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Keighron JD, Bonaventura J, Li Y, Yang JW, DeMarco EM, Hersey M, Cao J, Sandtner W, Michaelides M, Sitte HH, Newman AH, Tanda G. Interactions of calmodulin kinase II with the dopamine transporter facilitate cocaine-induced enhancement of evoked dopamine release. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:202. [PMID: 37311803 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical and atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors (DUIs) prefer distinct conformations of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to form ligand-transporter complexes, resulting in markedly different effects on behavior, neurochemistry, and potential for addiction. Here we show that cocaine and cocaine-like typical psychostimulants elicit changes in DA dynamics distinct from those elicited by atypical DUIs, as measured via voltammetry procedures. While both classes of DUIs reduced DA clearance rate, an effect significantly related to their DAT affinity, only typical DUIs elicited a significant stimulation of evoked DA release, an effect unrelated to their DAT affinity, which suggests a mechanism of action other than or in addition to DAT blockade. When given in combination, typical DUIs enhance the stimulatory effects of cocaine on evoked DA release while atypical DUIs blunt them. Pretreatments with an inhibitor of CaMKIIα, a kinase that interacts with DAT and that regulates synapsin phosphorylation and mobilization of reserve pools of DA vesicles, blunted the effects of cocaine on evoked DA release. Our results suggest a role for CaMKIIα in modulating the effects of cocaine on evoked DA release without affecting cocaine inhibition of DA reuptake. This effect is related to a specific DAT conformation stabilized by cocaine. Moreover, atypical DUIs, which prefer a distinct DAT conformation, blunt cocaine's neurochemical and behavioral effects, indicating a unique mechanism underlying their potential as medications for treating psychostimulant use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Keighron
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Science, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jae-Won Yang
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily M DeMarco
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Sandtner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Philyaw TJ, Rothenfluh A, Titos I. The Use of Drosophila to Understand Psychostimulant Responses. Biomedicines 2022; 10:119. [PMID: 35052798 PMCID: PMC8773124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The addictive properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate are based on their ability to increase dopaminergic neurotransmission in the reward system. While cocaine and methamphetamine are predominately used recreationally, amphetamine and methylphenidate also work as effective therapeutics to treat symptoms of disorders including attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although both the addictive properties of psychostimulant drugs and their therapeutic efficacy are influenced by genetic variation, very few genes that regulate these processes in humans have been identified. This is largely due to population heterogeneity which entails a requirement for large samples. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits similar psychostimulant responses to humans, a high degree of gene conservation, and allow performance of behavioral assays in a large population. Additionally, amphetamine and methylphenidate reduce impairments in fly models of ADHD-like behavior. Therefore, Drosophila represents an ideal translational model organism to tackle the genetic components underlying the effects of psychostimulants. Here, we break down the many assays that reliably quantify the effects of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate in Drosophila. We also discuss how Drosophila is an efficient and cost-effective model organism for identifying novel candidate genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis James Philyaw
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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3
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Philipsen MH, Phan NTN, Fletcher JS, Ewing AG. Interplay between Cocaine, Drug Removal, and Methylphenidate Reversal on Phospholipid Alterations in Drosophila Brain Determined by Imaging Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:806-813. [PMID: 32045198 PMCID: PMC7077924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine dependence displays a broad impairment in cognitive performance including attention, learning, and memory. To obtain a better understanding of the action of cocaine in the nervous system, and the relation between phospholipids and memory, we have investigated whether phospholipids recover in the brain following cocaine removal using the fly model, Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, the effects of methylphenidate, a substitute medication for cocaine dependence, on fly brain lipids after cocaine abuse are also determined to see if it can rescue the lipid changes caused by cocaine. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry with a (CO2)6000+ gas cluster ion beam was used to detect intact phospholipids. We show that cocaine has persistent effects, both increasing and decreasing the levels of specific phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylinositols. These changes remain after cocaine withdrawal and are not rescued by methylphenidate. Cocaine is again shown to generally increase the levels of phosphatidylcholines in the fly brain; however, after drug withdrawal, the abundance of these lipids returns to the original level and methylphenidate treatment of the flies following cocaine exposure enhances the reversal of the lipid level reducing them below the original control. The study provides insight into the molecular effects of cocaine and methylphenidate on brain lipids. We suggest that phosphatidylcholines could be a potential target for the treatment of cocaine abuse as well as be a significant hallmark of cognition and memory loss with cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hoang Philipsen
