may provide additional information about the mechanism of collagenolysis, the understanding of collagen specificity, and the design of selective MMP probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J Stawikowski
- †Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,‡Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- †Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,‡Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Gregg B Fields
- †Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,‡Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States.,§The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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4
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Roy R, Zurakowski D, Pories S, Moss ML, Moses MA. Potential of fluorescent metalloproteinase substrates for cancer detection. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1434-9. [PMID: 22001071 PMCID: PMC3232457 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MMP-2, MMP-9, their complexes and ADAM12 are detected in the urine of breast cancer patients and predict disease status. We assessed the use of FRET-based substrates in an assay to distinguish breast cancer patients from controls. DESIGN AND METHODS Substrates with varying specificities for MMP-9 and MMP-2 and several ADAMs were screened. Flsub21 and Flsub13, substrates for ADAM12 and ADAM8 respectively, were studied. RESULTS Flsub21 and Flsub13 cleavage activities were detected in the urine of patients with invasive and metastatic breast cancers at significantly higher frequencies compared to controls. Our model predicted probabilities of 90% when both Flsub21 and Flsub13 were positive, 65% when Flsub21 alone was positive, 55% when Flsub13 alone was positive and 20% when both substrates were negative. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the potential utility of FRET substrates to non-invasively identify invasive and/or metastatic breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/urine
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/urine
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/urine
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/secondary
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/urine
- Case-Control Studies
- Enzyme Assays
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Humans
- Logistic Models
- Metalloendopeptidases/urine
- Multivariate Analysis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- ROC Curve
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopali Roy
- Program in Vascular Biology and the Department of Surgery
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Boston
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Marsha A. Moses
- Program in Vascular Biology and the Department of Surgery
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Krizkova S, Zitka O, Adam V, Kizek R, Masarik M, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Chavis GJ. Assays for determination of matrix metalloproteinases and their activity. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Backus JD, Furman BD, Swimmer T, Kent CL, McNulty AL, Defrate LE, Guilak F, Olson SA. Cartilage viability and catabolism in the intact porcine knee following transarticular impact loading with and without articular fracture. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:501-10. [PMID: 21337389 PMCID: PMC3282382 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic arthritis commonly develops following articular fracture. The objective of this study was to develop a closed joint model of transarticular impact with and without creation of an articular fracture that maintains the physiologic environment during loading. Fresh intact porcine knees were preloaded and impacted at 294 J via a drop track. Osteochondral cores were obtained from the medial and lateral aspects of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. Chondrocyte viability was assessed at days 0, 3, and 5 postimpact in sham, impacted nonfractured, and impacted fractured joints. Total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, aggrecanase (ADAMTS-4) activity, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG) release were measured in culture media from days 3 and 5 posttrauma. No differences were observed in chondrocyte viability of impacted nonfractured joints (95.9 ± 6.9%) when compared to sham joints (93.8 ± 7.7%). In impacted fractured joints, viability of the fractured edge was 40.5 ± 27.6% and significantly lower than all other sites, including cartilage adjacent to the fractured edge (p < 0.001). MMP and aggrecanase activity and S-GAG release were significantly increased in specimens from the fractured edge. This study showed that joint impact resulting in articular fracture significantly decreased chondrocyte viability, increased production of MMPs and aggrecanases, and enhanced S-GAG release, whereas the same level of impact without fracture did not cause such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Backus
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Miller MA, Barkal L, Jeng K, Herrlich A, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA. Proteolytic Activity Matrix Analysis (PrAMA) for simultaneous determination of multiple protease activities. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:422-38. [PMID: 21180771 PMCID: PMC3173501 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are two related protease families that play key roles in matrix remodeling and growth factor ligand shedding. Directly ascertaining the proteolytic activities of particular MMPs and ADAMs in physiological environments in a non-invasive, real-time, multiplex manner remains a challenge. This work describes Proteolytic Activity Matrix Analysis (PrAMA), an integrated experimental measurement and mathematical analysis framework for simultaneously determining the activities of particular enzymes in complex mixtures of MMPs and ADAMs. The PrAMA method interprets dynamic signals from panels of moderately specific FRET-based polypeptide protease substrates to deduce a profile of specific MMP and ADAM proteolytic activities. Deconvolution of signals from complex mixtures of proteases is accomplished using prior data on individual MMP/ADAM cleavage signatures for the substrate panel measured with purified enzymes. We first validate PrAMA inference using a compendium of roughly 4000 measurements involving known mixtures of purified enzymes and substrates, and then demonstrate application to the live-cell response of wildtype, ADAM10-/-, and ADAM17-/- fibroblasts to phorbol ester and ionomycin stimulation. Results indicate PrAMA can distinguish closely related enzymes from each other with high accuracy, even in the presence of unknown background proteolytic activity. PrAMA offers a valuable tool for applications ranging from live-cell in vitro assays to high-throughput inhibitor screening with complex enzyme mixtures. Moreover, our approach may extend to other families of proteases, such as caspases and cathepsins, that also can lack highly-specific substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A. Miller