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Stephen Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Platform, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Keighron JD, Giancola JB, Shaffer RJ, DeMarco EM, Coggiano MA, Slack RD, Hauck Newman A, Tanda G. Distinct effects of (R)-modafinil and its (R)- and (S)-fluoro-analogs on mesolimbic extracellular dopamine assessed by voltammetry and microdialysis in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2045-2053. [PMID: 30402972 PMCID: PMC8294075 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorders remain an unabated public health concern worldwide, but no FDA approved medications are currently available for treatment. Modafinil (MOD), like cocaine, is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and one of the few drugs evaluated in clinical trials that has shown promise for the treatment of cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders in some patient subpopulations. Recent structure-activity relationship and preclinical studies on a series of MOD analogs have provided insight into modifications of its chemical structure that may lead to advancements in clinical efficacy. Here, we have tested the effects of the clinically available (R)-enantiomer of MOD on extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell, a mesolimbic dopaminergic projection field that plays significant roles in various aspects of psychostimulant use disorders, measured in vivo by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and by microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats. We have compared these results with those obtained under identical experimental conditions with two novel and enantiopure bis(F) analogs of MOD, JBG1-048 and JBG1-049. The results show that (R)-modafinil (R-MOD), JBG1-048, and JBG1-049, when administered intravenously with cumulative drug-doses, will block the dopamine transporter and reduce the clearance rate of dopamine, increasing its extracellular levels. Differences among the compounds in their maximum stimulation of dopamine levels, and in their time course of effects were also observed. These data highlight the mechanistic underpinnings of R-MOD and its bis(F) analogs as pharmacological tools to guide the discovery of novel medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D. Keighron
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - JoLynn B. Giancola
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Rachel J. Shaffer
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Emily M. DeMarco
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Rachel D. Slack
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
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5
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Keighron JD, Quarterman JC, Cao J, DeMarco EM, Coggiano MA, Gleaves A, Slack RD, Zanettini C, Newman AH, Tanda G. Effects of ( R)-Modafinil and Modafinil Analogues on Dopamine Dynamics Assessed by Voltammetry and Microdialysis in the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Shell. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2012-2021. [PMID: 30645944 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have improved our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of the dopamine transporter (DAT); however, only a few drugs are clinically available for DAT-implicated disorders. Among those drugs, modafinil (MOD) and its ( R)-enantiomer (R-MOD) have been used off-label as therapies for psychostimulant use disorders, but they have shown limited effectiveness in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies on MOD and R-MOD have led to chemically modified structures aimed toward improving their neurobiological properties that might lead to more effective therapeutics for stimulant use disorders. This study examines three MOD analogues (JJC8-016, JJC8-088, and JJC8-091) with improved DAT affinities compared to their parent compound. These compounds were investigated for their effects on the neurochemistry (brain microdialysis and FSCV) and behavior (ambulatory activity) of male Swiss-Webster mice. Our data indicate that these compounds have dissimilar effects on tonic and phasic dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell and variability in producing ambulatory activity. These results suggest that small changes in the chemical structure of a DAT inhibitor can cause compounds such as JJC8-088 to produce effects similar to abused psychostimulants like cocaine. In contrast, other compounds like JJC8-091 do not share cocaine-like effects and have a more atypical DAT-inhibitor profile, which may prove to be an advancement in the treatment of psychostimulant use disorders.
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6
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Shin M, Copeland JM, Venton BJ. Drosophila as a Model System for Neurotransmitter Measurements. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1872-1883. [PMID: 29411967 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, is an important, simple model organism for studying the effects of genetic mutations on neuronal activity and behavior. Biologists use Drosophila for neuroscience studies because of its genetic tractability, complex behaviors, well-known and simple neuroanatomy, and many orthologues to human genes. Neurochemical measurements in Drosophila are challenging due to the small size of the central nervous system. Recently, methods have been developed to measure real-time neurotransmitter release and clearance in both larvae and adults using electrochemistry. These studies have characterized dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine release in both wild type and genetic mutant flies. Tissue content measurements are also important, and separations are predominantly used. Capillary electrophoresis, with either electrochemical, laser-induced fluorescence, or mass spectrometry detection, facilitates tissue content measurements from single, isolated Drosophila brains or small samples of hemolymph. Neurochemical studies in Drosophila have revealed that flies have functioning transporters and autoreceptors, that their metabolism is different than in mammals, and that flies have regional, life stage, and sex differences in neurotransmission. Future studies will develop smaller electrodes, expand optical imaging techniques, explore physiological stimulations, and use advanced genetics to target single neuron release or study neurochemical changes in models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Copeland
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
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7
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Majdi S, Larsson A, Hoang Philipsen M, Ewing AG. Electrochemistry in and of the Fly Brain. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mai Hoang Philipsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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8
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Rivera-Serrano N, Pagan M, Colón-Rodríguez J, Fuster C, Vélez R, Almodovar-Faria J, Jiménez-Rivera C, Cunci L. Static and Dynamic Measurement of Dopamine Adsorption in Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2293-2301. [PMID: 29260558 PMCID: PMC5957755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used for the first time to study the adsorption of dopamine in carbon fiber microelectrodes. In order to show a proof-of-concept, static and dynamic measurements were taken at potentials ranging from -0.4 to 0.8 V versus Ag|AgCl to demonstrate the versatility of this technique to study dopamine without the need of its oxidation. We used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and single frequency electrochemical impedance to measure different concentrations of dopamine as low as 1 nM. Moreover, the capacitance of the microelectrodes surface was found to decrease due to dopamine adsorption, which is dependent on its concentration. The effect of dissolved oxygen and electrochemical oxidation of the surface in the detection of dopamine was also studied. Nonoxidized and oxidized carbon fiber microelectrodes were prepared and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Optimum working parameters of the electrodes, such as frequency and voltage, were obtained for better measurement. Electrochemical impedance of dopamine was determined at different concentration, voltages, and frequencies. Finally, dynamic experiments were conducted using a flow cell and single frequency impedance in order to study continuous and real-time measurements of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilka Rivera-Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Miraida Pagan
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Joanisse Colón-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Christian Fuster
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Román Vélez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Jose Almodovar-Faria
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Rivera
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Turabo, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
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Phan NTN, Munem M, Ewing AG, Fletcher JS. MS/MS analysis and imaging of lipids across Drosophila brain using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3923-3932. [PMID: 28389914 PMCID: PMC5437193 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are abundant biomolecules performing central roles to maintain proper functioning of cells and biological bodies. Due to their highly complex composition, it is critical to obtain information of lipid structures in order to identify particular lipids which are relevant for a biological process or metabolic pathway under study. Among currently available molecular identification techniques, MS/MS in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging has been of high interest in the bioanalytical community as it allows visualization of intact molecules in biological samples as well as elucidation of their chemical structures. However, there have been few applications using SIMS and MS/MS owing to instrumental challenges for this capability. We performed MS and MS/MS imaging to study the lipid structures of Drosophila brain using the J105 and 40-keV Ar4000+ gas cluster ion source, with the novelty being the use of MS/MS SIMS analysis of intact lipids in the fly brain. Glycerophospholipids were identified by MS/MS profiling. MS/MS was also used to characterize diglyceride fragment ions and to identify them as triacylglyceride fragments. Moreover, MS/MS imaging offers a unique possibility for detailed elucidation of biomolecular distribution with high accuracy based on the ion images of its fragments. This is particularly useful in the presence of interferences which disturb the interpretation of biomolecular localization. MS/MS was performed during time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of Drosophila melongaster (fruit fly) to elucidate the structure and origin of different chemical species in the brain including a range of different phospholipid classes (PC, PI, PE) and di- and triacylglycerides (DAG & TAG) species where reference MS/MS spectra provided a potential means of discriminating between the isobaric [M-OH]+ ion of DAGs and the [M-RCO]+ ion of TAGs. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu T N Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marwa Munem