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Layla Barkal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Karen Jeng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Andreas Herrlich
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
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8
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Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as the one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors and to aid in the design of MMP inhibitors, a variety of sequence specificity, phage display, and combinatorial chemistry studies have been performed. Results of these studies have been valuable for defining the differences in MMPs and for creating quenched fluorescent substrates that utilize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET). FRET triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP and related FRET substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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9
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Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases enhances in vitro repair of the meniscus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:1557-67. [PMID: 18975039 PMCID: PMC2674160 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Damage or injury of the meniscus is associated with onset and progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). The intrinsic repair capacity of the meniscus is inhibited by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1). Using an in vitro meniscal repair model system, we examined the hypothesis that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the presence of IL-1 will enhance repair of meniscal lesions. Integrative repair of the meniscus was examined between two concentric explants cultured with IL-1 and various MMP inhibitors for 14 days. Throughout the culture period, we assessed total specific MMP activity in the media. At harvest, biomechanical testing to assess the strength of repair and histologic staining were performed. IL-1 decreased the shear strength of repair, as compared with control explants. In the presence of IL-1, the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM 6001 decreased the MMP activity in the media, increased the shear strength of repair, and enhanced tissue repair in the interface. However, individual MMP inhibitors did not alter the shear strength of repair in either the presence or absence of IL-1. These findings suggest IL-1 may inhibit meniscal repair through upregulation of MMPs, but inhibition of multiple MMPs may be necessary to promote integrative meniscal repair.
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10
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Cheng XC, Fang H, Xu WF. Advances in assays of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:154-67. [PMID: 18343899 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701511292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. To assay the activities of MMPs is important in diagnosis and therapy of the MMPs associated diseases, such as neoplastic, rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases. Several assay systems have been developed, which include bioassay, zymography assay, immunoassay, fluorimetric assay, radio isotopic assay, phage-displayed assay, multiple-enzyme/multiple-reagent assay and activity-based profiling assay. The principle, application, advantage and disadvantage of these assays have been reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Chao Cheng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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11
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Wilusz RE, Weinberg JB, Guilak F, McNulty AL. Inhibition of integrative repair of the meniscus following acute exposure to interleukin-1 in vitro. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:504-12. [PMID: 18050309 PMCID: PMC2729761 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Damage or loss of the meniscus is associated with progressive osteoarthritic degeneration of the knee joint. Injured and degenerative joints are characterized by elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which with prolonged exposure can induce catabolic and anti-anabolic activities that inhibit tissue repair. We used an in vitro model system to examine the hypotheses that acute exposure to IL-1 inhibits meniscal repair, and that an IL-1-mediated increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is associated with the inhibition of repair. Integrative tissue repair was studied between concentric explants of porcine medial menisci that were treated with IL-1alpha acutely (100 pg/mL for 1 or 3 days) or chronically (100 pg/mL for entire culture duration). After 14 and 28 days in culture, biomechanical testing, cell viability, and histology were performed to assess meniscal repair. Total specific MMP activity in the culture media was measured using a quenched fluorescent substrate. As little as 1 day of IL-1 exposure significantly reduced shear strength, cell accumulation, and tissue repair compared to controls. IL-1 exposure for 1 or 3 days significantly increased MMP activity that subsided by day 9. With chronic IL-1 exposure, MMP activity remained elevated for the duration of culture and was negatively correlated with repair strength. Our study shows that short-term exposure to physiologically relevant concentrations of IL-1 significantly reduces meniscal repair in vitro, and thus may potentially inhibit the intrinsic repair response in vivo. The suppression of IL-1 or MMP expression and/or activity warrant investigation as potential strategies for promoting meniscal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Wilusz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University
| | | | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University
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12
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Ridnour LA, Windhausen AN, Isenberg JS, Yeung N, Thomas DD, Vitek MP, Roberts DD, Wink DA. Nitric oxide regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity by guanylyl-cyclase-dependent and -independent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16898-903. [PMID: 17942699 PMCID: PMC2040425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702761104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are of central importance in the proteolytic remodeling of matrix and the generation of biologically active molecules. MMPs are distinguished by a conserved catalytic domain containing a zinc ion, as well as a prodomain that regulates enzyme activation by modulation of a cysteine residue within that domain. Because nitric oxide (NO) and derived reactive nitrogen species target zinc ions and cysteine thiols, we assessed the ability of NO to regulate MMPs. A dose-dependent, biphasic regulatory effect of NO on the activity of MMPs (MMP-9, -1, and -13) secreted from murine macrophages was observed. Low exogenous NO perturbed MMP/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 levels by enhancing MMP activity and suppressing the endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1. This was cGMP-dependent, as confirmed by the cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP, as well as by the NO-soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP signaling inhibitor thrombospondin-1. Exposure of purified latent MMP-9 to exogenous NO demonstrated a concentration-dependent activation and inactivation of the enzyme, which occurred at higher NO flux. These chemical reactions occurred at concentrations similar to that of activated macrophages. Importantly, these results suggest that NO regulation of MMP-9 secreted from macrophages may occur chemically by reactive nitrogen species-mediated protein modification, biologically through soluble guanylyl-cyclase-dependent modulation of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance, or proteolytically through regulation of MMP-1 and -13, which can cleave the prodomain of MMP-9. Furthermore, when applied in a wound model, conditioned media exhibiting peak MMP activity increased vascular cell migration that was MMP-9-dependent, suggesting that MMP-9 is a key physiologic mediator of the effects of NO in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Isenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nolan Yeung
- Cognosci, 2 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | | | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Moss ML, Bomar M, Liu Q, Sage H, Dempsey P, Lenhart PM, Gillispie PA, Stoeck A, Wildeboer D, Bartsch JW, Palmisano R, Zhou P. The ADAM10 prodomain is a specific inhibitor of ADAM10 proteolytic activity and inhibits cellular shedding events. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35712-21. [PMID: 17895248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703231200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 is a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes amyloid precursor protein and ErbB ligands and is involved in the shedding of many type I and type II single membrane-spanning proteins. Like tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE or ADAM17), ADAM10 is expressed as a zymogen, and removal of the prodomain results in its activation. Here we report that the recombinant mouse ADAM10 prodomain, purified from Escherichia coli, is a potent competitive inhibitor of the human ADAM10 catalytic/disintegrin domain, with a K(i) of 48 nM. Moreover, the mouse ADAM10 prodomain is a selective inhibitor as it only weakly inhibits other ADAM family proteinases in the micromolar range and does not inhibit members of the matrix metalloproteinase family under similar conditions. Mouse prodomains of TACE and ADAM8 do not inhibit their respective enzymes, indicating that ADAM10 inhibition by its prodomain is unique. In cell-based assays we show that the ADAM10 prodomain inhibits betacellulin shedding, demonstrating that it could be of potential use as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Moss
- BioZyme Incorporated, Apex, North Carolina 27523, USA.
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14
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Moss ML, Rasmussen FH. Fluorescent substrates for the proteinases ADAM17, ADAM10, ADAM8, and ADAM12 useful for high-throughput inhibitor screening. Anal Biochem 2007; 366:144-8. [PMID: 17548045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe novel fluorescent substrates for the human ADAM family members ADAM17, ADAM10, ADAM8, and ADAM12 that have good specificity constants and are useful for high-throughput screening of inhibitors. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates contain a 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoyl and 5-carboxyfluorescein (Dabcyl/Fam) pair and are based on known cleavage sequences in precursor tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and CD23. The precursor TNF-alpha-based substrate, Dabcyl-Leu-Ala-Gln-Ala-Homophe-Arg-Ser-Lys(Fam)-NH2, is a good substrate for all the ADAMs tested, including ADAM12 for which there is no reported fluorescent substrate. The CD23-based substrate, Dabcyl-His-Gly-Asp-Gln-Met-Ala-Gln-Lys-Ser-Lys(Fam)-NH2, is more selective, being hydrolyzed efficiently only by ADAM8 and ADAM10. The substrates were used to obtain inhibition constants for four inhibitors that are commonly used in shedding assays: TMI-1, GM6001, GW9471, and TAPI-2. The Wyeth Aerst compound, TMI-1, is a potent inhibitor against all of the ADAMs tested and is slow binding against ADAM17.