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John S Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Ganesana M, Lee ST, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2017; 89:314-341. [PMID: 28105819 PMCID: PMC5260807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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11
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Widmann A, Artinger M, Biesinger L, Boepple K, Peters C, Schlechter J, Selcho M, Thum AS. Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006378. [PMID: 27768692 PMCID: PMC5074598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3’5’-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution. Learning and memory helps organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment. Gained experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system. Yet, memory formation in vertebrates and invertebrates is a highly complex and dynamic process that consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. To understand which changes occur in a brain when it learns, we applied a reductionist approach. Instead of studying complex cases, we analyzed learning and memory in Drosophila larvae that have a simple brain that is genetically and behaviorally accessible and consists of only about 10,000 neurons. Drosophila larvae are able to learn to associate an odor with punishing high salt concentrations. It is therefore possible to correlate changes in larval behavior with molecular events in identifiable neurons after classical olfactory conditioning. We show that under these circumstances larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component (lSTM) that is molecularly conserved throughout the animal kingdom as it depends on the classical cAMP pathway. In parallel they establish a larval anesthesia resistant memory (lARM) that relies on a different molecular signal. lARM has not been described in larvae before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Artinger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Trouillon R, Gijs MAM. Dynamic electrochemical quantitation of dopamine release from a cells-on-paper system. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02487d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple hybrid microfluidic/electrochemical system is used to observe the secretion of neurotransmitters from a cells-on-paper system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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13
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The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9730467. [PMID: 26770661 PMCID: PMC4684895 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9730467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus of the brain. Dysfunction of the dopamine system has been implicated in different nervous system diseases. The level of dopamine transmission increases in response to any type of reward and by a large number of strongly additive drugs. The role of dopamine dysfunction as a consequence of oxidative stress is involved in health and disease. Introduce new potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions based on antioxidant compounds. The present review focuses on the therapeutic potential of antioxidant compounds as a coadjuvant treatment to conventional neurological disorders is discussed.
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14
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Privman E, Venton BJ. Comparison of dopamine kinetics in the larval Drosophila ventral nerve cord and protocerebrum with improved optogenetic stimulation. J Neurochem 2015; 135:695-704. [PMID: 26296526 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine release and uptake have been studied in the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord (VNC) using optogenetics to stimulate endogenous release. However, other areas of the central nervous system remain uncharacterized. Here, we compare dopamine release in the VNC and protocerebrum of larval Drosophila. Stimulations were performed with CsChrimson, a new, improved, red light-activated channelrhodopsin. In both regions, dopamine release was observed after only a single, 4 ms duration light pulse. Michaelis-Menten modeling was used to understand release and uptake parameters for dopamine. The amount of dopamine released ([DA]p ) on the first stimulation pulse is higher than the average [DA]p released from subsequent pulses. The initial and average amount of dopamine released per stimulation pulse is smaller in the protocerebrum than in the VNC. The average Vmax of 0.08 μM/s in the protocerebrum was significantly higher than the Vmax of 0.05 μM/s in the VNC. The average Km of 0.11 μM in the protocerebrum was not significantly different from the Km of 0.10 μM in the VNC. When the competitive dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor nisoxetine was applied, the Km increased significantly in both regions while Vmax stayed the same. This work demonstrates regional differences in dopamine release and uptake kinetics, indicating important variation in the amount of dopamine available for neurotransmission and neuromodulation. We use a new optogenetic tool, red light activated CsChrimson, to stimulate the release of dopamine in the ventral nerve cord and medial protocerebrum of the larval Drosophila central nervous system. We monitored extracellular dopamine by fast scan cyclic voltammetry and used Michaelis-Menten modeling to probe the regulation of extracellular dopamine, discovering important similarities and differences in these two regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Privman