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Minond D, Lauer-Fields JL, Cudic M, Overall CM, Pei D, Brew K, Moss ML, Fields GB. Differentiation of secreted and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase activities based on substitutions and interruptions of triple-helical sequences. Biochemistry 2007; 46:3724-33. [PMID: 17338550 PMCID: PMC2569894 DOI: 10.1021/bi062199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The turnover of the collagen triple-helical structure (collagenolysis) is a tightly regulated process in normal physiology and has been ascribed to a small number of proteases. Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) family possess collagenolytic activity, and the mechanisms by which these enzymes process triple helices are beginning to be unraveled. The present study has utilized two triple-helical sequences to compare the cleavage-site specificities of 10 MMPs. One substrate featured a continuous Gly-Xxx-Yyy sequence (Pro-Leu-Gly approximately Met-Arg-Gly), while the other incorporated an interruption in the Gly-Xxx-Yyy repeat (Pro-Val-Asn approximately Phe-Arg-Gly). Both sequences were selectively cleaved by MMP-13 while in linear form, but neither proved to be selective within a triple helix. This suggests that the conformational presentation of substrate sequences to a MMP active site is critical for enzyme specificity, in that activities differ when sequences are presented from an unwound triple helix versus an independent single strand. Differences in specificity between secreted and membrane-type (MT) MMPs were also observed for both sequences, where MMP-2 and MT-MMPs showed an ability to hydrolyze a triple helix at an additional site (Gly-Gln bond). Interruption of the triple helix had different effects on secreted MMPs and MT-MMPs, because MT-MMPs could not hydrolyze the Asn-Phe bond but instead cleaved the triple helix closer to the C terminus at a Gly-Gln bond. It is possible that MT-MMPs have a requirement for Gly in the P1 subsite to be able to efficiently process a triple-helical molecule. Analysis of individual kinetic parameters and activation energies indicated different substrate preferences within secreted MMPs, because MMP-13 preferred the interrupted sequence, while MMP-8 showed little discrimination between non-interrupted and interrupted triple helices. On the basis of the present and prior studies, we can assign unique triple-helical peptidase behaviors to the collagenolytic MMPs. Such differences may be significant for understanding MMP mechanisms of action and aid in the development of selective MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Minond
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Janelle L. Lauer-Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- University of British Columbia Centre for Blood Research and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics and the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Keith Brew
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Marcia L. Moss
- BioZyme, Inc., 1513 Old White Oak Church Road, Apex, NC 27523-9299
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
- Correspondence should be addressed to this author at the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991. Tel: 561-297-2093; Fax: 561-297-2759; E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Kehoe
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Building 202, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Lombard C, Saulnier J, Wallach J. Assays of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities: a review. Biochimie 2005; 87:265-72. [PMID: 15781313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity often remains a challenge, mainly in complex media. Two sets of methods are currently used. The first one measures the hydrolysis of natural protein substrates (labeled or not) and includes the popular zymography. These techniques which are quite sensitive, cannot generally be carried out on a continuous basis. The second one takes mainly advantage of the increase of fluorescence, which is associated to the hydrolysis of initially quenched fluorogenic peptide substrates. Quite recently, another group, which is a compromise between the other two, has been developed. It measures the hydrolysis of synthetic triple-helical peptide substrates. These different methods are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Lombard
- Laboratoire de biochimie analytique et synthèse bioorganique, UFR Chimie-Biochimie, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Pi N, Meyers CLF, Pacholec M, Walsh CT, Leary JA. Mass spectrometric characterization of a three-enzyme tandem reaction for assembly and modification of the novobiocin skeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10036-41. [PMID: 15218104 PMCID: PMC454160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403526101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite scaffold of the natural product antibiotic novobiocin is assembled by the tandem action of novobiocin ligase (NovL) and novobiocic acid noviosyl transferase (NovM). The noviosyl ring of the tripartite scaffold is further decorated by a methyltransferase (NovP) and a carbamoyltransferase (NovN), resulting in the formation of novobiocin. To facilitate kinetic evaluation of alternate substrate usage by NovL and NovM toward the creation of variant antibiotic scaffolds, an electrospray ionization/MS assay for obtaining kinetic measurements is presented for NovL and NovM separately, in each case with natural substrate and the 3-methyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid analog. Additionally, assays of tandem two-enzyme (NovL/NovM) and three-enzyme (NovL/NovM/NovP) incubations were developed. The development of these assays allows for the direct detection of each intermediate followed by its utilization as substrate for the next enzyme, as well as the subsequent formation of final product as a function of time. This MS tandem assay is useful for optimization of conditions for chemoenzymatic generation of novobiocin and is also suitable for evaluation of competitive usage of variant substrate analogs by multiple enzymes. The studies presented here serve as a platform for the subsequent expansion of the repertoire of coumarin-based antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Pi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors and to aid in the design of MMP inhibitors, a variety of sequence specificity, phage display, and combinatorial chemistry studies have been performed. Results of these studies have been valuable for defining the differences in MMPs and for creating quenched fluorescent substrates that utilize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET). FRET triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP and related FRET substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 U.S.A. Phone 561-297-2093, Fax 561-297-2759
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