- Department of Chemistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Atcherley CW, Laude ND, Monroe EB, Wood KM, Hashemi P, Heien ML. Improved Calibration of Voltammetric Sensors for Studying Pharmacological Effects on Dopamine Transporter Kinetics in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1509-16. [PMID: 25062330 DOI: 10.1021/cn500020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution and density of neurons within the brain poses many challenges when making quantitative measurements of neurotransmission in the extracellular space. A volume neurotransmitter is released into the synapse during chemical communication and must diffuse through the extracellular space to an implanted sensor for real-time in situ detection. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry is an excellent technique for measuring biologically relevant concentration changes in vivo; however, the sensitivity is limited by mass-transport-limited adsorption. Due to the resistance to mass transfer in the brain, the response time of voltammetric sensors is increased, which decreases the sensitivity and the temporal fidelity of the measurement. Here, experimental results reveal how the tortuosity of the extracellular space affects the response of the electrode. Additionally, a model of mass-transport-limited adsorption is utilized to account for both the strength of adsorption and the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient to calculate the response time of the electrode. The response time is then used to determine the concentration of dopamine released in response to salient stimuli. We present the method of kinetic calibration of in vivo voltammetric data and apply the method to discern changes in the KM for the murine dopamine transporter. The KM increased from 0.32 ± 0.08 μM (n = 3 animals) prior to drug administration to 2.72 ± 0.37 μM (n = 3 animals) after treatment with GBR-12909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Atcherley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East
University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Laude
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East
University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eric B. Monroe
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East
University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kevin M. Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East
University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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16
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Phan NTN, Fletcher JS, Ewing AG. Lipid structural effects of oral administration of methylphenidate in Drosophila brain by secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4063-71. [PMID: 25856152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging to investigate the effects of orally administrated methylphenidate on lipids in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), a major invertebrate model system in biological study and neuroscience. TOF-SIMS imaging was carried out using a recently designed high energy 40 keV Ar4000(+) gas cluster ion gun which demonstrated improved sensitivity for intact lipids in the fly brain compared to the 40 keV C60(+) primary ion gun. In addition, correlation of TOF-SIMS and SEM imaging on the same fly brain showed that there is specific localization that is related to biological functions of various biomolecules. Different lipids distribute in different parts of the brain, central brain, optical lobes, and proboscis, depending on the length of the carbon chain and saturation level of fatty acid (FA) branches. Furthermore, data analysis using image principal components analysis (PCA) showed that methylphenidate dramatically affected both the distribution and abundance of lipids and their derivatives, particularly fatty acids, diacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol in the fly brains. Our approach using TOF-SIMS imaging successfully visualizes the effects of methylphenidate on the chemical structure of the fly brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu T N Phan
- †Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,‡National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John S Fletcher
- †Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,‡National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,§Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- †Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,‡National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,§Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Baskin BM, Dwoskin LP, Kantak KM. Methylphenidate treatment beyond adolescence maintains increased cocaine self-administration in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 131:51-6. [PMID: 25643872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Past research with the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder showed that adolescent methylphenidate treatment enhanced cocaine abuse risk in SHR during adulthood. The acquisition of cocaine self-administration was faster, and cocaine dose-response functions were shifted upward under fixed-ratio and progressive ratio schedules compared to adult SHR that received adolescent vehicle treatment or to control strains that received adolescent methylphenidate treatment. The current study determined if extending treatment beyond adolescence would ameliorate long-term consequences of adolescent methylphenidate treatment on cocaine abuse risk in adult SHR. Treatments (vehicle or 1.5mg/kg/day oral methylphenidate) began on postnatal day 28. Groups of male SHR were treated with vehicle during adolescence and adulthood, with methylphenidate during adolescence and vehicle during adulthood, or with methylphenidate during adolescence and adulthood. The group receiving adolescent-only methylphenidate was switched to vehicle on P56. Cocaine self-administration began on postnatal day 77, and groups receiving methylphenidate during adolescence and adulthood were treated either 1-h before or 1-h after daily sessions. At baseline under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule, cocaine self-administration (2h sessions; 0.3mg/kg unit dose) did not differ among the four treatment groups. Under a progressive ratio schedule (4.5h maximum session length; 0.01-1.0mg/kg unit doses), breakpoints for self-administered cocaine in SHR receiving the adult methylphenidate treatment 1-h pre-session were not different from the vehicle control group. However, compared to the vehicle control group, breakpoints for self-administered cocaine at the 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg unit doses were greater in adult SHR that received adolescent-only methylphenidate or received methylphenidate that was continued into adulthood and administered 1-h post-session. These findings suggest that extending methylphenidate treatment beyond adolescence does not ameliorate explicitly the long-term consequences of adolescent methylphenidate treatment. Pre-session methylphenidate may mask temporarily the detection of an increase in cocaine self-administration following chronic methylphenidate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britahny M Baskin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA..
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
| | - Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA..
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18
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Bucher ES, Wightman RM. Electrochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:239-61. [PMID: 25939038 PMCID: PMC4728736 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signaling through the release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular space is the primary means of communication between neurons. More than four decades ago, Ralph Adams and his colleagues realized the utility of electrochemical methods for the study of easily oxidizable neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and their metabolites. Today, electrochemical techniques are frequently coupled to microelectrodes to enable spatially resolved recordings of rapid neurotransmitter dynamics in a variety of biological preparations spanning from single cells to the intact brain of behaving animals. In this review, we provide a basic overview of the principles underlying constant-potential amperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, the most commonly employed electrochemical techniques, and the general application of these methods to the study of neurotransmission. We thereafter discuss several recent developments in sensor design and experimental methodology that are challenging the current limitations defining the application of electrochemical methods to neurotransmitter measurements.
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19
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Majdi S, Ren L, Fathali H, Li X, Ewing AG. Selected recent in vivo studies on chemical measurements in invertebrates. Analyst 2015; 140:3676-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Review ofin vivoanalysis of brain chemicals in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - L. Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - H. Fathali
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - X. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - A. G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
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20
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Phan NTN, Fletcher JS, Sjövall P, Ewing AG. ToF-SIMS imaging of lipids and lipid related compounds in Drosophila brain. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:123-126. [PMID: 25918451 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) has a relatively simple nervous system but possesses high order brain functions similar to humans. Therefore, it has been used as a common model system in biological studies, particularly drug addiction. Here, the spatial distribution of biomolecules in the brain of the fly was studied using time-of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Fly brains were analyzed frozen to prevent molecular redistribution prior to analysis. Different molecules were found to distribute differently in the tissue, particularly the eye pigments, diacylglycerides, and phospholipids, and this is expected to be driven by their biological functions in the brain. Correlations in the localization of these molecules were also observed using principal components analysis of image data, and this was used to identify peaks for further analysis. Furthermore, consecutive analyses following 10 keV Ar2500+ sputtering showed that different biomolecules respond differently to Ar2500+ sputtering. Significant changes in signal intensities between consecutive analyses were observed for high mass molecules including lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu T N Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ; National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John S Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ; National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjövall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ; Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SE-50115 Borås, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ; National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model system to study neurotransmitter transporters. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:71-88. [PMID: 24704795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The model genetic organism Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, uses many of the same neurotransmitters as mammals and very similar mechanisms of neurotransmitter storage, release and recycling. This system offers a variety of powerful molecular-genetic methods for the study of transporters, many of which would be difficult in mammalian models. We review here progress made using Drosophila to understand the function and regulation of neurotransmitter transporters and discuss future directions for its use.
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22
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Phan NTN, Hanrieder J, Berglund EC, Ewing AG. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based detection of drugs and neurotransmitters in Drosophila brain. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8448-54. [PMID: 23915325 DOI: 10.1021/ac401920v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry has been used to determine the in vivo concentrations of the neuroactive drug, methylphenidate, and a metabolite in the heads of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster . These concentrations, evaluated at the site of action, the brain, have been correlated with orally administrated methylphenidate. D. melanogaster has a relatively simple nervous system but possesses high-order brain functions similar to humans; thus, it has been used as a common model system in biological and genetics research. Methylphenidate has been used to mediate cocaine addiction due to its lower pharmacokinetics, which results in fewer addictive and reinforcing effects than cocaine; the effects of the drug on the nervous system, however, have not been fully understood. In addition to measurements of drug concentration, the method has been used to examine drug-dose dependence on the levels of several primary biogenic amines. Higher in vivo concentration of methylphenidate is observed with increasing feeding doses up to 25 mM methylphenidate. Furthermore, administrated methylphenidate increases the drug metabolism activity and the neurotransmitter levels; however, this increase appears to saturate at a feeding dose of 20 mM. The method developed for the fruit fly provides a new tool to evaluate the concentration of administered drug at the site of action and provides information concerning the effect of methylphenidate on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu T N Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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